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Appendices, Glossary, Index, and Photo Credits Appendices Appendix A Supplemental Practice Problems . .871 Appendix B Math Handbook . .887 Arithmetic Operations . .887 Math Scientific Notation . .889 Handbook Operations with Scientific Notation . .891 Square and Cube Roots . .892 Significant Figures . .893 Solving Algebraic Equations . .897 Dimensional Analysis . .900 Unit Conversion . .901 Drawing Line Graphs . .903 Using Line Graphs . .904 Ratios, Fractions, and Percents . .907 Operations Involving Fractions . .909 Logarithms and Antilogarithms . .910 Appendix C Tables . .912 C-1 Color Key . .912 C-2 Symbols and Abbreviations . .912 C-3 SI Prefixes . .913 C-4 The Greek Alphabet . .913 C-5 Physical Constants . .913 C-6 Properties of Elements . .914 C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements . .917 C-8 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions . .919 C-9 Ionization Constants . .919 C-10 Solubility Guidelines . .920 C-11 Specific Heat Values . .921 C-12 Molal Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Constants . .921 C-13 Heat of Formation Values . .921 Appendix D Solutions to Practice Problems . .922 Appendix E Try at Home Labs . .952 Glossary/Glosario . .965 Index . .989 870 Chemistry: Matter and Change APPENDIXCHAPTER A## PracticeASSESSMENT Problems Practice! Chapter 2 Section 2-1 1. The density of a substance is 4.8 g/mL. What is the volume of a sample that is 19.2 g? 2. A 2.00-mL sample of substance A has a density of 18.4 g/mL and a 5.00-mL sample of substance B has a density of 35.5 g/mL. Do you have an equal mass of substances A and B? Section 2-2 3. Express the following quantities in scientific notation. a. 5 453 000 m e. 34 800 s b. 300.8 kg f. 332 080 000 cm c. 0.005 36 ng g. 0.000 238 3 ms d. 0.012 032 5 km h. 0.3048 mL 4. Solve the following problems. Express your answers in scientific notation. a. 3 ϫ 102 m ϩ 5 ϫ 102 m b. 8 ϫ 10Ϫ5 m ϩ 4 ϫ 10Ϫ5 m c. 6.0 ϫ 105 m ϩ 2.38 ϫ 106 m d. 2.3 ϫ 10Ϫ3 L ϩ 5.78 ϫ 10Ϫ2 L e. 2.56 ϫ 102 g Ϫ 1.48 ϫ 102 g f. 5.34 ϫ 10Ϫ3 L Ϫ 3.98 ϫ 10Ϫ3 L Practice Problems g. 7.623 ϫ 105 nm Ϫ 8.32 ϫ 104 nm h. 9.052 ϫ 10Ϫ2 s Ϫ 3.61 ϫ 10Ϫ3 s 5. Solve the following problems. Express your answers in scientific notation. a. (8 ϫ 103 m) ϫ (1 ϫ 105 m) b. (4 ϫ 102 m) ϫ (2 ϫ 104 m) c. (5 ϫ 10Ϫ3 m) ϫ (3 ϫ 104 m) d. (3 ϫ 10Ϫ4 m) ϫ (3 ϫ 10Ϫ2 m) e. (8 ϫ 104 g) Ϭ (4 ϫ 103 mL) f. (6 ϫ 10Ϫ3 g) Ϭ (2 ϫ 10Ϫ1 mL) g. (1.8 ϫ 10Ϫ2 g) Ϭ (9 ϫ 10Ϫ5 mL) h. (4 ϫ 10Ϫ4 g) Ϭ (1 ϫ 103 mL) 6. Convert the following as indicated. a. 96 kg to g e. 188 dL to L b. 155 mg to g f. 3600 m to km c. 15 cg to kg g. 24 g to pg d. 584 ␮s to s h. 85 cm to nm 7. How many minutes are there in 5 days? 8. A car is traveling at 118 km/h. What is its speed in Mm/h? Section 2-3 9. Three measurements of 34.5 m, 38.4 m, and 35.3 m are taken. If the accepted value of the measurement is 36.7 m, what is the percent error for each measurement? 10. Three measurements of 12.3 mL, 12.5 mL, and 13.1 mL are taken. The accepted value for each measurement is 12.8 mL. Calculate the percent error for each measurement. Supplemental Practice Problems 871 APPENDIX A Practice Problems 11. Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement. a. 340 438 g e. 1.040 s b. 87 000 ms f. 0.0483 m c. 4080 kg g. 0.2080 mL d. 961 083 110 m h. 0.000 048 1 g 12. Write the following in three significant figures. a. 0.003 085 0 km c. 5808 mL b. 3.0823 g d. 34.654 mg 13. Write the answers in scientific notation. a. 0.005 832g c. 0.000 580 0 km Practice Problems b. 386 808 ns d. 2086 L 14. Use rounding rules when you complete the following. a. 34.3 m ϩ 35.8 m ϩ 33.7 m b. 0.056 kg ϩ 0.0783 kg ϩ 0.0323 kg c. 309.1 mL ϩ 158.02 mL ϩ 238.1 mL d. 1.03 mg ϩ 2.58 mg ϩ 4.385 mg e. 8.376 km Ϫ 6.153 km f. 34.24 s Ϫ12.4 s g. 804.9 dm Ϫ 342.0 dm h. 6.38 ϫ 102 m Ϫ 1.57 ϫ 102 m 15. Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures. a. 34.3 cm ϫ 12 cm d. 45.5g Ϭ 15.5 mL b. 0.054 mm ϫ 0.3804 mm e. 35.43 g Ϭ 24.84 mL c. 45.1 km ϫ 13.4 km f. 0.0482 g 0.003 146 mL Chapter 3 Section 3-2 1. A 3.5-kg iron shovel is left outside through the winter. The shovel, now orange with rust, is rediscovered in the spring. Its mass is 3.7 kg. How much oxygen combined with the iron? 2. When 5.0 g of tin reacts with hydrochloric acid, the mass of the products, tin chloride and hydrogen, totals 8.1 g. How many grams of hydrochloric acid were used? Section 3-3 3. A compound is analyzed and found to be 50.0% sulfur and 50.0% oxygen. If the total amount of the sulfur oxide compound is 12.5 g, how many grams of sulfur are there? 4. Two unknown compounds are analyzed. Compound I contain 5.63 g of tin and 3.37 g of chlorine, while compound II contains 2.5 g of tin and 2.98 g of chlorine. Are the compounds the same? Chapter 4 Section 4-3 1. How many protons and electrons are in each of the following atoms? a. gallium d. calcium b. silicon e. molybdenum c. cesium f. titanium 2. What is the atomic number of each of the following elements? a. an atom that contains 37 electrons b. an atom that contains 72 protons 872 Chemistry: Matter and Change APPENDIX A Practice Problems Practice! c. an atom that contains 1 electron d. an atom that contains 85 protons 3. Use the periodic table to write the name and the symbol for each element identified in question 2. 4. An isotope of copper contains 29 electrons, 29 protons, and 36 neutrons. What is the mass number of this isotope? 5. An isotope of uranium contains 92 electrons and 144 neutrons. What is the mass number of this isotope? 6. Use the periodic table to write the symbols for each of the following elements. Then, determine the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons each contains. a. yttrium-88 d. bromine-79 b. arsenic-75 e. gold-197 c. xenon-129 f. helium-4 7. An element has two naturally occurring isotopes: 14X and 15X. 14X has a mass of 14.003 07 amu and a relative abundance of 99.63%. 15X has a mass of 15.000 11 amu and a relative abundance of 0.37%. Identify the unknown element. 8. Silver has two naturally occurring isotopes. Ag-107 has an Practice Problems abundance of 51.82% and a mass of 106.9 amu. Ag-109 has a relative abundance of 48.18% and a mass of 108.9 amu. Calculate the atomic mass of silver. Chapter 5 Section 5-1 1. What is the frequency of an electromagnetic wave that has a wavelength of 4.55 ϫ 10Ϫ3 m? 1.00 ϫ 10Ϫ12 m? 2. Calculate the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 8.68 ϫ 1016 Hz; 5.0 ϫ 1014 Hz; 1.00 ϫ 106 Hz. 3. What is the energy of a quantum of visible light having a frequency of 5.45 ϫ 1014 sϪ1? 4. An X ray has a frequency of 1.28 ϫ 1018 sϪ1. What is the energy of a quantum of the X ray? Section 5-3 5. Write the ground-state electron configuration for the following. a. nickel c. boron b. cesium d. krypton 6. What element has the following ground-state electron configuration [He]2s2? [Xe]6s24f145d106p1? 7. Which element in period 4 has four electrons in its electron-dot structure? 8. Which element in period 2 has six electrons in its electron-dot structure? 9. Draw the electron-dot structure for each element in question 5. Supplemental Practice Problems 873 APPENDIX A Practice Problems Chapter 6 Section 6-2 1. Identify the group, period, and block of an atom with the following electron configuration. a. [He]2s22p1 b. [Kr]5s24d5 c. [Xe]6s25f146d5 2. Write the electron configuration for the element fitting each of the following descriptions. a. The noble gas in the first period. b. The group 4B element in the fifth period. c. The group 4A element in the sixth period. d. The group 1A element in the seventh period. Practice Problems Section 6-3 3. Using the periodic table and not Figure 6-11, rank each main group element in order of increasing size.
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