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* U N 1VERSITE pE GEN&VE 1NST1TUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE HAutE® ETUDES INTERNATIONALES VISIONS BAI-KANIQUES ■1 DANS LA PREPARATION •9 D E l A REVOLUTION GRECQUE C1-7 S a - i 82 1 ) TH^gE p r E s e n t E e a l ’ u n i v e p SIt Ee d e g e n Ev e POUR L’OBTENTION DU GRADE DE d0GTEUR £ s SCIENCES POLITIQUES f>A R N o t i s 8 0 fZ A R I3 D'ATHEN^g (GR£CE) THESE fsj° 138 E N V E N > e CHEZ : LIBRAIRI^; £• DROZ S. RUE vgpDAlNE +~i £3 * c t . >h \J A 0> V? ■V '1? V l & \"V ' v VISIONS BALKANIQUES d a n s l a preparation D E LA R e v o l u t i o n g r e c q u e ( 1 7 8 9 -1 8 2 1 ) CARTE D E LA TUROUIE D’EUROPE E N 18 2 1 Odessa' •Klausenburq ECHELLE 1:5.0 0 0.0 0 0 (Cl«J) 3 0 ip 20 30<0 50 190______130 2QQ TU A N S Y L V A NI £1 /~ \.F o c s a m M P I R \ E D U T R I H.. £ i .Kronstadt(.Brasov; <#,— j> -.•v '•vr%./' V' B r^ fT a // T?rgu Jiiul Ti'ngovislfi* (Pitesti* -Golesl' ' A Lragatsam t A - Bucares N I E O L T t N I E •CraVov, "•Sffistrie R ]B / E .Rusii de Vede G7GTaiS^stcho^|k •Kra^ouj^vatz -V/dines, 1®1 “ rs 1 y “ •SerajevocV' 21 — r - . „ 5sar 27 r 18 A 1”“*” A R ^ E arna= m © r= • M ^ ta r \ x ..Nich'- 0 76 — Wrats^ •Ttrnovo •Noyi-Pazar 7 '1 .Gabrovo^ 01 ....A , , ...... f^ONTE) Ft O- m 's°ua £ K l r . ~ y •Kiiste^dil 23 b n 22^ •Pr'fzren 'Phifippoupi^lis (Plovdiv) 11 ‘•SKodra 24 r - plje) y '1 12 i X KirK-Kiltssl C /JCntfrinople, 0» T H \R "\a / <7 u e\ . i ?7 L. ) M A" ,C' ^basfcn 0hridaMo^as^''' ‘^eres* •(Bitop-v -— \19 Berat*"" ; \ 14 p \ 4 *>1 '—■} Karafefia •Salonique^ Brousse yValone \ ^ < ^ 5 “'BursO /It. Athos; §Anjyroc^fn)* / .MtfOySijje; -LEMNOSa -TENEDOSc e r corf - Janiria ^ 2 5 ,La r i s j __________ *fo (T H E $ S A L I £rMtPpeiions =Mar OJtvaliK Spreveze arr:r\ \ vNEGREPONTr: 7 0 n 1 n n .eucadeR 0 NV . M'>. t^ L I E NtEUBEE); N AT 0 LIE ; leucade -PSARAC Smyrne 5 \ 7 3 / Salona. C Izmir! 'CEP^HALONI^ 5a u /talavryta. •A th e n e ; -SAW0S- ^PtL OPONNtSt\ S A N D J A K S -rrip d^ 1 A/adjahissar 10 K irit 19 Sa/on/que 2 Antfrinople H Kirk- Kitiss6 2 0 Serbs lalamata 3 Belgrade 12 Kustenefif 21 silistrie 4 Berdt 13 L4pante 2 2 S kodra 5 C arlilie 14 Monastir 2 3 S ofia 6 Qelvino 15 M o ris 24 Tchirmen 7 Gallipoli 16 N o v i-P a z a r 25 Trikkala 8 H e rtze k 17 O hrida 2 6 Usktib 9 Janina 18 Roust chouk 2 7 vidine 28 Nbgrepont 10 D J A K S 7 Aladjahissar 10 Kirit 19 Salonique 2 Andrinople 11 Kirk- KilissS 20 Serbs 3 Belgrade 12 Kiistendil 21 silistrie 4 Bereft 13 Lepante 22 Skodra 5 Cartilie 14 Monastlr 23 Sofia 5 Delvino 15 Monte 24 Tchirmsn 7 Gallipoli 16 Novi-Pazar 25 Trikkala 8 Hertzek 17 Ohrida 26 Uskilb 9 Janina 18 Roustchouk 2 7 Vidine 28 Negrepont ■ * « £ ■ -v UNIVERSITY DE GENEVE^ ^ $S INSTITUT UN1VERSITAIRE DE HAUTES ETUDES I(^R lO k ffa N k iiE S ^ * • M « /' | Z \ -V. VISIONS BALKANIQUES DANS LA PREPARATION DE LA REVOLUTION GRECQUE (1789-1821) THESE p r £ s e n t £ e a l u n i v e r s i t E e d e G E N lV E POUR L’OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR £S SCIENCES POLITIQUES PAR N O T IS BOTZARIS D'ATHENES (GRtCE) THESE N° 138 EN VENTE CHEZ: LIBRA1RIE E. DROZ 8. RUE VERDAINE GENEVE 1962 La Commission Mixte, composee des Doyens des Facultes de Droit, des Lettres, et des Sciences economiques et sociales, et du Directeur de l’lnstitut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, sur le preavis de M. Jacques I'reymond, professeur a l’Universite et a I’Institut Universitaire, de M. Maurice Baumont; professeur a l’lnstitut et de MM. Henri Burgelin et Jean Siotis, charges de cours a l’lnstitut, autorise l’impression de la presente these, sans entendre par la exprimer d’opinion sur les propositions qui y sont enoncees. Geneve, le 27 mars 1962. Pour la Commission Mixte : Jacques Freymond, Directeur de l’lnstitut Universitaire. These N« 138. AVANT-PROPOS Le mouveinent d'emancipation des peuples balkaniques a fait l’objet de nombreuses etudes, tant sur le plan politique national que sur celui des problemes diplomatiques engendres par lesdits mouvements. L’in- fluence des peuples balkaniques les uns sur les autres a rarement ete etudiee et, alors, seulement d’une maniere partielle. L’objet done du present ouvrage est de presenter une image de 1’influence exercee par certaines idees de cooperation balkanique dans la preparation de la revolution grecque de 1821. La