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Aalborg Universitet on the Role of Creativity in Sport Rasmussen Aalborg Universitet On the Role of Creativity in Sport Rasmussen, Ludvig Johan Torp Publication date: 2019 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Rasmussen, L. J. T. (2019). On the Role of Creativity in Sport. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Aalborg Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet. Ph.D.-Serien General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? 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Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: October 06, 2021 ON THE R THE ON O LE LE O F C F R EATIVITY IN SP IN EATIVITY OR T ON THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY IN SPORT BY LUDVIG JOHAN TorP RASMUSSEN DISSERTATION SUBMITTED 2019 L UDVIG J UDVIG O HAN HAN Tor P RA P S MU SS EN ON THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY IN SPORT BY LUDVIG JOHAN TorP RASMUSSEN DISSERTATION SUBMITTED 2019 Dissertation submitted: December 2019 PhD supervisor: Associate Professor Lars Domino Østergaard Aalborg University Assistant PhD supervisor: Associate Professor, Vlad Petre Glăveanu Webster University, Geneva Campus PhD committee: Professor Julie Borup Jensen (chair.) Aalborg University Professor, Rector Lars Tore Ronglan Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Professor Jean Côté Queens University PhD Series: Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University Department: Department of Health Science and Technology ISSN (online): 2246-1302 ISBN (online): 978-87-7210-558-1 Published by: Aalborg University Press Langagervej 2 DK – 9220 Aalborg Ø Phone: +45 99407140 [email protected] forlag.aau.dk © Copyright: Ludvig Johan Torp Rasmussen Printed in Denmark by Rosendahls, 2020 CV Before initiating this PhD thesis, Ludvig Johan Torp Rasmussen was awarded a BSc and MSc in Sports Science at Aalborg University (AAU), including spending six months at The Creative Genius Semester, an interdisciplinary semester on creativity in theory and practice. Before and during his Ph.D. studies, Ludvig has been a supervisor and lecturer on topics such as creativity, coaching, learning, culture, talent development and sport psychology in the BSc and MSc Sports Science educations at AAU. Besides the three original sub-studies that are elaborated in this PhD thesis, Ludvig has produced four other works during his PhD studies. This include one published chapter in The Method of Imagination (edited by Sheldon Brown and Luca Tateo) and one submitted chapter for Introduction to Management and Commercialization in Sport (edited by Kenneth Cortsen, Michael Kehr and Renate Nielsen). Further, he has collaborated with others on one accepted chapter for The Encyclopaedia of Creativity (edited by Mark Runco and Steven Pritzker) and one accepted chapter for Creative Success in Teams (edited by Alexander McKay, Roni Reiter-Palmon and James Kaufmann). In this 4-year period, Ludvig has also conducted an oral presentation of his second PhD study at the 5th International Conference on Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, at the University of Chichester. Based on his PhD studies, Ludvig has conducted several presentations and workshops on the role and application of creativity in sports for coaches and leaders from various sport contexts, including elite youth football coaches from Aalborg BK and FC Midtjylland (Danish Academies), members of Danish Forum for Sport Psychology (DIFO) and coaches and leaders from the Danish Handball Association (DHF). Finally, during his PhD studies, Ludvig have collaborated with Christian Byrge, Niels Nygaard Rossing and Kenneth Cortsen on a book on “Creativity Training in Football – New Tools for Player Development”, which will be finalised and submitted in 2020. i ENGLISH SUMMARY To contribute to the dialogue about creativity among researchers and practitioners in sport, this PhD thesis challenges the recurrent idea that creativity is an in-game phenomenon reserved for match-determining players who are able to create chances and help the team win. Besides displaying such performance- and result-oriented beliefs concerning the role of creativity in sport, much research in the field is absorbed by defining, measuring and developing creativity as an outcome of particular kinds of sport participation rather than an integral part of development. Hence, this PhD thesis explores, challenges and generates new theoretical and practical perspectives on the