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Ivory Markets of Europe 23/11/2005 02:25 PM Page 1 Ivory Markets of Europe A survey in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK Esmond Martin and Daniel Stiles Drawings by Andrew Kamiti Published by Care for the Wild International Save the Elephants The Granary PO Box 54667, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Tickfold Farm and Kingsfold c/o Ambrose Appelbe, 7 New Square, West Sussex RH12 3SE Lincoln’s Inn, London, WC2A 3RA UK UK 2005 ISBN 9966 - 9683 - 4 - 2 Ivory Markets of Europe 23/11/2005 02:25 PM Page 2 CONTENTS List of tables 3 Executive summary 5 Introduction 7 Methodology 8 Results 9 Germany 9 United Kingdom 29 France 45 Spain 64 Italy 78 Status of the ivory trade in Europe 90 Trends in the ivory trade in Europe 93 Discussion 96 Conclusions 99 References 102 Acknowledgements inside back cover 2 Ivory Markets of Europe 23/11/2005 02:25 PM Page 3 LIST OF TABLES Germany Table 1 Number of illegal elephant product seizures made in Germany recorded by ETIS, 1989-2003 Table 2 Number of craftsmen working in ivory in Erbach from the 1870s to 2004 Table 3 Number of ivory items seen for retail sale in Germany, September 2004 Table 4 Types of retail outlets selling ivory items in Germany, September 2004 Table 5 Ivory items for retail sale in the largest shop in Michelstadt, September 2004 Table 6 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Michelstadt, September 2004 Table 7 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Erbach, September 2004 Table 8 Number of retail outlets and ivory items in the main antique markets in Berlin, September 2004 Table 9 New (post 1989) ivory items seen for retail sale in Berlin, September 2004 Table 10 Old ivory items seen for retail sale in Berlin, September 2004 Table 11 Country of known origin for ivory items surveyed for retail sale in Berlin, September 2004 Table 12 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Berlin, September 2004 Table 13 New (post 1989) ivory items seen for retail sale in Frankfurt am Main, September 2004 Table 14 Old ivory items seen for retail sale in Frankfurt am Main, September 2004 Table 15 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Frankfurt am Main, September 2004 Table 16 Number of mammoth ivory items seen for retail sale in Germany, September 2004 Table 17 Retail prices for new (post 1989) mammoth ivory items seen in Erbach, September 2004 United Kingdom Table 18 Official seizures of elephant products in the UK, 1999-2002 Table 19 Number of illegal elephant product seizures made in the UK recorded by ETIS, 1990-2003 Table 20 Number of retail outlets seen with ivory items in London, April/May 2004 Table 21 Number of retail outlets in the main antique markets with ivory items seen in London, April/May 2004 Table 22 Number of ivory items surveyed in London’s main antique markets, April/May 2004 Table 23 Ivory items seen for retail sale in London, April/May 2004 Table 24 Country of origin for ivory items seen for retail sale in London, April/May 2004 Table 25 Types of antique ivory items made in various countries seen for sale in London, April/May 2004 Table 26 New (post 1989) ivory items seen in London, April/May 2004 Table 27 Retail prices for ivory items made before 1989 seen in London, April/May 2004 France Table 28 Number of illegal elephant product seizures made in France recorded by ETIS, 1989-2003 Table 29 Weight of ivory seizures as reported by French Customs, 1989-2003 Table 30 Ivory seizures in France from late 2002 to late 2003 Table 31 Principal suppliers of raw ivory to France, 1979-1988 Table 32 Main sources of worked ivory imported into France, 1984-1987 Table 33 Principal export destinations for raw ivory from France, 1979-1987 Table 34 Principal export destinations for French worked ivory, 1979-1987 Table 35 Raw ivory prices in France, 1975-1989 Table 36 Raw ivory prices in Paris, 1991 and 2004 Table 37 Estimate of number of workers involved in ivory manufacture in France, 1974 and 2004 Table 38 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed in Paris, April 2004 Table 39 Ivory items seen for retail sale in Paris, April 2004 Table 40 Number of retail outlets in the main antique markets seen with ivory items in Paris, April 2004 Table 41 Number of ivory items surveyed in Paris’s main antique markets, April 2004 Table 42 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Paris, April 2004 Table 43 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed, excluding Paris, in 2004 Table 44 Retail prices for ivory items in Nice, May 2004 3 Ivory Markets of Europe 23/11/2005 02:25 PM Page 4 Spain Table 45 Number of illegal elephant product seizures made