preparation de cette revolution commen^a le lendemain ineine de la conquete ottomane, ce qui est reconnu aussi par les historiens turcs. Cette preparation dura pendant des siecles car le peuple grec avait et6 tres affaibli demographiquement par ses luttes seculaires contre les divers envahisseurs et la perte annuelle d’un grand nombre d’enfants qui allaient grossir les rangs des janissaires, socialement par la fuite d’une grande partie de son elite culturelle en Europe occidentale, eco- nomiquement par les exactions continuelles du conquerant. De son cote, 1’Empire Ottoman se trouvait au sommet de sa puissance et l’Europe entiere tremblait devant lui. Ainsi, pour les Grecs, le XV" sidcle, qui com- menga si brillamment en ce qui concerne la literature et les arts, se termina lamentablement, le xvr siecle fut une longue decadence, ou l’on ne rencontre que de rares figures de grande envergure, coinme le pa- triarche Cyrile Loucaris et El Greco. La mention de ce peintre de re- nommee universelle offre une occasion de comparer la floraison dans les domaines litteraire et artistique des regions grecques occupies par les Venitiens avec la stagnation des regions occupees par les Turcs. Le x v ii” siecle fut une periode de stabilisation et les premiers signes de la renaissance commencerent alors a se montrer. Avec le x v iir siecle la situation changea radicalement. La puissance de l’Empire Ottoman bais- sait de jour en jour, les janissaires n’etaient plus recrutes parmi les en- fants chretiens et une veritable renaissance hellenique dans tous les do­ maines commenga, timidement au debut, puis de plus en plus fortement, a se manifester. La revolution fran^aise et son message de liberte, ega- lite et fraternite eut un retentissenient considerable qui influenga enor- mement tout ce mouvement politique, economique, social, litteraire et artistique qui prepara les Grecs a la revendication de leurs droits. On peut dire, sans exagerer, qu’elle annonQa le debut d’une nouvelle epoque 11 n’avait pas echappe a certains personnages clairvoyants que cette revolution que Ton preparait en Gr6ce pourrait se faire plus facilement VIII si les Grecs obtenaient la cooperation des autres nations balkaniques pour faire une revolution generate en vue de former soit un Etat balka- nique soit une association d’Etats balkaniques, association dont la forme variait suivant les auteurs des plans. En general ces plans demeurerent des visions : ils ne purent etre executes pour diverses raisons, ce qui a eu comme rSsultat que leur etude a £te delaissee jusqu’a present. Plusieurs facteurs poussaient ces personnages a rechercher la co­ operation des nations balkaniques pour cette oeuvre. 11 y avait d’un cote le facteur geographique, tres important vu que les limites de ces peuples n’6 tait pas clairement tracees et qu’une interpenetration assez pouss£e avait lieu dans certaines regions. En plus, il y avait le fait que tous ces peuples subissaient le meme sort de la part des O tto m a n s . Une cooperation done entre eux se presentait comme tout k fait logique- Un troisi£me facteur qui certainement joua son role fut le complexe d’in- fSriorite dont les peuples soumis souffraient vis-a-vis de leur conquerant, ce qui poussait les personnes preparant la revolution grecque de cher- cher des allies parmi les autres peuples balkaniques, ce qui aurait eu comme r£suitat un 6parpillement des forces militaires ottomanes. Le present ouvrage ne pretend pas a etre ni coniplet ni parfait. Le fait que son auteur ne possede les langues balkaniques (sauf le grec naturellement) que d’une maniere tr6 s limitee a eu comme effet qu’il a dQ limiter ses efforts bibliographiques dans ces langues a quelques on- vrages-clefs et ne permit pas I’utilisation de documents dans CCS langues qui n’auraient pas 6 t6 publies encore. Je tiens tout particulierement a exprimer ma profonde gratitude pour 1’aide qui m’a 6te fournie par feu le Professeur Maurice B o u r q u in ainsi que par MM. le Professeur Jacques Freymond, directeur de l’lnstitut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales a Geneve et L 6and re Vranoussis des Archives Mtklievales de I’Acaddmie d’Ath^nes. De plus, je desire remercier chaleureusement les biblioth£caires, archivistes et traducteurs qui tous, d’une fagon ou d’une autre, ont contribu6 k I’ela- boration du present ouvrage.
