September 11, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 31395 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS DR. LEDERBERG SPEAKS OUT ON become the most efficient means f Jr removing the intentional release of an infectious par­ BIOLOGICAL WARFARE HAZARDS man from the planet. As a student of evolu­ ticle, be it a virus or bacteriwn, from the tion, and having studied it in the micro­ confines of the laboratory or of medical prac­ cosmos with bacterial cultures, I knew that tice must be condemned as an irresponsible HON. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI man had no guaranteed place on our earth. threat against the whole human community. He has faced and continues to face natural The Black Death, the great bubonic plague OF WISCONSIN disasters like the infestations that have that ravaged Europe in the mid-14th century IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES wiped out the American chestnut and the is in fact a well documented historic ex­ Thursday, September 10, 1970 European grapevine. To these long-standing ample of just this process. The plague first threats would now be added new ones, po­ entered Europe in 1346 via the sailors, rats, Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, Dr. tentially of our own invention. and fleas on the ships that returned to Joshua Lederberg, professor of genetics These past 25 years, in the course of which Genoa after having been expelled from at Stanford University and a Nobel Prize the world community has reached a certain Theodosia in the Crimea where the attack­ winner for his work in biology, recently degree of familiarity with the problems of ing Tartars had catapulted some of their nuclear power, and has undertaken some of corpses into the Genoese fortifications. This addressed the Conference of the Com­ the steps needed to contain it as a servant plague which reduced the population of mittee on Disarmament in Geneva. for rather than against human aims, have Europe by at least one-third, would of In his talk he emphasized the hazards seen a sustained, remarkable development of course, almost surely have made its way which biological warfare poses to the molecular biology. For example, Professor West sooner or later, the nature of the dis­ world and urged that the Conference Gobind Khorana recently reported the syn­ ease being quite beyond the comprehension promptly reach agreement on a ban on thetic assembly of a small gene through of the medical science of that era. the development, production, prolifera­ chemical operations on DNA components. It The Black Death in Europe was only one wlll be a step of another order of magnitude of many visitations of the plague suffered by tion or use of biological weapons. to extend this technical capability to the Europe during the last 2000 years. We do not His position parallels that of the synthesis of small viruses, but this surely know why this one should have been so U.S. delegation, which has urged that will be accomplished within the next decade. much more disastrous than many others. an agreement on biological weapons be This procedure will allow an unlimited range The progress of a disease in any given indi­ reached now, with subsequent work on a of experimental variations of the gentle vidual is subject to many factors of which total ban on chemical weapons. This ap­ structure of different viruses, a process which only a few are well understood. A large epi­ proach has been opposed by the Soviet has many important potential applications demic, involving millions of people spread Union, its allies, and some neutrals at for human health. It also offers us the pros­ over time and space, is an immensely more pect of engineering the design of viruses to complicated phenomenon about which it is the Conference. exquisite detail. Accomplishments like Kho­ very difficult to make accurate scientific pre­ It is my hope that Dr. Lederberg's mes­ rana's have been possible in a small labora­ dictions. This combination of very grave sage of urgency will help break down the tory on an annual research budget which is potential hazard with a high degree of resistance of Communist and other na­ miniscule compared to weapons hardware. A unpredictability is a peculiar attribute of tions and allow a ban on biological wea­ serious military investment in this area could biological weaponry at its present stage of pons to be concluded at the next session be expected to outstrip this already breath­ development. This has a. great deal to do of the Conference. taking pace of advance by many fold. with the rational doctrine that so far has I could mention many other intriguing placed a. relatively low value on its military In the thought that Dr. Lederberg's scientific advances from my own work and utility. statement would be of int.erest to the that of others, and fear only that my enthu­ The present situation thus might provide Members of the House, I am placing it in siasm in discussing these details might out­ the most favorable opportunity for inter­ the RECORD at this point: run your patience in hearing about them. national action to regulate the further de­ REMARKS BY JOSHUA LEDERBERG, PROFESSOR OF I will be glad to engage later in informal velopment and proliferation of BW. I am GENETICS, STANFORD UNIVEBSITY, l'OB IN• discussions on any aspect of molecular biol­ convinced we know enough about it to have FORMAL DISCUSSIONS AT THE CONFERENCE OF ogy that may be of interest to you. I will legitimate concern about its future pros­ THE COMMITTEE ON DISARMAMENT, GENEVA, just mention the discoveries of three methods pects. Until now no nation appears to have AUGUST 5, 1970 of modifying the genetic structure of mi­ staked its security to any significant degree crobes: 1) cross-breeding them through what on BW armaments. I would therefore hope This is the first occasion at which I have is, essentially, sexual reproduction; 2) in­ this provides a basis for accord. If we wait been invited to attend a meeting of this serting new genes carried by a virus, a process until BW has been developed into a reliable kind. It is also a 24th anniversary of another called "transduction," and 3) direct manip­ armament for use under a range of Inilitary occasion when I was a young medical stu­ ulation of DNA as a chemical substance, and doctrine, we must all fear that it could then dent attending my first scientific conference. reintroducing this into microbial cells. be too late to disengage important powers This was an international meeting at Cold I deeply appreciate the gravity and im­ from their commitment to it. Spring Harbor, near New York, and it could portance of the work of this Committee. Its If I may return to the Black Death, the be truly labeled as the birthdate of a new principal significance is, of course, for the main barriers that may today keep bubonic scientific field, the genetics of bacteria and security of all the people of the world; and plague from being a great threat in advanced of viruses. My first published work was to that it is only a small addition to mention countries are: 1) understanding of and the presented at that meeting and it concerned my own moral pre-occupation with whether use of quarantine, 2) the suppression of rats the discovery, contrary to decades of pre­ my own career will have been labeled a bless­ and fleas by general urban hygiene, and vious supposition to the contrary, that bac­ ing or a curse to the humanity from which 3) the use of modern therapy, especially teria were indeed possessed of a mechanism I spring.· This comment may have more antibiotics, to control the disease. Each like sexual reproduction which made it pos­ force if I offer it as not only a personal testi­ one of these barriers could be breached by sible to crossbreed different bacterial strains. mony but as typical of the dilemma that further technical developments if a sub­ These observations, together with related faces my entire generation of biological re­ stantial effort were to be applied during the ones by many other colleagues have gone search scientists and our younger students next decade to making the plague bacillus into the emergence of the most powerful at this very moment. I am therefore many into a weapon. of new methods and insights in experimental times indebted to you not only for your Other infectious agents might be even biology, going generally under the name of present labors but also for having offered me more adaptable. Some of man's deadliest molecular biology. the privilege of a more personal participation enemies are viruses which, like yellow fever, From the very beginning it was inescap­ in a process that may yet result in civilizing are transmitted by mosquitos or other ar­ able to me that these new approaches for this branch of science. thropods. These have the advantage, from a the understanding and manipulation of liv­ For many years BW has been given only military standpoint, that they may not start ing organisms had potential implications for incidental attention as a subject of diplo­ a potentially retroactive epidemic in areas human progress of very great significance. On matic discussion; for it seemed to have little where the vector insect does not normally the one hand molecular biology could in­ bearing on the adjustments of power that abound. It is already evident that such in­ crease man's knowledge about himself and were the main work of specialists in foreign sect-borne viruses could be applied in the lead to revolutionary changes in medicine affairs. However, BW does have something first instance by direct aerial dissemination, in such fields as cancer, aging, congenital to do with efforts to reduce the barbarity of with little or no further spread from the disease; and virus infections. It might also warfare. BW stands apart from all other de­ first wave of infected targets. Recent reports play a vital role in industry and in agricul­ vices in the actual threat that it poses to of airborne or pneumonic rabies, a terrible ture. On the other side it might be exploited the health and life-expectancy of every hu­ disease, which as you know is normally for military purposes and eventuate in a man being whether or not he is politically spread by the bite of an infected dog or biological weapons race whose aim could well involved in belligerent actions. In a word, other animal, illustrate this poss1b1llty. CXVI--1977-Part 23 31396 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 11, 1970

There is then the danger that, 1! a large As you know, soon after President NiXon's known. My purpose is not to suggest the vul­ nucleus of people is attacked in this way, announcement it became apparent that the nerability of the Asian continent to bio­ further evolution of the virus will occur to problem of toxins had been left ambiguous. logical military attack but rather to point give rise to a new form of the disease that "Toxins," as the term is understood by out immense gaps in the pattern of inter­ does spread from person to person, contrary biologists, are chemical substances, usually national cooperative deienses that should be to the calculations of the attacker. The Black (but not always) proteins of modest molecu­ mounted but which have a relatively feeble Death itself underwent a similar evolution lar size which are by-products of bacterial standing in the present-day world. This is in from the original bubonic flea-borne plague growth and which may play a lesser or great­ no way a derogation of the splendid efforts to outbreaks of the far more contagious er role in the disease manifestations of a of the World Health Organization which is pneumonic variety. bacterial infection. centered here in Geneva but an indication of We have learned in recent years that vi­ For present purposes we might think of a the limitations of its budget and a suggestion ruses undergo constant evolution in their toxin as a chemical substance which would that much more needs to be done and could own natural history, not only by mutations be unknown to science except for its asso­ be done with resources that might be given within a given strain, but also by the natural ciation with microbial growth and one over to biological work in the future. cross-hybridization of viruses that superfi­ which has an extraordinarily high lethality Countries which are undergoing a transi­ cially appear to be only remotely related to per unit weight. Many toxins are nerve tion in the development of their agriculture one another. Furthermore, many of us al­ poisons, resembling the nerve gases in their are vulnerable to analogous threats in bio­ ready carry viruses in our body cells of which effect on the body, but far more potent. For logical warfare directed against crops as dis­ we are unaware for years, and which may be example, the lethal dose of botulinus toxin tinguished from human targets. The intro­ harmless-though they may eventually cause is about one millionth of a gram. This means duction of new crop varieties, that has had the formation of a tumor, or of brain degen­ tha.t one could easily carry in a dispatch case all of the human benefits attached to the eration, or of other diseases. At least in the a quantity of toxin sufficient to wipe out expression "the green revolution," also means laborat ory, however, we can show that such the human population, although the image that the food supplies of vast territories are latent viruses can still crossbreed with other would imply that the human herd would now committed to specialized strains of viruses to give rise to many new forms. line up for the slaughter. The very high wheat, rice, and so forth. These are