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Are We Ready to Drive to the Sky?: Personal Air-Land Vehicles Within

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Are We Ready to Drive to the Sky?: Personal Air-Land Vehicles Within A thesis submitted to McGill Oleksiy Burchevskyy University in partial fulfillment Student # 260282254 of the requirements of the Faculty of Law degree of Master of Laws McGill University Montreal Are We Ready to Drive to the Sky? : Personal Air-Land Vehicles within the Modern Air Law Framework and Theory of Legal Innovation. LL.M. Thesis Advisor: Prof. Nicholas Kasirer Faculty of Law, McGill University December 2008 Copyright © 2008 Oleksiy Burchevskyy 1 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON MAOISM OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-53606-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-53606-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada Abstract: This work is a futuristic excursion to the would-be world of flying cars. It examines the impact on modern aviation law of possible future roadable aircraft, referred to as Personal Air-Land Vehicles. It first addresses theoretical impact which new technological advance would have on the legal system. The main focus is made on the way the law adapts technical inventions through such main approaches as legal analogy and legal innovation. Later it is discussed how the invention of Personal Air-Land Vehicle would influence current law. Cross-jurisdictional comparison of ultralight aviation regulations is a core of such study. The paper also examines history and future of roadable aircraft. Ce travail consiste en une incursion dans le futur monde des automobiles volantes. II traite de l'impact qu'auront ces futures voitures volantes, plus communement appeles Voitures Personnelles Terre-Air, sur le droit moderne de l'aviation. Ce travail abordera dans un premier temps la theorie generate sur l'impact qu'ont les developpements technologiques sur les systemes juridiques. Une attention particuliere sera accordee aux principes d'analogie et d'innovation juridiques en tant qu'approches aux inventions nouvelles. Ensuite nous procederons a une etude des influences probables qu'auront les Voitures Personnelles Terre- Air sur le droit moderne. Une approche comparative pluri-juridique des regimes d'aviation ultralegere sera au cceur de cette etude. Ce travail examinera ensuite l'histoire et le futur de ces voitures volantes. 2 Acknowledgements: My sincere gratitude is addressed to Professor Nicholas Kasirer, Dean of the McGill Facuty of Law, for supervising this research and to Christopher W. Glower for assessing my English. 3 Index: 1. Introduction (p.6): 1.1. Questions of the Research (p.7); 1.2. History of the subject and Current Developments (9); 2. Methods of Research (p. 14); 3. Literature (p. 16); 4. Law vs. Technical Innovation: Who Leads? (p.20): 4.1. What are Technology and its Innovation? (p.21) 4.2. Theory of Paradigm Shift and Revolution? (p.23) 4.3. Printing Press, Aircraft, Internet - Technologies which Shifted Paradigms and Law; (p.27) 4.4. Analogy of an Old Law or Creation of the New One (p.29): 4.4.1. Legal Analogy; (p.30) 4.4.2. Legal Innovation; (p.42) 4.5. Conclusions; (p.54) 5. Is PAL-V a Car or a Plane? (p.61) 5.1. Multi-Environment Vehicles in General; (p.62) 5.2. Amphibious Vehicles; (p.64) 5.3. Hovercrafts; (p.65) 5.4. Ecranoplans; (p.66) 5.5. Suborbital Flights; (p.68) 4 5.6. New Social Relations across Multiple Environments; (p.70) 5.7. Main Approaches to the Legal Status of PAL-V; (p.72) 5.8. Ostrich Story of the Fourth Approach; (p.76) 5.9. Automobiles and Light Aircraft across the Globe; (p.78) 5.10. Conclusions, (p.84) 6. PAL-Vs - Other Aspects of Operation (p.86): 6.1. Pilots and Drivers; (p.88) 6.2. Passengers and their Baggage (p.94): 6.2.1. Contract of Carriage by PAL-V; (p.94) 6.2.2. Passengers and Personal Pilot Licensing, (p.97) 6.3. Rules of the Road/Air; (p.99) 6.4. Things on the Ground; (p. 102) 6.5. Crossing borders in PAL-V; (p. 108) 6.6. Conclusions, (p. 112) 7. Conclusions and Summary; (p.l 14) 8. Bibliography; (p. 122) 9. Annexes, (p. 132) 5 1. Introduction Will we ever be able to fly an aircraft just as easily as we drive the car on the road? Will we be able to fly over the annoying traffic jams in our personal automobile? For most of our contemporaries such questions are still associated with science fiction. Nevertheless, there are increasing numbers of individual inventors and manufacturing companies that seriously work on the construction of a vehicle that would fly as easily as to drive on the road and will be as affordable and user-friendly as a conventional car. There are various terms used to describe an aircraft which is capable of driving on the road and of a car which is capable of flying. Airborne car, roadable aircraft, flying car, and many other terms can be found in the literature and on the web. The term Personal Air-Land Vehicle (PAL-V) seems to be the most suitable for the purpose of this study. This expression is chosen primarily because of its neutrality, since it does not favor the term "car" or "aircraft".1 As it will be discussed later, such a vehicle will resemble closely both personal car and personal light or ultralight aircraft. Rapid technological developments of recent years, especially in the field of electronics and composite materials, make it possible for the roadable aircraft to be distributed widely within the coming decade. Therefore, legal systems across various jurisdictions should be prepared to effectively govern the new social relations associated with this radical technological innovation. It is impossible to say, however, what impact such a 1 It must be noted that in this work Personal Air Land Vehicle means a machine which is equally capable of flying as well as driving on publicly used road and satisfies most of the criteria outlined on the page 11. It does not specifically resemble a PAL-V gyrocopter-type design proposed by the PAL-V Europe and Carver Engineering companies, although the PAL-V acronym will be used in this text. Any machine which satisfies the above-mentioned standards will be referred to as PAL-V for the purpose of this study 6 new means of transportation would have on the existing law, without detailed study of how law generally accommodates major technological advances. 1.1. Questions of the Research: Thus, the proposed research will give a useful overview of the existing laws on ultralight aviation and will examine how an old aviation law may or may not be adapted to the new realities of mass personal air-land travel. Consistent with these objectives, the research questions will be as follows: 1. Is the current framework of national and international aviation law a sufficient tool to support mass production and use of air-land vehicles? 2. If the law is insufficient, will it be suffice to make minor changes to existing aviation law or will the whole concept of Civil aviation law have to be revisited in a revolutionary manner? These rather complicated questions will be answered through the following analysis in four chapters. Chapter 4 should answer the question: whether the radical scientific discoveries and innovations, which are often referred to as paradigm shifts, also lead to the similar radical changes in the law that governs social relations in various spheres? The chapter will study several historical examples of scientific revolutions that resulted in significant developments in the law. Chapter 5. Are We Talking About Cars or Planes? When should the PAL-V be treated as an aircraft, when as a vehicle and when as a unique machine? Examples of several amphibious vehicles (surface effect vehicles, hovercrafts, etc.) and suborbital spacecrafts will 7 be used in order to show how law responds to the non-conventional vehicles which overlap established definitions of aircraft, spacecraft, ship or automobile. Discussion between functionalist and spacialist approaches to this problem will be studied in particular. The chapter will further provide comparative analysis of regulatory framework for the PAL-V for production and operation.
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