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    Η Σφαγή της Χίου, ελαιογραφία σε καμβά, Αποδίδεται στον G. Courbet (1819-1877), αντίγραφο έργου του Eug. Delacroix (1798-1863) The Massacre of Chios, oil on canvas, attributed to G. Courbet (1819-1877), replica from the painting of Eug. Delacroix (1798-1863) Ίδρυμα Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ΄ Πρεσβεία της Ελλάδος στην Κύπρο Χορηγός της Έκθεσης “Απ’ τα κόκκαλα βγαλμένη... 190 χρόνια από την Επανάσταση του 1821. Η συμμετοχή της Κύπρου” Αίθουσα Προσωρινών Εκθέσεων Βυζαντινού Μουσείου Ιδρύματος Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ΄ 29 Μαρτίου - 30 Σεπτεμβρίου 2011 Επιμέλεια Έκθεσης - Καταλόγου: Δρ Ιωάννης Α. Ηλιάδης Λευκωσία 2011 Archbishop Makarios III Foundation Embassy of Greece in Cyprus Sponsor of the Exhibition “Risen from the sacred bones... 190 years from the Revolution of 1821. The contribution of Cyprus” Hall of Temporary Exhibitions of the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation 29 March - 30 September 2011 Curator of the Exhibition - catalogue: Dr Ioannis A. Eliades Lefkosia 2011 Ιερά Αρχιεπισκοπή Κύπρου Χαιρετισμός της Α.Μ. του Αρχιεπισκόπου Κύπρου κ.κ. Χρυσοστόμου Β΄ Θερμά συγχαίρουμε το Ίδρυμα Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ΄, την Πρε- σβεία της Ελλάδος στην Κύπρο και την Τράπεζα Eurobank EIG Κύπρου για τη συνδιοργάνωση της Έκθεσης «Απ’ τα κόκκαλα βγαλμένη... 190 χρόνια από την Επανάσταση του 1821. Η συμμετοχή της Κύπρου». Η Έκθεση αποτελεί συμβολική απόδοση τιμής και ευγνωμοσύνης προς τους αθάνατους ήρωες της Εθνεγερσίας. Μέσα από τα εκθέματά της, διαγράφει, ακόμη, τη σημαντική συμβολή της νήσου μας στον αγώνα του 1821. Επιβεβαιώνει, ακόμη, η Έκθεση ότι είμαστε ένας λαός με ιστορική μνήμη και με συναίσθηση της σπουδαίας σύστασης του Πο- λύβιου: «μηδεμίαν ἑτοιμοτέραν εἶναι διόρθωσιν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τῆς τῶν προγεγενημένων πράξεων ἐπιστήμης».
  • Proquest Dissertations

    Proquest Dissertations

    LITERATURE, MODERNITY, NATION THE CASE OF ROMANIA, 1829-1890 Alexander Drace-Francis School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD June, 2001 ProQuest Number: U642911 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642911 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the development of a literary culture among the Romanians in the period 1829-1890; the effect of this development on the Romanians’ drive towards social modernization and political independence; and the way in which the idea of literature (as both concept and concrete manifestation) and the idea of the Romanian nation shaped each other. I concentrate on developments in the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which united in 1859, later to form the old Kingdom of Romania). I begin with an outline of general social and political change in the Principalities in the period to 1829, followed by an analysis of the image of the Romanians in European public opinion, with particular reference to the state of cultural institutions (literacy, literary activity, education, publishing, individual groups) and their evaluation for political purposes.