Abbondius, Bishop of Como, 172 Acholla, Tunisia, 30 Actores, 168

Home , Novempopulania, San Sisto Vecchio, Synod of the Oak

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88593-5 - Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late Antiquity Kim Bowes Index More information

Index

Abbondius, bishop of Como, 172 Ambrose of Milan, 4, 182 Acholla, Tunisia, 30 accused of Manicheeism, 102 actores, 168 and Arians, 192–193, 198 Adriatic Sea, 170 and relic exchange, 85, 93 Aelia Eudocia, empress, 105, 107, 111, in Rome, 78, 80–82, 100 112, 114 inﬂuence on neighboring bishoprics, Aelia Eudoxia, empress, 118, 119 170–172 Aelius Aristides, 42 on female asceticism, 6, 203, 204, 214 Aemilia et Liguria, 276 Ambrosiaster, 101 Aetius, Arian, 193 amicitia, 129, 154, 160, 184 agape¯, 241 Ampelius, prefect of Rome, 192 agathos-daimon, 28, 210 Anastasius, emperor, 113 Agde, council of (506), 281 Anaunia, 172, 174 Agnes, saint, 69 ancestors, cult of, 32, 131 agricola andronitis, 210 in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 160 Anicia Iuliana, 100, 112, 114 Agripinilla, 41 Anicii, 23 A¨ın Zirara, 166, 275 Annesi, estate of Macrina, 206, 208. See Aion, 28 also Forty Martyrs of Forty Alberca, La, 142, 143, 279 Martyrs; mausolea; Macrina Albina, ascetic of Rome, 78, 80, 98, 99, domestic church at, 206, 209 101, 245 annona, 128, 180. See also taxation Alexander of Alexandria, 212 Antioch, 117, 119, 120, 207, 288, 325 Alexandria, 28, 185 Antonia Saturnina, North African Alps, 170 landowner, 166 altar Antoninus of Fussala, 157, 167–168, 169 Christian, 54, 95, 106, 117, 131, 134, apartments, 75, 88, 104, 113 142, 150, 165, 180, 189, 206, 268 Apocryphal Acts, 56, 57 pagan, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, Apollinarians, 198 42, 46, 90, 125 Apollinaris of Laodicea, Arian, 193

343

index

Apostles asceticism, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 75 images of, 137 archaeological evidence for, 153 private worship compared to, 200 encouraging of private worship, relics of, 84, 85, 93 190–191, 202–203 Apostolic Tradition, 53 heresy and, 212–214 Apotactites, 194 in villas, 125, 152–157, 158, 183, apse, 137, 140, 142, 152, 165 185–186, 187 in churches, 85, 86, 87, 135, 140, 149, male construction of female ideologies, 150, 152, 154 211–212 in urban houses, 74, 75, 85 Manichaeism and, 198 in villas, 128, 149, 164, 174, 176, 179 peripatetic, 121–122 Apuleius, 43, 46, 48, 59, 202, 239, 300, private churches and 317 Constantinople, 120–123 Aquileia, 70, 172 Rome, 96–99 Aquitaine, 279 private rituals and, 76, 193–194, 203, asceticism, 155–156, 185–186 204–205 bishops, 182 role in Priscillianist controversy, 183 cities, 181 social qualities of, 98–99, 113, 114, economy, 180 121–122, 154–157 elites, 179, 180 tensions around, 185–186, 194, 214 home of anonymous ascetic women, Asclepius, 42 186 Asella, ascetic of Rome, 258 home of Paulinus of Nola, 155 Asterius, comes Hispaniarum, 184 home of Sulpicius Severus, 155, 185 astrology location of Primuliacum, 181 prohibitions against, 197 mosaics, 128, 179, 180 Asturias, mithraea in, 239 Priscillianist controversy, 161 Athens, 22 urban Christian history, 181–182 atrium, 12, 28, 30 villa churches, 179, 180–181 Attis, 18, 38, 43, 239 villas, 125, 179–180 Audurus, estate near Hippo, 152 Arcadius, 107, 113 augur, 22 arcae, 77 augury arcarius, on rural estates, 164 prohibitions against, 47, 196, 197 archaeology Augustine, 4, 6, 92, 182 as evidence, 15, 129–130, 147, 153, and Antoninus of Fussala, 157, 231, 236 167 Arellano, 42 in Rome, 100 Arians. See also Trinitarian controversy letters of, 184 and Ambrose, 192, 193 on Manicheans, 192 and Macedonius, 116 on villa churches, 146, 151 and Marathonius and Eustathius, relationship with elites, 126, 167, 168, 122 169, 171 and private worship, 192–193, 194, Augustus, emperor 195, 198, 200, 202 and household cult, 32 and Ursinus, 193 ideology of women, 241 Ossius of Cordoba versus, 182 marriage laws, 230 women as type of, 212 religious legislation, 47, 197, 238 Aristotle, 210 aula. reception rooms Arles, council of (314), 278 Aurelianus, consul (400), 105, 106, 112, Arval brotherhood, 22 114, 115, 118, 122

344

index

Ausonius, rhetor, 36, 125, 127, 129, 154, Bellerophon, 178 158, 160, 179, 183, 185, 187 Bergamo, 170, 277 Auxentius, Arian bishop, 200 Biberist-Spitalhof, 237 Avila´ Bierbach, 37 episcopate of, 182, 183 birthday rituals, 28–30 Avitus of Braga, 84 bishops Azrou Zaou¨ıa, 274 asceticism and, 28–30, 185–186, 194 Bacchus. See also Dionysius authority of, 2, 3, 4, 6–7, 49, 182, cult of 183–184, 218, 219 prohibition of, 240 banned from private masses, 193 prohibitions against, 45, 196, 197 basilica building in Rome, 72 Baetica, 128, 180, 181, 185, 280 changing role in fifth century, 223 Bagradas valley, 164 confined to urban roles, 126, 161, 172, Bal, 38 174, 178, 182, 183 Balearic Islands, 184 female asceticism and, 212–214 baptism, 49, 52, 64, 150, 176, 178, 223, in Britain, 175–176 225, 279 in pre-Nicene Rome, 63–64 baptismal font pre-Nicene developments, 50–52, 58 in urban churches, 86 private churches and, 80–83, 101–102, in villa churches, 149, 150, 176, 178, 103, 116–120, 218, 221 279 after fifth century, 226 baptistery property and, 64–65 in parish churches, 172 relationship with elites, 79–83, 106, in tituli, 86 116–120, 123–162, 167–169, in urban churches, 176 170–172, 173–174, 178–179, in villa churches, 95, 125, 141, 142, 182–220 146, 150, 156, 158, 159, 165, 173, relationship with monks, 122–123 180, 181, 185, 279 role in imperial edicts, 191 Barbaria, clarissima, 217, 218, 222, 223, role in ritual, 55 224 role in rural Christianity, 126–127 Barcelona, 154 role in tituli, 68, 69, 71 possible cathedral church, 182 villa churches and, 127, 130, 151, 158, Basil of Caesarea, 4, 84, 117, 214 161–162, 166, 167–169 asceticism and, 123 blessing, 50, 55, 205 brother of Macrina, 208, 209, 210 Bona Dea on female asceticism, 214 cult of, 238 relationship with Eustathuis of Sebaste, Bordeaux, 128 121 annona and, 180 relic exchange and, 111 estates of Paulinus of Nola near, 154, Bassula, mother-in-law of Sulpicius 180 Severus, 156 Saint Seurin, 182 Bath, 178 villas near, 180 baths, 38, 75, 78, 105, 110 Bou Melika, 275 in churches, 150 Bradford-on-Avon, 176, 177, 178 in vici, 162 bread in villas, 5, 119, 128, 131, 133, 135, as eulogia, 160 149, 170, 179, 181 blessed at meals, 205 ritual in Judaism, 53 eucharistic, 55, 220 Belisarius, 255 Brescia, 170, 171, 277

