DOCSLIB.ORG

Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back ARIF REZA ANWARY A thesis submitted to the department of Engineering and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Production and Manufacturing Engineering at the University of Wolverhampton The research was carried out with the Research and Teaching Centre of the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham May 2012 Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back ARIF REZA ANWARY MAY 2012 This work or any part thereof ha s not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purpose of assessment, public ation or for any other purpose (unless otherwise indicated ). Save for any express acknowledgements, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Arif Reza Anwary to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature :____________________ Date : ________________________ Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back Abstract In this research, Procrustes and Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) have been investigated for analysing the three-dimensional shape and form of the human back. Procrustes analysis is used to distinguish deformed backs from normal backs. EDMA is used to locate the changes occurring on the back surface due to spinal deformity (scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis) for back deformity patients. A surface topography system, ISIS2 (Integrated Shape Imaging System 2), is available to measure the three-dimensional back surface. The system presents clinical parameters, which are based on distances and angles relative to certain anatomical landmarks on the back surface. Location, rotation and scale definitely influence these parameters. Although the anatomical landmarks are used in the present system to take some account of patient stance, it is still felt that variability in the clinical parameters is increased by the use of length and angle data. Patients also grow and so their back size, shape and form change between appointments with the doctor. Instead of distances and angles, geometric shape that is independent of location, rotation and scale effects could be measured. This research is mainly focusing on the geometric shape and form change in the back surface, thus removing the unwanted effects. Landmarks are used for describing back information and an analysis of the variability in positioning the landmarks has been carried out for repeated measurements. Generalized Procrustes analysis has been applied to all normal backs to calculate a mean Procrustes shape, which is named the standard normal shape (SNS). Each back (normal and deformed) is then translated, rotated and scaled to give a best fit with the SNS using ordinary Procrustes analysis. Riemannian distances are then estimated between the SNS and all individual backs. The highest Riemannian distance value between the normal backs and the SNS is lower than the lowest Riemannian distance value between the deformed backs and the SNS. The results shows that deformed backs can be differentiated from normal backs. EDMA has been used to estimate a mean form, variance-covariance matrix and mean form difference from all the normal backs. This mean form is named the standard normal form (SNF). The influence of individual landmarks for form difference between each deformed back and the SNF is estimated. A high value indicates high deformity on the location of that landmark and a low value close to 1 indicates less deformity. The result is displayed in a graph that provides information regarding the degree and location of the deformity. The novel aspects of this research lie in the development of an effective method for assessing the three-dimensional back shape; extracting automatic landmarks; visualizing back shape and back form differences. i Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ...................................................................................................... v List of Tables...................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments............................................................................................. viii Nomenclature ...................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Back deformity..................................................................................... 1 1.3 Causes of back deformities .................................................................. 3 1.4 Types of back deformities.................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Scoliosis ....................................................................................... 3 1.4.1.1 Infantile idiopathic scoliosis..................................................... 4 1.4.1.2 Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis..................................................... 5 1.4.1.3 Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)...................................... 5 1.4.1.4 Adult idiopathic scoliosis......................................................... 5 1.4.2 Kyphosis....................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Lordosis........................................................................................ 6 1.5 Measuring techniques and devices of back deformities....................... 7 1.5.1 Radiography ................................................................................. 8 1.6 Research problem................................................................................. 