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Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine in Central Europe by Historic Time Period and Its Microevolutionary Implications

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Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine in Central Europe by Historic Time Period and Its Microevolutionary Implications \l N/ PhD - Thesis by osteometric variation of the Human spine in central Europe Historic Time Period and Its Microevolutionary Implications Dr. med. Frank Jakobus Rühli Unit Biological Anthiopology and Comparative Anatomy Research Department of Anatomical Sciences The University of Adelaide - Australia Supervisor: Prof. Dr. M. Henneberg of Adelaide - Australia Department of Anatomical sciences, The university Co-SuPervisor: Prof. Dr. Dr. M. Schultz ZentrumAnatomie,Georg-August-UniversitätGöttingen-Deutschland June 2003 Table of Contents Tables ..... 5 Figures ... 7 Abstract .. 9 Statement 11 Acknowledgments .. t2 Introduction I4 Anatomical aspects of the human spine ...'........' l4 sexual dimorphism and age-related adaptalions of the human spine .... 27 Biomechanics and spinal morphology........'.'.' 31 Osteometric findings of earlier spinal studies ... 34 lmpact of osteometric research of the human spine .................' 51 Spinal pathologies - especially lower back pain 59 Clinical and dynamic assessment of the spinal neural pathways""' 68 Historical perspectives of spinal disorders and morphometry "'..". 78 The non-human spine 83 Major evolution of the human spine and its physiological adaptations 87 Anatomical variations of the spine ........ 92 Microevolutionary and secular trends in human anatomy ...'. 97 Aim of the study ................ 105 Hypothesis to be tested .. 105 Material 106 Supplementary information on the samples ... rt2 2 F. J. Rühli - Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine Methods 119 Measurements ............ 119 Technical equipment t28 Estimation of intra- and inter-observer error r29 Examination permission 135 Data analysis 135 Critical sample size ......... 136 Modern samples ... r37 Results t39 Sex and age composition of the samples 139 Descriptive statistics of the measurements ..'..'...' t39 Osteometric data of the whole sample t42 Sexual dimorphism 150 Side differences of spinal measurements ..'..'.....'....... " "' 151 Inter-correlations of all measurements 151 Correlation of examined variables with individual age "' t52 Microevolutionary trends since the Late Pleistocene ""' 158 Secular changes of the intervertebral foramen in the modern samples .....'. 163 Analysis of variance: variable means with respect to time before present .........'.'....... 166 Analysis of variance: variable standard deviations with respect to time before presentlT2 Principal components analysis of the spinal variables """""""176 Discussion 178 Osteometric knowledge of historic spines 178 Study limitations 179 J F. J. Rühti - Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine Comparative analysis of the results ....... 187 Variation of spinal morphometry due to sex and age 225 Inter-populational variations of spinal morphometry 230 Relation of geography and society to spinal morphometry ..'.'...... 230 Influence of stature and body size on spinal morphometry 234 Microevolutionary trends in body size and robusticity ."."-..'..236 Alterations of brain and skull morphometry as models for the spinal microevolution 256 Microevolution and secular trends of the spine and their possible etiologies .............. 258 Importance and functional implications of osteometric spinal data 273 Osteometric dimensions and their possible clinical value: the intervertebral foramen 275 Conclusions 278 References 280 Appendix 334 F. J. Rühli - Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine 4 Tables Table 1: Osteometric studies of recent and historic spine samples 53 Table2: Morphological studies of spines in living people and cadavers ..................55 Table 3: Individuals / samples included in the present study 108 Table 4 Measurements used t23 Table 5: Inter-observer erïor of selected vertebral and long bone dimensions ........ 134 Table 6: Composition of modern samples St. Johann and "Geneva", with individually known sex and age 138 Table 7: Mean, standard deviation (SD) and number of individuals measured (N) of all variables for whole sample and modern subgroups '..'........I44 Table 8: Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of caudal intervertebral foramen width with birth year ..... 164 Table 9: Pearson correlation coeff,rcients (r) of intervertebral foramen height with birth year.......... .'.".... 165 Table 10: Inter-correlation of anterior vertebral body height at various levels ......... 186 Table I 1: Vertebral body height (mm) of various samples ................ ...'.. 188 Table 12: Vertebral body diameters (mm) of various samples ..'............. 196 Table 13: Maximum pedicle height (mm) of various samples .. 