role of creativity in competitive interaction sports, with specific focus on association football (soccer). Offering novel perspectives on what creativity is, why it is important and how it can be nurtured in sport, three sub-studies are based on a pragmatist position, which aims to emancipate theory and practice from limiting traditions. Sub-study 1 propose a novel conceptual framework, covering a situated model of creative actions in sport which comprise the notions of normativity, intentionality and materiality. From this perspective, creativity is understood as exploration of novel action potentials. Rather than objectively creative match performances, this perspective regards subjective situated actions that exceed habitual actions and solves novel challenges. Exploring whether this new approach resonated with practical perspectives on creativity, sub-study 2 rigorously explored, analysed and contrasted diverse conceptions of creativity in a Danish elite football context. This phenomenographic interview study generated 15 metaphors that embody qualitatively different conceptions of the meaning, value and application of creativity (and their relation), and highlight that certain orientations may entail limiting consequences for player development, participation and performance. Challenging some of the practical perspectives generated in sub-study 2, action research was used in sub-study 3 to portray an elite U17 football coach’s preferred and undesired ways to apply creativity in practice. Here, a range of creativity concepts were used as tools to develop creativity exercises aiming to support the players exploration of unusual action possibilities, that is, facilitate creative actions as defined by sub-study 1. Although a variety of emancipative potentials were envisioned during the process, several ways to apply creativity as a developmental resource were rejected as inappropriate due to lacking transfer-value and reducing the football- specific quality of the training sessions. Moreover, the process was limited by a preference for efficiently helping the players to appear creative in matches rather than exploring creative actions during training. Besides outlining the pragmatist principles that guided this research and elaborating the theoretical background, methodology and results of the sub-studies, this PhD thesis reviews the state-of-the-art in the field of creativity studies in sport and contrasts the new perspective to three predominant perspectives on sporting creativity. The thesis is concluded by clarifying the conceptual, methodological and practical contributions of the sub-studies. iii DANSK RESUME For at nuancere dialogen om kreativitet blandt forskere og praktikere i sport udfordrer denne Ph.d.-afhandling den populære ide at kreativitet er et kampspecifikt fænomen, der kun gælder for kampafgørende spillere der kan skabe chancer og dermed hjælpe deres hold med at vinde. Deslige præstations- og resultatorienterede tilgange medfører at de fleste forskere er optaget af at definere, måle og udvikle kreativitet som et mål for særlige idrætsdeltagelsesformer, frem for at se kreativitet som en betydningsfuld del af idrætsdeltagelsen i sig selv. Således er formålet med denne Ph.d.-afhandling at udforske, udfordre og generere teoretiske og praktiske perspektiver på kreativitetens rolle i idræt. Ved at udfordre eksisterende og udvikle nye forståelser for kreativitet, hvorfor kreativitet er vigtigt i idræt og hvordan den kan gives næring i praksis tages der i tre studier afsæt i et videnskabsteoretisk ståsted i pragmatismen, hvor målet bl.a. er at frigøre teori og praksis fra begrænsende traditioner. Studie 1 udvikler en ny konceptuel ramme for kreativitet der omfatter en situeret model over former for kreative handlinger i sport. Modellen introducerer begreberne normativitet, intentionalitet og materialitet og deres betydning for kreativitet. Her forstås kreativitet som udforskning af uvante handlingspotentialer. Frem for objektivt kreative kamppræstationer omhandler dette subjektive og situerede handlinger der overskriver vanemæssige handlinger og løser nye udfordringer. Studiet argumenter for at understøttelsen af denne form for kreativitet bl.a. kan forbedre udøvernes idrætsoplevelser, handlingskapacitet og udvikling i form af at øget opfindsomhed, åbenhed og initiativ i forbindelse med at opsøge, skabe og løse nye opgaver. For at undersøge hvorvidt den nye tilgang resonerede med praktikeres perspektiver på kreativitet,
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