Tibet Now 3.0 EN-NL 20201101.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tibet Now 3.0 EN-NL 20201101.Pdf Cover “Buddha and the Forbidden Fruit” 2016 “We control our devices then our devices control us” Artwork by Ven Tashi – Karma Choeying Tashi (Tashi Norbu) Mixed media – Raw pigments, brocade collage and oil on linen 180x130 I Tibet Art Now 3.0 Nostalgia over the Edges ༄དེང་䝴ས་བོད་ཀ읲་སྒྱུ་让ལ་འགེམ་སོན་ཐེངས་ག魴མ་།། Venerable Karma Choeying Tashi (Tashi Norbu) Founder & Artistic Director Hoofdstraat 16c 7811 EP Emmen The Netherlands [email protected] www.mocta.org II III Foreword Four years have already passed since we established the Museum of Contemporary Tibetan Art in Emmen, The Netherlands, making it the first Museum of Contemporary Tibetan Art in Europe and worldwide. During these four years, I have served the Tibetan Art and Culture together with my Team, our valuable volunteers, and the Municipality of Emmen, working non-stop to transmit ideological concepts, bound by a goal, springing from my innate desire, to preserve the imprints of Tibetan art and culture. By collecting, preserving, interpreting, displaying objects of artistic, and cultural significance, we are educating the public about Tibet and we have been attracting interest, related to its voice, its land, its culture. We have been realizing individual and group exhibitions in our public and private spaces with lectures, tutorials, live painting performances, Tibetan Mantras Lounge recitations, and displays of sculptures, paintings and illustrations, along with avant-garde works of Tibetan in Diaspora, with all values they represent. This is what we perform in our Museum, with the aim to preserve the Heritage of Tibet, which is not only about the past; it is about the present and future. And here we do create a heritage by adding new ideas to old ideals; involving continual creation and transformation that is our Museum of Contemporary Tibetan Art. Continuing my services and efforts towards my goal and mission, I am honored to bring to the attention of the public and Tibet Art lovers of the West, the Tibet Art Now 3.0 – “Nostalgia Over The Edges” happening in our Museum, until the end of this year. One of the most impressive exhibitions bringing together thirty Artists’ radical departures from the tradition, who created a significant impact in the world of Contemporary Tibetan Art. Amongst them, are interesting works of Tibetan Artists who did not have the opportunity to get established, for different reasons. Galleries are nurturing the careers of many Artists but not all of them. Much like today, many of history’s great Artists had to deal with the non-acceptance. Our museum supports these Artists and encourages them, promoting the individual’s goals and desires, manifesting the importance of individual self-reliance and freedom. Especially the censorship Artists, could potentially bring changes in the society and carry on with their works based on individualism, delivering to the world of art pieces that are moral and political, stressing human independence, all supported by the Museum along with its goal for the preservation of Tibetan art and culture. The exhibition focuses to the complexity of Tibetan Artistic movement in response to mass ideology, to the violence of industrialization, to the disembodiment of the society; seeking a way to position man in our world, to be voiced in exile and communicate with each other for our need to love and be free. We could not have contributed to this exhibition without the kind assistance and inspiration of many people. Particularly we acknowledge Tsering Nyendrak from "Gedun Choepel Artist Guild" and Phurbu from "Botsun Art"; with their efforts we managed to have the Artworks for the exhibition in our Museum. Also, all above mentioned Artists in Diaspora who have supported our Museum with their permanent Art collection. Tashi Norbu Founder Museum of Contemporary Tibetan Art IV INTRODUCTION The exhibition “Tibet Art Now 3.0” - “Nostalgia over the edges”, is our third one, during the last decade. It is an amalgamation of artworks by Tibetan Artists from India, Nepal, Bhutan and Lhasa Tibet, who are masters Artists or less well known yet emerging Artists. The Exhibition retraces a special era in Human history, which profoundly challenged Tibetan Artists, have exorcised a challenge by making the great movement in Tibetan Art, from the traditional and the strict religious into the modern; with their canvases using all kind of media, mastering abstraction and surrealism, extracting sacred symbols from their religious environment, able to challenge today’s world. It is a new generation of Tibetan Artists sharing with the family and elders, nostalgic times in Tibet, before the Chinese invasion; yet sharing the experience of those days of invasion in Tibet, when China gained full control over it and the historical event of 1959 mass exodus of 150,00 Tibetans, including the leader of Tibet 14th Dalai Lama into the diaspora. It was during that exodus, when the genesis of a new form of Tibetan