in Spain recorded by ETIS, 1989-2003 Table 46 Number of illegal ivory seizures reported to the CITES Trade Database, 1992-2003 Table 47 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed in Barcelona, May 2004 Table 48 Ivory items seen for retail sale in Barcelona, May 2004 Table 49 Number of retail outlets in the main antique markets seen with ivory items in Barcelona, May 2004 Table 50 Number of ivory items surveyed in Barcelona’s main antique markets, May 2004 Table 51 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Barcelona, May 2004 Table 52 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed in Madrid, April/May 2004 Table 53 Ivory items seen for retail sale in Madrid, April/May 2004 Table 54 Number of outlets in the main antique markets seen with ivory items in Madrid, April/May 2004 Table 55 Number of ivory items surveyed in Madrid’s main antique markets, April/May 2004 Table 56 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Madrid, April/May 2004 Italy Table 57 Number of illegal elephant product seizures made in Italy recorded by ETIS, 1989-2004 Table 58 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed in Milan, May 2004 Table 59 Ivory items seen for retail sale in Milan, May 2004 Table 60 Number of retail outlets in the main antique markets seen with ivory items in Milan, May 2004 Table 61 Number of ivory items surveyed in Milan’s main antique markets, May 2004 Table 62 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Milan, May 2004 Table 63 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed in Rome, May 2004 Table 64 Ivory items seen for retail sale in Rome, May 2004 Table 65 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Rome, May 2004 Table 66 Types of retail outlets and number of ivory items surveyed in Florence, May 2004 Table 67 Ivory items seen for retail sale in Florence, May 2004 Table 68 Retail prices for ivory items seen in Florence, May 2004 Status of the ivory trade in Europe Table 69 Ivory trade indicators for Europe in 2004 Table 70 Retail asking prices for old ivory items in USD in Europe in 2004 Trends in the ivory trade in Europe Table 71 Past and present ivory trade indicators for Europe Table 72 Number and annual average of ivory product seizures for 1989-1996 and 1997-2003 Table 73 Number of mammoth ivory items seen for sale in Europe in 2004 Discussion Table 74 Number of legal worked ivory shipments from Europe to the USA, 1995-2002 Table 75 Number of legal worked ivory shipments from the USA to Europe, 1995-2002 Conclusions Table 76 A ranking of ivory markets in Africa, Asia and Europe Table 77 The average minimum number of worked ivory items for sale per town/city by region 4 Ivory Markets of Europe 23/11/2005 02:25 PM Page 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The European Union (EU) in 1989 and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1990 prohibited commercial imports of raw and worked ivory. The EU allows the import of ivory antiques, defined as items manufactured prior to 1 June 1947, and raw and worked ivory can be exported from EU countries subject to the destination country issuing CITES certificates authorizing the import. The domestic trade in raw and worked ivory is legal, subject to strict EU and national regulations based primarily on European Council Regulation 338/97. This monograph reports on a survey of the ivory trade in five European countries chosen for their assumed large ivory markets: Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain and Italy. The purpose of the survey was to establish a set of baseline indicators in the selected countries, such as the prices of raw tusks, numbers of ivory craftsmen and workshops, numbers of shops selling ivory items, and the retail prices of ivory items. The age of ivory items and the nationalities of the customers were also looked into to add qualitative information. Using these data, conservationists will be able to monitor and evaluate future changes in the ivory trade. The target users of this report are national government officers, non-government organizations (NGOs) involved in wildlife conservation, CITES officials, the media, and researchers. The information in this monograph assesses the effectiveness of policies, laws, and enforcement activities related to ivory trading, both nationally and internationally. The investigators, Martin and Stiles, carried out fieldwork in Europe in April, May, September and November 2004. This survey was sponsored by Save the Elephants and Care for the Wild International. The principal findings were: • Over 27,000 ivory items were seen for retail sale in 1,143 shops in 14 cities and towns.
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