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Elephant Encounters: Studying Asian Elephants in the Hills of Northern Thailand to Increase Their Welfare and Conservation EXPEDITION REPORT

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Elephant Encounters: Studying Asian Elephants in the Hills of Northern Thailand to Increase Their Welfare and Conservation EXPEDITION REPORT EXPEDITION REPORT Expedition dates: 12 – 20 November 2018 Report published: October 2019 Elephant encounters: Studying Asian elephants in the hills of northern Thailand to increase their welfare and conservation EXPEDITION REPORT Elephant encounters: Studying Asian elephants in the hills of northern Thailand to increase their welfare and conservation Expedition dates: 12 – 20 November 2018 Report published: October 2019 Authors: Talia Gale Kindred Spirit Elephant Sanctuary Matthias Hammer (editor) Biosphere Expeditions 1 © Biosphere Expeditions, a not-for-profit conservation organisation registered in Australia, England, France, Germany, Ireland, USA Member of the United Nations Environment Programme's Governing Council & Global Ministerial Environment Forum Member of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Abstract This study was a collaboration between Biosphere Expeditions and Kindred Spirit Elephant Sanctuary. It used direct observations of five free-roaming captive Asian elephants. Their activity budgeting, foraging habits and social-association behaviour were observed using instantaneous, all-occurrence focal and scan-sampling methods respectively, with the aim for three separate data sets to be collected simultaneously. Sixteen hours of activity budget data collected on each of the five elephants showed that, like wild Asian elephants, the study subjects spent the majority of their time foraging, followed by walking. There was no significant difference between the behaviours displayed by the five study subjects. The foraging data collected during the expedition showed a high variety of plant species foraged on (31 species from 20 different families). The study subjects were characterised as a browse species. There was no significant difference in the plant species that the five study subjects foraged on. The elephant association data set used the proximity of the study subjects to examine social affiliation and closeness among the elephants. The elephants separated themselves into two separate groups during data collection. Similar to wild elephants, the family unit of females along with a juvenile were separate from the older males. Overall, the data collected are the first of their type on semi-wild free-roaming captive Asian elephants. There is much room for improvement in regards to management of captive elephant populations. The differences in behaviours exhibited by the study subjects when compared to other captive populations highlight this. Further research on the five study elephants will ensure data precision, with the intention of publication and the creation of an elephant management guide to be distributed to elephant venues in Thailand and around the world. บทคดั ยอ่ การศึกษาครÊังนÊีเป็นความร่วมมือระหวา่ ง Biosphere Expeditions ¨ ³ ¤¼¨ ··®ª´Ä¦ ´¬r µoɹµÎµ¦ ­ ´ÁÃ¥¦ ั µoÁ¨Ê¸¥­ µ¥¡ ´ »rÁ°Á¸¥¸É¤¸°·­ ¦ ³ ĵ¦ ®µ°µ®µ¦ µÎª 5 เชือก ไดท้ าํ การสังเกตกิจกรรม นิสัยการออกหาอาหาร