now My gravest concern is that similar scien­ potency of such toxins is certainly a factor newly vulnerable to destruction by plant tific breakthroughs of a rather predictable in their military potential but may even be pests of either natural or artificial origin. kind will be made and their potential mili­ outweighed by other considerations, like the A potentially tragic outbreak of "coffee rust" tary significance exploited, so as to result in possibility of specific immunization of an is at this moment a serious threat to the a transformation of current doctrine about aggressor force or population. agriculture and economy of Brazil. "unreliable" biological weapons. We are all Even after agreement to eliminate biologi­ The promulgation o'f an international familiar with the process of mutual escala­ cal weapons, we will still remain very agreement to control biological warfare in tion in which the defensive efforts of one vulnerable to a form of biological warfare a negative sense should, therefore, be ac­ side inevitably contribute to further tech­ which is beyond the reach of any covenant companied by steps urgently needed to build nical developments on the other and vice that we can make. This is the warfare prac­ positive efforts at international cooperation, versa. The mere existence of such a con­ ticed upon us by nature, the unremitting a kind of defensive biological research against test produces a mutual stimulation of effort; barrage of infection by old and by new natural enemies of the human species. moreover, there is no practical system of agents that still constitute a very large part One of the best assurances that any coun­ counterintelligence that will protect secret of the perils to normal and healthy life. try might have that the microbiological re­ work for an indefinite periOd of time from We have all had vexing, perhaps even search of its neighbors was directed towards becoming known to others. And the poten­ tragic, personal experiences with virus in­ human purposes would be constantly ex­ tial undoubtedly exists for the design and fections. You wm all recall the global epi­ panding participation in international development of infective agents against demic of influenza that was first identified health programs. Any country that publicly which no credible defense is possible, through in Hong Kong about three years ago. This and avowedly subscribed to the total renun­ the genetic and chemical manipulation of was not a particularly severe form of the ciation of secret BW research might con­ these agents. It is thus clear to me that if we virus and its eventual mortality was prob­ ceivably be able to continue clandestine ef­ do not do something about this possibility, ably only in the tens of thousands. It ·is fects without revealing their substantial work will go forward and my fears will be­ wrong, however, to believe that there is any content. It would, however, have great dif­ come realities. assurance that the next epidemic of this ficulty in maintaining such an effort, at any Permit me now, to ask a rhetorical ques­ kind will be as mild; and we have still de­ substantial level or quality of operation, tion: Can we establish a world order that veloped only the most feeble and precarious while still keeping its very existence secret. will, in effect, protect "you," as representa­ protection against this threat whose impact This applies especially to those among its tives of the global community, from the sub­ is shared by all the nations, but against own citizens who are specialists in health­ version of the scientific advances to which which very little common defense has been oriented research and who are deeply in­ my own peers and myself have dedicated erected. volved in furthering health research activi­ their careers. You will also recall having read from time ties within the framework of the interna­ I wish I could be sure that such a remark to time about small outbreaks of mysterious tional community. Therefore, besides the ob­ would always be received with an under­ new diseases like "Lassa fever" and the vious direct health benefits of expanded in­ standing of the ironic spirit with which it is "Marburg virus." These were both extremely ternational cooperation we would also be uttered. I do not have to tell you of the dangerous threats; and while much credit rewarded by a higher level of mutual as­ worldwide attack on science, the flight from must be given to the diligence of the medi­ surance that every party was indeed living reason that has tempted so many young cal people who dealt with the outbreaks, a up to the spirit of its obligations under a people and makes so many dilemmas for large element of pure luck was involved in BW convention. those of us in university life. localizing these incidents. We must expect In conclusion, let me say that some of the This generational revolt has probably had that there are many additional viruses al­ speculations I have mentioned are ones its worst impact in countries which have ready indigenous to primate and human which all of us must fervently hope will already achieved a degree of affluence, but populations in primitive areas and to which never materialize. But it would seem to me it is eroding the morale of the young even the inhabitants of advanced countries are both foolish and arrogant to assume that in those countries whose economic future extremely vulnerable. our good will alone, without concrete ar­ most depends on their development of a high Yellow fever is a historically important rangements, will serve to forestall the fur­ level of technical and scientific skill. What disease which now belongs in the same cate­ ther development, proliferation and pos­ the youth see as the perversion of knowl­ gory. It is now maintained on earth mainly sible eventual recourse to what surely is one edge is, I believe, an important aspect of through an animal reservoir of infection, in of the most ghastly methods of warfare ima­ their repudiation of us. Among the under­ the monkeys in tropical jungles. Urban pop­ ginable. graduates at my own university, there is no ulations are now protected from yellow fever As a scientist whose research career has prospect more disheartening than the idea by campaigns to abolish the fever-carrying centered on the genetics of bacteria, I have that even health research is subject to ex­ species of mosquitos in South America and a profound personal interest in efforts being ploitation in the most inhumane direction by the ava11ab111ty of excellent vaccines in made in this forum to minimize the risk imaginable. advanced countries. Mosquito species very that infectious disease will become a routine For many years I have advocated that the well capable of transmitting yellow fever weapon in future conflicts, civil or interna­ control of biological warfare be given a spe­ are, however, abundant in South Asia and tional. You have heard reasons, that I believe cial place in international and national the accidental introduction of yellow fever, a.re compelling, for promptly reaching a. ban initiatives for reasons I have mentioned. I for example, into India. would be a. human on the development, production, prolifera­ am deeply gratified that President Nixon's tragedy of catastrophic dimensions. Special­ tion or use of biological weapons. I will be announcement (last November 25) which ists in epidemiology are quite puzzled that indebted to you for this opportunity if I can disavowed offensive biological warfare de­ this accident has not already eventuated return to my laboratory with the hope of velopment has made it possible for me to and we have no good explanation for this having ma.de the most modest contribution address these issues in terms fully consistent good fortune. I would not mention facts to the fulfillment of the urgent task before with the policy of the government of my own like these which might stimulate psychotic you. country. imaginations 1! they were not already well Good luck. September 11, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 31397 THE RED BLOC PUPPET NATIONS hymn. Kaunda, the son of a minister, de­ sional Revolutionary Government of South claimed: Vietnam, the Palestinian Liberation Orga­ SUMMIT CONFERENCE "Onward soldiers of nonalignment! Raise nization and African nationalist movements. ye the banner of the movement . . . fight The three had observer status at the con­ HON. JOHN R. RARICK relentless!~ for freedom, justice and ference. peace ... [The Zambian government, seeking to ex­ OF LOUISIANA LIBYANS COMPLAIN plain its arrests of reporters, covering the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The only outward breach in the day's conference, said "the monopoly press of the Thursday, September 10, 1970 mood of agreement for agreement's sake West" was trying to defame the meeting, AP came when the Libyan delegation complained reported.] Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the so­ that the conference was not being as rough called nonalined nations summit con­ on Israel as it was on South Africa. [From the Atlanta Journal, Sept. 8, 1970] ference just concluded at Zambia--Afri­ Most of the 57 official delegations were NEuTRAL SUMMIT OPENS IN ZAMBIA ca's base for Communist guerrillas-­ from Africa, the Middle East or Asia. Europe LUSAKA, ZAMBIA.-President Kenneth seems to parrot the party line being re­ was represented by Yugoslavia, which fought Kaunda opened the third nonaligned summit sounded by other Communist and so­ for watering down any resolutions that would conference Tuesday by telling representatives cialist movements around the world. have produced a walkout. of more than half the world's peoples, "We The dozen or so important conference res­ seek a place of honor and respect." The nonalinement claim must mean olutions were not made public as the three­ "We must move nonalignment out of what their influence as nations-UNO vote­ da.y summit closed, but most of them had critics consider mere political and idle rheto­ is up for sale to the highest bidder. been made available to the press by confer­ ric," he said. Now that their anti-USA saber-rat­ ence sources. As the president spoke in the crowded main tling, subsidized with foreign aid, has The Middle East draft resolution, which assembly hall at Mulungushi Village, two of passed over, they can be expected to calls for the Withdrawal of Israeli troops the world's best known women leaders lis­ from occupied Arab territory, also asks the tened intently. approach our diplomats for more for­ United Nations to impose unspecified sanc­ eign aid handouts and to receive the Mrs. Indira Gandhi, premier of India, and tions against Israel for "obstructing" the Mrs. s. Bandaranaike, premier of Ceylon, sat usual support for give-a-ways in the Middle East peace talks. alongside world leaders including Emperor name of aid for friendly backward WORDING CHANGED Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, President Tito of emerging nations. But during the Ia.st-minute deliberations Yugoslavia, Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus Mr. Speaker, I insert several news­ the words "all adequate measures" were sub­ and Presidents Obote of Uganda and Nyerere clippings and a report by George 8. stituted for "sanctions." Conference sources of Tanzania. Schyler: said Liberia. had pushed for the change. Cambodia's seat was vacant because for­ eign ministers failed to agree in day-long 11, This led the Libyans to complain that while [From the Evening Star, Sept. 1970] debate Monday which government should be ZAMBIA TALKS END, RESULTS ARE UNCERTAIN the nonaligned countries were Willing to make demands on and condemn South Africa, admitted-Premier Lon Nol's government or LUSAKA, ZAMBIA.-The third summit con­ they only made requests on Israel. The Lib­ Prince Norodom Sihanouk's government in ference of nonaligned nations ended yes­ yan delegate later criticized th; conference's exile in Peking. terday with host President Kenneth Kaunda "dictatorial process." Cannons boomed outside in salute as the singing a revolutionary freedom song-but The conference's final draft resolution on heads of state and government arrived. A there was no official word on what was accom-· decolonization adopted the tough a.nti­ flourish of bugles announced their arrival plished at the meeting. apartheid program Ethiopian Emperor Haile inside the hall for the start of the three-day Kaunda kept more than 100 newsmen Selassie once had urged, conference sources meeting. waiting an hour and a half for a scheduled said. Two other nonaligned summits have been news conference, then canceleu it without The resolution calls on all countries to held-in Belgrade in 1961 and in Cairo in explanation. A government statement said break diplomatic relations with South Africa, 1964. resolutions which were approved at the Portugal and Rhodesia, to enforce trade em­ Kaunda, who is also chairman of the 41- three-day gathering would be distributed bargoes against the three countries and to nation organization of African Unity this Monday. refuse landing rights to airlines and shippers year, told the assembly: There were confiicting reports on whether that use the ports of the three countries. The continued exclusion of Communist the conference passed a resolution dealing It also proposes to set up special funds to China from the United Nations "is a blunder With the Middle East, and if so, whether it aid African nationalist movements attempt­ and there can be no legitimate reason for demanded U.N. sanctions against Israel or ing to overthrow the white-minority govern­ refusing her admission to the world body." merely asked the United Nations to act if ments in southern Africa. Regarding Western military and economic Israel does not withdraw from occupied Arab But in the final resolution concerning arms aid to the white minority governments of territory. sales to South Africa the conference dropped southern Africa, "Those who delay the dis­ Sources within the conference said draft a specific condemnation of France for con­ charge of justice, those who stand in the way resolutions that were likely to be passed tinuing to sell arms to south Africa despite a of peaceful change toward majority rule, included a request for the Withdrawal of all six-year-old U.N. embargo. make violence inevitable." foreign troops from South Vietnam, a call The French were condemned by the Orga­ for the United States and other nations to nization of African Unity in its summit meet­ SIX JOURNALISTS BELIEVED HELD BY ZAMBIANS stop aiding Portugal and South Africa and ing last week and had lobbied hard here to LUSAKA, ZAMBIA.