345

index

Britain, 128 cathedra, 149 bishops, 175–176, 178–179 Cauca, 180 Christian imagery in villas, 178 Celer, vir spectabilis, 167, 168, 169 economy, 174–175 Celerina, martyr, 113 elites, 178 Censorinus, 29 mosaics, 128, 174, 178 Centallo, 150, 151, 172, 173, 277 urban Christian history, 175–176 ceramics villa churches, 131–133, 175, 176–178 Britain, 174, 175 villa temples, 34, 35 Hispania and Aquitaine, 180 villas, 174–175 Ceres, 210 bureaucracy, imperial, 219 Chafagi Aamer, 165, 166, 274, 275 in Constantinople, 104 Chalcedon, 115, 119 in countryside, 128 Apostoleion of Rufinus, 112, 142, 146, Byzacena, 164 156 nundinae, 274 episcopate of, 105 settlement patterns, 273 monastery of Rufinus, 114 Byzantium. See also Constantinople: Chalcedon, council of, 16, 115, 123, 223, foundation 263 chancel screens, 117, 131, 134, 141, Caelestis, 165 149 Caesarea chapel houses, 163 definition of, 15 survey, 164 charity. See also donations Caesarius, consul (397), 2, 112, 260, 264 Chedworth, 176 Calagurris, 281 chi-rho Calendar of 354, 44 image of, 132, 133, 145, 176, 178 Callistus, bishop of Rome, 52, 64, 72 Christianization, 9, 11, 62 catacomb of, 49 and Roman past, 222 Campania of countryside, 127, 162 Paulinus of Nola’s lands in, 271 of elites, 218–220 Cantabria, coast of, 180 Chrysaphius, eunuch, 123 Canterbury, 176 churches. See private churches, villa Cappadocia, 117 churches, and individual site and missionaries from in northern Italy, city names 172 churches, public Caracalla, 45 moral valuation of, 191, 200, 201, Caristia, 33 206–207, 208 Carranque, 143–146, 180, 181, 279 private churches imitate, 224 Carthage, 128 Cicero houses of, 163 affair of his house, 26 Carthage, council of (345–348), 168 statue of Minerva, 27 Carthage, council of (411), 168 tomb of Tullia, 36 castellum, 157, 200 Cirta, 165 North Africa, 162 clarissimi, 70, 180 Castellum Lucullanum, 217, 218, 224 Clarus, acolyte of Martin of Tours, 156, Castricia, 119 181, 221 castrum, 167 Claudius, emperor, 32 catacombs, 64, 93 Clement of Alexandria, 56 catechumens Clement, bishop of Rome, 56 in domestic context, 205 Clementina, gloriosa, 224

346

index

clergy Aurelianes, 105 deﬁnition of, 7, 84 Baths of Constantius, 112, 114 domestic, 75, 80–82, 98, 115, 118, 119, charitable foundations, 114 120, 223 Christian origins, 105–106 estate, 125, 146, 157–158, 167–169 Column of Constantine, 110 in Rome, 66, 70 edicts issued from, 194, 198 Cocosa, La, 137–138, 139, 142, 180, episcopate, 106 279 Forum of Constantine, 117 coemeterium, 64 foundation, 103–104 coins Great Palace, 104, 105 Britain and Gaul, 175 churches in, 110–111, 225 Hoxne treasure, 278 Helenianae, 117 in rural sites, 174 Holy Apostles, 106, 107, 112, 146, in Santo Stefano Rotundo excavations, 263 256 Karya, 113 Colchester, 176, 278 location of cathedral church, 107 collegia, 30, 32, 38, 64 martyrium of Celerina, 113 coloni martyrium of Philip, 113 in North African estates, 163, 164–165 monastery of Elias, 114 Paulinus of Nola as colonus, 155 monastery of Isaac, 114, 115, 122 relationship with dominus, 159, 171 monastery of Thalassius, 114 role in Priscillianist controversy, 183 palaces, 105, 112, 114, 119 role in villa churches, 166, 167–168, Philadelphion, 114 181, 187 private churches, 62, 103, 107–123, 217 Columella, 210 private monasteries, 62, 103, 112 conductores, 163, 164, 168 Promotou, 105 confessio, 88, 89 Psamathea, 114 consecratio, 26 public basilica building in, 103, deﬁnition of, 24–25 106–107, 108 consecration sarcophagus from, 137 of private church, 223 Sigma, 112 Consentius, correspondant of Augustine, St.Andrewmartyrium,261 184 St. Akakios, 106, 107, 113 Constantine St. Anthimius martyrium, 261 and relic collecting, 85 St. Euphemia en tois Olybriou, 107, 114 and relics, 253 St. Irene, 106, 107, 110 conversion of, 9, 61, 65 St. John the Baptist at the Hebdomon, donations to church of Rome, 63, 65, 107 68, 72, 86 St. Lawrence, 107, 112 economic reforms, 127 St. Mokios, 107 foundation of Constantinople, 103 St. Polyeuktos, 107, 112, 114 heresy legislation, 194, 196 St. Sophia, 107, 110, 113, 117 Holy Apostles, 110 St. Stephen, churches of, 112, 114, imperial priesthoods of, 22 115, 122 religious legislation, 47, 197 suburbs, 105, 115, 121, 122 role in Constantinopolitan church Theotokos Hodegetria, 107 building, 106–107, 108 Theotokos in Blachernae, 107 Sessorian palace, 62 Theotokos in Chalkoprateia, 107 Constantinople, 1, 2, 16 Topkap¯ı Saray¯ı, 107 Anastasia church, 107, 117 Trinitarian controversy, 193, 195, 200