และพฤติกรรมทางสังคมของชา้ งดว้ ยวธิ ีการสังเกตุทางตรง แบบภาพรวมและการสุ่มตวั อยา่ งตามลาํ ดบั ¨ ³ µ¦ ­ »่¤ª´°¥µ่ µ¤¨ µÎ´ Ã¥¤¸Áoµ®¤µ¥¸É³ Á็ ¦ ª ¦ ª ¤ °o¤¼¨ ­ µ¤»Å¡ ¦ o°¤Çั การเกบ็ ขอ้ มูลกิจกรรมของชา้ งแต่ละเชือกเป็นเวลา 16 ชวÉั โมง ­ Ä®Áo®Èª µ่ ª´°¥µ่ «¹¬µÄÁoª ¨ µ­ ่ª Ä®่Åั µ¦ °°®µ°µ®µ¦ ºÉ¤ÊµÎ และเดินไปมา เช่นเดียวกบั ชา้ งป่าสายพนั ธุ์เอเชียทวÉั ไป Ť่¡ ª µ¤Â่µ°¥µ่ ¤¸¥´­ µÎ´ ¦ ³ ®ª µ่ ¡ §·¦ ¦ ¤ °µoÊ´®µoÁº°¸ÉµÎµ¦ «¹¬µ ขอ้ มูลเก¸Éยวกบ´ การก·น°µ®µ¦ ¸ÉÁ็ ¦ ª ¦ ª ¤¦ ³ ®ª µ่ µ¦ ­ µÎ¦ ª ­ Ä®Áo®È¹ª µ¤®¨ µ®¨ µ¥ °­ µ¥¡ ´ »r¡ º¸Éµoิ(31 สายพนั ธุ์จาก 20 วงศ)์ ตวั อยา่ งศึกษาถกู จดั ให้อยใู่ นประเภทสัตวแ์ ³ Á¨ ¤ÈŤ่¡ ª µ¤Â่µ°¥µ่ ¤¸¥´­ µÎ´ °­ µ¥¡ ´ »r¡ º¸ÉµoÊ´หา้ เชือกเลือกกิน » °o¤¼¨ Á¸É¥ª ´ µ¦ ¦ ª ¤¨ »¤n °µoĦo³ ¥³ ®nµ °ª´°¥µn¨ °Á¡ ºÉ°«¹¬µª µ¤­ ´¤¡ ´ rµ­ ´¤ และความใกลช้ ิดระหวา่ งชา้ งแต่ละเชือก ชา้ งแยกตวั ออกเป็นสองกลุม่ ระหวา่ งการรวบรวมขอ้ มูล เช่นเดียวกบั พฤติกรรมของชา้ งป่า ครอบครัว¸É¦ ³ °Åªo¥¨ »¤่ µoÁ¡ «Á¤¸¥กบั ลกู ชา้ งวยั เดก็ จะแยกออกจากกลุม่ ชา้ งเพศ¼o¸É¤¸°µ¥¤»µª µ่ โดยรวมแลว้ การศึกษาครÊังนÊีเป็นการเกบ็ รวบรวมขอ้ มูลของชา้ งเลÊียงสายพนั ธุ์เอเชีย ¸ÉÁ·®µ°µ®µ¦ Å°o¥µn°·­ ¦ ³ Ä­ £µ¡ ª ¨ °o¤É¹ป่าเป็นครÊังแรก ¥´¤¸­ É·¸É°o«¹¬µพฒั นาเพÉิมเติมอีกมากเก¸Éยวกบ´ การจดั การประชากรชา้ งเลÊียง ความแตกต่างของพฤติกรรมเหลา่ นÊี ในตวั อยา่ งศึกษาจะเห็นไดอ้ ยา่ งขดั เจน Á¤ºÉ°Á¦ ¸¥Á¸¥ั ¦ ³ µ¦ µoÁ¨Ê¸¥°ºÉÇ µ¦ ª · ¥´่°¥°ั µo®µoÁº°¸ÉµÎµ¦ «¹¬µจะช่วยรับรองª µ¤Á¸É¥¦ ° °o¤¼¨ Ã¥¤»่¸É³ ¸¡ ·¤¡ Âr ¨ ³ ­ ¦ oµÂª µ´ µ¦ µo Á¡ ºÉ°Á¥Â¡ ¦ ่Å¥´­ µ¸ÉÁ¨Ê¸¥µoĦ ³ Á«Å¥Â¨ ³ ªÉ´Ã¨ 2 © Biosphere Expeditions, a not-for-profit conservation organisation registered in Australia, England, France, Germany, Ireland, USA Member of the United Nations Environment Programme's Governing Council & Global Ministerial Environment Forum Member of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Contents Abstract / บทคดั ยอ่ 2 Contents 3 1. Expedition Review 4 1.1. Background 4 1.2. Research area 5 1.3. Dates 6 1.4. Local conditions & support 6 1.5. Expedition scientists 7 1.6. Expedition leader 8 1.7. Expedition team 8 1.8. Partners 8 1.9. Acknowledgements 8 1.10. Further information & enquiries 9 1.11. Expedition budget 9 2. Activity budgeting, foraging and social behaviour… 10 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. Materials & methods 11 2.3. Results 20 2.4. Discussion and conclusions 25 2.5. Literature cited 28 Appendix I: Expedition diary, reports and resources 30 3 © Biosphere Expeditions, a not-for-profit conservation organisation registered in Australia, England, France, Germany, Ireland, USA Member of the United Nations Environment Programme's Governing Council & Global Ministerial Environment Forum Member of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature 1. Expedition Review Matthias Hammer (editor) Biosphere Expeditions 1.1. Background Biosphere Expeditions runs wildlife conservation research expeditions to all corners of the Earth. Our projects are not tours, photographic safaris or excursions, but genuine research expeditions placing ordinary people with no research experience alongside scientists who are at the forefront of conservation work. Our expeditions are open to all and there are no special skills (biological or otherwise) required to join. Our expedition team members are people from all walks of life, of all ages, looking for an adventure with a conscience and a sense of purpose. More information