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Histoire De La Voiture Volante Les Six Concepts De La Voiture Volante 1917 : L'avion‐Automobile Curtiss

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Histoire De La Voiture Volante Les Six Concepts De La Voiture Volante 1917 : L'avion‐Automobile Curtiss Histoire de la Voiture volante Qui n’a jamais rêvé de s’échapper des bouchons de circulation en s’envolant à bord de sa voiture volante? Les six concepts de la voiture volante Pour comprendre comment les voitures volantes ont cherché à conquérir le ciel, il faut tout d’abord connaître les différents concepts élaborés jusqu’à ce jour par des inventeurs qui ont bien souvent risqué leur vie dans cette aventure et même, pour certains, perdue. Les six concepts proposés ici vous permettront de mieux comprendre l’histoire palpitante des voitures volantes tout en vous présentant un aperçu de demain : 1. L’avion‐automobile dont les ailes sont repliées ou enlevées pour prendre la route : à la base, c’est un avion; 2. La voiture volante munie d’ailes repliables ou intégrées : à la base, c’est une voiture; 3. La voiture qui devient volante en s’intégrant de façon fixe ou amovible à une partie d’avion; 4. La voiture volante munie de turbines pour décoller et atterrir à la verticale; 5. La voiture volante munie d’hélices, à la manière d’un hélicoptère ou d’un autogire; 6. Le véhicule personnel aérien (PAV) (sans roue). 1917 : l’avion‐automobile Curtiss L’avion des frères Orville et Wilbur Wright venait à peine de quitter le tarmac en 1903 que déjà d’ingénieux inventeurs cherchaient à les faire rouler sur nos routes. Considéré comme étant le premier avion‐automobile inventé, l’avion automobile, créé par Glenn Curtiss en 1917, était un véhicule à 3 places (une place avant et deux places arrière) intégré à un avion triplan. Lors des premiers essais, les roues ont décollé du sol, mais sans plus : il n’a jamais réussi à voler. La Première Guerre mondiale a mis fin à ses expérimentations. 1921 : l’avion‐automobile Tampier En France, René Tampier a présenté en 1921 un prototype d’avion automobile qui a fait sensation : le pilote n’avait qu’à se retourner dans la cabine de pilotage de l’avion pour se déplacer sur des routes, une fois les ailes repliées. Ce prototype a été le seul construit : il a terminé sa vie au musée en raison de problèmes de fiabilité. 1925 – 1942 : l’avion‐automobile Skroback Frank E. Skroback a produit le prototype d’avion automobile muni de trois courtes ailes biplans. Ce prototype a été mis à l’essai en 1945 mais n’a jamais réussi à voler. 1935 – 1942 : l’avion‐automobile Autogyro AC-35 L’Autogyro AC-35 a été développé aux États-Unis par l’Autogiro Company of America. Le prototype construit est un avion‐automobile volant à la manière d’un autogire. Il a réussi à voler, mais n’a jamais été commercialisé. Vidéo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nW9tBgmIFEU&feature=youtu.be 1935 – 1957 : l’avion‐automobile Waterman Arrowmobile L’américain Waldo Waterman a conçu l’Aerobile aussi appelé l’Arrowmobile, un avion muni d’ailes démontables. Il en a produit six prototypes dont plusieurs ont réussi à voler, mais n’a pas commercialisé cette invention. Vidéo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5TGoJ9nWTc&feature=youtu.be 1939 : la voiture volante Southernaire Roadable Theodore Parsons Hall, ingénieur en structure aéronautique, a conçu en 1939 la voiture volante Hall XCP-1. Il a réussi à faire voler ce prototype en 1940, à l’aéroport Linda Vista de San Diego en Californie. Il a vendu les droits de cette invention à la Southern Aircraft Corporation, entreprise pour laquelle il a par la suite travaillé, ce qui lui a permis de poursuivre le développement de ce produit. Trois prototypes ont été développés, mais le projet commercial a été abandonné par manque de fonds. 1940 : la voiture volante de Jess Dixon Jess Dixon d’Andalusia en Alabama, États-Unis, a conçu cette voiture volante comme solution aux problèmes de circulation. Ce véhicule monoplace ne pouvait pas se déplacer rapidement en raison de ces petites roues centrales. L’histoire ne nous apprend pas ce qu’il est advenu de cette invention. 1942 – 1944 : la Jeep volante Hafner Rotabuggy Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Raoul Hafner a conçu un véhicule expérimental pour l’armée britannique appelé Hafner Rotabuggy (aussi appelé Malcolm Rotaplane). Il s’agit en fait d’une Jeep Willys MB combinée à un moteur d’hélicoptère. L’idée était de pouvoir apporter rapidement par la voie des airs, des véhicules tout-terrain de ce genre sur des sites ciblés en les lançant à partir d’avions-cargo en vol. Le véhicule devait pouvoir voler, puis ralentir sa course et se poser à l’endroit désiré. Quelques prototypes ont réussi à voler, mais des planeurs (comme les Waco Hadrian et Airspeed Horsa) se sont avérés beaucoup plus efficaces pour ce type de missions : le projet a été