347

index

Constantinople (cont.) Delphidius of Bordeaux, rhetor, 183 walls, Constantinian, 261 Delphinius of Bordeaux, bishop, 182 walls, Theodosian, 105 Demetrias, 94–96, 100, 256, 258 Constantius II, 106, 107, 112 Demophilus, Arian bishop, 200 relic translations of, 84, 106 dependents, 3, 6, 7, 105. See also conversion patronage at Felix’ shrine at Nola, 155 and estate clergy, 158 of elites, 218–220 and villa churches, 127, 158, 181 of rural populations, 126, 159, 169, in North Africa, 161 171, 172, 174, 187 Desana, 172, 173, 277 Cornelii, 75 Dewlish, 278 Cornelius, bishop of Rome, 52, 64 diaconia, 71 corpora, 30, 38, 64 dining rooms, 5, 10, 12, 49 councils, church, 183, 190, 191 in villas, 5, 128, 130, 134, 149, 174, regulation of private churches, 178, 180 190–196, 224 Diocletian courts, secular, 183 administrative reforms of, 127, 170, courtyard, 140 174, 180 in villas, 128, 135, 141, 143, 162 Dionysius, 41. See also Bacchus Crispinus, Donatist landowner-bishop, divination, 47 275 dome, 128, 143, 145, 146, 149 crypt, 94, 95, 134, 137, 180 domina cubiculum, 12, 97, 98, 206, 243, 332 as monastic patron, 218 Cucufate, Sao,˜ 268 role in Priscillianist controversy, 183 Cumae, 23 role in villa churches, 157, 167 Cuzabetenses, North African plebs, 166 dominus Cyprian of Carthage, 49, 51, 53, 54, 58, as monastic patron, 218 77, 221 in Christian rhetoric, 155 Cyriaca, religiosa femina, 246 relationship with dependents, 163, Cyzicus, 116 164–165 role at meals, 50 Dalmatia role in Priscillianist controversy, 183 martyr shrines, 142 role in selecting estate clergy, 157 villa churches, 141, 142 role in villa churches, 157 villa mausolea, 137 role in villa rituals, 35, 42 Damasus, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81, domus 97, 101, 102, 192, 193 and familia, 191, 199, 200, 214, 215, opposition to, 246 219, 285 Daniel, prophet, 201, 202 and priesthoods, 23 Danube River, 42, 217. See also frontiers: deﬁnition of, 5, 28, 213 Danube terminology in Constantinople, 105 dating, mortar, 269 domus ecclesiae, 89, 229, 241. See also deaconess, 113, 116, 142 house-churches: pre-Nicene deacons, 71 donations subdeacons, 224 of Paulinus of Nola, 155 Decius, emperor, 45, 200 of Sulpicius Severus, 156 decuriones, 180 tituli, 66–69, 70, 71 dedicatio to ascetics, 121, 122 deﬁnition of, 25 to church of Constantinople, 118–119 defensores, on rural estates, 164 to urban churches, 185, 186

348

index

Donatists Encratites, 194 at Fussala, 167 endowment. donations clergy, 157, 166 Ephesius, Luciferian bishop, 192 edicts against, 192 Ephesus, 104 on rural estates, 166, 167, 168, 169 Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, 101 Duero River, 180, 183 Epiphany, 185, 186 Dura Europos, 49, 51 Equitus, titular name, 65, 66 house church, 250 estate churches. villa churches mithraeum, 38 estates, See villas Durobrivae, 176 imperial, 162, 163, 164 eucharist, 75. See also rituals Easter, 63, 185, 246 and asceticism, 212 Ebro River, 180 and lamplighting, 205 economy blessing during, 55 changestoinfifthcentury,222–223 definition of, 13 rural, 127–128, 138, 161 equipment for, 79 Egypt eucharistic-type rituals, 55–56, 205, asceticism, 101, 121 242 deities from, 21 in tituli, 71 household shrines, 28 reserved, 2, 19, 54–55, 57, 76–78, 82, Eigenkirchen, 291 103, 117, 189, 192, 205, 221, ekphrases, 129 225 Eleusis, 116 containers for, 77 Eleutheropolis, 201 rituals of, 49, 50, 52, 76, 135, 142, 192, elites 201 competition among, 121, 122, 154, and definition of sacred space, 220 156, 160, 180, 181 and heresy, 195 Constantinopolitan discouraged in houses, 223 social qualities, 104 Euchrotia, wife of Delphidius of economic circumstances, 222 Bordeaux, 183 relationship with bishops, 79–83, 106, euergetism 116–120, 122–162, 167–169, Christian, 248 170–172, 173–174, 178–179, civic, 120 182–220 imperial, 114 after fifth century, 224 Roman sacrifical, 23 relationship with dependents, 166 rural, 36, 187 role in relic exchange, 84–85, 94 Eugippius, follower of Severinus of role in Roman Christianity, 70, 75–76, Noricum, 217, 223, 224 78 Eugraphia, lady of Constantinople, role in rural Christianity, 126–127 119 Emmelia, mother of Macrina, 206, Eunomians, 194, 198 209 Eunomius, Arian, 193 emperor, cult of, 26, 44, 165 Euphemia of Chalcedon, saint in the home, 32 relics of, 85 emperors Eusebia, aristocrat of Constantinople, 2, in Rome, 72 3, 111, 112, 115, 116, 142, 218 role in church building, 106–107 Eusebius of Caesarea, 110 role in private churches, 63, 87, Eusebius of Emesa, 204 110–111, 114 Eusebius of Nicomedia, 106, 122 role in unofficial cult, 44 Eusebius of Vercelli, 173

349

index

Eustathius of Sebaste, 122 Festus, 20 canons againt, 194 first fruits female ascetics and, 212, 213 donation of, 34 in Constantinople, 121–122, 195 Flacilla, empress, 105 influence of, 214 flamen, 22 private worship and, 193–194, 195 Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, 123 Eustochium, ascetic of Rome, 99, 206 Florentius, consul (429), 114, 123 eutaxia, 267 foreignness Eutyches, monk of Constantinople, 113, and accusations of magic, 46 114, 123 and asceticism, 101, 121 Exeter, 176 and relics, 93 exorcism, 152, 166 and unofficial cults, 43 Exuperius, ascetic of Rome, 80 Formiae, 42 Fortuna, 210 familia Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 116, 218 definition of, 5, 7, 191, 199, 228, 235 Basil of Caesarea on, 289 rituals of, 28, 30–32 church at Annesi, 206, 209, 212, role in household cult, 235 287 families, 3, 63, 219 Gregory of Nyssa on, 211 and civic priesthoods, 23–24 in Constantinople, 1, 2 asceticism and, 121, 155, 156, 208–209, relics of, 84, 93, 142, 206, 209 211 Forum Romanum, 25 definition of, 10, 191 Frampton, 178, 278 funerary cult, 32 friendship heresy and, 199–200, 213–214, 215 between bishops, 171, 184, 219 ideologies of, 191 role in asceticism, 155, 156, 157, 181 in pre-Nicene Christianity, 20 role in private churches, 160, 184, 187, late antique developments, 5–6 218 nuclear, 5 role in Roman religion, 3 role in private churches, 218 role in unofficial cults, 41–42 role in private worship, 19, 219–220 rural elites, 129, 154 role in Roman estate religion, 159 versus episcopal authority, 191 role in unofficial cults, 41–42 frontiers, 170 role in villa churches, 125, 133, 135, Danube, 217 142, 150, 152, 158–159, 169, 173, Rhineland, 42, 126, 175 178, 180–181, 187 Fronto, monk, 184 farms, fortified, 162, 163, 164, 165, functionalism 166 in social theory, 230 fasting, 101, 121, 186, 189, 204 fundus Felicissimus of Carthage, 52 in rhetoric of Paulinus of Nola, 155 Felix, saint of Nola, 218 North Africa, 162 possible relics of, 92, 94 fundus Aufidianus, 162 shrine of, 154–155, 158 fundus Iubaltianensis, 164 fenestella, 95, 146 fundus of Antonia Saturnina, 166 Feralia, 33 Fussala, castellum, 152, 167, 168 fermentum, 66, 71 festivals Gainas, 118 Christian, 62, 185, 223 Gallaecia, 180, 280 Jewish, 53 Gangra, council of, 121, 122, 194, 212, Roman, 30, 33, 165, 182, 206, 222 214, 266