202 Table 14: Neural canal sizes (mm) of various samples 207 Table 15: Intervertebral foramen width (mm) of various samples .................'......'.'.215 Table 16: Correlation coefficient between individual stature and foramen magnum breadth 2t7 Table 17: Foramen magnum dimensions (mm) of various samples 2t8 F. J. Rühl¡ - Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine 5 Table 18: Length of spinous process as a percentage of the sagittal diameter of the vertebral body .............. 221 Table 19: Transverse process width (mm) of various samples 222 Table 20: Maximum humeral length (mm) of various samples ............... Table 2l: Femur length (mm) and femur head breadth (mm) of various samples 240 Table22: Femur mid-shaft circumference (mm) of various European samples .. .241 Table 23: Bi-iliac breadth (mm) of various European samples ..... 242 Table24 Estimated statures (cm) of various European samples .. ..243 F. J. Rühli - Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine 6 Figures Figure 1: Anatomy of the intervertebral foramen .19 Figure 2: CT based 3-D-surface reconstructions of thoracic and lumbar spines of selected ape cadavers .85 Figure 3: Major samples examined ..110 Figure 4: Historic age groups (time groups) represented in the whole sample ...........110 Figure 5: Major time groups represented in the whole sample ................. 111 Figure 6: Age groups distribution in the whole sample .......... 111 Figure 7: Map of Central-'Western Europe with sample origins ............... 118 Figure 8: Lateral views of measurement definitions of the intervertebral foramen ....I24 Figure 9: Cranial views of osteometric measurement definitions of the intervertebral foramen 126 Figure 10: Technical error of measurement for selected spinal dimensions by experienced and inexperienced observers ................133 Figure 11: Sagittal diameter of Ll vertebral body in females showing mostly a normal distribution 140 Figure 12: Transverse process width of L5 in females showing a non-normal distribution 140 Figure 13: Transverse spinal canal diameters at Ll in males showing mostly a normal distribution ........141 Figure 14: Spinous process lengths at C3 in males showing a non-norrnal distribution 141 Figure 15: Variables by vertebral levels with mean for males and females and maximum one standard deviation range ................. 145 F. J, Rühli - Osteometric Varialion of the Human Spine 7 Figure 16: Selected variables with signifrcant change with known individual age rn modern samples .... 155 Figure 17: Selected variables with signifrcant microevolutionary trends in males ....159 Figure 18: Selected variables with signifrcant microevolutionary trends in females ....161 Figure 19: Significant and borderline alterations of mean values between Neolithic / Bronze Age and modern samples ... r70 Figure 20 Signifrcant and borderline alterations of standard deviations values between Neolithic lBronze Age and modern samples ..........174 Figure 21: Principal components I and 2 of males and females in modern samples ....I77 Figure22: Mean humerus length of various historic and modern samples ...................246 Figure 23: Mean femur length of various historic and modern samples .....247 Figwe24: Estimated male stature of various historic and modern samples .................248 Figure 25: Estimated female stature of various historic and modem samples ..............249 Figne26: Means of measured long bones by time periods in the present study ..........250 Figwe2T: Secular trends of male and female spinal dimensions ...............262 Figure 28: Microevolutionary trends of selected vertebral measurements ........... ........263 Figure 29: Selected variables in males with signifrcant alterations with time before present and independent of maximum femur length .264 Figure 30: Selected variables in females with significant alterations with time before present and independent of maximum femur length ...265 F. J. Rühli - Osteometric Variation of the Human Spine 8 Abstract For most parts of the human body, the morphometry and its variation with regard to microevolutionary and secular trends, sexual dimorphism and individual aging are well known. Surprisingly, studies focusing on the vertebral column have so far primarily used either a macroevolutionary or a clinical focus. The aim of this study is to address the osteometry and variation of the human spine from a special perspective, possible microevolutionary alterations. A total of 348 human skeletons, dating from 28,000 B.C. to the mid 20* century 4.D., from 24 sites mostly in Switzeriand and Southem Germany, and without macroscopic pathology, were measured with a caliper by a single observer. These measurements atvertebral levels cervical 3 and 7, thoracic 1,6 and 10, andlumbar I and 5 were taken: ventral and dorsal vertebral body height, sagittal and transverse vertebral body and spinal canal diameters, spinous and transverse process length, pedicle height and intervertebral foramen widths; as well as the
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