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Loading and Recovery Behavior of the Human Lumbar Spine Under Static Flexion

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Loading and Recovery Behavior of the Human Lumbar Spine Under Static Flexion Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Loading and recovery behavior of the human lumbar spine under static flexion Guntulu Selen Hatipkarasulu Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Hatipkarasulu, Guntulu Selen, "Loading and recovery behavior of the human lumbar spine under static flexion" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 457. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/457 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. LOADING AND RECOVERY BEHAVIOR OF THE HUMAN LUMBAR SPINE UNDER STATIC FLEXION A Dissertation Submitted to Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Guntulu Selen Hatipkarasulu B.S. in C.E., Çukurova University, 1997 M.S. in I.E., Louisiana State University, 2002 May 2006 To my husband Yilmaz, my son Koral, and my parents M. Ozkan and Gulseren ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the support and advice of several people in helping me through this project. First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Fereydoun Aghazadeh for helping me to start and complete my studies at Louisiana State University. He was always patient, supportive and helpful for any problem I had in and out of school. I also would like to thank my advisory committee members Drs. Chester G. Wilmot, Jeremy Hubert, Sherif Ishak, and Xiaoyue Jiang for their time, service, and constructive criticism. I have to mention Dr. Moshe Solomonow of Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Colorado State University for introducing me to experimental electromyography. I have gained invaluable knowledge and experience under his guidance. I would like to thank my family, Gulseren, M. Ozkan, Sengul, Mustafa A., Alper, Ahu and Basak back home in Turkey for their continuous patience, support and sacrifice. Finally, I am not sure how to express my feelings for my husband, Yilmaz and my son, Koral for their love, support and understanding. This work required a lot of time away from them and they deserve credit for this work as much as I do. Finally, I would like to thank all the participants who agreed to take a part in this study. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................. 4 2.1. Lower Back Anatomy and Physiology .............................................................. 4 2.1.1. Ligaments and Tendons........................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Vertebral Column .................................................................................... 5 2.1.3. Intervertebrae Joints................................................................................. 5 2.1.4. Spinal Cord .............................................................................................. 6 2.1.5. Erector Spinae Muscle............................................................................. 7 2.1.6. Mechanoreceptors.................................................................................... 7 2.2. Electromyography.............................................................................................. 8 2.2.1. Time Domain Analysis............................................................................ 9 2.2.2. Frequency Domain Analysis.................................................................... 9 2.2.3. Normalization ........................................................................................ 10 2.2.4. Fatigue Evaluation with Electromyography .......................................... 10 2.3. Review of Muscle Behavior Related Studies................................................... 11 2.4. Mathematical Models of Muscle Behavior and Recovery............................... 16 CHAPTER 3 - GOALS AND OBJECTIVES................................................................ 25 3.1. Rationale .......................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Goals and Objectives ....................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4 - METHODS AND PROCEDURE ......................................................... 27 4.1. Experiment Procedure and Data Collection..................................................... 27 4.1.1. Equipment.............................................................................................. 27 4.1.2. Experiment Setup................................................................................... 29 4.2. Data Processing................................................................................................ 33 4.2.1. Raw Data Conversion............................................................................ 34 4.2.2. Full Wave Rectification......................................................................... 36 4.2.3. Normalized Integration.......................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 5 - MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS................................... 44 5.1. Observations and Hypothesis Testing.............................................................. 44 5.2. Loading Model................................................................................................. 48 5.3. Recovery Model............................................................................................... 52 iv 5.4. Adjusted Recovery Model ............................................................................... 58 5.5. Statistical Analysis of Variables ...................................................................... 63 5.6. Analysis of Fatigue .......................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 70 6.1. Conclusions...................................................................................................... 70 6.2. Recommendations for Future Research........................................................... 76 REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX A - STUDY CONSENT FORM................................................................ 86 APPENDIX B - RAW EMG DATA.............................................................................. 90 APPENDIX C - FULL WAVE RECTIFIED EMG DATA ........................................ 101 APPENDIX D - NORMALIZED INTEGRATED EMG DATA................................ 112 APPENDIX E - MEDIAN FREQUENCY DATA FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS ...... 123 VITA ............................................................................................................................ 134 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Participant Information ..........................................................................................30 Table 2. NIEMG Values for All Participants - Channel 1 ...................................................41 Table 3. NIEMG Values for All Participants - Channel 2 ...................................................42 Table 4. Loading Model Parameters using Averaged NIEMG Values................................52 Table 5. Recovery Model Parameters using Averaged NIEMG Values..............................55 Table 6. Adjusted Recovery Model Parameters using Averaged NIEMG Values ..............62 Table 7. Results of the Repeated Analysis of Variance for Loading Period........................64 Table 8. Results of the Repeated Analysis of Variance for Recovery Period......................64 Table 9. Results of Paired T-Test Analysis of Median Frequency Values ..........................65 Table 10. Results of Paired T-Test Analysis of Median Frequency Values ........................66 Table 11. Averaged Median Frequency Values for All Participants ...................................67 Table 12. Results of Paired T-Test Analysis of Median Frequency Values ........................68 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Erector Spinae Muscle Group (ExRx, 1999)..........................................................7 Figure 2. NIEMG Model for Six Lumbar Levels during 20-minute Loading Period..........20 Figure 3. NIEMG Model for Six Lumbar Levels during Recovery Period. ........................21 Figure 4. The Bagnoli 2 EMG System, Delsys Inc, Boston, MA........................................28
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