350

index

Gaudentius of Brescia, 171, 173 family of, 211 and relic exchange, 85 on Macrina, 204, 205, 206, 208–212 Gaul. See also Aquitaine, 22 Gregory of Tours, 126, 225 asceticism in, 152, 185 Gregory the Great, 224 bishops of, 126, 182 gynaeconitis, 210 church councils, 223 ius sacrum in, 26 hagiography, 190, 208, 281 nundinae in, 36 Harpocrates, 28 properties of Paulinus of Nola in, 155 Hegel, Gorg Wilhelm Friedrich, 221 relationship with Britain, 175 Helena, empress, 84 unofﬁcial cults in villas, 42 and Sessorian palace, 85 villa churches, 141, 149–150 Henchir el Baroud, 274 villa mausolea, 36, 137, 142 Henchir Ouled Ahmeda. Rouis villa temples, 28, 34, 35 Herculaneum, 28, 30 Gaul, southwestern heresy, 11, 17. See also orthodoxy deﬁned, 279 families and, 199–200 Gelasius, bishop of Rome, 223 heresiological tropes, 190, 199–200, Geneva, 276 202, 212, 213, 214 villa churches near, 173 private churches and, 224 genius, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 private worship and, 190, 191–196, 202 augusti, 32 women and, 212–214 Genovius, servus sanctorum, 84 Hesperius, landowner near Hippo, 152, Gervasius and Protasius, saints, 67, 68, 93, 166, 168, 169 94 Hilary of Arles, 126 martyr shrine, 169 Hilary of Poitiers, 200 relics of, 85, 151 Hilary, bishop of Rome, 96 Gesta martyrum, 66, 101, 247 Himerius, bishop of Tarragona, 251 Gnostics, 56, 57 Hinton St. Mary, 178, 278 and private worship, 194, 196 Hippo, 93 Gnosticsm, 244 estates near, 168 God-Fearers, 38, 193, 238 villa churches around, 151 Gorgonia, sister of Gregory Nazianzen, Hippolytus, 52, 63, 64, 70, 76, 297, 298, 189–190, 205, 209, 211 305, 337, 341 Goths, 118, 119 Hispania Gracchi, 75 asceticism, 152, 185–186 graves church councils, 223 in or around churches, 135, 150, 152, cities, 181 159, 173 economy, 180 intramural, 89 elites, 180 Roman religious law, 33 estate clergy in, 157 Gregory Nazianzen, 211 heresy, 192 in Constantinople, 107, 117–118, 195, Luciferians, 201 266 mosaics, 128, 143, 179, 180 on Gorgonia, 189–190, 205, 206, 209 nundinae in, 36 on his family, 289 Paulinus of Nola and, 154, 155 Gregory of Elvira, 192, 201 Priscillianist controversy, 161 Gregory of Nyssa urban Christian history, 181–182 and relic exchange, 84 villa churches, 133–135, 137–138, 142, construction of female asceticism, 143–146, 179, 180–181 211–212, 214 sixth century, 279

351

index

Hispania (cont.) incense, 14, 29, 111, 125 villa mausolea, 36, 137 Innocent I, bishop of Rome, 71 villa temples, 34, 35 insula. See apartments villas, 179–180 Isaac of Constantinople, 112, 114, 115, historiography 117, 119, 122 private worship, 8–9 Iseo, Church of Saint Andrew, 172 rural Christianity, 126–127 Isis, 43, 46 Holcome, 278 cult of, 43, 44, 238 Holy Land priesthoods, 39, 42 relics from, 14, 84, 156, 166 prohibitions against, 196 honestiores, 173 prohibitions of, 45, 240 Honorius, emperor, 113 Isola Comacina Horus, 28 church of Santa Eufemia, 172 house-churches Italia Annonaria, 170 in Rome, 62, 65, 73–75, 88, 89 Italy pre-Nicene, 9, 49–50, 58, 66 bishops, 176, 280 houses, 58 nundinae in, 36 accusations of magic and, 46, 47 properties of Paulinus of Nola in, 155 as alternative worship spaces, 190, villa mausolea, 137 194–195 villa temples, 34 asceticism and, 97–98, 218 villa-based asceticism in, 154–155 Constantinopolitan oikoi Italy, northern deﬁnition of, 104–105 bishops doctrinal debate and, 99–101 Christian history, 173–174 functional specialization in, 76, 78 deﬁned, 276 late antique trends, 5, 75–76 economy, 170 moral valuation of, 54, 58, 97–98, 120, elites of, 173–174 190, 198–199, 214–222, 226 mosaics, 170, 173 and women, 203–204, 207, 210, urban Christian history, 170–172 211–212, 213 villa churches, 147–149, 150, 171, private space in, 12 172–173 sites of heretical accusation, 191–196, villas, 170, 173 197–200 Ithacius of Faro, bishop, 183 sites of orthodoxy, 200–202 Iubaltienses,NorthAfricanplebs, 165 tituli and, 74 ius publicum, 196 transformation of, 223 ius sacrum, 26 Hoxne Treasure, 178 Huesca, 184 Jerome, 92, 100 Hydatius of Merida,´ 183 on ascetic practice in Rome, 97–99, Hydroparastatae, 194 100, 101, 203 hygeia, 83 on Origenism, 100 Hypatius, monk of Constantinople, 115, on ritual, 76, 78, 82 262, 266 on women’s asceticism, 204, 206 relationship with Lucinius and Icklingham, 176 Teodora, Spanish ascetics, 152 Iconium, 189 Jerusalem, 87, 94, 185 icons Church of Holy Sepulcher, 87 domestic shrines for, 255 relics from, 152 Ignatius of Antioch, 51 Jerusalem, Heavenly, 225 Ilicus, presbyter of Rome, 69 John and Paul, martyrs, 88, 254