Art happened. This situation allowed the immigrants to raise interest on their country’s Art, History and Culture. When the social reality of life in Tibet disillusioned, Artists started to self-express and explore their new complex identity. During their stay in the historic capital of Lhasa, they were also forced to abandon the traditional religious subjects and be trained in the techniques of the West, in such a style, that would serve the new political agenda. When Tibetan structure was dissolved and questions arose on globalization, highly affected the identity of the Tibetans of the Diaspora. Until then, historical Tibetan Art followed the stereotype of traditional Thangka painting and was supposed to spread to the world the Tibetan religious Art and Culture, which was served as the transmission of their religion. Bordered by the treacherous Himalayan mountain range, the Tibetan Art since 8th century, functionally served to support the religious life of the community. Furthermore, in the era of the Cultural Revolution between 1966-1976, when China’s PLA destroyed temples and religious monuments including Potala Palace, the Western perception for Tibet changed from being an inaccessible dream land, to being a danged one, in a potential lost world; Interested in the preservation of the Traditional culture, unique Tibetan Artistic styles sprang, dealing not only with cultural complexities and identity, but with painting and sculptures, depicting peaceful Buddhas, Buddhist deities, Tibetan motives and landscapes; bringing Buddhas amongst humans, making the traditional esoteric accessible to the public, with advanced ideas and aspirations. Now the Art becomes a fusion of Tibetan and Western Art and a new Art Movement exists, aiming for a synthesis of religion and philosophy. Western people were enamored with the idea of Tibet; in their imagination it looked as a complete embodiment of a sacred utopia, free of any kind of violence, while the influential Helena Blavatsky at the late of 19th century initiated a new age, a time of adoration and enthusiasm of Tibet, where ideas about Tibet were flourishing; casting Tibet as a place remarkably different from the Christian West, while developing a deeper understanding of religion, philosophy and science rooted in Shigatse Tibet. The utopia of Shangri-La was described as peaceful, spiritual and as a primitive exotic place. From such a place a new Art springs, which has the potential to be embraced and give its fruition to the whole world, inspired by social, political and cultural success, referred not only to the Tibetan Artists but to Chinese Artists, living in Tibet too. Depicting a mystical rich atmosphere, coming from old traditions even harsh circumstances. Artists hope and motivation is based on a future they can only imagine and eagerly, make an effort to help create a new world which would preserve all the best of the past; a future of inspirations based on their cultural heritage, to form Contemporary Tibetan Art at the threshold of the 21st century. V The Tibet Art Now 3.0 “Nostalgia over the Edges” is captivating works relevant to the changed Tibetan world. It is a touching exhibition which fulfills Museum’s of Contemporary Tibetan Art mission. It is organized in three parts. The front part is dedicated to “Gedun Choephel Artists’Guild”, bearing the name of Tibet’s first revoluntary Artist and Monk Gedun Choepel, featuring the work of Tibetan and Chinese Artists, who united, formed a gallery and exhibition space, in the heart of the historical capital of Tibet Lhasa; presenting contemporary expressions of Tibetan Art. The 2nd part refers to the “Bhotsun Art” space works of an underground Art gallery in Lhasa, where Artists fairly, present the combination of modern and traditional Tibetan. The third part is dedicated to the “Artists in Diaspora” who bring up queries, quests and a dialogue regarding land and identity and a nostalgia of a mystic land never visited by most of them with a nostalgia for the good old days before the invasion in their land. Manifesting and marking the ethnic cultural art with a tendency away from the narrative, but towards abstraction and contemporary. In “Gedun Choepel Artists’ Guild” space, you meet the significant self-expression of Artists who keep up with our times and trends but they have not escaped from the traditional and the values of their cultural heritage. Get to meet the Artist Zhungde, who depicts peasants under the night sky with eyes shining with an inner light, in a phenomenon of darkness, presenting naivety and loneliness in the Tibetan landscape with an influence rooted in the original nomads of Tibet. Yak Tseten applies surrealistic elements and gestural strokes to imprint the spirit and movements of the Tibetan yak, reflecting the beauty of extreme tension and moment, through the indigenous animal’s dramatic motions. Penpa’s painting becomes a vehicle to an authentic depiction of simple form of entertainment in the Tibetan landscape, exploring universal values such as love, friendship, freedom.