-Six - foreign journalists a request for all nations of the world to help avoid being singled out again. With help from were missing and presumed held by security people "fighting against colonialism, racial their former African colonies they succeeded police today as the third nonaligned summit discrimination and apartheid in Africa in changing the statement to a general con­ conference opened here. through the Liberation Committee of the demnation of countries that continue sup­ Three of the newsmen-Kenneth L. Whit­ Organization of African Unity." plying weapons to Pretoria. ing of the Associated Press, Hans Reinhardt Britain, however, is specifically condemned of the German Press Agency, and Ron [From the Washington Post, Sept. 11, 1970] in the resolution for its announced inten­ McDonnel of Viesnews, a British agency­ THIRD-WORLD TALKS END WITH RASH OF tion to resume limited arms sales to South were taken by plainclothes policemen Mon­ MILD ATTACKS Africa. day night from the conference hall and the university residences where the press is (By Jim Hoagland) Another section assails the United States, Britain, France, West Germany, Italy and housed. LUSAKA, ZAMBIA, Sept. 10.-The third non­ Japan for "economic, military and political" This morning, plainclothes police escorted aligned nations' summit conference closed ties with South Africa. Chris Munnion of the London Daily Tele­ today in a blaze of moderately worded res­ On Vietnam, the conference balanced off a graph, based in Salisbury, from the confer­ olutions praising peace, justice and eco­ paragraph blaming "the presence of United ence hall. nomic development. States armed forces" for "the untold suffer­ The other two journalists, Tony White of Obviously striving for a show of unity that ing and loss of life" in Indochina with an Reuters and Dan Van der Vat of the Times would dispute critics who contend that the uncontroversial call for the removal of "all of London, were missing as the conference self-styled nonaligned nations have few foreign forces" from the area. began. common interests, the conference toned No reason was given for the arrests, but all down a resolution on the Middle East, ac­ OTHER RESOLUTIONS of the newsmen are based either in South cepted a relatively moderately worded res­ Two other resolutions ask that the Indian Africa or Rhodesia, and Zambian President olution of Indochina and even eased slightly Ocean be made a military-free zone and set Kenneth Kaunda is a staunch opponent of its condemnation of countries selling arms out the establishment of a bureau to the area's white-minority governments. to South Africa. examine economic development in the Third The American Embassy was trying to make Zambia's President Kenneth Kaunda, who World. contact With Whiting this morning. It was was chairman for the summit, closed the Speakers at today's open session included understood tha.t the British and German em­ meeting With a paraphrase of a Christian representatives from the Vietcong's Prov!- bassies were making similar moves. 31398 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 11, 1970 [From the Evening Star, Sept.11, 1970] aid and trade, scholarships at Patrice ence of (Portuguese) Guinea and Cape Verde RoGERS ASKS FULL FOREIGN Am FuNDING Lumumba University and similar schools, all­ Islands, headed by the Communist agitator (By Dana Bullen) expense conferences with delegates picked for Amllcar Cabral. The arrival of the troops their loyalty and eager to vote yes, and free­ from Dakar sealed off the Senegal-Portuguese Secretary of State William P. Rogers, urg­ bies of shoddy goods and toys for the bush Guinea border. With 25,000 Portuguese troops ing approval of the administration's foreign yokelry. There have also been weapons car­ and thousands of local native levies with­ aid fund requests, said today the United riers, tanks, bazookas, and occasionally old standing the invaders from Casa.ma.nee dis­ States must show Asian nations it continues warplanes for the big boys, either free or on trict, the P.A.I.G.C. militants had to retire to to back them. jawbone. Blacks who had never been ten Guinea under the sheltering arm of Comrade "We must convince our Asian friends that miles across the veldt were flown to China President Sekou Toure. a reduced military presence does not mean or Cuba to learn how to blow up a presiden­ GAMBIA we are abandoning them," he said in testi­ tial palace or assassinate a dusky Cabinet mony prepared for a. Senate Appropriations Minister reluctant to toe the Party line. In April, 1970, this most improbable Afri­ subcommittee. Varied success has attended these ap­ can mini-State voted 84,968 to 35,638 t.o be­ "Our economic assistance program is one proaches between the Mediterranean and come a republic within the British Com­ of the most effective ways to maintain our the Zambesl. The Maghreb seems to be more monwealth. The new Gambian republic, with credibility as an Asian power," Rogers said. Middle East than African, but this is decep­ a population of 360,000 in a. territory of 4,000 Rogers called for Senate restoration of tive. Each of these Mediterranean States im­ square miles along the Gambia River, ls $532 million pared by the House from Presi­ pinges upon a Black African country easily formed in the shape of a finger pointing into dent Nixon's $1.8 billion foreign aid request, accessible in these days of air travel. Morocco Senegal. Sir Dawda Ka.iraba Jawara, Prime the lowest administration request for aid has been wooed into accepting Red goodies, Minister since 1962, became the first Presi­ funds in 15 years. while cadging aid from increasingly appre­ dent. What Communists there are remain Rogers said the House reduction "crip­ hensive France. Algeria, broke despite its mum. ples our entire aid program." oil riches, is a pliant Soviet preserve. 011-rich Ever since the British bought the colony Aid funds provide support technical, agri­ Libya has all the zeal of a recent convert to from Portugal in 1588, Gambia has been sub­ cultural, development and related programs Communism, and Egypt is completely down sidized by London, since its one crop (pea­ in underdeveloped countries a.round the the Tiger's throat. Western bases, once out­ nuts) will not support it. Outside Bathurst, globe. posts of empire, are now available to the Russian fishing boats reap a harvest with no For Vietnam, the administration asked Russian fleet patrolling Mare Nostrum. Pro­ competition from the easygoing natives. $366 million for supporting assistance, but west Tunis shivers. PORTUGUESE GUINEA the House cut $40 million of this. Soviet prestige has grown immensely since With an area of 13,948 square miles and As U.S. military expenditures decline in the end of the Nigerian civil war, and its mer­ 529,000 people, this enclave has been Portu­ Vietnam, Saigon needs substantial economic chant, fishing, and war vessels make it per­ guese since 1446. Its Governor, responsible aid to meet increased costs of the war with­ sona grata to the black politicians hungry to Lisbon, is a native Negro. Since the Com-_ out imperiling economic stability. Rogers for help. Only Southern Africa stands strong­ munist-subsidized P.A.I.G.C. attacks from said. ly in the way of an ultimate continental the Guinea springboard provided by Sekou "If the House cut ... ls not restored, the sweep by the Comrades. With the Red Fleet Toure, the Portuguese have with traditional goals of Vietnam.ization will be significantly visiting the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and determination stood fast, killing all invaders. more di.ffi.cult to achieve," Rogers said. the Indian Ocean, even Southern Africa's re­ Red chances there are non-existent. Elsewhere in Asia, he said, economic as­ moteness is no guarantee that it wm escape sistance must continue at adequate levels the Communist drive. GUINEA while President NiXon withdraws U.S. troops Following the recent coup in Mali, suspi­ from Thailand, South Korea and the Philip­ SPANISH WEST AFRICA cious President Sekou Toure, the Communist pines. Largely desert (102,703 square miles and ruler of this 95,000 square mile "republic" Rogers said $8.9 million was diverted from 48,000 population), this miserable little coun­ and its 3,500,000 people, rounded up sus­ last year's aid program to provide mllltary try so la.-Oks resources that not even Morocco pected subversives and executed seven high­ assistance to Cambodia, and he said the wants it. Curiously, however, it offers an at­ ranking Army officers for plotting again.st administration expects to divert $40 million traction to the Reds, who currently are di­ him. more to Cambodia out of the funds being rectly wooing its authoritarian master in Both Soviet and Chinese Communist in­ sought for the present fiscal year. Madrid with some prospects of success. structors operate training camps here. Con­ The secretary of state said this aid does MAURITANIA akry ls headquarters for Amilcar Cabral's not mean the United Sta/tes ls assuming An even bigger desert than the Rio de Oro P.A.I.G.C., and here extremists of Sierra responsibility for Cambodia's defense. But, to its northwest, its 418,000 square miles and Leone's All-People's Congress were armed he said, it ls considered "appropriate" to one million wandering herdsmen surrounded and 'i;ra.ined before their Party won power. provide Cambodia material assistance to de­ by the Atlantic, Algeria, Mali, and Senegal, The new Soviet Embassy is a fortress-like f end itself "against a foreign invader." Mauritania is a politico-economic appanage compound where 250 personnel have schools, In regard to Latin America, Rogers said, of Paris. The French control its rich iron offices, housing, entertainment--and protec­ the House decision to cut off a third of the ore and copper deposits, its growing fishing tion. The rivalry between the Russian and funds sought for Allian<:e for Progress de­ industry, and market its cattle, camels, and Chinese is intense, but neither group asso­ velopment loans would require reductions gum salt. No hldin' place for Reds. President ciates with the natives socially. What price in existing high priority programs in agri­ Moktar Ould Daddah has made that clear. integration! Nkrumah, the former Presi­ culture and education. But, he broke diplomatic relations with the dent of Ghana, heads Moscow's Gulf of Similarly, the secretary of state asserted, United States on June 7, 1967, to show his Guinea Project for West African conquest a continued decline in assistance for African solidarity with the Arab world, citing U.S. and publishes a Red journal here. state could "place in question our genuine support of Israel. SIERRA LEONE interest in the people of Africa." SENEGAL La.st September after a long period of Gov­ Rogers' views were contained in testimony The likelihood of the U.S.S.R. making in­ ernmental changes culminating in the All prepared for a hearing today that later was roads in this erstwhile French colony of People's Congress taking over after its lead­ canceled. It was not clear whether he would 76,000 square miles and 3,500,000 population ers were trained in neighboring Guinea, the appear personally at a later date or have his is slight. Its black intellectual President East German-African Society (a Government testimony placed in the hearing record. Leopold-Sedar Senghor ls more French than organization) chose Freetown (with the ap­ Pompidou, and there are more Frenchmen in proval of the Sierra Leone Government) as AFRICA-THE COMRADES BEAT THE BtJSHES Dakar than before independence-including the venue for an "international" conference several thousand white troops. While Dakar is on how to increase East Germany's "par­ (George s. SChuyler is an internationally the greatest port south of Casablanca, it re­ ticipation" in liberating Africa. It was at­ famous author, lecturer, and syndicated mains a nest of intrigue, and the ubiqui­ tended by a hundred delegates from twenty­ journalist. Mr. Schuyler has written two tous Russian fishing fleets operate nearby. five African countries. In addition to dele­ novels, Black No More, and Slaves Today! Senghor, the apostle and author of Negritude, gations from the Sudan, Nigeria., Tanzania, and has contributed to such national wields a strong hand. When domestic unrest Congo (Kinshasa), Ghana, Guinea, Ivory magazines as American Mercury, The Na­ involving students and workers grew trouble­ Coast, Somalia, Upper Volta, and Zambia, tion, The Freeman, Plain Talk, and Negro some last June, he promptly declared a state there were delegates from three Soviet Front Digest. George Schuyler's excellent auto­ of emergency. In December he