352

index

John Chrysostom, 92 laypersons, 7, 84. See also elites and private churches, 116 relationship with bishops, 182, 184 church building, 107 relationship with Gregory Nazianzen, exile of, 193 117 in Antioch, 119–120, 207 Lea, ascetic of Rome, 98 in Constantinople, 117, 118–120, 122, lead tanks, from Britain, 176, 178 207, 260 Lent, 185 on estate churches, 157 Leo I, bishop of Rome, 95, 96 John Rufus, 76 Leopardus, presbyter of Rome, 69, 93 John the Baptist, 154 Lepcis Magna, 163 relics of, 85 letters Joventius and Maximinus, martyrs, 254 and villa Christianity, 155, 156, 160 Jovinian, 100, 102, 317 Libellus precum, 192, 201 Jovinianism, 99 Liber Pontiﬁcalis, 65, 66, 231, 247, 248 Judaism. See rituals, Jewish Liber, god, 43 Julius, bishop of Rome, 72 Liberius, bishop of Rome, 72, 258 Jumilla, 37 Licinia Eudoxia, empress, 107, 114 juno, 28, 30 Lignon, Testament of, 37 Jupiter, 26, 27 Lincoln, 278 Dolichenus, 38, 39, 42 liturgical furnishings, 110, 117, 135, 157, Justin Martyr, 63 158, 181 Justinian, 115 liturgy. See rituals or eucharist legislation on private churches, 223, Livianus, deacon of Rome, 69 225 Llandough, 278 Lodi Vecchio, 277 Kasserine survey, 164 Lombardy, 276 kitchens, 30 villa churches in, 173 Kyme, 23 London, 178, 278 Loupian, 148, 149–150, 158, 159, 181, Lago d’Orta, church of San Giulio, 172 221, 279 Lalonquette, 268 lucernarium, 78, 212, 243, 287 Lambaesis, 42 Lucifer of Cagliari, 192, 201 Lampius of Barcelona, 185 Luciferians, 193 lamps, 79, 81 and private worship, 192, 201–202 in Christian rituals, 54, 78, 98, 205, 212 in Hispania, 192 in Jewish rituals, 53 Lucilla, femina nobilis, 84 Laodicea, council of, 193, 252 Lucina, matrona, 247 lararium, 234, 255 Lucinius, Spanish ascetic, 185 Lares, 27, 28, 30, 210. See also lararium; Lufton, 278 shrines, household Lullingstone, 131–133, 135, 158, 159, consecration to, 26 176, 178 Lares compitales, 32 Lusitania, 128, 182, 280 Lares familiaris, 30, 32 lustratio, 33, 35 law Christian, 221 Macarius, ascetic priest of Rome, 78, 102, on heresy, 190, 191–192, 193, 194, 192 197–200 Macedonians, 194, 198 Roman Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, on private ritual, 47, 190, 196–197 106, 107, 116–117, 122, 195, 263, public/private distinctions, 19 264

353

index

Macedonius, tribunus et notarius, 123 in villas, 121, 142, 146, 151–152, Mackwiller, 42 154–155, 158, 166, 169, 181, 186, Macrina, ascetic, 204, 208–212 217, 218, 223 asceticism as family-based, 208–209, private, in Constantinople, 111–113, 214 123 church building efforts, 206 Marusinac, 142, 143 domestic miracles of, 209–210 mass. See eucharist: rituals of ritual activities, 205, 206 Maternus Cynegius, praetorian prefect, magia, 44–48, 197, 317 145–146, 180 magic, 13 Mauretania Caesariensis accusations of, 46–48, 58–197 economy, 162 and women, 213 military sites, 273 Priscillian of Avila,´ 182, 183 settlement patterns, 273 and private worship, 46–48, 195, 197, Mauretania Tingitana 215 military sites, 162 magical papyri, 45, 46 settlement patterns, 273 magistri, on rural estates, 164 mausolea, 33, 182 Magna Mater, 18 and villas, 36–37, 141, 158, 173, cult of, 23, 26, 42, 44, 238 180–181, 187, 218, 256, 274 hierarchies in, 39, 42 Christian, 135–146 priesthoods, 43 at Annesi, 212 sanctuaries of, 38, 42 imperial, 63, 106, 110 Majsan, 142 Maxentius, emperor, 249 maleﬁcium, 196, 197, 213 Maximus of Turin, 171, 173, 174 Mandelieu, 42 Maximus, bishop of Salona, 269 Manicheans, 102 Maximus, presbyter of Rome, 69 and private worship, 192, 194, 196, 198 Mayen, 34 mansiones, 170 meals, 58 Marathonius, ascetic of Constantinople, and eucharist, 55–56, 76 116, 121–122 and prayer, 76 Marcella, ascetic of Rome, 80, 97, 98, 99, blessing during, 55–56, 205 100, 101, 113, 152, 195, 206, 245 Christian, 20, 50, 58 Marcellina, sister of Ambrose, 78, 98 eucharist at, 242 Marcellus, bishop of Rome, 72, 247 funerary, 142 Marialba, 152, 181, 279 Jewish, 53 Mark, bishop of Rome, 72 John Chrysostom’s refusal of elite marriage, 5, 12 banquets, 120 and asceticism, 194 Mechira, 165, 166, 274, 275 homes of married persons, 194 Meharza, 275 Marsa, 119 Melania the Elder, 84, 92, 100, 156 Martin of Tours visit to Nola, 155 and Sulpicius Severus, 156, 181 Melania the Younger image at Primuliacum, 156 in North Africa, 100, 157, 166 relationship with elites, 126 in Rome, 61, 62, 76, 78, 97, 98, 101, Martres-Tolosane, 181 206, 207 martyria, 72, 93, 98, 146 portrayal of her family, 289 and sacred space, 220 wealth renunciation of, 248 dangers of, 206, 207 Meletius, 117 deﬁnition of, 143, 146 mikva’ot, 53

354

index

Milan, 170 Mundelsheim, 42 as imperial capital, 170 mystery cults. See unoffiicial cults heresy, 192–193, 195, 200 Milreu, 35 Naples, 217 Minerva, 27, 314 bishop of, 223, 224 Minucius Felix, 46, 197 Narbonensis I, 182, 279 miracles narthex, 137, 142, 152 healing, 152 Naucratis, brother of Macrina, 210 Mithras, 43 Nazarius, saint, 93 cult of, 38, 39, 42, 43 relics of, 85 heirarchies in, 43 negotium, 203 hierarchies in, 39 neighborhoods symbolism, 43 and Mithraic cult, 238 mithraea, 21, 25, 38, 40, 42 in Constantinople, 104, 105, 109 monarchical episcopate, 242 in Rome, 70, 71, 102 monasteries, 62, 98, 103, 112. See also shrines of, 238 asceticism Neoplatonism, 99, 100, 101, 160 after Council of Chalcedon, 223 Neptune, 178 archaeological characteristics of, 272 Nero, 200 Augustine’s in Hippo, 167 Nestorius, neoplatonist, 101 definition of, 156 Newel, 34, 37 private, 113–114, 116, 117, 118, Nicea, council of, 190, 195, 278 120–123, 218 Nicomedia, 116 Severinus of Noricum’s on Danube, night 217 and accusations of magic, 46 monks. See also asceticism;and Nile, 43 monasteries Nola, 92, 153, 154, 185 and bishops in Constantinople, 34, 106, North Africa, 22 115, 116, 118 bishops, 176, 187 in private churches, 80, 112, 115, 116, bishops and villa churches, 161 118, 119, 120–123, 223 economy, 128, 162, 170 of Severinus of Noricum, 217 estate clergy, 157 role in rural Christianity, 126 household shrines, 28 monoepiscopate, 50, 58, 64 nundinae in, 36 Monophysite controversy, 225 reserved eucharist in, 55 Montanists, 192, 195, 282 settlement types, 162–164, 167 Monte da Cegonha, 268 Stephen relics, 94, 95 mosaics villa churches, 127, 146, 150, 163, floor, 5, 128, 133, 140, 143, 149, 170, 187 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180 villa mausolea, 137 Christian imagery on, 133, 135, villas, 161 180 Notre-Dame La Daurade, 182 Christian symbols on, 178 Novatian, 18–20, 52, 57, 64, 76, 221 in churches, 182, 275 Novatianists, 112, 246 North Africa, 163 Novempopulania, 179, 182, 279, 280 sepulchral, 184 Numidia, 162, 165 vault, 128, 137 estate churches in, 166 Mucrionenses, North African plebs, 166 fortified farms, 162, 163 Muline, 138–141, 142, 159 military sites, 273