9 1.7 Statistical analysis of shape................................................................ 10 1.7.1 Procrustes analysis..................................................................... 11 1.7.2 Euclidean distance matrix analysis ............................................ 11 1.8 Research objectives............................................................................ 12 1.9 Research outcomes............................................................................. 12 1.10 Ethical clearances statement............................................................... 13 1.11 Outline of thesis ................................................................................. 13 2 Three-dimensional spinal deformities........................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 15 2.2 Spinal anatomy................................................................................... 15 2.3 Human back surface anatomy ............................................................ 18 2.3.1 Visible landmarks on human back ............................................. 18 2.3.2 Palpable landmarks of the back surface ..................................... 20 2.4 Back deformity................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Prevalence of back deformities .................................................. 22 2.4.2 Types of back deformities.......................................................... 24 2.4.2.1 Human body planes................................................................ 24 2.4.2.2 Scoliosis ................................................................................. 25 2.4.2.3 Treatment of scoliosis ............................................................ 26 2.4.2.4 Kyphosis and Lordosis........................................................... 28 2.5 Three-dimensional spinal and surface measurements........................ 29 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................ 30 3 Surface measurement methods................................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 31 3.2 Necessity of surface measurement ..................................................... 31 ii Statistical Shape Analysis for the Human Back 3.3 Surface measurement methods........................................................... 32 3.3.1 Scoliometer................................................................................. 32 3.3.2 Contour devices.......................................................................... 34 3.3.3 Moiré Topography......................................................................35 3.3.4 Quantec....................................................................................... 38 3.3.5 ISIS............................................................................................. 39 3.3.6 ISIS2..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determination of the Human Spine Curve Based on Laser Triangulation Primož Poredoš1*,Dušan Čelan2, Janez Možina1 and Matija Jezeršek1
    Poredoš et al. BMC Medical Imaging (2015) 15:2 DOI 10.1186/s12880-015-0044-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Determination of the human spine curve based on laser triangulation Primož Poredoš1*,Dušan Čelan2, Janez Možina1 and Matija Jezeršek1 Abstract Background: The main objective of the present method was to automatically obtain a spatial curve of the thoracic and lumbar spine based on a 3D shape measurement of a human torso with developed scoliosis. Manual determination of the spine curve, which was based on palpation of the thoracic and lumbar spinous processes, was found to be an appropriate way to validate the method. Therefore a new, noninvasive, optical 3D method for human torso evaluation in medical practice is introduced. Methods: Twenty-four patients with confirmed clinical diagnosis of scoliosis were scanned using a specially developed 3D laser profilometer. The measuring principle of the system is based on laser triangulation with one- laser-plane illumination. The measurement took approximately 10 seconds at 700 mm of the longitudinal translation along the back. The single point measurement accuracy was 0.1 mm. Computer analysis of the measured surface returned two 3D curves. The first curve was determined by manual marking (manual curve), and the second was determined by detecting surface curvature extremes (automatic curve). The manual and automatic curve comparison was given as the root mean square deviation (RMSD) for each patient. The intra-operator study involved assessing 20 successive measurements of the same person, and the inter-operator study involved assessing measurements from 8 operators. Results: The results obtained for the 24 patients showed that the typical RMSD between the manual and automatic curve was 5.0 mm in the frontal plane and 1.0 mm in the sagittal plane, which is a good result compared with palpatory accuracy (9.8 mm).
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Experimentally Induced Pain and Fear of Pain on Trunk Coordination and Back Muscle Activity During Walking