cancelled a organizations: the World Council of Peace, biography, Black And Conservative, is cur­ radio program a.bout the glories of the Soviet the World Federation of Democratic Youth, rently available from Arlington House.) Union, suspended a Soviet cultural review, and the International Union of Students. Since the last Scoreboard, the nets of Com- and threatened to expel Russian newsmen Even though Sierra. Leone (27,925 square munist subversion have drawn tighter after an alleged Soviet press and radio cam­ miles and 2,180,355 population) is rich in around Africa. There were foulups and set­ p aign against Senegal. The Reds piped down. alluvial diamonds, accounting for eighty backs but the Reds are learning fast. Last December Senegal rushed troops when percent of its income, it is assumed that the Where surplus small arms and aut.omatic the embattled Portuguese shelled some Sen­ East German regime paid for the big bash. weapons have seemed inappropriate or pre­ egalese villages used as staging areas for the Sierra Leone's Minister of Lands, Mines and mature, there have been generous offers of Russi::m-subsid.ized Party for the Independ- Labor, C. A. Kamara-Taylor, gave the open- September 11, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 31399 ing address, and the Prime Minlster, Dr. ventions cadged from France. There is noth­ kwu. This huge coup-wracked federation (a Slaka Stevens, gave the closing speech. ing to do but vote. There are innumerable 350,000 square mile area and 56 million peo­ All African Heads of State were urged to factions but no Reds, and the current Pres­ ple) , with its great mineral and agricultural "normalize" their relations with East Ger­ ident is Emile-Derlin Zinsou. wealth, is Russia's latest prize. When at the many and afford it diplomatic recognition. MALI outbreak of the civil war a three-man dele­ Youth and students throughout the world gation flew from Lagos to Moscow for aid, were urged to intensify the "struggle against This immense State (584,942 square miles it was promptly given, with planes (flown by imperialism." But, so far, only Tanzanla of largely desert country with an estimated Russian-trained Egyptian pilots-) , tanks, and maintains diplomatic relations with East 4,900,000 people) borders Red Algeria and other heavy arms landing at Kano airport Germany, and that is the Red "republic" shares its political tastes. After a military within days. This assured ultimate Biafran which shares with Communlst China the coup ousted Communist President Modibo defeat. Under the guise of Commonwealth rule of the island of Zanzibar. Keita, the young Army officers were stuck solidarity, Britain supplied smaller arms, ever with the collectivist set-up Keita had im­ sure of the need to protect the rich oil The campaign to spread love for East Ger­ posed. An estimated one thousand Red Chi­ many in Africa is directed by Professor Al­ fields which supply so much of her needs. nese technicians operate the sugar, match, Almost daily, Moscow's .Radio Peace And bert Norden, a member of Walter Ulbricht's cigarette, and textile factories. The Chinese Politburo, who has been successful in set­ Progres3 praises pro-Left Nigerians like Chief Reds issue weekly progress bulletins. Mao's Awolowo, the Federal Commissioner of Fi­ ting up cultural relations in many African propaganda and his little red book a.re every­ countries-notably Guinea, where President nance who just authored A People's Repub­ where. There are scores of Russian-trained lic advocating a Communist economy; Bola Sekou Toure lauded East Germany's "pos­ civil servants. Children a.re taught Marxism itive anti-imperialist policy." Ige, Nigeria's Western State Commissioner and Maoism. for Agriculture and Natural Resources, who LIBERIA Some $320 million in a.id ha.s been given praised the "reasoned Socialist guideline" A lot can be said about President Wi111am Mali by the Soviet Union and its East Euro­ of Awolowo's book and urged the promo­ V. S. Tubman, whose one-Party dictatorship pean satellltes since 1960. Soviet and East tion of "democratic" Socialism; and, Dr. has kept him in office since 1943, but the German goods abound. Even the sports stadi­ Tunji otegbeye, leader of the pro-Russian best thing ts that he is anti-Communist um is Russian-built. Although "positively nonaligned," this country supports the Viet­ Marxist-Leninst Workers' and Farmers' Par­ and has no truck with the Soviet Union or ty (S.W.A.F.P.) which publishes the Advance, any other Red State. Liberia, about the size cong with fervor. a Communist sheet bankrolled with rubles; of Ohio, was founded by American freedmen Following the collectivist bent, Mali is Wahab Goodluck and S. U. Bassey, respec­ in 1821, and has since grown to a population bankrupt yet hires a thousand new civil serv­ tively President and Secretary-General of of about a mi111on. ants yearly. It's crazy, Man!-but that's true of collectivism everywhere. A 500-mile border the ultra-Leftist Nigerian Trade Union Con­ IVORY COAST with oil-rich Red Algeria assures steady com­ gress (N.T.U.C.); Eskor Toyo, National Sec­ Covering 127 ,520 square miles, and with munlcation with the Communist world. retary of the "neutralist" Nigerian Afro­ 4.7 million people, this former prize French Ironlcally, the trade deficit is astronomical Asian People's Solidarity Organization; and, colony was prosperous before independence and, believe it or not the mllltary junta is the chief members of the Committee of Ten, (1960) and is prosperous now. Originally financially dependent upon France. Lieu­ a powerful Leftist pressure group. The ex­ President Felix Houphouet-Boigny was a So­ tenant Moussa Traore, the junta boss, has a tensive Russian radio campaign ls master­ cialist, a physician (he was Health Minister right to sing the blues. mined by V. Korovikov on behalf of the in the French Cabinet), and a successful ag­ Soviet Foreign Minlstry. Comrade Korovikov ronomist. His current attitude may be gath­ UPPER VOLTA made an on-the-spot investigation last June. ered from the fact that there are more whites This landlocked, primitive, impoverished The Red Chinese are active here too. In in the Ivory Coast now than ever. Foreign­ 105,841 square mile "republic" (1960) of 5 Benin last May (1969) the pro-Peking Ni­ owned businesses predominate. He is as much million people was carved from the old Moss! gerian-Chinese Friendship Society held a at home in Paris as in Abidjan, and is so kingdoms, long a barrier to onrushing Islam. two-day meeting in which fUnds were asked suspicious of Communists that last May Four years ago President Maurice Yameogo for propagation of Maoism and Communlsm thirtieth Ivory Coast severed diplomatic re­ was deposed by Lt. Colonel Sangoule Lami­ in Nigeria. The Society has been opera.ting lations with the Soviet Unlon and asked zana, who wisely never moved to his predeces­ since 1960. Russian Charge d'Affaires J. Semenov to leave sor's palace but remains in his villa inside Significantly, Nigeria has effectively de­ at once--all without explanation. the Army encampment near Ouagadougou, stroyed the Christian hierarchy in what was There have been internal troubles, sternly the capital. Biafra by ousting or jailing the priests and repressed. Near the capital is stationed a com­ Imposing strict austerity, the military re­ nuns for aiding the enemy by supervising bat battalion of French troops-just in case. gime has balanced the budget, restored credit, food distribution during the war. The food and quadrupled cotton production. More than had been received through anti-Communist GHANA a half million people, however, aid the econ­ Portugal and Spain. This is a further exten­ Left holding an $800 m1111on debt incurred omy by working in adjacent and more pros­ sion of the Islamic-Christian conflict con­ by Communist Kwame NkrUmah's totalitar­ perous Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Togo. Col­ tinuing since the Seventh Century. Biafra ian excesses, Ghana is in no mood for further onel Lamtzana fought with the French Army was a Christian stronghold surrounded by radical adventures. Dr. Kofi A. Busta, the new against the Communists in Indo-China, his Moslems. freely-elected Prime Minister, is strongly milltary staff is his Cabinet, and he stands At war's end, Nigeria's Moscow Ambassador, anti-Communist and makes no bones about no nonsense, what with Red Mali on his G. T. Kurubo, strongly praised Moscow's ex­ it. Nkrumah's old Convention People's Party northern flank. tensive military aid which made victory pos­ is outlawed; the Chinese, North Vietnamese, NIGER REPUBLIC sible. He said Soviet assistance--"more than and North Koreans have been chased home. any other single thing-more than all other Unhappily, the new regime has also just ban­ This vast land (484,000 square miles) things together," had sealed Biafra's doom. ished sixty thousand unregistered black has some 4 million poor nomadic people in Kurubo moved that the Soviet Union "ca.me aliens, confiscating their businesses and its barrens and only three percent of its out openly and honestly on the side o! right," property (an old African custom). The Rus­ population lives in the scattered towns; but the side o! the Federal Government. sian Embassy remains in Accra, but its bomb­ it has 14 mlll1on cattle, consumer and pro­ The Soviets have flown in sixty Russian tossers are lying low. Nonetheless, this 92,100 ducer cooperatives, and State-owned cor­ doctors-not to tend war victims but to "re­ square mile territory, with 8 million people porations. There are rich mineral deposits organize and improve" medical services. and great wealth in cocoa (one-third of the and much subterranean water, but no money Which means they are creating cells all over world's production) , gold, manganese, and with which to exploit them. the country. This, however, is minor compared oauxite, remains a great temptation to Com­ Niger came into being in 1960 after a fierce to the commericial and financial agreements radely intervention. struggle between pro-Western President Ha­ between the two countries. Russia. has "found TOGO man! Diori and pro-Communlst Djibo Ba­ anew baby." kary. Diori won and Bakary wisely went into This improbable republic of 1,603,000 peo­ exile. Subsequently, there have been abor­ CA MER OUN ple in a 20,400 mile elongated area has since tive and brief flareups, one Army mutiny, This State was born in 1960 after a five­ independence assassinated one President and an attempted assassination of President year Communlst-led revolt led by Rueben Um (Sylva.nus Olympio) and chased out another Diori in a Niamy mosque. This anti-Com­ Nyobe in the forests and Dr. Felix Moumie (Nicolas Grunitzky). Once a colony of im­ abroad. Nyobe was killed and Dr. Moumie perial Germany, its best friend and customer munist leader has established close rela­ t ions with Nationalist China, and in October mysteriously poisoned in Geneva. President today ls West Germany. Reds are scarce. Its visited Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan, before Ahmadou Ahidjo, preoccupied by internal military regime, under Lt. Colonel Etienne going on to Seoul. With three Communist subversion and revolt, took dictatorial powers Eyadema, seems determined to keep it that in 1962, making Cameroun a one-Party State way. States to its north, and quasi-Red Nigeria to its south, Niger needs friends. and arresting other political leaders. With DAHOMEY great potential wealth in export agriculture This former slave-selling State has had NIGERIA and the processing of its bauxite, this "re­ four putsches and as many Presidents since This country has been deceptively united public" of 6 million people in 182,381 square 11'8 1960 independen('~. Its 2,500,000 people in by the conquest of Biafra, thanks to Soviet miles may well look with apprehension at 45,000 square miles eke out a precarious ex­ and British arms and the escape to Ivory neighboring victory-flushed Nigeria's new, istence on tropical products and annual sub- Coast of Biaf'ra's Colonel Odumegwu Oju- battlehardened, 200,000-man Army. 31400 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 11, 1970