Recommended publications
  • Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China
    Country Report for the Preparation of the First Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China June 2003 Beijing CONTENTS Executive Summary Biological diversity is the basis for the existence and development of human society and has aroused the increasing great attention of international society. In June 1992, more than 150 countries including China had jointly signed the "Pact of Biological Diversity". Domestic animal genetic resources are an important component of biological diversity, precious resources formed through long-term evolution, and also the closest and most direct part of relation with human beings. Therefore, in order to realize a sustainable, stable and high-efficient animal production, it is of great significance to meet even higher demand for animal and poultry product varieties and quality by human society, strengthen conservation, and effective, rational and sustainable utilization of animal and poultry genetic resources. The "Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China" (hereinafter referred to as the "Report") was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the "World Status of Animal Genetic Resource " compiled by the FAO. The Ministry of Agriculture" (MOA) has attached great importance to the compilation of the Report, organized nearly 20 experts from administrative, technical extension, research institutes and universities to participate in the compilation team. In 1999, the first meeting of the compilation staff members had been held in the National Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service, discussed on the compilation outline and division of labor in the Report compilation, and smoothly fulfilled the tasks to each of the compilers.
    [Show full text]
  • News China March. 13.Cdr
    VOL. XXV No. 3 March 2013 Rs. 10.00 The first session of the 12th National People’s Congress (NPC) opens at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China on March 5, 2013. (Xinhua/Pang Xinglei) Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei meets Indian Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Cheng Guoping , on behalf Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid in New Delhi on of State Councilor Dai Bingguo, attends the dialogue on February 25, 2013. During the meeting the two sides Afghanistan issue held in Moscow,together with Russian exchange views on high-level interactions between the two Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev and Indian countries, economic and trade cooperation and issues of National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon on February common concern. 20, 2013. Chinese Ambassador to India Mr.Wei Wei and other VIP Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei and Indian guests are having a group picture with actors at the 2013 Minister of Culture Smt. Chandresh Kumari Katoch enjoy Happy Spring Festival organized by the Chinese Embassy “China in the Spring Festival” exhibition at the 2013 Happy and FICCI in New Delhi on February 25,2013. Artists from Spring Festival. The exhibition introduces cultures, Jilin Province, China and Punjab Pradesh, India are warmly customs and traditions of Chinese Spring Festival. welcomed by the audience. Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei(third from left) Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei visits the participates in the “Happy New Year “ party organized by Chinese Visa Application Service Centre based in the Chinese Language Department of Jawaharlal Nehru Southern Delhi on March 6, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2016