    Clinical Biomechanics 19 (2004) 551–563 www.elsevier.com/locate/clinbiomech Effects of experimentally induced pain and fear of pain on trunk coordination and back muscle activity during walking Claudine J.C. Lamoth a,b,*, Andreas Daffertshofer a, Onno G. Meijer a, G. Lorimer Moseley c, Paul I.J.M. Wuisman b, Peter J. Beek a a Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands b Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Center Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands c Department of Physiotherapy, Royal Brisbane Hospital and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Received 3 February 2003; accepted 17 October 2003 Abstract Objective. To examine the effects of experimentally induced pain and fear of pain on trunk coordination and erector spinae EMG activity during gait. Design. In 12 healthy subjects, hypertonic saline (acute pain) and isotonic saline (fear of pain) were injected into erector spinae muscle, and unpredictable electric shocks (fear of impending pain) were presented during treadmill walking at different velocities, while trunk kinematics and EMG were recorded. Background. Chronic low back pain patients often have disturbed trunk coordination and enhanced erector spinae EMG while walking, which may either be due to the pain itself or to fear of pain, as is suggested by studies on both low back pain patients and healthy subjects. Methods. The effects of the aforementioned pain-related manipulations on trunk coordination and EMG were examined. Results. Trunk kinematics was not affected by the manipulations. Induced pain led to an increase in EMG variability and induced fear of pain to a decrease in mean EMG amplitude during double stance.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Skin Dimples
    Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science 5:1 January - February (2015)15 – 18. Contents lists available at www.innovativejournal.in INNOVATIVE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE Journal homepage:http://innovativejournal.in/ijmhs/index.php/ijmhs Revıew ANATOMICAL SKIN DIMPLES M.D. Rengin Kosif Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine,Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Corresponding Author: Dimples are visiable identations of the skin and a dominant trait. M.D. Rengin Kosif Anatomically, dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the Assistant Prof. some body tissue for example muscles, connective tissues, skin and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of subcutaneous tissue. Dimples types of the human body: Fovea buccalis Medicine,Abant Izzet Baysal (dimple of cheek), fovea mentalis (dimple of chin), zygomatic dimples, fossa University, BOLU, TURKEY supraspinosus (bi-acromial dimple=dimple of shoulder), elbow dimples, fossa lumbales laterales (dimple of back), gluteal dimples and sacral- coocygeal dimples (pilonidal dimple). Sometimes, dimples are permanently present, but sometimes not permanent. They vanish away when the excessive fat goes away. Dimples are not indicators good health. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijm hs.2015.vol5.iss1.45.15-18 ©2015, IJMHS, All Right Reserved INTRODUCTION A dimple (also known as a gelasin) is a small disappears with theaging process, causes transient natural indentation in the flesh on a part of the human dimples, so also is the stretching or lengthening of muscles body. Dimples may appear and disappear over an extended during growth, leading togradual obliteration of the defect. period. They may be genetically inherited and have been This explains while some dimples are commoner and more called a simple dominant trait.Dimples is the word given to conspicuous in theyounger age groups (3).
    [Show full text]
  • Ankylosing Spondylitis New Insights Into an Old Disease
    PEER REVIEWED FEATURE 2 CPD POINTS Ankylosing spondylitis New insights into an old disease LAURA J. ROSS MB BS RUSSELL R.C. BUCHANAN MB BS(Hons), MD, FRACP Early recognition and treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) improves prognosis but is challenging. Suggestive symptoms include chronic back pain that worsens with rest and early morning axial pain and stiffness. NSAIDs and stretching exercises remain the mainstays of treatment. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors improve quality of life for patients with refractory AS. nkylosing spondylitis (AS) is the positivity and familial aggregation.2 prototypic form of spondylo­ In the past decade, major progress has arthritis (SpA). Historically, the been made in the understanding, recog­ term SpA has referred to a group nition and treatment of SpA. As a result, Aof chronic systemic, inflammatory diseases the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis Inter­ that include AS, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis national Society (ASAS) has developed related to inflammatory bowel disease, new classification criteria for SpA.3 The reactive arthritis, undifferentiated SpA and ASAS system characterises SpA as either a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.1 axial (affecting the spine and sacroiliac These diseases share overlapping features, joints) or peripheral (affecting mainly such as sacroiliitis, extra­articular mani­ peripheral joints), according to the pre­ festations (e.g. acute anterior uveitis, dominant articular features at presenta­ psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease), tion, although these groups overlap and includes AS and n onradiographic axial human leucocyte antigen (HLA)­B27 one may progress to the other. Axial SpA SpA (Box 1).4 A characteristic feature of SpA is enthesitis, defined as inflammation at the site of attachment of tendons, ligaments, 2 MedicineToday 2016; 17(1-2): 16-24 joint capsule or fascia to bone.