EQUATORIAL GUINEA have been built by Moscow; sixty Soviet 8,000 whites and 4,000 Euro-Africans, it has Save for the excellent Spanish-built airfield teachers have been employed; and, three become something of a vacation spot for and the fine harbor at Santa Isabel, the hundred youths have been sent to the those favoring interracial association. Its capital, this tiny (260,000 people on 10,820 U.S.S.R. for study. The "rival" Chinese sub­ bars, hotels, and casinos draw no color line. square miles) and newest (October 12, 1968) sidize plantations and set up socialist in­ BOTSWANA dustries. Their nationals are numerous but African mini-State has nothing to recom­ Completely surrounded by strongly anti­ mend it-except to Russia, which in January aloof socially from the natives. Red Romania is now trying to establish communist Rhodesia, South Africa, South sent a fourteen-man diplomatic delegation West Africa, and Angola (and with only a seeking air rights. President Francisco Macias itself here alongside Red Russia a.nd Red China. Two old revolutionaries, Antoine 300-yard border with Zambia), this 225,000 Nguema, a Leftist, will grant the concession square mile country (550,000 population) is asked if paid to do so. Gizenga and Christian Gbenye, who ra.n the abortive Communist State around the other cut off from Communist Infiltration. There CHAD Congo's Stanleyville, now live in Brazzaville have been Invasion attempts by small guer­ Franc;ols Tombalbaye, President of this biding their time. Wang Yu-tien, Peking's rilla. bands from Zambia but none got 495,450 square mile semi-desert, wth its scat­ most experienced Africanist, is the Chinese through. In the Caprivi Strip on most of its tered 3,300,000 Berbers and Bantus, has Ambassador here. There now seem to be no northern border, South Africa has recently learned the hard way that if you lie down Cuban troops present. established one of its self-governing Bantus­ with dogs, you get up with fleas. Strictly tans. President Seretse Khama, a London­ from hunger, he flirted with Russian and suc­ CONGO (KINSHASA) trained barrister, will have no truck with cumbed to Soviet blandishments, inviting Under the rugged rule of President Joseph Communists. There ls a treaty with South "experts" to show him the way to the flesh­ D. Mobutu (who took years to learn what Africa and a diplomatic representative there. pots. As usual the Russians double-crossed Moise Tshombe knew all along), the Com­ Botswana also has an Ambassador in Russia! him and supported the northern nomads' munist menace has with Belgian cooperation MOZAMBIQUE Front de Liberation Nationale du Tchad, been greatly reduced. This 905,582 square which ls out to eliminate the Bantu poli­ mile empire, with 15 million diverse peoples, This 302,328 square mile Portuguese prov­ ticians in Fort Lamy, the capital. is prospering just as Tshombe foresaw. Chief ince, with its 7,300,000 people, has been part The leader of the Red effort, Dr. Abba danger comes from nearby Red Brazzaville. of Portugal since early in the Sixteenth Cen­ Siddick, is a former associate of the President The border has been closed for months. tury, and Lisbon is determined to keep it and lives in Algiers, Khartoum, or Tripoli. ANGOLA that way. It ls a thorn in the side of the Communists, not only because of Portugal's Wherever he is, he gets active support (in­ Except for a little bushwhacking in its cluding arms) from Algeria, the Sudan, and anti-Red policy but because she has thor­ now Tripoli. The rebel movement is backed northwest corner, where occasional rebel oughly thwarted the rebellion and invasion by the Afro-Asian-Latin American People's bands from the Congo try to break through in the north fomented by the Mozambique Solidarity Organization based in Havana. the string of fortified Portuguese villages, Liberation Front (F.R.E.L.I.M.O.) and by a So during the past year war has raged in this vast and prospering province and its 6 new one, Partazona de Mozambique. To the barrens, with 3,500 French troops aiding million multi-racial population ls flourish­ counter ten thousand Communist-armed the Chadian Army ln this African Vietnam. ing as never before. A few guerrilla gangs troops, the Portuguese have thrown in forty, Since the northern rebel area borders on have attempted to penetrate from western thousand crack troopers. Rebel forces are Libya, that newly-Red Government ls aiding Zambia but without success. The Portuguese under the general direction of the Liberation them. One of France's reasons for offering are too alert and too tough. Committee of the Organization of African the Red Libyan junta 110 French Mirage SOUTH AFRICA States, headquartered in Dar es Salaam, with training camps spread over Tanzania and jet fighters was to lure them to stop sup­ During the year this vast ( 471,440 square porting the Chadian rebels, but Tombalbaye Zambia. miles) land, with its 19,600,000 people of Long-range Red strategy ls to delay or pre­ has learned that if this happens adjacent Red diverse origins, religions, and colors has Sudan will give them the necessary materiel vent the construction of the giant Cabora fl.outed its traducers and enemies, and Bassa Dam on the Zambesi, which will be and financial support. flaunted its growing industrial, commercial, Chad is so strategically important that the bigger than Aswan, and will supply power financial, and military power. It has per­ and light to all Southern Africa. Mozam­ French cannot afford to lose it. Moscow feels fected its much-denounced system of apart­ the same way. So, despite rising criticism in bique ls rich now and, thanks to the safety heid with Bantustans, border industries, and in its anti-Communism, will be richer still. the French Chamber of Deputies, the Foreign growing mass housing for the poor. Its ex­ Legion is continuing its Beau Geste war panding fleet and air force is prepared to MALAWI here. challenge the Soviet naval expansion in the All Black African polltlcians have de­ CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Indian Ocean designed to cut commerce nounced (and envied) this landlocked, General Jean Bedel Bokassa, a bull-necked (especially oil) around the Cape. Pennsylvanian-sized agricultural country veteran of the French Army, runs his 240,000 The establishment of diplomatic relations which has had the wisdom to oust all Com­ square mile "republic" with an iron hand with the black countries of Southern Africa munists, ally itself with Portugal, South and has no trouble with Reds. When he has strengthened the buffer against Commu­ Africa, and Rhodesia, and is thereby easing suspected that his Minister of Finance and nist invasion. The recent reelection of the life for its 4 million people. President Hast­ clo.sest associate was plotting his assassina­ Nationalist Party indicates white approval ings Banda maintains diplomatic relations tion, he tried and executed him at dawn. of the regime. The last remaining (overt) with them all. Though his nation borders Jalling whites and blacks with a grand sense Communists have been detained or forced on Tanzania and Zambia, Banda has stopped of equality, Bokassa is a bemedaled tyrant into exile. the Red guerrillas and infiltrators with tough with whom the Communist Conspiracy has LESOTHO military measures. Understandably. Malawi not sought to tangle. The only thing he can­ has been a constant target of Radio Moscow's not control is the "republic's" location. It is This little (11,716 square miles) country slanderers and rumormongers. of 888,258 people is entirely dependent eco­ landlocked. RHODESIA GABON nomically upon South Africa, to which 200,- Next to South Africa, the main African This country of 450,000 people in 103,317 000 men go yearly to work in the mines. Long a hideout for black and white South African target of the Communist attack is this rich, square miles is well-off with diamonds, iron, industrial, landlocked republic of 150.332 uranium, natural gas, gold, cocoa, and coffee. Communists, it was once the headquarters of the subversive Pan-Africanist Congress, an square miles and 5 million people, which There are more whites here than ever and a supposedly friendly West has sought to resources are being developed by big French extremist Bantu rebel group. Under big beaming Chief Leabua Jonathan, the Prime make (along with South Africa) an inter­ corporations. No wonder the Russians are national pariah. By rigorous action it has so interested in a foothold in nelghborlng Minister, Lesotho has been rough on Reds although the Basuto Communist Party still banned the subversive black conspiratorial Equatorial Guinea. President Bernard-Albert Parties, detained their leaders, and freed the Bongo is as anti-Communist as Leon M'Ba, remains-taking orders from the South Afri­ can Communist Party now domiciled in Lon­ people from terror attacks. Its Army has ex­ his predecessor, who died in office on Novem­ terminated all guerrllla invasions. Fifteen ber 28, 1967. President Bongo maintains don. Jonathan apparently lost the February election but retained power through a coup, blacks sit in its Parliament and its Salisbury close ties with Nationalist China, but France University is interracial. Rhodesia's destruc­ is his second country. detaining the opposition leaders and even the "Liberal" King Moshoeshoe II. There are tion ls plotted by Communists and non­ CONGO REPUBLIC (BRAZZAVILLE) full diplomatic relations with South Africa.. Communists. Its determination to survive A coup-ridden country of 900,000 people under Prime Minister Ian Smith is admired in an area of 139,000 square miles, this former SWAZILAND by all free men. French colony is as Red as a place can be. A Massachusetts-size, h1lly country within ZAMBIA The Internationale is the national anthem South Africa, and bordering on Mozambique, This lung-shaped, 290,587 square mile and red flags fly from all public buildings Swaziland is virtually immune from Commu­ country of 4 million people is landlocked since former President Alphonse Massemba­ nist subversion and infiltration, and old King and surrounded by Malawi, Mozambique, Debat was deposed in August of 1968. Soviet Sobhuza II and Prime Minister Makhosini Rhodesia, Angola, and the Congo. It is rich aid has been eagerly grabbed; a big irriga­ Dlamini plan to keep it that way. It has with Copper Belt mines and smelters. tion project and a swank hotel and hospital diplomatic relations with South Africa. With Zambia is now a base for Communist September 11, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 31401 guerrma forces. From scattered training Draconian decree. Two of the three Prime Egal won reelection last March twenty-sixth camps staffed by Maoist, Russian, and East Ministers have been executed, and a Health in competition with sixty-three Parties, none German military experts, six hundred mem­ Minister died "under questioning." stable. He then presumably worked out a bers of the Angolan Popular Liberation Front The Red Chinese Embassy is now back in detente with Kenya and Ethiopia to end the have been readied for invasion of Zambia's business, but the Maoists are lying low. bloody border strife with them over grazing anti-Communist neighbors. President Ken­ As one of the four thousand Europeans liv­ grounds (the main trouble being lack of neth Kaunda, a so-called Christian Socialist ing in the country remarked, "This isn't a water). Then, touring the drought-stricken (what a contradiction!) and Vice President happy time in Burundi. It isn't a happy areas on October fifteenth, President Abdira­ Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe, a Communist place." He could have said that again! In shid All Scermarke was assassinated. He had often praised by the Kremlin, are rivals. Both December, twenty-three persons, including visited the Soviet Union, China, Britain, and are anti-white. Kaunda has now taken direct two former Government officials and nine­ the U.S.A. He established close ties with the charge of the ruling United National Inde­ teen military men, were executed as plot­ Kremlin, which supplied the usual weapons. pendence Party. ters; two other former Ministers were jailed Premier Egal was at the time conveniently Red China has agreed to build the 1,100- for life; and the Belgian Ambassador, whose away on a visit to America. mile Tanzam Railroad to Dar es Salaam, and wife is a black, became persona non grata: On October 21, 1969, the Somali Army and the two black countries concerned will pay The Communists are understandably mum. police seized power, announcing a policy of sixty percent of the $340 mlllion cost by THE SUDAN nonalignment and neutrality, and jugged all Government Ministers, including Premier purchase of Chinese consumer goods {$21 Not since the Ninth Century, when Islam million annually}. But, Red China has a Egal, whom the radio denounced as a "blood­ converted this early Christian country with sucker of the people" shortly after he flew limited range of goods they can buy, so they the scimitar, have there been more coups are stuck. A 700-man Chinese surveying team home from California. The revolutionary here than during the past year. It is the only council ruled by decree, a twelve-hour cur­ is roaming the country, and unspecified big crop that has been harvested, and today thousands of Chinese workers have been im­ few was imposed, planes forbidden to land, this arid 967,500 square mile land and its all political Parties banned, the Supreme ported-probably enough to man an army 14 million people are locked in the Commu­ division. Everything ls set for a Red takeover Court abolished, and the sixty-man U.S. nist Russian camp. Of course civil war in the Peace Corps contingent told to leave by of this, the world's fourth largest producer Christian-pagan South has been going on of copper. Already the mines and banks since independence in 1957, with a half mil­ year's end. Another Moscow victory! have been nationalized. lion casualties, but since last April bewilder­ KENYA TANZANIA ing changes have taken place. Th8it Old Black Magic probably won't work Julius Nyerere, President-dictator of this On May 25, 1969, a group of lower-rank much longer for Jomo Kenyatta, high priest 363,708 square mile former U.N. Trust Ter­ military officers staged tne year's first coup of the Mau Mau. The assassination in .July ritory of 10 million people, is the perfect by overthrowing the shaky Coalition Govern­ of Tom Mboya by a Kikuyu, the tribal rioting Communist stooge. Here the Chinese, Rus­ ment, and designating the Leftist former at his funeral rites where Kenyatta's Mer­ sians, East Germans, and South African and Chief Justice Babiker A wadallah as Premier cedes was stoned and Mboya's widow gassed, Mozambique guerrillas rule the roost. Mao's and Foreign Minister. The revolutionary and the cries of "bull" from the opposition­ propaganda signs are everywhere in mili­ junta was headed by Colonel Jaafar al­ ist Kenya People's Union adherents of Com­ tary off-limit areas. Zanzibar is a major depot Nimairi, and the new Premier announced "a munist Oginga Odinga, were the hand­ for Communist arms shipment. socialist democratic course." Interestingly