    INTERNATIONAL U.S.-Russia Relations 2016 Reg. ss-973 February www.southasia.com.pk INSIDE INDIA SRI LANKA AFGHANISTAN NEIGHBOR Local Focus Sad Saga No Child’s Play The Deal and After ISIS Marches Recent incidentsEast of violence in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia indicate that the Islamic State (IS) is moving eastwards from Syria and Iraq. Afghanistan Afg. 50 India Rs. 65 Philippines P 75 Australia A$ 6 Japan ¥ 500 Saudi Arabia SR 15 Bangladesh Taka 65 Korea Won 3000 Singapore S$ 8 Bhutan NU 45 Malaysia RM 6 Sri Lanka Rs. 100 Brazil BRL 20 Maldives Rf 45 Thailand B 100 Canada C$ 6 Myanmar MMK10 Turkey Lira. 2 China RMB 30 Nepal NcRs. 75 UAE AED 10 France Fr 30 New Zealand NZ$ 7 UK £ 3 Hong Kong HK$ 30 Pakistan Rs. 150 USA $ 5 Ad 2 Contents 12 Eastward Bound The IS looks for new territories to conquer. India Sri Lanka 26Local Focus ‘Make In India’ is still Sad Saga groping in the dark. The unwanted dividends of 32 prosperity. Nepal Big Brother Politics Nepal should get better 36 treatment from India. The Maldives Indian Ocean Turmoil 38 The pains of growth. 30 Bangladesh Rising Religious Extremism A surge of Islamic fundamentalism. 4 SOUTHASIA • FEBRUARY 2016 REGULAR FEATURES Editor’s Mail 8 On Record 9 Briefs 10 COVER STORY Eastward Bound 12 IS and Saarc 16 Changing Directions 20 Expanding Territory 22 REGION Pakistan Honour Among Thieves 24 India Local Focus 26 Afghanistan Shattered Country 28 42 Bangladesh International Rising Religious Extremism 30 Hot and Cold Sri Lanka Indications for world peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet Insight, 1-15 June 2018
    TIBET INSIGHT, 1-15 JUNE 2018 Page 1 of 21 TAR NEWS TAR Party Secretary visits Kindergarten June 01, 2018 On International Children’s Day on May 31, TAR Party Secretary Wu Yingjie visited a Bilingual kindergarten in Chengguan district of Lhasa. Posters highlighting the contrast between “old and new Tibet” were pasted in the corridors of the school. TAR Party Secretary Wu Yingjie advised the children to understand the trust and loyalty of the Party and to remember Chinese President Xi Jinping's message of safeguarding the motherland's unity. Training Course for Lhasa’s Budget Performance June 05, 2018 A training class for enhancing efficiency in Lhasa’s budget performance began in Lhasa on June 4. Well-known experts were invited, including a Professor from Beijing’s Information Science and Technology University who gave a lecture on financial performance and management. The Training was especially to strengthen the budgetary performance of the Central Party’s special funds. All departments have been mandated to achieve an overall budget performance target of over 300,000 Yuan by end of the fiscal year 2019. The Lhasa Municipal Government has also established a mechanism to assess nine key livelihood policies and major projects in Lhasa. Tibet University Takes Measures to Promote Teachers' Teaching Skills June 05, 2018 Since March 2018, the Tibet University has launched a large number of military training activities for teachers. To oversee the progress of this training, a group comprising “excellent teachers with high moral character, excellent professional skills, and strong educational and teaching abilities” was constituted. According to the arrangement, Tibet University has organized departments to further study the State Council's "Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of the Teaching Staff in the New Era", "National Standards for Undergraduate Teaching Quality", "Undergraduate Professional Certification Standards" and "Tibetan College Teacher's Classroom Basic Requirements" etc.
    [Show full text]
  • © 生物多样性biodiversity Science
    胡一鸣, 梁健超, 金崑, 丁志锋, 周智鑫, 胡慧建, 蒋志刚. 喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局. 生物多样性, 2018, 26 (2): 191–201. http://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2017324 附录 1 哺乳动物物种数据获取的主要方法 Appendix 1 Methods for acquiring data of mammal species 1.1 野外调查时间与样线布设情况 1.1 Survey area, date of survey and sampling effort 调查区域 调查日期 样线数量 样线总长度 Survey area Date of survey Number of transects Total length of the transects (km) 吉隆县吉隆沟 Gyirong Valley, 2012.05.10-2012.10.13, 46 110.0 Gyirong county 2013.07.09-2013.09.05, 2017.06.20-2017.06.26. 聂拉木县樟木沟 Zhangmu Valley, 2013.07.11-2013.07.20, 22 89.8 Nyalam County 2017.06.16-2017.06.23. 定日县绒线沟 Rongxian Valley, 2013.09.12-2013.09.16. 11 56.7 Tingri County 定日县嘎玛沟 Gama Valley, Tingri 2013.05.15-2013.05.23. 1 62.4 County 定结县陈塘沟 Chentang Valley, 2013.05.15-2013.05.23. 10 91.3 Dinggyê County 亚东县亚东沟 Yadong Valley, 2013.05.16-2013.05.24, 22 91.7 Yadong County 2017.06.10-2017.06.16. 洛扎县多布沟 Duobu Valley, 2013.09.29-2013.10.04. 10 51.3 Lhozhag County 错那县勒布沟 Lubu Valley, Cona 2013.09.28-2013.10.05, 30 58.6 County 2017.06.03-2017.06.09. 错那县浪坡沟 Langpo Valley, Cona 2013.09.26-2013.09.27, 5 29.3 County 2015.06.06-2015.06.07. 隆子县玉麦沟 Yumai Valley, 2013.09.23-2013.09.14, 3 15.0 Lhünzê County 2015.06.04-2015.06.05. 隆子县扎日沟 Zhari Valley, Lhünzê 2013.09.20-2013.09.24, 12 64.8 County 2015.05.30-2015.06.04.
    [Show full text]
  • PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India
    FEBRUARY 2020 PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India RAJESWARI PILLAI RAJAGOPALAN PULKIT MOHAN PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India RAJESWARI PILLAI RAJAGOPALAN PULKIT MOHAN ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan is a Distinguished Fellow and Head of Space and Nuclear Policy Initiative at ORF. She is also the senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat. She is the author of four books: Nuclear Security in India (2015), Clashing Titans: Military Strategy and Insecurity among Asian Great Powers (2012), The Dragon’s Fire: Chinese Military Strategy and Its Implications for Asia (2009), and Uncertain Eagle: US Military Strategy in Asia (2009). Pulkit Mohan is a Junior Fellow at ORF’s Space and Nuclear Policy Initiative. Before joining ORF, Pulkit was an Editorial Assistant with a leading development journal. She obtained her Master’s degree in International Relations from the London School of Economics. ISBN: 978-93-89622-66-9 © 2020 Observer Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from ORF. PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India ABSTRACT Since 2015, China has been undertaking a thorough restructuring of its military, under the leadership of President Xi Jinping. This has involved significant changes in the operational structure of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), with the modernisation and optimisation of the military to bring about better jointness and overall efficiency. This paper examines the PLA reforms as they pertain to training and jointness in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and the Sino-Indian border areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Tibet Insight, October-December 2020
    TIBET INSIGHT, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2020 1 TAR NEWS Tibet Insight News: October 2020 Head of TAR UFWD inspects Zezhol Monastery in Chamdo October 30, 2020 On October 28, Danke, Standing Committee Member of TAR Party Committee, Minister of TAR United Front Work Department (UFWD) and Vice-Chairman of TAR Political Consultative Conference (PPCC) inspected Zezhol Monastery, an important and one of the oldest monasteries of the Yundrung Bon sect, in Chamdo. The inspection was to evaluate the monastery’s understanding and implementation of the ‘spirit’ of the Seventh Work Forum on Tibet, investigate monastic management and ascertain the “progress” of patriotic re-education activities especially the “four standards to become exemplary monks and nuns”. At a meeting during his visit, Danke shared that a blueprint of how to build a ‘united, prosperous, harmonious and socialist new Tibet’ was drafted after the Seventh Work Forum on Tibet and the TAR Party Committee’s eighth plenary session. He said the primary political task of religious institutions and representatives, at present and in the future, should be to study in-depth and comprehensively of the spirit of the Tibet Work Forum, Xi Jinping’s “strategic exposition” of governing and stabilising Tibet’s borders, and “sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism”. Briefly, the Head of TAR UFWD stressed the following: 1. The need to resolutely study, implement and carry forward the spirit of all the seven work forums on Tibet, unify political positions, unswervingly follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, safeguard national unity and strengthen all propaganda campaigns; 2. The need to reciprocate the love to the “core”, meaning to Xi Jinping and his “special care and love” for Tibet, thereby improving political and ideological consciousness, 3.
    [Show full text]
  • China’S Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops’ Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector Into the Chinese Territory
    (Translation) The Facts and China’s Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops’ Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory I 1. The Dong Lang area (Doklam) is located in Yadong county of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It borders India’s Sikkim state on the west and the Kingdom of Bhutan on the south. In 1890, China and the UK signed the Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet which delimited the boundary between the Tibet region of China and Sikkim. According to the Convention, the Dong Lang area, which is located on the Chinese side of the boundary, is indisputably Chinese territory. For long, China’s border troops have been patrolling the area and Chinese herdsmen grazing livestock there. At present, the boundary between the Dong Lang area and Sikkim is a part of the China-India boundary in the Sikkim Sector. 2. On 16 June 2017, the Chinese side was building a road in the Dong Lang area. On 18 June, over 270 Indian border troops, carrying weapons and driving two bulldozers, crossed the boundary in the Sikkim Sector at the Duo Ka La (Doka La) pass and advanced more than 100 meters into the Chinese territory to obstruct the road building of the Chinese side, causing tension in the area. In addition to the two bulldozers, the trespassing Indian border troops, reaching as many as over 1 400 people at one point, have put up three tents and advanced over 180 meters into the Chinese territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Chomolhari - One Perfect Day
    JUUE-ANN CLYMA & ROGER PAYNE Chomolhari - One Perfect Day he magnificent Chomolhari (7326m) was first climbed in 1937 by Freddy TSpencer Chapman and Sherpa Pasang Dawa Lama. Chapman's team of five set off from Gangtok in Sikkim and in seven days walked to Phari on the plains of Tibet from where they carried out a reconnaissance of the south ridge. They found that the glacier and icefall that led to the ridge was impassable, so spent another four days making a detour into Bhutan and then continued on directly to make an alpine-style ascent of the mountain in just seven more days. The line of ascent started on the broad south-east spur and for the last few hundred metres merged with the exposed upper part of the south ridge. Chomolhari received its second ascent in 1970 by a joint Bhutan-Indian military expedition led by Col 'Bull' Kumar. This team started in Bhutan and followed Chapman's route. The third ascent was in 1996 by a joint Japan-China expedition. This team climbed Chapman's impassable icefall to a col and then followed the south ridge to join the original route below the sharp crest of the summit ridge. The lack of activity on this notable summit is due to access restrictions on the Bhutanese side and the difficulty of access into Yadong County on the Tibetan side. We first sought permission for an expedition to the north-west ridge of Chomolhari in 2002. After discussions with the Chinese Mountaineering Association, we got the necessary endorsement letter in 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue
    Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Tsetan Dolkar aus Dharamsala, Indien 29 Februar 2008 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wilfried von Bredow Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue Submitted by Tsetan Dolkar Political Science Department, Philipps University First Advisor: Professor Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser Second Advisor: Professor Dr. Wilfried von Bredow A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Social Sciences and Philosophy of Philipps University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Philipps University, Marburg 29 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement vi Maps viii List of Abbreviations xi PART I A GLIMPSE INTO TIBET’S PAST Chapter 1 Tibet: A Brief Historical Background 1 1.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 Brief Historical Background 4 1.1.2.1 Tibetan Kings (624-842 AD) and Tang China (618-756 AD) 4 1.1.2.2 The Buddhist Revolution in Tibet (842-1247) and the Song Dynasty (960-1126) 8 1.1.2.3 The Sakya Lamas of Tibet (1244-1358) and the Mongol Empire (1207-1368) 10 1.1.2.4 The Post-Sakya Tibet (1337-1565) and the Ming China (1368-1644) 11 1.1.2.5 The Gelugpa’s Rule (1642-1950) and the Manchu Empire (1662-1912) 13 1.1.2.6 Tibet in the Twentieth Century 19
