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Tibet* 1 NOT FREE /100
5/19/2020 Tibet | Freedom House FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2020 Tibet* 1 NOT FREE /100 Political Rights -2 /40 Civil Liberties 3 /60 LAST YEAR'S SCORE & STATUS 1 /100 Not Free Global freedom statuses are calculated on a weighted scale. See the methodology. * Indicates a territory as opposed to an independent country. https://freedomhouse.org/country/tibet/freedom-world/2020 1/19 5/19/2020 Tibet | Freedom House Note This report assesses the Tibet Autonomous Region and areas of eastern Tibet that are incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces. Overview Tibet is ruled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government based in Beijing, with local decision-making power concentrated in the hands of Chinese party officials. Residents of both Chinese and Tibetan ethnicity are denied fundamental rights, but the authorities are especially rigorous in suppressing any signs of dissent among Tibetans, including manifestations of uniquely Tibetan religious belief and cultural identity. State policies encourage migration from other parts of China, reducing the ethnic Tibetan share of the population. Key Developments in 2019 Tibetans faced intensified restrictions on movement due to a series of politically sensitive anniversaries, including the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in October, which featured a large-scale military parade and political rallies in Lhasa. Chinese officials continued a multiyear campaign to consolidate control over major centers for Tibetan Buddhist learning in Sichuan Province, reportedly evicting more than 7,000 residents from Yachen Gar, returning many of its monks and nuns to the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) for political “reeducation,” demolishing monastic dwellings, and installing 600 Chinese officials at the center to monitor residents and visitors. -
Olympic Cities Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Olympic Cities Chapter 7 Olympic Cities 173 Section I Host City — Beijing Beijing, the host city of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, will also host the 13th Paralympic Games. In the year 2008, Olympic volunteers, as ambassadors of Beijing, will meet new friends from throughout the world. The Chinese people are eager for our guests to learn about our city and the people who live here. I. Brief Information of Beijing Beijing, abbreviated“ JING”, is the capital of the People’s Republic of China and the center of the nation's political, cultural and international exchanges. It is a famous city with a long history and splendid culture. Some 500,000 years ago, Peking Man, one of our forefathers, lived in the Zhoukoudian area of Beijing. The earliest name of Beijing 174 Manual for Beijing Olympic Volunteers found in historical records is“JI”. In the eleventh century the state of JI was subordinate to the XI ZHOU Dynasty. In the period of“ CHUN QIU” (about 770 B.C. to 477 B.C.), the state of YAN conquered JI, moving its capital to the city of JI. In the year 938 B.C., Beijing was the capital of the LIAO Dynasty (ruling the northern part of China at the time), and for more than 800 years, the city became the capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The People’s Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949, and Beijing became the capital of this new nation. Beijing covers more than 16,000 square kilometers and has 16 subordinate districts (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chongwen, Xuanwu, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai, Shijingshan, Mentougou, Fangshan, Tongzhou, Shunyi, Daxing, Pinggu, Changping and Huairou) and 2 counties (Miyun and Yanqing). -
Hong Kong SAR
China Data Supplement November 2006 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 47 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 50 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 54 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 61 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 65 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 November 2006 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member Cdr. Commander Chp. Chairperson CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Gen.Sec. General Secretary Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson H.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com. -
2019 International Religious Freedom Report
CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom. -
A Distant Mirror. Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century
Index pp. 535–565 in: Chen-kuo Lin / Michael Radich (eds.) A Distant Mirror Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century Chinese Buddhism Hamburg Buddhist Studies, 3 Hamburg: Hamburg University Press 2014 Imprint Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library). The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. The online version is available online for free on the website of Hamburg University Press (open access). The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek stores this online publication on its Archive Server. The Archive Server is part of the deposit system for long-term availability of digital publications. Available open access in the Internet at: Hamburg University Press – http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de Persistent URL: http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/purl/HamburgUP_HBS03_LinRadich URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-3-1467 Archive Server of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek – http://dnb.d-nb.de ISBN 978-3-943423-19-8 (print) ISSN 2190-6769 (print) © 2014 Hamburg University Press, Publishing house of the Hamburg State and University Library Carl von Ossietzky, Germany Printing house: Elbe-Werkstätten GmbH, Hamburg, Germany http://www.elbe-werkstaetten.de/ Cover design: Julia Wrage, Hamburg Contents Foreword 9 Michael Zimmermann Acknowledgements 13 Introduction 15 Michael Radich and Chen-kuo Lin Chinese Translations of Pratyakṣa 33 Funayama Toru -
Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
3/2006 Data Supplement PR China Hong Kong SAR Macau SAR Taiwan CHINA aktuell Journal of Current Chinese Affairs Data Supplement People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax:(040)4107945 Contributors: Uwe Kotzel Dr. Liu Jen-Kai Christine Reinking Dr. Günter Schucher Dr. Margot Schüller Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU JEN-KAI 3 The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC LIU JEN-KAI 22 Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership LIU JEN-KAI 27 PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries LIU JEN-KAI 30 PRC Laws and Regulations LIU JEN-KAI 34 Hong Kong SAR Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 36 Macau SAR Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 39 Taiwan Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 41 Bibliography of Articles on the PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, and on Taiwan UWE KOTZEL / LIU JEN-KAI / CHRISTINE REINKING / GÜNTER SCHUCHER 43 CHINA aktuell Data Supplement - 3 - 3/2006 Dep.Dir.: CHINESE COMMUNIST Li Jianhua 03/07 PARTY Li Zhiyong 05/07 The Main National Ouyang Song 05/08 Shen Yueyue (f) CCa 03/01 Leadership of the Sun Xiaoqun 00/08 Wang Dongming 02/10 CCP CC General Secretary Zhang Bolin (exec.) 98/03 PRC Hu Jintao 02/11 Zhao Hongzhu (exec.) 00/10 Zhao Zongnai 00/10 Liu Jen-Kai POLITBURO Sec.-Gen.: Li Zhiyong 01/03 Standing Committee Members Propaganda (Publicity) Department Hu Jintao 92/10 Dir.: Liu Yunshan PBm CCSm 02/10 Huang Ju 02/11 -
Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China
Country Report for the Preparation of the First Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China June 2003 Beijing CONTENTS Executive Summary Biological diversity is the basis for the existence and development of human society and has aroused the increasing great attention of international society. In June 1992, more than 150 countries including China had jointly signed the "Pact of Biological Diversity". Domestic animal genetic resources are an important component of biological diversity, precious resources formed through long-term evolution, and also the closest and most direct part of relation with human beings. Therefore, in order to realize a sustainable, stable and high-efficient animal production, it is of great significance to meet even higher demand for animal and poultry product varieties and quality by human society, strengthen conservation, and effective, rational and sustainable utilization of animal and poultry genetic resources. The "Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China" (hereinafter referred to as the "Report") was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the "World Status of Animal Genetic Resource " compiled by the FAO. The Ministry of Agriculture" (MOA) has attached great importance to the compilation of the Report, organized nearly 20 experts from administrative, technical extension, research institutes and universities to participate in the compilation team. In 1999, the first meeting of the compilation staff members had been held in the National Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service, discussed on the compilation outline and division of labor in the Report compilation, and smoothly fulfilled the tasks to each of the compilers. -
News China March. 13.Cdr
VOL. XXV No. 3 March 2013 Rs. 10.00 The first session of the 12th National People’s Congress (NPC) opens at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China on March 5, 2013. (Xinhua/Pang Xinglei) Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei meets Indian Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Cheng Guoping , on behalf Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid in New Delhi on of State Councilor Dai Bingguo, attends the dialogue on February 25, 2013. During the meeting the two sides Afghanistan issue held in Moscow,together with Russian exchange views on high-level interactions between the two Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev and Indian countries, economic and trade cooperation and issues of National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon on February common concern. 20, 2013. Chinese Ambassador to India Mr.Wei Wei and other VIP Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei and Indian guests are having a group picture with actors at the 2013 Minister of Culture Smt. Chandresh Kumari Katoch enjoy Happy Spring Festival organized by the Chinese Embassy “China in the Spring Festival” exhibition at the 2013 Happy and FICCI in New Delhi on February 25,2013. Artists from Spring Festival. The exhibition introduces cultures, Jilin Province, China and Punjab Pradesh, India are warmly customs and traditions of Chinese Spring Festival. welcomed by the audience. Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei(third from left) Chinese Ambassador to India Mr. Wei Wei visits the participates in the “Happy New Year “ party organized by Chinese Visa Application Service Centre based in the Chinese Language Department of Jawaharlal Nehru Southern Delhi on March 6, 2013. -
Asia Focus #3
PROGRAMME ASIE QUELLE COMPOSITION DU POLITBURO ET DU COMITÉ CENTRAL CHINOIS APRÈS 2017 ? Par Alex PAYETTE STAGIAIRE POSTDOCTORAL CRSH UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTREAL OCTOBRE 2016 Septembre 2016 ASIA FOCUS #3 l’IRIS ASIA FOCUS #3 - PROGRAMME ASIE / Octobre 2016 lors que 2016 se termine et que la campagne anticorruption agressivement menée par la tristement célèbre « jiwei » [纪委] a pris fin, il ne reste que A quelques mois pour finaliser la sélection interne des cadres qui seront appelés à être élus en novembre au Politburo ainsi qu’au Comité central. Cela dit, depuis la fin de 2015, nous avons pu remarquer un certain durcissement, voire même un « repli » de la part de Xi, tant dans son attitude face au pouvoir (p. ex. retour aux idiomes/symboles maoïstes, méfiance ouverte de l’Occident, attitude de plus en plus inflexible en matière de structures internationales, etc.), que dans son attitude envers certains patriarches du Parti, notamment Jiang Zemin (président de la République populaire entre 1993 et 2003) et Hu Jintao (président de 2003 à 2013), ainsi qu’envers les autres forces en présence sur la scène politique chinoise (par exemple la Ligue des jeunesses communistes [共青团]1, la « faction du pétrole » [石油帮]2, la bande Shanghai [ 上海帮], la bande du Jiangxi [江派], etc.). Ce dernier a également resserré son emprise non seulement sur Beijing – par le biais de son proche collaborateur Wang Xiaohong [王 小洪]3-, mais bien aussi sur le pays en entier. Tandis que le temps d’« abattre les tigres » [打虎] et que les déraillements de la jiwei sont encore perceptibles, en particulier dans la province du Hebei4, fort est de constater que l’impact n’est pas celui escompté, sauf dans les cas de Su Shulin [苏树林]5 et Jiang Jiemin [蒋洁敏]6, et qu’il ne sera pas vraiment possible d’évaluer les dégâts de cette campagne avant la formation du Comité central de 2022. -
February 2016