writing on the wall which materialized Already Americans, building a trans­ enough, the following day the Deputy Chief boldly Just three days after the Luo Fabian Tanzanian road, and Chinese railroad work­ of Staff, Mohammed Idris Abdullah, arrived Minister of Economic Affairs and heir­ ers have physically clashed. More seriously, hat-in-hand in Moscow. The next step was apparent was killed. Mboya was unpopular, the Africans are clashing with the socially to recognize East Germany. Then all salaries and only two years before had barely escaped aloof Asians who run the small businesses. were cut and bureaucrats had to go to their another gunman. It will be recalled that "work" in buses instead of Cadillacs. The prior to that the Army mutinied. Kenyatta UGANDA regime was said to be solidly behind the Arab responded by sending back a shipment of When President Apollo Milton Obote took cause in Palestine and against imperialism Soviet arms ordered by Odinga, expelled control in 1967 after deposing King Edward in Africa. Four of the twenty-four Cabinet Russian and Czech journalists, asked for Mutesa of Buganda in an armed confiict officers were Communists, albeit the Party the recall of the Red Chinese Ambassador, claiming 15,000 killed, he declared: "Uganda had been outlawed for three years. President and ousted all leaders with Marxist leanings, will move left to acquire her new identity." Ismail al-Azhari was ousted, of course, and including then Vice President Oginga Last December he announced a Common the prestigious former Premier Muhammad Odinga. Man's Charter with the basic theme that the Ahmad Mahgoub could not be found. Daniel Moi, the current Vice President, rich must be made poorer, and the poor To prove himself a Tough Oscar, General hinted that a Communist plot was behind must become rich. In an interview with the al-Nimairi said the three Southern provinces the shooting of Mboya: "an international late Philippa Schuyler he said, grinning: would never be allowed to secede, noting: conspiracy in the world." He absolved the "You know, I'm a Communist." He is. "We do not believe in secession." Then six West. Interestingly, it was disclosed that There is a one-Party system in Uganda, U.S. diplomats were expelled for aiding local Mboya's killer, a member of Oginga Odinga's and the Press, once free, has been muzzled. "plotters," albeit the Sudan had broken rela­ Party, had been to "school" in Communist The Asian tradesmen are being forced out. tions with the United States at the time of Bulgaria. Anti-Communists took heart when on De­ the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, and our boys As tribalism became more tense, Jomo cember nineteenth Comrade Obote was shot worked out of the Dutch Embassy. A month took to the stump, the old Mau Mau oaths in the head by an assassin as he left the later Premier Awadallah charged that the were taken again and the Luos rushed al­ annual convention of the Uganda People's U.S.A. was trying to "sabotage" his regime, most en masse to the oppositionist Kenya Party garbed in a red shirt. Their hopes while al-Nima1ri magnanimously gave the People's Union. As tension grew, Kenyatta were dashed when he recovered. Southern (Christian-pagan) provinces the was heckled by Odinga's followers, who were RWANDA right of autonomy {which they had been arrested and detained along with their Since the Tutsi ruling class was slaugh­ fighting for since 1957), and the "right" to leader after gunfire killed eleven and tered in the thousands and 140,000 chased establish relations with the Communist bloc. wounded seventy-three at the dedication of out in 1966, the proletarian Hutus have run On August 26, 1969, former President Ismail a Soviet-built hospital in Kisumu. The Gov­ this incredibly backward mountain enclave al-Azhari "died after a heart attack," and on ernment charged the K .P.U. was working of 10,365 square miles and 4 million in­ October twenty-eighth the new Leftist Pre­ with "foreign and unfriendly elements to habitants, which even the United Nations mier was deposed and General al-Nimairi destroy the peaceful running of the country." hesitated to make free. Despite Chinese Com­ replaced him. The 50,000-strong Communist At the Parliamentary elections on Decem­ munist activities in Burundi, its neighbor­ Party was riding high, so it was easy to sup­ ber 8, 1969, five Ministers lost their seats. A ing Gold Dust Twin, Rwanda under Presi­ press a fifth coup. month later 23,000 school-teachers struck dent Gregoire Kayibanda has steered clear When the Communist revolt in Libya oc­ because they had not been paid. To appease of Reds. curred, al-Nimairi stepped forward as pal of the mob, the regime ordered nearly a thou­ BURUNDI the new regime, and of Comrade Nasser. sand Asians to close their businesses by There are 150 Russian military instructors in January 11, 1970, even though six hundred Almost identical in area and population the Sudan With 250 "technioians" working on with Rwanda, things have been livelier, and of them were Kenya citizens. "hospital projects," while artlllery and tanks When the K.P.U. was banned on Decem­ bloodier, here. The Tutsi minority brutally have arrived from Yugoslavia, and arms were put down a bloody rebellion of the eighty­ ber twelfth, it was charged that Odinga and supplied to the Communist Eritrean rebels his henchmen had visited the Russian and five percent majority Hutu serfs in 1965. The against Ethiopia. Last October al-Nimairi vis­ Red Chinese Embassy was active in the ited Moscow, to discuss "expansion of trade." Chinese Embassies in Kenya and nearby intrigue from the start, and one of its countries. Indications are that when 79- attaches almost upon arrival escaped to the SOMALI yea.r-old Kenyatta goes, the takeover wm U.S. Embassy and told all, whereupon the This Texas-size semi-desert country of 3 come. Chinese were invited out. Last September million cattle grazers has also had its share ETHIOPIA another Hutu plot was uncovered and heads of coups during the past year. Oddly enough This oldest Christian nation, with its rolled under President Michel Micombero's for Africa, Premier Mohammed Hagi Ibrahim mountainous 395,000 square miles and its 31402 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 11, 1970 estimated 22 million diverse tribesmen, 1s on BUREAUCRATIC LAWLESSNESS be found elsewhere in the federal govern­ the verge of disintegration. Surrounded as ment, notably at the Pentagon, but here we it is by Communist Sudan and Somali, and are concerned only with agencies that pur­ hostile northern provinces of Kenya which HON. ALLARD K. LOWENSTEIN port to help the poor.) the Somali shiftas control, it is not surpris­ OF NEW YORK Out of the illusions of the New Frontier, ing that arms from Czech arsenals find their where the boundaries of justice, law, and a. way to the Erltreans through hostile Sudan IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES decent life were supposed to extend to in­ and Somalia. Thursday, September 10, 1970 clude all citizens, we have fashioned an Old In 1960 the American-trained Army mu­ Frontier, where the ideals expressed in Con­ t inied, but Hane Selassie flew in from Rio Mr. LOWENSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, there gressional legislation are so far removed from de Janeiro and crushed it. Since then there is a pervasive feeling abroad in the land the realities of the political and economic have been student strikes and hijacked that things are happening over which power structure as to be essentially unen­ commercial planes. The Emperor, who was people have no control. forceable. What we accepted in principle, and born in 1892 and ha.s been in charge since Their sons are sent off across the globe told the government to do, goes far beyond 1930, has seen the Red Sea turn politically and they are taxed to support a war what we are able to enforce in practice; and Red, with the Communists in power across about which neither they nor their following the law, in some agencies, has be­ the narrow Strait of Bab el Mandeb. come a courageous act, and therefore an in­ elected representatives ever had any­ frequent one. For example, in the wave of Ethiopia. is a one-man State, and"'tiiat thing to say; big corporations over which man wlll soon be gone. The Emperor is fully firings at HEW and Justice and the Pentagon aware of the Red threat and has asked re­ they have no control spew their indus­ in the past year, the comm.on factor is that peatedly for American mllltary assistance. trial wastes into the air and water that those ousted were held guilty of attempting Guerrillas of the Erltrean Liberation Force we all must use; the airlines violate with to obey the law. are getting bolder than they were before impunity the peace and quiet of those of It is by no means certain that any of the Sudan went Communist. of us living near airports; manufacturers benevolent federal programs, where rhetoric ls often more lavish than appropriation, MALAGASY tum out products that are defective and could succeed even if they carefully followed A California-size island of 6,300,000 people then do not stand behind them; the rich all of their mandates. Bureaucracy has prov­ flanking Mozambique across the 300-mlle escape their fair share of taxes through en to be an impotent and often counterpro­ Mozambique Channel, Malagasy is of the a variety of loopholes, while the middle ductive means of solving human problems. greatest strategic importance to the Com­ class is taxed at every tum; more money But when a government--whose stated goal munist Conspiracy. The island was rent by is spent to finance inadequate and over­ ls a just society-chooses not to follow Its a Red revolt in 1947-1948, which the French priceu medical services than in any other own laws, the damage goes beyond that of crushed with great difficulty. President Phil­ country in the world, yet our public mere inefficiency or insufficiency. ibert Tslranana, a good-humored, effective health statistics place us below most The most glaring examples of this condi­ Francophone leader who founded the Social tion (and convincing ones, since the agency Democratic Party in 1956, and won the first Western industrial countries; our cities admits them) are contained in a. report re­ election after 1960 independence, ls an out­ are crumbling eyesores during the day cently compiled by HEW. In an unusually spoken anti-Communist. and off-limits at night, and the sur­ self-revelatory gesture, HEW said that 39 A moderating influence in African polltics, rounding suburbs are monuments to states and the District of Columbia are Tsiranana has linked up a bloc of French­ greedy development schemes that have violating federal regulations, acts of Con­ soeaking African States in the Organisation left a soulless shambles instead of inter­ gress, Supreme Court decisions, or a.11 three, Oommune Africaine et Malgache (0.Q.A.M.), esting, well-planned communities-all of in the operation of federally-funded welfare which greatly irritates Moscow and Peking. these things are happening and the gen­ and social rehabilitation programs. HEW con­ Si1mlficantly, he last June arranged closer tinues to fund these programs. is relations with South Africa and Portugal. eral sense of crisis that they inspire What HEW doesn't say in its report ls that This came none too soon. compounded by the feeling that the peo­ this kind of thing has been going on for Moscow's mouthpiece politically on the ple's political representatives are power­ years and has become accepted practice. island ls the pro-Communist opposition Par­ less to do anything about it. People from Until a.bout four months ago, HEW not only ty called A.K.E.M., which has, its leader all walks of life simply do not believe failed to enforce the regulations, it didn't savs, "total devotion to scientific socialism." their elected representatives can suffi­ even bother to systematically record the A.K.E.M. has proposed the old trap of coali­ ciently get a grip on things to put the violations. tion, and the granting of fa.cllltles to Soviet times back into joint. The violations that HEW now admits, in a. ships "engaged in oceanic survey work." state-by-state breakdown, are not mere fine These are really disguised units of the So­ One aspect of this deepening sense of points of law over which reasonable men viet Par East Fleet serving as liaison vessels doubt about the effectiveness and re­ may quibble. They are not individual abuses; with the Red squadrons gradualtv penetrat­ sponsiveness of our institutions is bril­ they are illegal state policies. In most ca.ses, ing the Indian Ocean and the Mozambique liantly analyzed in the August issue of they are blatant refusals to submit plans, as Channel, through which all the area.