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Public Management of Private Non-Prof It Sports Halls

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Public Management of Private Non-Prof It Sports Halls Public Management of Private Non-Profit Sports Halls PhD thesis Evald Bundgaard Iversen Public Management of Private Non-Profit Sports Halls Offentlig styring af selvejende idrætshaller © Evald Bundgaard Iversen Department of Planning and Culture Municipality of Faaborg-Midtfyn and Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark Front cover photos: Municipality of Faaborg-Midtfyn and Mette Krull PhD-thesis handed in on April 7th 2015 Assessment committee: - Nils Asle Bergsgard, Professor, PhD, Telemark University College, Norway - Rikke Berg, Head of Welfare and Innovation, PhD, Municipality of Assens - Pernille Tanggaard Andreassen, Associate Professor, PhD, Health promotion – Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark (Chair) Main supervisor: - Bjarne Ibsen, Professor, PhD, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark Co-supervisor: - Niels Ejersbo, Associate Professor, PhD, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, University of Southern Denmark Corporate supervisor: - Christian Tønnesen, Head of Planning and Culture, Municipality of Faaborg-Midtfyn The research project has been funded by: Ministry of Higher Education and Science, Municipality of Faaborg-Midtfyn, The Danish Foundation for Culture and Sports Facilities, Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Affairs, Municipality of Aalborg, DGI and the joint research funding scheme between University of Southern Denmark and Griffith University. Extra articles with relevance for the PhD-thesis: - Article 0a: Iversen, Evald (2013), ”Driftsformer og idrætsfaciliteter – hvordan åbnes den sorte boks?” (Types of ownership and sports facilities – how to open the “black box”?). Peer-reviewed and published in the Danish journal ’Forum for idræt’. - Article 0b: Thøgersen, Malene og Iversen, Evald (2014), ”Den kommunale støtte til idrætsforeninger. Succes eller sovepude?” (The subsidies from municipalities to Voluntary Sports Organisations – a success or a pretext for inaction?). Peer-reviewed and published as a section in the peer-reviewed book K. Eskelund and T. Skovgaard, ”Samfundets idræt” (Society and sport). Articles in the PhD-thesis: - Article 1: Iversen, E. B., & Cuskelly, G. (2015). “Effects of different policy approaches on sport facility utilisation strategies”. Published via a peer-review process in ‘Sport Management Review’. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.004 - Article 2: Iversen, Evald (in review-b), ”Introduction of a new method for measuring sports facility utilisation validated through the use of thermal cameras”. Submitted on Feb 17 2015 and in the peer-review proces for publishing in ’Managing Sport and Leisure’ - Article 3: Iversen, Evald and Forsberg, Peter (2014), ”Mål eller kaos? Muligheder og begrænsninger i at indføre ’performance management’ i danske idrætsfaciliteter” (To measure or not to measure? Possibilities and limitations if implementing ‘performance management’ in Danish sports facilities). Peer-reviewed and published in the Danish journal ’Forum for idræt’. - Article 4: Iversen, E. (in review-a). “Does size matter when public policy tools meet (the voluntary) reality in sport facilities?” Submitted on Jan 5 2015 and in the peer-review proces for publishing in ‘International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics’. 2 1 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 5 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Public management and private non-profit organisations – an odd couple? ......................... 9 2.2 The setting of the particular PNP organisation – the PNP sports hall ................................. 11 2.3 Research question .................................................................................................................. 12 2.4 Case study background and introduction to research design ............................................... 13 3 The focus of the thesis elaborated ............................................................................................ 15 3.1 Do public management policy initiatives result in better public solutions? ......................... 15 3.2 A contribution to the literature on sports facility policy research ........................................ 17 3.2.1 How and why were sports facilities built? ..................................................................... 17 3.2.2 How many sports facilities are needed? ......................................................................... 18 3.2.3 What do the users think? ................................................................................................ 19 3.2.4 How is the research agenda of this thesis different? ...................................................... 20 3.3 Why is the thesis relevant to public administration? ............................................................ 22 3.4 No performance information system aiming at performance measurement of sports facilities in Denmark ..................................................................................................................................... 25 3.5 Summary: the relevance of the thesis .................................................................................... 27 4 Contents of the thesis ................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Article 0a: Iversen, E. (2013). Driftsformer og idrætsfaciliteter - hvordan åbnes den 'sorte boks'? (Types of ownership and sports facilities – how to open the “black box”?), Forum for Idræt. .............................................................................................................................................. 29 4.2 Article 0b: Thøgersen, M., & Iversen, E. (2014). Den kommunale støtte til idrætsforeninger - succes eller sovepude? (The subsidies from municipalities to Voluntary Sports Organisations – a success or a pretext for inaction?) In T. Skovgaard & K. Eskelund (Eds.), Samfundets idræt. Odense: University of Southern Denmark Press. .......................................................................... 31 4.3 Article 1: Iversen, E. B., & Cuskelly, G. (2015). Effects of different policy approaches on sport facility utilisation strategies. Sport Management Review(0). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.004 ................................................................................. 33 4.4 Article 2: Iversen, E. (In review). Introduction of a new method for measuring sports facility utilisation validated through the use of thermal cameras. Managing Sport and Leisure. ............ 33 4.5 Article 3: Iversen, E., & Forsberg, P. (2014). Mål eller kaos? Muligheder og begrænsninger i at indføre 'performance management' i danske idrætsfaciliteter. (To measure or not to measure? Possibilities and limitations if implementing “performance management” in Danish sports facilities). Forum for Idræt. .................................................................................... 34 4.6 Article 4: Iversen, E. (In review). Does size matter when public policy tools meet (the voluntary) reality in sports facilities? International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. .......... 35 4.7 How the articles are connected ............................................................................................. 37 5 Philosophy of science approach ................................................................................................ 39 5.1 Which view on the philosophy of science is taken by this thesis? ......................................... 41 5.2 The ontology of critical realism ............................................................................................ 41 5.3 The epistemology of critical realism ..................................................................................... 46 5.4 Conclusion on the ontological and epistemological point of departure ............................... 47 5.5 Theory-use according to critical realism. ............................................................................. 48 6 Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 50 6.1 Considerations when deciding and operationalising targets and and choosing indicators . 51 3 6.1.1 Is the PNP sports hall a private or a public organisation? .............................................. 52 6.2 Introduction to different public management theories (NPM, Governance and Budget) ..... 55 6.2.1 Budget based public management .................................................................................. 55 6.2.2 NPM based public management ..................................................................................... 56 6.2.3 Governance based public management .......................................................................... 57 6.2.4 The impact of organisational behaviour on strategies .................................................... 58 6.2.5 The impact of motivation on strategies .......................................................................... 59 6.2.6 A theoretical framework for PNP sports hall strategies and their consequences ........... 60 7 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................
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