355

index

nundinae, 36, 155, 164, 166, 274 in Gaul, 225 nympheum, xi, 92, 176 in Hispania, 225 in northern Italy, 172, 173, 225 oikoi villa churches compete with, 224 in Christian rhetoric, 245 origins of, 126, 130, 150 in Constantinople Hispania, 182 definition of, 104 northern Italy, 172 oil, olive, 138 system, 115, 126, 187 North African, 162 topography, 126 presses, 162, 164 Passover, 53 Olybrius, 114 pastophoria, 150, 165 Olympias, 113, 117, 121, 260 paterfamilias, 28, 32, 51 property near St. Sophia, 105 Patria of Constantinople, 108, 114 Olympius, dedicatee of Life of Macrina, patrocinium, 118 208 patronage. See also dependents, 2, 19, 20, orants, 132 27, 58 oratorium and ascetics, 80, 99, 102, 115, 122, definition of, 15 123 Orfitus, Lucius Cornelius, 18, 19, 42 and birthday rituals, 28–30 orientation, of ritual structures, 85, 134, and bishops, 219 137–138, 141, 158 and civic priesthoods, 23–24 Origen, 53, 54, 57, 100 and domestic clergy, 80, 102, 118, 120, Origenist controversy, 99, 195 123 Orosius, 84 and elites, 184, 219 orthodoxy. See also heresy and estate clergy, 158 definitions of, 11 household rituals, 29, 32 Ossius of Cordoba, 182 role in pre-Nicene communities, Ostia, 23, 28, 30, 33, 75, 92 49–50, 51, 58 otium, 126, 127, 185 role in private churches, 218 Ovid, 32 role in unofficial cults, 42 ownership, 14, 63, 64, 66 role in villas, 129, 158–159, 160, 184, archaeological evidence for, 15, 130, 187 165 Paul of Samosata, 52 Paul, bishop of Constantinople, 106, 107, Pacianus of Barcelona, 182 116 pagani, 126 Paul, bishop of Naples, 224 pagi, 170, 172 Paul, Saint palace. See Rome and Constantinople relics of, 84 palace chapels, 85–87, 110–111, 225 Paula, ascetic of Rome, 97, 98, 99, 100, palatia, 105 101 Palazzo Pignano, 147–149, 150, 158, 172, Paula, daughter of Laeta, 205 173, 277 Pauline epistles, 6, 56, 101 Palladius, 118, 119 Paulinus of Nola, 100, 125, 217 Pammachius, 91, 97, 100, 168, 195, and cult of Saint Felix, 92, 160, 258 218 Pammachius, titular name, 65 and relic exchange, 84, 85, 92, 93, Paphlagonia, 121 156 Parentalia, 33 image of at Primuliacum, 156, 181 parish in Hispania, 185 churches, 16, 150, 182 letters of, 160, 203

356

index

poetry of, 180 in communal rituals, 50 projects at Nola, 154–155, 160 private, 20, 53–54, 55, 76, 125, 133, Paulinus, Sextus Anicius, 96 135, 158; in ascetic practice, 97, peasants 156, 204–205, 206; in ascetic at Felix’ shrine at Nola, 155 ritual, 156 Pelagians, 99, 100, 195, 281 murmured, 47 Pelagius, 99, 100, 102, 258, 259, 291 presbyters. See also clergy, 117 Penates, 27, 28, 30, 210, 235 as domini, 184 Pergamon, 42, 104 banned from private masses, 193 periodization, 9–10, 63 Paulinus of Nola as, 154 peristyle, 28, 30, 104, 133, 180 pre-Nicene, 50, 52 Perpetua, martyr, 56 role in ritual, 55, 101 persecutions, of Christians, 45, 196 role in tituli, 66, 68–69, 71 Peter the Iberian, 111 priesthoods Peter, bishop of Alexandria, 101 civic, 22–24, 41, 44 Peter, brother of Macrina, 208, 209 Christians as, 22 Peter, saint imperial cult, 165 relics of, 84 of Magna Mater and Isis, 238 Philip, Apostle, 113 unofficial cults, 38–44 Philip, presbyter of Rome, 69 Primuliacum, estate of Sulpicius Severus, Phosphorus, North African landowner, 153, 155–156, 157, 181, 185, 279 165 Priscillian Piedmont, 135, 276 and Trinitarian controversy, 285 villa churches in, 173 Priscillian of Avila´ Pinianus, husband of Melania the activities in Hispania, 182–183, 185, Younger, 166, 248 189, 192 Pius I, bishop of Rome, 72 and villas, 147, 161 Placidia, empress, 105, 114 in Rome, 100 Pliny the Younger, 26, 32, 125, 129, 160 Priscillianists Plotinus, 99, 101, 206 allegations of magic, 222 Pluto, 164, 165 and families, 199 Pneumatomachi, 194 and private worship, 192, 282 poetry and women, 212 and villas, 129, 154, 180, 181 edicts against, 192 architectural epigrams, 156 later allegations of in Hispania, 184 repudiation of, 154 private pollution, 57, 58, 59 definitions of, 2, 12–14, 49, 56–58, 63, pomerium, 38, 44, 238 74, 160 Pompeii, 26, 28, 30 private churches, 2, 11, 217–218. See also Casa del Menandro, 29 villa churches Pontian, bishop of Rome, 64 and heresy, 215, 225 pontifex, 22, 24, 26 benefits of, 119 Pontii, 180 definition of, 14–15, 109–110, Pontius Leontius 114–115, 181, 230 villa of, 130 episcopal control in fifth century, Pontus, 206 223–224 Porphyry, 101 funding of, 115–116, 118–119 Praetextatus, 43 urban, 17, 62, 63, 65–71, 74, 75, 78–84, prayer, 47 99, 101, 102, 103, 107–123, 125 Christian in the sixth century, 224