•s on the Washington Monthly by John Roth­ required by the government, explaining how ships pass. child. I am inserting it in the RECORD regulations wlll be implemented. This means The top A.K.E.M. Communist here ts the for those who may have missed it: that most of the states named have not only "Reverend" Richard Andrlamaniato. He and failed to follow the law, they have refused his Secretary General, Cisele' Rabesa.hala, THE CuLTURE OF BUREAUCRACY: WASHINGTON'S to register even an intent to follow it--tha.t have become frequent visitors to the Mos­ 0rHER CRIME PROBLEM chronic, scoffing kind of disrespect that cow fieshoots and other Soviet bloc coun­ (By John H. Rothchild) judges find in hoodlums. tries. At ·the A.K.E.M. Party Congress late The D.C. Crime Blll doesn't mention it, The violations are stated by HEW in bland last year, there were fraternal delegates but one of the worst breeding places of law­ federalese: from the Russian, French, and Italian Com­ lessness in the nation's capital is inside the Arizona: Deprivation of pa.rental support: munist Parties. Strong pressure was put on federal bureaucracy. Compulsory inclusion of unrelated man in President Tsiranana. to hasten the coalition. A pattern of consistent, willful, and open AFDC assistance grant; income of unrelated He wouldn't budge. violation of statutes, Congressional man­ ma.le is assumed. (Arizona had eight other The Soviet Union pants for use of the dates, court decisions, and the Constitution categories of violations.) former French naval base at Diego Saurez has emerged from some of the agencies en­ Oalifornia: Adjustment of maximum pay­ at the northernmost tip of Madagascar, trusted with selling poor people on the idea ment--AFDC: maximums not proportionate­ which the J apanese were desirous of cap­ of law and order, the agencies that are sup­ ly adjusted. (California had seven other cate­ turing during the dark days of World War II. posed to improve the social and economic gories of violations.) With a foothold there, a.long With the Mala­ conditions that harbor crime and produce District of Oolumbia: Adjustment of as­ gasy airports, the Communists could domi­ riots. sistance standards: standards have not been nate the Mozambique Channel and cut off Far from eliminating the conditions that fully updated. (The District had eight other most of the oil bollild for industrial West­ create crime in the ghetto, those agencies categories of violations.) ern Europe. (the Department of Health, Education and Hawaii: Need and amount of assistance: Alive to this, trade tles were strengthened Welfare a.nd the Department of Housing and differential treatment of applicants and re­ in October between South Africa and Mala­ Urban Development, among others) have cipients of AFDC in amount of assistance gasy as a result of a mission from the Trans­ themselves become extensions of the ghetto-­ grant. (Hawaii had seven other categories of vaal Chamber of Industries, and efforts are pockets where ritual rules over regulation, violations.) being made to increase tourism from South where power alters and then becomes the law, Indiana: Prior notice of payment termina­ Africa. So the embattled Southern African and where illegal acts are often matters of tion: recipients a.re not being provided prior bloc has another nonwhite ally, and Mo­ survival, of procedure, and of business-as­ notice of payment termination and decreases. zambique bas a protected flank. usual. (Similar patterns of lawlessness can Fair hearings: not carrying out fair hearings September 11, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 31403 requirements in practice. (Indiana. ha.d flve condition where specific laws are not upheld, Things had even gotten worse, s1nce many other categories of violations.) but also one in which there are so many slum areas were being replaced by amuent Not surprisingly, HEW's report provides no rules and regulations as to make any law housing while the poor were forced into more figures on the importance of the state viola­ essentially meaningless. compact and squalid ghettos by the same tions. Its pose is calculated to put any but Although bureaucracy, on the face of it, federal money that was supposed to help im­ the most devoted observer to sleep, when, in is the opposite of anarchy, being over-orga­ prove their living conditions. fact, the law breaking permitted by HEW nized rather than under-organized, it may Requiring that urban relocators provide adds up to a massive deprivation of human be a better means of achieving the ends that poor people With housing did not fac111tate rights. Welfare critics like Jonathan Kauf­ anarchy desires. The longer an organization the quick fia.ttenlng of areas that was neces­ man, research director of the National Wel­ exists, the more chance it has of reaching sary to get the money flowing into the cities, fare Rights Organization, and Richard A. the point of diminishing returns, the condi­ nor did such e. requirement please the eco­ Cloward of Columbia University estimate that tion of overla.w, where any action can be nomic interests who could get much more if the law were fully enforced, twice as many justified by some rule or another and where for their money by bulldlng middle-class Americans would be on the welfare rolls, and no action is any more or less legal than any dwellings and office buildings. Therefore, the many now on welfare would draw higher other. When bureaucracy becomes a mem­ deliberate lying to overstate the amount of benefits. That prospect--12 million more ocracy, it also erodes into a.n on-going fed­ housing available to displaced people was Americans drawing federal and state welfare eral riot, where any additional regulation merely ·a convenient means of sacrificing the payments--is sufficient to explain the na­ only further obscures the meaning of what­ law to benefit expediency and profit. tion-wide pattern of government lawlessness. ever the organization is supposed to be do­ The Government Accounting Office (GAO) The very size of the federal operation ing, or of what the original statute says. has documented HUD's failure to do any­ encourages malpractice from those who be­ This has happened in the Bureau of Indian thing about such practices: "Although HUD lieve that laws should be followed not when Affairs, where the bureaucrats have virtu­ was a.ware that the City of Cleveland h •ad they are just, but only when they a.re en­ ally unchecked power over Indians' lives and serious deficiencies relating to existing hous­ forceable. But an even greater asset to fed­ can justify any decision through the Indian ing codes and their enforcement and was eral lawlessness, as mustrated in the HEW Affairs Manual, which fills 33 volumes that also aware that the calling of these deficien­ report, ts its statistical style. When bureau­ stack some 6 feet high and contains more cies to the attention of responsible city of­ crats blink at the law, it is not the bizarre, than 2,000 regulations, 389 treaties, 5,000 ficials was not bringing results, it continued daredevil, and personal kind of scandal that statutes, 2,000 federal court decisions, and to recertify the city's workable program." becomes newsworthy and feeds the public 500 opinions of the Attorney General. The The same thing was occurring across the fantasy, like the Senator accepting a bribe manual ls the product of years of bureau­ nation, as substitute housing for renewal vic­ or free rides tn some lobbyist's a.trpla.ne. For cratic sedimentation-procedure piled on tims was compiled from classified ad sections like so much else in the bureaucracy, its procedure, law on law-untll even legal of newspapers, from drive-by inspections, illegality is strikingly devoid of flair, of pas­ scholars can no longer make any sense out from substandard dwellings, from areas soon sion, and of individuality. If it ls hidden of it. to be demolished, and sometimes was even from the public, it hides not behind a well­ When little internal laws help men break counted three or four times in an effort constructed shield of secrecy, but behind a larger laws that were the basis for setting to provide the illusion that those being camoUflage of boredom. Federal lawlessness up an organization in the first place, we are moved out of the slums had places to go. ts the result of a systematic series of deci­ far along the road to the syst em that Hannah All these evasions avoided nasty delays in sions that become impersonal and eventually Arendt describes in her recent book On Vto­ the "progress" of cities. uninteresting, except to the victims. It is lence. She defines bureaucracy as: There is a long history in urban renewal no thrill; it ts a sure thing, accompllshed "The rule of an intricate system of bu­ of discrepancies between local office records from nine to five, With regular coffee breaks. reaus in which no men, neither one or the and the ones sent to HUD regions.I offices, where grant applications are processed. In The exasperating technicality and organi­ best, neither the few nor the many, can be one city, 23 of 24 randomly-selected families zation of this bureaucratic lawbreaking gives held responsible, and which could be proper­ ly called rule by Nobody. (If, in accord With from on e project and 25 of 85 in another it a. permanent immunity. The immunity is were found to be living in substanda.rd preserved through channels of correction traditional political thought, we identify tyranny as government that ls not held to housing, a lthough looal reports said thait a.II that are as Winding and endless as the chan­ had been relocated into acceptable dwellings. nels of violation. Although John D. Twi­ give account of itself, rule by Nobody ts clearly the most tyrannical of all, since there The way the housing figures were com­ name, HEW social and rehab111ta.tion ad­ piled in Newark, New Jersey, illustrates how ministrator, emphasizes that "obviously, we is no one left who could even be asked to answer for what is being done. It is this many people o:an be left out in the cold after cannot perm.it non-compllance with federal such relocation shell games. In November, requirements," his organization continues to state of affairs, making it impossible to lo­ do just that. calize responsibllity and to identify the en­ 1967, Newark claimed it had 3,668 vacancies emy, that ls among the most potent causes available for people removed by relocation. "We are making every attempt," Twi­ of the current worldwide rebelllous unrest, Of these, however, 1,187 vacancies were lo­ ns.me says, "through our regional offices, to its chaotic nature, and its dangerous tend­ cated in areas designed for clearance or re­ negottate With the states to resolve the ency to get out of control and to run moval in the near future, which meant a issues. But when these efforts do not bear a.muck.)" family would be forced out of one demolition fruit, after a six-month negotiating period, But while bureaucracy gets more uncon­ area and into another. Out Of the remaining we will bring our Washington offices into the trollable as it grows, it retains the ablllty to 2,481 vacancies, 24 per cent were in substand­ picture and examine every apparent viola­ respon d quickly to certain outside pressures. ard condltlon. So there were about 1,800 tion carefully to determine whether federal Although it may be government by Nobody, viaoant dwellings fit for occupation-and of hearings should be held." it does please certain people and serves those those it is not known how many fell outside HEW's enforcement formula in itself people very effectively. A few groups have the accepted re€idential zones or could have seems like undue process. It shouldn't take learned to manipulate the bureaucracy to been dlsqualifted for other reasons. six months of negotiating (what is there t.o get from it what they want. Unfortunately, As a result of this chicanery, at least half negotiate about?), while states are stlll using they are not the groups that the agencies of the displaced families in Newark that year federal money Ulegally, to decide to examine were set up to help, but the ones they were were removed from their homes With no­ what you already knew in the flrst place­ set up to counterbalance. where to go. In Camden, New Jersey, similar that the law ts being broken. But the actual Food commodity programs, for example, statistical maneuvering meant that housing delays in enforcement have far exceeded can be molded to become another asset for vacancies were overstated by 1600 per cent. even the ones that are built into the system. producers instead of for the hungry­ What happened in the Northga.te section of It has taken HEW more than three years gulded not by what the poor need to eat, Camden dramatizes how people are victim­ to threaten to hold hearings for states that but by what the big farmers want to unload. ized by such numbers. Demolition was in have not complied with a 1967 law requir­ Thus, Nobody operates as a disguise for the process there, and many residents, Without ing them to adjust maximum welfare levels designs of those groups tha.t use lawless substitute housing, remained in their old to correspond with higher costs of living. progmms for their own ends. The best exam­ homes, facing dally fires, Widespread vandal­ Recently, HEW announced that it has final­ ple of how interests can accomplish this is ism, collapsing wans, rubble-littered streets, ly scheduled hearings for three such states, found in the relocation programs of the and rampant ra.t invasion--conditions that and for Arizona, the latter for failing to Department of Housing and Urban Develop­ rival any produced by the ghetto riots that comply with residence requirements. But ment. occurred across the country at about the HEW has not announced hearings to deal In urban relocation, the legislative intent same time. with the massive list of other violations that is clear. As early as 1949, Congress required But while rioters are shot or arrested, the it admits continue to occur in 89 states. that no contracts for local renewal programs bureaucrats in HUD have been protected, in­ Even if HEW hasn't pursued the lawbreak­ be signed untll "there are or are being pro­ dividually and collectively, from the conse­ ers, it at least admits that the laws are be­ vided ... decent, safe, and sanitary dwell­ quences of their own illegal acts. HUD, like ing broken. It ls, in this sense, far more ings equal in number to the number of and HEW, according to Edgar Cahn, director of civilized than other federal