about Biosphere Expeditions and its research expeditions can be found at www.biosphere-expeditions.org. This project report deals with an expedition to the hills in Northern Thailand that ran from 12 – 20 November 2018 with the aim of conducting close-encounter behavioural, diet and other studies on Asian elephants. Asian elephants are the largest living mammals in Asia and can be split into three subspecies; Elephas maximus maximus (Sri Lanka), Elephas maximus sumatranus (Sumatra) and Elephas maximus indicus (mainland Asia). They are listed as Endangered by the IUCN as the total population has declined by over 50% in the last 65-70 years (Choudhury et al. 2008). Asian elephants are threatened by poaching and habitat degradation, as well as habitat fragmentation leading to human-elephant conflict (Sukumar 2006). There are approximately 40,000 – 50,000 wild Asian elephants left worldwide, found in 13 countries in South and South East Asia (Sukumar 2006). The wild elephant population in Thailand is around 3,000 and there is a domestic population of approximately 3,500 (Sukumar 2006, “Most Elephants” 2017). In Thailand the elephant is a highly revered species. Captive elephants have been part of Thai culture for hundreds of years, both as work animals and sacred beings. After a ban on logging in 1989, many elephants in Thailand were out of work. Elephant owners turned to the tourism industry to continue to earn a living from their elephants. However, elephants in the tourism industry are often kept in inadequate conditions, worked to exhaustion and offered little or no veterinary care. Kindred Spirit Elephant Sanctuary (KSES) returns elephants from the tourism industry back to the forest to live in semi-wild conditions and studies them in order to create more opportunities and strategies to re-wild more elephants in the future. It is only one of a handful of projects to do so and due to the dense forest habitat wild elephants live in, there are also very few studies on natural Asian elephant behaviour and social structure. KSES’s elephant herd presents an ideal opportunity to study the natural behaviour of semi-wild Asian elephants in safe and natural surroundings. 4 © Biosphere Expeditions, a not-for-profit conservation organisation registered in Australia, England, France, Germany, Ireland, USA Member of the United Nations Environment Programme's Governing Council & Global Ministerial Environment Forum Member of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature 1.2. Research area Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula. It is comprised of several distinct geographic regions. The north of the country is a mountainous area, the Thai highlands, with the highest point being Doi Inthanon in the Thanon Thong Chai Range at 2,565 m. The expedition took place in the foothills of this mountain range (Fig. 1.2a). Figure 1.2a. Map and flag of Thailand with study site (red dot). An overview of Biosphere Expeditions’ research sites, assembly points, base camp and office locations is at Google Maps. Most of Thailand, including the expedition study site, has a tropical savannah climate. The south and the eastern tip of the east have a tropical monsoon climate. Thailand is the only country in South East Asia to have
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