INTERNATIONAL U.S.-Russia Relations 2016 Reg. ss-973 February www.southasia.com.pk INSIDE INDIA SRI LANKA AFGHANISTAN NEIGHBOR Local Focus Sad Saga No Child’s Play The Deal and After ISIS Marches Recent incidentsEast of violence in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia indicate that the Islamic State (IS) is moving eastwards from Syria and Iraq. Afghanistan Afg. 50 India Rs. 65 Philippines P 75 Australia A$ 6 Japan ¥ 500 Saudi Arabia SR 15 Bangladesh Taka 65 Korea Won 3000 Singapore S$ 8 Bhutan NU 45 Malaysia RM 6 Sri Lanka Rs. 100 Brazil BRL 20 Maldives Rf 45 Thailand B 100 Canada C$ 6 Myanmar MMK10 Turkey Lira. 2 China RMB 30 Nepal NcRs. 75 UAE AED 10 France Fr 30 New Zealand NZ$ 7 UK £ 3 Hong Kong HK$ 30 Pakistan Rs. 150 USA $ 5 Ad 2 Contents 12 Eastward Bound The IS looks for new territories to conquer. India Sri Lanka 26Local Focus ‘Make In India’ is still Sad Saga groping in the dark. The unwanted dividends of 32 prosperity. Nepal Big Brother Politics Nepal should get better 36 treatment from India. The Maldives Indian Ocean Turmoil 38 The pains of growth. 30 Bangladesh Rising Religious Extremism A surge of Islamic fundamentalism. 4 SOUTHASIA • FEBRUARY 2016 REGULAR FEATURES Editor’s Mail 8 On Record 9 Briefs 10 COVER STORY Eastward Bound 12 IS and Saarc 16 Changing Directions 20 Expanding Territory 22 REGION Pakistan Honour Among Thieves 24 India Local Focus 26 Afghanistan Shattered Country 28 42 Bangladesh International Rising Religious Extremism 30 Hot and Cold Sri Lanka Indications for world peace. -
© 生物多样性biodiversity Science
胡一鸣, 梁健超, 金崑, 丁志锋, 周智鑫, 胡慧建, 蒋志刚. 喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局. 生物多样性, 2018, 26 (2): 191–201. http://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2017324 附录 1 哺乳动物物种数据获取的主要方法 Appendix 1 Methods for acquiring data of mammal species 1.1 野外调查时间与样线布设情况 1.1 Survey area, date of survey and sampling effort 调查区域 调查日期 样线数量 样线总长度 Survey area Date of survey Number of transects Total length of the transects (km) 吉隆县吉隆沟 Gyirong Valley, 2012.05.10-2012.10.13, 46 110.0 Gyirong county 2013.07.09-2013.09.05, 2017.06.20-2017.06.26. 聂拉木县樟木沟 Zhangmu Valley, 2013.07.11-2013.07.20, 22 89.8 Nyalam County 2017.06.16-2017.06.23. 定日县绒线沟 Rongxian Valley, 2013.09.12-2013.09.16. 11 56.7 Tingri County 定日县嘎玛沟 Gama Valley, Tingri 2013.05.15-2013.05.23. 1 62.4 County 定结县陈塘沟 Chentang Valley, 2013.05.15-2013.05.23. 10 91.3 Dinggyê County 亚东县亚东沟 Yadong Valley, 2013.05.16-2013.05.24, 22 91.7 Yadong County 2017.06.10-2017.06.16. 洛扎县多布沟 Duobu Valley, 2013.09.29-2013.10.04. 10 51.3 Lhozhag County 错那县勒布沟 Lubu Valley, Cona 2013.09.28-2013.10.05, 30 58.6 County 2017.06.03-2017.06.09. 错那县浪坡沟 Langpo Valley, Cona 2013.09.26-2013.09.27, 5 29.3 County 2015.06.06-2015.06.07. 隆子县玉麦沟 Yumai Valley, 2013.09.23-2013.09.14, 3 15.0 Lhünzê County 2015.06.04-2015.06.05. 隆子县扎日沟 Zhari Valley, Lhünzê 2013.09.20-2013.09.24, 12 64.8 County 2015.05.30-2015.06.04. -
PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India
FEBRUARY 2020 PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India RAJESWARI PILLAI RAJAGOPALAN PULKIT MOHAN PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India RAJESWARI PILLAI RAJAGOPALAN PULKIT MOHAN ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan is a Distinguished Fellow and Head of Space and Nuclear Policy Initiative at ORF. She is also the senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat. She is the author of four books: Nuclear Security in India (2015), Clashing Titans: Military Strategy and Insecurity among Asian Great Powers (2012), The Dragon’s Fire: Chinese Military Strategy and Its Implications for Asia (2009), and Uncertain Eagle: US Military Strategy in Asia (2009). Pulkit Mohan is a Junior Fellow at ORF’s Space and Nuclear Policy Initiative. Before joining ORF, Pulkit was an Editorial Assistant with a leading development journal. She obtained her Master’s degree in International Relations from the London School of Economics. ISBN: 978-93-89622-66-9 © 2020 Observer Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from ORF. PLA Joint Exercises in Tibet: Implications for India ABSTRACT Since 2015, China has been undertaking a thorough restructuring of its military, under the leadership of President Xi Jinping. This has involved significant changes in the operational structure of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), with the modernisation and optimisation of the military to bring about better jointness and overall efficiency. This paper examines the PLA reforms as they pertain to training and jointness in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and the Sino-Indian border areas.