agencies, where available to" displaced families. When it was the Citizens Advocate Center in Washington, it is diftlcult to figure out exactly what the found that the requirement was not being D.C., refuses to consider sanctions against law ls or which conflicting law applies. In complied With, it was reiterated several times lawbreakers that would be reasonable and some cases, federal lawlessness is not only a by Congress. By 1969, nothing had changed. enforceable. It insists that the only remedy 31404 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 11, 1970 at its disposal is the total abolition of any accept. So the program was scrapped in favor have nothing to give to the government, no relocation program in which wrongdoing is of more "legitimate" ones. services with which to bargain. It is possible discovered. An illegal program, it argues, is Lawlessness in the government also result s to imagine welfare boycotts, where large better than no program at all. when statutes (what the government says it numbers of people refuse the bureaucratic Aside from the fact that this is not true wants to do) don't correspond to realities services until some wrong ls redressed, but from the point of view of the person removed (what the government really wants to do). it is not probable that needy people could from his home (if there were no program, he Much of the benevolent legislation is passed refuse welfare checks in an attempt to re­ would not be removed), HUD's all-or-noth­ during liberal high-water marks, when the form the system. And even if they could, the ing defense protects it from the law as surely composition of Congress is most advanta­ bureaucracy might find ways to keep on as an overtime parker would be protected if geous and when all available political capital functioning as if those people did not exist, capital punishment were the only means of is expended on getting the bill passed, leav­ sending the money down and diverting it enforcing parking violations. By refusing to ing little for ensuring enforcement. Badger­ into other pockets. The government is too ask Congress for lesser sanctions, the agency ing bureaucrats for enforcement is at best large to be treated as the unions treated effectively shields itself against having oo act. unrewarding for the Congressman. He can companies during the early stages of bar­ What HUD means to say is that an 1llegal gain headlines and favor with liberal con­ gaining. And as long as the non-welfare pub­ program is better than a legal one in that stituencies by helping to pass the enabling lic believes that people on welfare don't de­ it pleases the right people. And Congress legislation. But those constituencies, not serve it anyway, then any protest against the only asks polite questions about why lts being directly victimized by the agency's welfare system, however justified, will not get mandates have been violated. It has never lawlessness, will not subsequently press him needed outside support. threatened to cut off HUD funds. In fact by to fight for enforcement. In h is role as The other possibility is that the groups 1969, in the 20th year of HUD lawlessness, ombudsman, the Congressman is much more now receiving government services or money Congress merely required the Secretary of likely to hear from, and respond to, an urban will gain political power and become an "in­ HUD to "review" local relocation plans and developer who complains that his profits are terest" to be taken into account. Politicians implementations at least every two years. being held up by some silly federal tech ni­ might have to worry about getting the wel­ Thus, the bureaucracy can be molded, even cality, than he is likely to respond to the fare vote, the handicapped vote, the sub­ made to break its laws, to fit certain trends developer's victims. standard occupant vote, much as they now or interests. It is when it confronts the The compromise between those who want worry about the Jewish vote or the Wall powerless, the people it was supposed to help, a good program and those who don't care if Street vote. Depending on their size, such that the bureaucracy becomes a brutal and there is any program at all turns out to be new political subgroups might form a natu­ invisible enemy. It is noteworthy that one an unenforced program. Breaking the law ral check on federal lawlessness and provide pa.rt of HEW, the Social Security Administra­ bridges the gap between diverse interests, the impetus for Congress to police the Execu­ tion, has an excellent record of obeying the and becomes a political entente, a savvy ar­ tive Branch. law, of handling grievances, and of inform­ rangement in which all interests (those that This dream is interrupted, however, by ing people of their rights. But people on so­ serve justice and those that serve power) the bureaucracy itself, which, as it grows to cial security have clout; they are not out­ are taken into account, the laws satisfying take in more areas of social concern, becomes casts like welfare recipients. the former, and the programs the latter. the greatest obstacle to the poor man's The benevolent and do-good agencies like Federal programs can also serve those who chances of acquiring power. America sets up HEW were supposed to be the allies of poor a.re essentially opposed to their success be­ massive legions of experts whose stated goal people, to fill the vacuum of power that ex­ cause the very enactment of a program is to program people into self-sufficiency. ists with disenfranchised groups, to plug the deprives any disadvantaged group of the The contradiction in this is most apparent holes of poverty and despair, to remedy the legitimacy of protest. When the regulatory where the government has become most all­ pockmarks and sores left by the unchecked agencies took the fervor from the muck­ encompassing, on the Indian reservations. flows of business and politics in America. But rakers and turned it over to bureaucratic For non-Indians, the Indian story has in it was illusory to expect that those agencies muckpassers inside the government, the it more than a mere compassionate render­ would not soon have to answer to the same policing of industry became automatically ing of the condition of one more oppressed power and interest groups that produced the the province of the government, not of the group. It may warn us about the state of our need for federal intervention in the first people, and any further non-governmental own future under a pervasive and institu­ place. It was more than optimistic to hope action could be countered with the argument t ionalized banditry that governs in the name that the agencies set up to work where the that the problem was now the job of govern­ of "our own good." For as the Indian was a free enterprise system had done the most ment. Likewise, the poverty and welfare pro­ pioneer on our land, so he is the pioneer in damage would not be thwarted by the same grams, good or bad, deprive the poor of any the total trusteeship society, the Great factors that made that system naturally un­ further public leverage. "You've got welfare, American Welfare State, where in the name reformable. you've got tax money and free food, now why of efficiency, expertise, and most qualified Bureaucratic lawlessness ends up serving are you bitching?" To the many voters who leadership, every aspect of his life ls con­ bureaucratic self-interest. It is easier to believe that the enactment of a program trolled-from health, schools, politics, eco­ weather a complaint from a black welfare equals solution of the problem, the idea of nomics, and trade to his private pocketbook. mother who doesn't get her check this month people on welfare protesting about anything As government grows, more people are be­ than it is to outrage a white Senator who (even if they aren't getting the welfare) is coming Indians. wonders why federal or state agencies should abhorrent. One good way to keep people in The Bill of Rights was not extended to In­ waste their time listening to black people. It their place is to establish a bad program that dians until 1968, and they still have almost is easier to "inconvenience" a ghetto resident gives lip service to the concept of social no judicial access, little political power, and by removing him from his home during progress. hardly any economic control. But they do urban renewal without providing him sub­ Since poor people have little say in relo­ have the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and its stitute housing than it is to inconvenience cation and welfare policy and since the bu­ thousands of experts, to protect them from some eager developer and his friends in pub­ reaucracy is shielded from the political push themselves. BIA, with all those treaties and lic office who don't want to wait until such and pull of the electorate, a person denied statutes behind it, carries on a loud and al­ housing is found before they start profitably his rights by a government agency has little most obscene monologue with Indians, deny­ razing the neighborhood. It is more politic means of regaining them. The courts a.re a ing them lawyers, forcing their children to to serve the oil man who wants the Indian possibillty, but, as Cahn points out, nobody go to schools thousands of miles away, mak­ land than to help the Indian defend that has the "right" to do business with the gov­ ing them pay exorbitant rates on the trad­ land. ernment, and courts have been wary of using ing-post monopolies supervised by the BIA, The powerful will accept a theoretlcaJ their judicial prerogative to perform what and cheating them out of their land. Al· statement about the rights of the poor, as should be government's watchdog function. though examples of BIA noncompliance contained in the legislation that sets up If a person ls illegally cut off welfare, it is could go on ad absurdum, conditions on the federal agencies, but may resist if any real hard for him to prove it, especially if he has reservations speak more convincingly as to change in the relationship between them and no access to the basic regulations that are the effect of BIA rule. the poor becomes possible. Many times we used to justify such decisions. It is usually While white men continue to delve into find that the best way for a bureaucracy to impossible for him to spend the money and Indian psyche to find cultural keys to his succeed (continue to exist) is not to do what time it takes to sue the government. In some lack of "development ," the real reasons have it was established to do. OEO's legal services cases where suits are brought, court decisions more to do with the BIA. Since that agency operation, as described in the June Washing­ have not forced bureaucracy to desist from makes all major decisions on reserviations ton Monthly, ls one of those programs that unlawful practices. And often people who and 1s solely responsible for the Indians in is too successful to be continued. Cahn says bring such suits are induced to settle out of loco parentis, who else could be held ac­ that the Child Development Group in Mis­ court, so that no judicial precedent can be countable for the fact that Indians have lost sissippi, another OEO program, was arbi­ established. much of the !'and the government guaran­ trarily discontinued in 1965, without proper A more real possibility would be to or­ teed t hem (from 138 million acres in 1887 to hearing because it had achieved all too well ganize the poor to demand fair and legal 55 million in 1966), that the mineral assets the goals of maximum feasible participation treatment, much as the workers banded to­ of reservations have been exploited by out­ of the poor. The reality of the black poor gether in unions to meet the power of the siders, that they have no economic opportu­ running their own program was too much for companies. But welfare and other federal nity, and that health conditions are generally OEO-or the white Mississippi politicians-to program recipients, unlike union workers, among the worst in the nation? September 11, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 31405 The BIA has made Indians so dependent THE FREE PRESS courage not unlike denouncing ma.xl-sklrts on 1-t that most Indians, though recognizing a.ta convention of Peeping Toms. the agency as an enemy, do n

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Monday, September 14, 1970 . ..- The House met at 12 o'clock noon. to the needs of our citizens, and above THE JOURNAL The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, all receptive to the leading of Thy living The Journal of the proceedings of D.D., offered the following prayer: spirit. We pray for our country-that as a Thursday, September 10, 19'70, was read The just shall live by faith. Romans and approved. people we may be delivered from malice, 1: 17. bitterness, and ill will. Strengthen within Almighty and most merciful Father, us all a true sense of justice, a due re­ we begin the week conscious of our own gard for the rights of others, and a MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE need and yet aware of Thy great power genuine spirit of good will. Together may A message from the Senate, by Mr. to sustain us in our endeavors on behalf we get in step with Thee and with one Arrington, one of its clerks, announced of our beloved land. Keep us faithful in another as we go forward to one Nation that the Senate had passed without the performance of our duties, loyal to with liberty and justice for all. amendment a bill of the House of the every high and holy principle, responsive In the Master's name, we pray. Amen. following title: