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Lexical Stress in East Slavic: Variation in Space and Time Lexical Stress in East Slavic: Variation in Space and Time by Iryna Osadcha A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics University of Toronto © Copyright 2019 by Iryna Osadcha ii Abstract Lexical stress in East Slavic: variation in space and time Iryna Osadcha Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Linguistics University of Toronto 2019 Lexical stress systems are known for their complexity and dependence on morphology. This thesis proposes a unified account of nominal stress in three East Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian). When analyzed individually and without diachronic context, they seem to be unpredictable. In addition, most existing formal analyses of individual East Slavic languages omit some stress patterns as non-significant or treat them as exceptional. The analysis here employs single bracketed grid representations. Whereas analyses using Optimality Theory tend to incur some descriptive and theoretical problems, this framework enables an analysis that covers all existing stress patterns in the three languages, and sheds light on the synchronic and diachronic patterning of lexical stress systems. Tracing the development of stress in nominal inflectional paradigms from Common Slavic to the modern East Slavic languages shifts the focus from the Russian stress system, which continues to be the most studied, and puts it into a broader context. It is found that a historical opposition between accented and unaccented stems and suffixes, which became obscure due to a series of sound changes, has been gradually replaced by a new opposition between singular and plural subparadigms. This new opposition led to the emergence of shifting stems with stress patterns iii that depend on number, and to the subsequent reanalysis of many historically unaccented and post-accenting stems and some accented stems as shifting. Putting the burden of accentual contrast on the stem led to the loss of lexical accent from the suffixes. Since this tendency has not yet been completed and has proceeded at a different pace in each of the three languages, their stress systems vary in the degree of regularization, with Belarusian being the most regular, Ukrainian in the middle, and Russian the least regular. The introduction of shifting stems, which are marked in the lexicon as being subject to the shifting rules, makes possible an analysis which covers all existing nominal stress patterns in Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. iv Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Elan Dresher and other members of my committee: Peter Jurgec, Joseph Schallert, Keren Rice, Aleksei Nazarov and Christina Bethin. I am incredibly grateful for all the feedback, support, and advice Elan provided to me over the years. He taught me to think like a linguist, to be able to defend my point of view, and to be a better writer. Our thourough discussions and fun conversations (and an awesome defense party!) will remain the favourite part of my PhD. I would not have made it this far without Peter’s expertise on the latest trends in phonology, and Joe’s deep knowledge of the vast literature on Slavic accentology. Keren and Aleksei provided me with very helpful comments, which hopefully made this thesis more readable. Christina’s expertise in both fields and incredible attention to detail helped me to improve this thesis in the final stages. The Department of Linguistics at the University of Toronto is a very warm, welcoming place. I could not have gotten through my PhD program without the fantastic professors and my fellow students with whom I have been working and having fun together. I have learned so much and made a lot of good friends. There are too many people to list individually; I am thankful to all of you. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends. My mom has been there for me as both a parent and an academic. My husband has been my biggest supporter and a linguistics fan. My daughter has given me lots of laughs and love. My friends believed in me and cheered me up, even if I did not always have time for them. Thank you all for making this happen. It has been a difficult, but incredibly interesting journey. v - Я сижу на берегу, Не могу поднять ногу́. - Не ногу́, а но́гу! - Всё равно не мо́гу. Russian folklore vi Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Stress in East Slavic: an overview .......................................................................................1 1.2 Organization of the thesis ....................................................................................................4 2 Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................6 2.1 Idsardi’s framework and analysis of Russian ......................................................................6 2.2 Introducing the Shifting rule ..............................................................................................19 2.3 The Tone-insertion rule......................................................................................................31 2.4 Interim Summary ...............................................................................................................33 3 Stress in Common Slavic and Old East Slavic .........................................................................34 3.1 Previous research ...............................................................................................................35 3.2 Stress in Common Slavic ...................................................................................................37 3.2.1 Early Common Slavic ............................................................................................37 3.2.2 Late Common Slavic..............................................................................................45 3.3 Stress in Old East Slavic ....................................................................................................50 3.4 Interim summary ................................................................................................................57 4 The Rise of Shifting ..................................................................................................................58 4.1 Historical development of Russian stress ..........................................................................58 4.1.1 Late Old East Slavic and Old Russian ...................................................................58 4.1.2 From Old Russian to Modern Russian ...................................................................68 4.1.3 Interim summary ....................................................................................................75 vii 4.2 Historical development of Ukrainian stress: from Old Ukrainian to Modern Ukrainian ..77 4.2.1 Unaccented stems...................................................................................................77 4.2.2 Post-accenting stems ..............................................................................................80 4.2.3 Accented stems ......................................................................................................82 4.2.4 Interim summary ....................................................................................................85 4.3 Historical development of Belarusian stress ......................................................................86 5 Modern East Slavic ...................................................................................................................89 5.1 Modern Ukrainian Stress ...................................................................................................89 5.1.1 Previous research ...................................................................................................89 5.1.2 Overview ................................................................................................................90 5.1.3 Accented and post-accenting stems .......................................................................94 5.1.4 Unaccented stems...................................................................................................98 5.1.5 Shifting stems.......................................................................................................108 5.1.6 Vocative case .......................................................................................................114 5.1.7 Languages in contact: East Sloboda Ukrainian ...................................................120 5.2 Modern Belarusian Stress ................................................................................................122 5.2.1 Previous Research ................................................................................................122 5.2.2 Overview ..............................................................................................................122 5.2.3 Accented and post-accenting stems .....................................................................126
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