abandonné. Vidéo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi_5gc5vWqw&feature=youtu.be 1944 : la voiture volante / avion-automobile Airmaster Herbert et Helen Boggs ont déposé en 1944 un brevet pour un avion modulaire peu commun appelé Airmaster. Leur invention était composée d’une structure d’avion (sans cabine de pilotage) et d’une structure de voiture (sans cabine) et d’une cabine de pilotage mobile fonctionnelle pour les deux structures. Leur idée était un peu saugrenue : c’est la cabine qui, probablement à l’aide d’une grue, devait être transférée de la structure de l’avion à la structure de la voiture, ce qui a priori, n’était pas très pratique : direction, freinage, accélération, électricité, etc. a débrancher et rebrancher lors du passage de l’une à l’autre structure… Ouf! Selon les informations à notre disposition, aucun prototype n’aurait été construit. 1946 : l’avion-automobile Fulton Airphibian Robert Edison Fulton, Jr. a conçu à Danbury au Connecticut, un avion-automobile appelé Fulton Airphibian dont la partie cabine de pilotage se séparait des ailes de l’avion pour prendre la route. Quatre prototypes de ce véhicule biplace ont été construits par Continental inc. et ont réussi à voler assez bien, somme toute. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK5HK-7hPTE&feature=youtu.be Les démarches bureaucratiques pour obtenir les licences et l’homologation de ce produit ont fait que cet avion-automobile n’a jamais été commercialisé au grand désespoir de son inventeur. Il reste aujourd’hui un prototype restauré du Fulton Airphibian au Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (une annexe du National Air and Space Museum à Washington, D.C.). 1946 – 1948 : la voiture volante Convair Theodore Parsons “Ted” Hall qui avait développé la Southernaire Roadable en 1939, a conçu en 1946, la Convair, une voiture à 2 places (Convair modèle 116) ou 4 places (Convair modèle 118) qui pouvait se détacher de la structure d’un avion pour prendre la route. La période de croissance après guerre dans le secteur de l’aviation devait leur permettre d’en vendre 160 000 unités au coût de 1 500 $ US. Un accident se produisit avec le premier prototype; le second prototype réussit ses vols d’essai, mais les éventuels clients s’en désintéressèrent. 1946 – 1953 : l’avion-automobile Aerauto PL.5C Luigi Pellarini, un ingénieur en aéronautique, a conçu l’Aerauto PL.5C, qui a été construite par une entreprise italienne de Milan, Carrozzeria Colli. Cet ingénieur avait choisi le concept d’avion-automobile avec des ailes pliantes. Fait à noter, c’était le premier avion-automobile dont le moteur de l’avion servait aussi à propulser le véhicule en mode automobile sur la route. Vidéo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNp_iO-2Jfg&feature=youtu.be 1946 – 1960 : la voiture volante Aerocar Le premier vol de l’Aerocar ,de l’américain Molt Taylor, a eu lieu en 1950. Cette voiture volante a obtenu le droit de circuler six ans plus tard. Faute d’investisseurs, six exemplaires seulement ont été produits. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfONF6YIpvs&feature=youtu.be 1950 : l’avion-automobile Aircoupe James W. Holland a une idée semblable à René Tampier : il a détaché les ailes d’un avion monoplace Eco Ercoupe pour pouvoir se déplacer en ville comme l’illustre cette photo prise dans les rues de la ville de Valdosta en Georgie, États- Unis, au mois de mars 1950. L’histoire ne dit pas ce qu’il est advenu de ce projet : nous pouvons toutefois présumer que l’avion-automobile ne rencontrait pas les normes de sécurité exigées d’un véhicule automobile aux États-Unis. 1953 – 1974 : la voiture volante Bryan Autoplane Leland Bryan est un américain provenant de Milford, Michigan, aux États-Unis. Il a construit trois prototypes de la Bryan Autoplane. Le premier prototype monoplace avait pour base un planeur Briegleb BG-6 muni d’un moteur de voiture. Ce prototype a cumulé 500 milles (805 km) de conduite sur route et a réussi un vol en 1953 Le second prototype monoplace avait pour base un avion Erco Ercoupe dont la section centrale avait été allongée. Le moteur était placé dans la partie arrière (photo ci- dessus). Ce second prototype a cumulé 80 heures de vol et 4 000 milles (6 437 km) de distance sur route jusqu’à ce qu’un accident en vol lui cause des dommages importants. Leland Bryan l’a réparé et en a fait un modèle biplace. Lors d’une démonstration de vol en 1974, l’avion a perdu une section d’aile mal sécurisée et son concepteur s’est tué. 1954 : la voiture volante Bel Geddes Cette voiture volante conçue par le designer Norman Bel Geddes en 1954 est demeurée un concept. Mais ce fut à nos yeux l’un des plus beaux concepts de voitures volantes produits à cette époque 1965 – 1971 : la voiture volante Wagner Aerocar En Allemagne, Alfred Vogt a développé la Wagner Aerocar, un concept de voiture à hélices contrarotatives.
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