    [Show full text]
  • The Situation Information Bulletin Himalayan Earthquake
    Information bulletin Himalayan Earthquake Information Bulletin n° 1 GLIDE n° EQ-2011-000136-IND/NPL 21 September 2011 This bulletin is being issued for information only and reflects the current situation and details available at this time. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is not seeking funding or other assistance from donors for this operation. The Indian Red Cross Society and Nepal Red Cross Society will, however, accept direct assistance to provide support to the affected population. <click here to view the map of the affected area, or here for detailed contact information> A house in Khandbari, Sankhuwasava district, Nepal, was destroyed by the 18 September earthquake. Sixteen such houses have been fully damaged in the locality. Photo: Dipendra Shakya, local journalist. The situation An earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale struck the Himalaya region bordering north India and Nepal on 18 September 2011 at 6:10 pm Indian time, with the epicentre located 64km north-west of Gangtok, capital of Sikkim, 120km from Shiliguri in the Indian state of West Bengal, 133km from Namche Bazar in Nepal, and 40km from Yadong county in Tibet, China. Aftershocks measuring 6.1 and 5.3 on the Richter scale were also felt around Sikkim 20 minutes after the earthquake. The earthquake caused major damages in the region. As of 20 September, a total of 99 deaths have been reported, with a breakdown as follows: Country Death toll India 83 Nepal 8 China 7 Bhutan 1 Total 99 The remoteness of the affected regions, combined with the effects of heavy rainfall and landslides, has posed many challenges in carrying out field assessments to gauge the humanitarian needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Failure Probability Assessment of Landslides Triggered by Earthquakes
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Failure probability assessment of landslides triggered by earthquakes and rainfall: a case study in Yadong County, Tibet, China Lixia Chen1*, Le Mei1, Bin Zeng2, Kunlong Yin3, Dhruba Pikha Shrestha4 & Juan Du5 Yadong County located in the southern Himalayan mountains in Tibet, China, is an import frontier county. It was afected by landslides after the 2011 Sikkim earthquake (Mw = 6.8) and the 2015 Gorkha earthquake (Mw = 7.8). Casualties and property damage were caused by shallow landslides during subsequent rainfall on the earthquake-destabilized slopes. Existing researches have generally examined rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslides independently, whereas few studies have considered the combined efects of both. Furthermore, there is no previous study reported on landslide hazards in the study area, although the area is strategically applicable for trade as it is close to Bhutan and India. This study developed a new approach that coupled the Newmark method with the hydrological model based on geomorphological, geological, geotechnical, seismological and rainfall data. A rainfall threshold distribution map was generated, indicating that the southeast part of Yadong is prone to rainfall-induced landslides, especially when daily rainfall is higher than 45 mm/ day. Permanent displacement predictions were used to identify landslide hazard zones. The regression model used to calculate these permanent displacement values was 71% accurate. Finally, landslide probability distribution maps were generated separately for dry and wet conditions with rainfall of varying intensities. Results can serve as a basis for local governments to manage seismic landslide risks during rainy seasons. Earthquakes are an important triggering factor for the mass movement processes; however rainfall is another crucial factor in any slope failures.
    [Show full text]