357

index

private churches (cont.) Rimini, council of, 176, 192 women’s role in, 205–206 rituals. See also eucharist and sacrifice Proba, Anicia Faltonia, 92, 98 and asceticism, 97–98, 111, 121 Probus, Petronius, 23, 92 Christian private, 20, 53–56, 59, 62, 75, Processus and Martinianus, martyrs, 102 76–78, 82–84, 92, 99, 122, 125, Proclus, bishop of Constantinople, 227 146, 157, 189–190 Proconsularis and asceticism, 122, 204–205 estates in, 162, 164 and heresy, 191–196, 197–202 nundinae, 274 and women, 209 settlement patterns, 162 ideologies of, 56–190, 191, 195–196, procuratores, 146, 163, 168 197, 200–202, 207–208, 211, 214 proeseuche, 53 in villa churches, 132–133, 135 Promotus, magister equitum, 105, 114, Christian public, 75, 76, 101, 121 119 pre-Nicene, 49–50 Prudentius, 78, 180, 231, 251 fertility, 183 pseudo-Athanasius, 204, 207, 244 funerary, 32–33, 142 pseudo-Basil, 203, 204 healing, 209–210 public in tituli, 71 definitions of, 2, 49, 58 Jewish, 53, 54, 78, 205 Pudentia, titular name, 65 magical, 45 Pueblanueva, 137, 138, 142, 158, 180, private 279 defintion of, 14 Puglia, 128 Roman civic, 16, 19, 43, 44, 59 Pulcheria, empress, 1, 2, 105, 107, 112, definitions of, 20–21, 44 227, 261, 263, 303 Roman private, 16, 58, 131, 218, 222 purity accusations of magic, 46–48, 59, 197 and Judaism, 245 and women, 210 pyxis, 77 definitions of, 19, 21, 44 rural, 33–34, 35, 61, 171, 183 quindecimvir, 22, 38, 44, 239 Rockenhausen, 42 Rome, 16, 22, 119 reception rooms, 12 Ad duas lauros, 36, 37 beneath tituli, 74 asceticism in, 121, 152, 192 in urban houses, 5, 75, 78, 105 Aventine Hill, 42, 61, 98, 100 in villas, 5, 128, 131, 133, 134, 149, basilica building in, 62, 67, 71–73 158, 170, 174, 176, 178, 180, 181, basilica Iulia iuxta Forum divi Traiani, 269 249, 250 relics, 75 basilica Lucinae, 249 cult of, 186 basilica of Iulius, 249 in parish churches, 172 basilica of Liberius, 72, 250 intramural, 93–94 basilica of Mark, 249 private, 2, 14, 84–96, 106–112, 134, Baths of Diocletian, 252 135, 142, 146, 151–152, 156, 218, Caelian Hill, 38, 61, 78, 88, 100 221, 225 Campo Verano, 61 res sacra, 25, 26, 27, 33 capella near Lateran, 83–84, 85 resistance church factions, 291 theories of, 230 Colosseum, 38 retreats, 186 development of monoepiscopate in, 51 on villas, 183 diversity of Christian groups in, 63–65, Richborough, 176 69

358

index

domus Pinciana, 255 suburbium, 36, 256 episcopal palace, 84 Trastevere, 80, 249 Esquiline Hill, 27, 72 Velabrum, 69 food supply, 170 Via Appia, 18, 42, 52, 64 heresy, 192, 195 Via Aurelia, 102 horti Domitiae Lucillae, 82, 83, 85 Via Latina, 94, 95 house of the Valerii, 78–79, 81, 98 Via Tiburtina, 61, 96 household shrines in, 28 villa mausolea, 36 intramural relics, 93–94 villas Lateran, 72, 83, 84, 96 unofficial cults in, 42 Luciferians, 201 Rome, council of (499), 248 Manicheans, 192 Rome, council of (501), 248 Pincian Hill, 92, 98, 100 Rome, council of (502), 69 pre-Nicene Christian practice in, Romulus Augustulus, 217 63–65 Rouis, 165, 168, 275 private churches, 62, 78–84, 99, 101, Rufinus of Aquileia, 92, 100, 217 102, 123 Rufinus the Syrian, 258 Quattro Coronati, 74 Rufinus, praetorian prefect, 84, 112, 114, reserved eucharist in, 55 142, 146, 156. See also Chalcedon: Saint Peter’s, 96 Apostoleion of Rufinus San Callisto, 249 rural bishops, 167–169 San Clemente, 40, 74, 250 San Crisogono, 250 Sabbath, 53 San Lorenzo fuori le Mure, 61, 96, 98, Saccophori, 194 207, 246 sacerdotes provinciae, 22 San Lorenzo in Damaso, 250 sacra privata, 13, 38, 48 San Pietro in Vincoli, 250 sacrarium, 125, 130, 131 San Sebastiano, 249 sacrifice. See also rituals San Sisto Vecchio, 250 Christian, 54 San Vitale, 250 civic, 21, 22–23, 33, 46, 222, 231 Santa Anastasia, 250 domestic, 30, 31, 33, 44 Santa Balbina, 74 magical, 21, 45 Santa Cecelia, 250 rejected by Christians, 19, 22 Santa Costanza, 149 rural, 33, 61, 171 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 85–87 Sadaba,´ 37, 39 Santa Maria Maggiore, 72 saeculum, 120, 203 Santa Pressede, 250 Sagittius of Lerida,´ 184 Santa Prisca Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, 182, 185 oratory near, 252 Saint-Julian-en-Genevois, 172 Santa Pudentiana, 250 Salona, 142 Santa Sabina, 68 salutatio, 30, 122, 129, 155 Santa Susanna, 74, 249 sanctity Santo Stefano in via Latina, 94–96 private worship and, 190 Santo Stefano Rotondo, 96 sanctuary, of church, 134, 137, 149 Sessorian palace, 85, 86, 87, 90, 110 sarcophagus, 137, 140, 141 Ss. Apostoli, 249 Sardica, council of, 278 Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, 75, 88–92, 131, Saturninus, 106, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 221, 245 122 basilica of, 250 Saucedo, El, 268, 279 St. Felix on the Pincian, 92, 98 sculpture collections, 128, 129

359

index

Segermes survey, 164 Christian ideas of, 220–222 senatorial class use of by unofficial cults, 38, 44 expansion of, 5 Spain. Hispania role in Christianity, 60 St. Albans, 176 unofficial cults and, 39 statues senators collections of, 235 as provincial magistrates, 24 Stephen, bishop of Rome, 64 Seneca, stoic philosopher, 160 Stephen, saint Septimius Severus, 103 chapel in imperial palace, 262 Serapis, 38, 231, 239 martyr shrine, 169 Serdica, council of, 252 relics of, 84, 93, 94–96, 112, 152, 221, Severinus of Noricum, 126, 217, 218, 262 222, 224 Sulpicius Severus, 126, 153, 181 relics of, 224 and relic exchange, 84, 92 Severus, presbyter of Huesca, 184 letters of, 160 shrines on British bishops, 176 household, 25, 26, 27–32, 33, 59, 90, projects at Primuliacum, 155–156, 157, 131, 141, 159 159, 160, 181, 185–186, 221 Christian, 61, 89–91 relationship with local bishops, 186 Sidonius Apollinaris, 126, 129, 130, 146, superstitio, 44, 45, 46, 47, 196, 197 152 Switzerland poetry of, 180 villa churches, 141, 173 Silchester, 176 Syagrii, 184 silver, domestic, 78–79, 174, 176, 178 Syagrius of Huesca, bishop, 184 Silvia, sister-in-law of Rufinus, 156 Sylvester, bishop of Rome, 64, 66, 72 Simplicius, bishop of Rome, 96 Symmachus, bishop of Rome, 119 Siniti, castellum, 168 Synod of the Oak, 119 Siricius, bishop of Rome, 93, 102 synthronon, 140, 149, 150 Sixtus III, bishop of Rome, 72 Syria Sizzano, 135, 136, 172, 173, 277 asceticism, 121, 122, 123, 203 slaves, See also familia 46 household deities, 32 as managers, 155 rituals of, 30. Tabernacles, feast of, 53 role in private churches, 224 Tacitus, 32 role in unofficial cults, 39 Tamujas, El, 279 sleep, 111 Tarraconensis, 184 Sol, 43, 231, 239 Tarragona, 128 Soldier Saints of Leon, 152 taurobolium, 18, 19, 26, 42, 44, 333 soothsaying taxation, 128, 157, 174, 175. See also prohibitions against, 196, 197 annona Souk el-Lhoti, 150, 153, 165, 166, 274 and nundinae, 164 Sozomen, 1, 2, 3, 107, 110, 111, 116 temples space and nundinae, 165 gender, 47 in villas, 34–36, 158, 159, 164, 165, magic, 48 187 private private, 26 definitions of, 12, 14, 25 definition of, 25 public public definitions of, 24–25 definition of, 25 sacred rural, 36

360

index

templum Equiti, 66, 247, 249 definition of, 25, 130 Eusebii, 249 Tertullian, 53, 54, 55, 57, 83, 102 excavations beneath, 73–74 tetraconch, 137, 145 Fasciole, 66 Tetrarchs Gaii, 249 palaces and tombs, 261 origins of, 69–70 temple dedicated to, 164 Pammachii, 88 Thagaste, 157, 166 Pudentianae, 69 Theodora, Spanish ascetic, 185 sanctae Sabinae, 68 Theodore Lector, 111 Sylvestri, 66, 247, 249 Theodoric, 87 tensions within, 70–71 Theodosian Code. See also law Valilae, 68 edicts on heresy, 190, 191–192, 193, Vestinae, 67, 68, 93, 247, 248 194, 197–200 titulus. See tituli on estate clergy, 157 Tivoli, 257 on villa churches, 146 Toledo, council of (400), 157, 192, 213 Theodosian dynasty tombs. graves; mausolea and heresy legislation, 198 To r re d e Pa l m a , 279 in Constantinople, 105, 107, 114 Toulouse, 182 quarry marks of, 146 Trent, 171 Theodosius I Trinitarian controversy, 32, 123. See also heresy legislation, 194 Arians in Constantinople, 104, 107, 113, and private worship, 195, 198, 200, 122 201–202 Spanish estates, 180 Constantinople, 116, 117, 122 Theodosius II, 107, 111, 123 Hispania, 192 Therasia, wife of Paulinus of Nola, 154, Rome, 192 155 Tripolitania Theveste, 168 economy, 162 Thogonoetum, estate near Fussala, 157, fortified farms, 162, 163 167 military sites, 162 Thyrsus, saint, 1, 2, 112, 227 settlement patterns, 162 Tiberius, emperor Trois Ilots, 275 religious legislation, 47, 197 trough buildings, 164, 165 Tibullus, 29 True Cross, 84, 86, 92, 93, 110, 111, Tiffeltassine, 274, 275 156 Tigriniani, 92 Turbo, bishop of Eleutheropolis, 201 Tigrinus, presbyter, 95 Tur in, 171, 277 tituli, 62, 67, 92, 102, 115, 119, 217, 245 Ugljan, 138 administration of, 68–69 Ulpian, 26 Aemeliae, 249 umgangstempel, 34 Apostolorum, 69 unofficial cults, 16, 28, 37–44 baptisteries in, 86 in villas, 239 bishops’ role in, 71, 102 Urbica, relative of Ausonius, 183 Byzanti, 66, 88 Ursicinus, presbyter, 69 Chrysogoni, 248, 250 Ursinus, candidate for bishop of Rome, Cyriaci, 249 72, 193 Damasi, 247, 248 usufruct definition of, 65–68 properties of Sulpicius Severus, 272

361

index

Val, El, 268 bishops role in, 127 Valence, council of, 186 Britain, 176–178 Valentine, villa of, 35, 159 clergy of, 157–158 Valentinian I North Africa, 165–166, 167–169 church building in Rome, 250 northern Italy, 172–173 Valerian, emperor, 45 role in rural Christianity, 127 Valerii, 61 social qualities of, 17, 127, 158–160, Valerius Severus, 78, 79 165–166, 173, 176–179, 180–181, Valila, 68, 257 183–187 Vandoeuvres, 141, 142, 159, 172, 173 various types, 129–152 Venetia et Histria, 276 Villa Fortunatus, 133–135, 158, 180, 184, Venusianeses,NorthAfricanplebs, 166 279 Venus, 28, 35, 90 villa temples, 239 Vercelli, 277 villa urbana, 128 Verona, 171 Villaro di Ticineto, 172, 277 Ver res villas use of cult statues in house, 234 as formative of ascetic practice, Vesatenses,NorthAfricanplebs, 164 156–157 Vesta, goddess, 210 as formative of Christian practice, vestibules, 128, 131 158–160, 161, 178–179, 180–181, in churches, 150 183–187 Vestina, 67, 68, 69, 93 as sites of elite identity, 5, 128–129, Via de la Plata, 180 157, 160, 161, 163–164, 170, 174, viaticum, 55 178, 180, 181, 184 vici deﬁnition of, 231 Britain, 176 late antique trends, 5, 128–129 Italy, northern, 170 northern Italy, 170 North Africa, 162, 164, 167 temples, 34–36, 42 Victor, bishop of Rome, 64 topography of religious buildings, 35, Victor, consul (369), 114, 115, 117, 36, 135, 141, 147, 150, 158, 122 159 Victoriana, estate near Hippo, 151 transformation of, 147, 150, 223 Victricius of Rouen, 85 unofﬁcial cults in, 42 vicus, 157 Vincent, martyr, 269 at Annesi, 206 Virgil, 125, 222 vicus Ariciagi, 170 Virgin Mary Vigilantius, presbyter, 185 as ascetic model, 186, 204 Vigilius of Brescia, bishop, 172 virgins Vigilius of Trent, bishop, 172 and the home, 203–204 vigils, 78, 97, 102, 192, 201, 206, 207 at Annesi, 209 vilica, 34 bodies of, 211, 286 vilicus, 34, 163, 239 cured by private relics, 152 villa churches, 119, 125–126, 140, 156, Vitalis, Saint, 93 157, 187, 218 Volusianus Lampadius, 255 advantages of, 157 von Harnack, Adolf, 229 and asceticism, 154–157 votives, 252 and parish churches, 150, 224, 225 Christian, 79, 142 archaeological evidence for, 129–130, private, 26 147, 165 Roman, 18, 25, 26, 34, 35, 45

362

index

Water Newton treasure, 176, 178 private worship and, 17, 204–205, 207, White, L. M., 229 215 Wigginton, 176 public activities as source of power, wine 289 blessed at meals, 55 public churches and, 206–207 eucharistic, 205 role in Christian ritual, 189 women, 57 role in unofﬁcial cults, 39 accusations of magic, 47 asceticism and, 186, 191, 203–212, 214 Yo r k , 278 euergetism and, 47, 210–211, 212 heresy and, 99, 183, 199 Zaragoza, council of, 185, 189, 190, 192, in career of John Chrysostom, 265 213, 281 in domestic space, 12 Zeno of Verona, 83 married, 186 Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome, 49 private churches and, 205–206, 210, Zeus, 28 212 Zubedi, estate near Hippo, 166

363