    [Show full text]
  • Hollows and Folds of the Body
    Hollows and folds of the body by David Mead 2017 Sulang Language Data and Working Papers: Topics in Lexicography, no. 31 Sulawesi Language Alliance http://sulang.org/ SulangLexTopics031-v2 LANGUAGES Language of materials : English DESCRIPTION/ABSTRACT In this paper I discuss certain hollows, notches, and folds of the surface anatomy of the human body, features which might otherwise go overlooked in your lexicographical research. Along the way I also mention names for wrinkles of the face and fold lines of the hands. TABLE OF CONTENTS Head; Face; Neck, chest, and abdomen; Back and buttocks; Arms and hands; Legs and feet; References; Appendix: Bones of the body. VERSION HISTORY Version 2 [29 May 2017] Edits to ‘fontanelle’ and ‘straie,’ order of references and appendix reversed, minor edits to appendix. Version 1 [15 May 2017] Drafted September 2010, revised June 2013, revised for publication May 2017. © 2017 by David Mead. Text is licensed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International license. Images are licensed as individually noted. Hollows and folds of the body by David Mead Who has measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, or with the breadth of his hand marked off the heavens? Isaiah 40:12 Names for the parts of the human body are universal to human language. In fact names for salient body parts are considered part of the basic or core vocabulary of a language, and are often some of the first words elicited when learning a language. In this paper I want to raise your awareness concerning certain less salient features of the surface anatomy of the body that may otherwise go overlooked in your lexicography research.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy
    A QUICK LOOK INTO HUMAN ANATOMY VP. KALANJATI VP. KALANJATI, FN. ARDHANA, WM. HENDRATA (EDS) PUBLISHER: PUSTAKA SAGA ISBN. ........................... 1 PREFACE BISMILLAHIRRAHMAANIRRAHIIM, IN THIS BOOK, SEVERAL TOPICS ARE ADDED TO IMPROVE THE CONTENT. WHILST STUDENTS OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES SEEK TO UNDERSTAND THE ESSENTIAL OF HUMAN ANATOMY WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS TO THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE. THIS BOOK IS AIMED TO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL BY PROVIDING A SIMPLE YET COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE BOOK USING BOTH ENGLISH AND LATIN TERMS. EACH CHAPTER IS COMPLETED WITH ACTIVITY, OBJECTIVE AND TASK FOR STUDENTS. IN THE END OF THIS BOOK, GLOSSARY AND INDEX ARE PROVIDED. POSITIVE COMMENT AND SUPPORT ARE WELCOME FOR BETTER EDITION IN THE FUTURE. SURABAYA, 2019 VP. KALANJATI Dedicated to all Soeronto, Raihan and Kalanjati. 2 CONTENT: PAGE COVER PREFACE CHAPTER: 1. UPPER LIMB 4 2. LOWER LIMB 18 3. THORAX 30 4. ABDOMEN 40 5. PELVIS AND PERINEUM 50 6. HEAD AND NECK 62 7. NEUROANATOMY 93 8. BACK 114 REFERENCES 119 ABBREVIATIONS 120 GLOSSARY 121 INDEX 128 3 CHAPTER 1 UPPER LIMB UPPER LIMB ACTIVITY: IN THIS CHAPTER, STUDENTS LEARN ABOUT THE STRUCTURES OF THE UPPER LIMB INCLUDING THE BONES, SOFT TISSUE, VESSELS, NERVES AND THE CONTENT OF SPECIFIC AREAS. THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF SOME STRUCTURES ARE COVERED TO RELATE MORE TO THE CLINICAL PURPOSES. OBJECTIVE: UPON COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, STUDENTS UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE ANATOMY OF HUMAN’S UPPER LIMB PER REGION I.E. SHOULDER, ARM, FOREARM AND HAND. 4 TASK FOR STUDENTS! 1. DRAW A COMPLETE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PLEXUS BRACHIALIS AND ITS BRANCHES! 2. DRAW A COMPLETE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE VASCULARISATION IN THE UPPER LIMB! 5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors That May Influence the Postural Health of Schoolchildren (K-12)
    WORK A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &. Rehabilitation ELSEVIER Work 9 (1997) 45-55 Factors that may influence the postural health of schoolchildren (K-12) Betsey Yeats 15 Hillsdale Road, Arlington, MA 02174, USA Received 20 June 1996; revised; accepted 11 Febuary 1997 Abstract Ergonomic seating and proper positioning during the performance of activities is a major focus in the adult workplace. This focus, however, is typically ignored in classrooms where our youngest workers spend the majority of their time. A review of the literature was done to determine the effects of school furniture design on the postural health of schoolchildren (K-12). The review indicated that the adjustability of school furniture is an important design feature if children are to have equal educational opportunity, increased comfort, and decreased incidences of musculoskeletal symptoms. The effectiveness of ergonomic school furniture on schoolchildren has been demon­ strated in only one study reviewed in this paper. The other studies are reviewed in an effort to identify: (1) the variation of anthropometric measures of children; (2) the performance of activities exposing children to various postures; and (3) the physical design features of school furniture as three factors which influence the postural health of schoolchildren. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Keywords: School furniture; Classroom furniture; Schoolchildren 1. Introduction major human performance area that encompasses life roles such as homemaker, employee, volun­ teer, student, or hobbyist' (Jacobs et al., 1992, p. Work means many things to many people and 1086). In keeping with this concept, schoolchil­ is not limited to regular, paid employment in dren (K-12) are workers and their classrooms are which many adults engage.
    [Show full text]
  • Neck, Shoulder, Arm Pain
    Neck, Shoulder, Arm Pain Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment Fourth Edition Neck, Shoulder, Arm Pain: Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment 4th edition James M. Cox, D.C., D.A.C.B.R. Developer, Cox® Technic Flexion Distraction Fort Wayne, Indiana Post Graduate Faculty Member National University of Health Sciences Lombard, Illinois Diplomate American Chiropractic Board of Radiology Cox® Technic Resource Center, Inc. Fort Wayne, Indiana 2 Copyright 2014 Cox® Technic Resource Center, Inc. 429 E. Dupont Road #98 Fort Wayne, IN 46825 1-800-441-5571 or 1-260-637-6609 All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner. The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of medical care which should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers’ product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages and precautions. Printed in the United States of America First edition, 1992 Second edition, 1997 Third edition, 2005 ISBN (13) number 978-0-692-22557-8 Visit www.coxtrc.com for more educational materials. Visit www.coxtechnic.com for more information on Cox® Technic and procedures. Important NOTE: Please realize that this textbook is current to its date of publication. New research comes to life daily. To keep up to date with information since the publication date, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Side-To-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2019 Side-to-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals Sarah Rose Walden University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Biomechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Walden, Sarah Rose, "Side-to-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1698. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1698 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Side-to-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Daniel Felix Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science University of Denver In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Sarah Walden August 2019 Advisor: Dr. Kevin Shelburne Author: Sarah Walden Title: Side-to-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals Advisor: Dr. Kevin Shelburne Degree Date: August 2019 Abstract Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA) is a surgery which replaces the shoulder joint, or the interface between the humerus and the scapula glenoid. To test TSA success, most prior research compares patients with TSA to healthy controls. However, the shoulder anthropometry, motion, and musculature of individuals varies widely across the population making it important to assess TSA performance in individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0264791 A1 Frank (43) Pub
    US 20060264.791A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0264791 A1 Frank (43) Pub. Date: Nov. 23, 2006 (54) DOME-SHAPED BACK BRACE (52) U.S. Cl. ................................................................ 6O2A19 (76) Inventor: William Frank, Powell, OH (US) (57) ABSTRACT Correspondence Address: .SESSRGGIO, PA A brace for supporting both the abdomen and lower back of FORT LAUDERDALE, FL 33316 (US) the user. The brace includes a preformed abdominal support member and a preformed lumbar Support member having an (21) Appl. No.: 10/908,570 ideal lumbar shape with a circular dome that is vertically bisected by an oblong, elliptical protrusion, the Support (22) Filed: May 17, 2005 members each joined by two belts. The belts are positioned through slots on each member and are used to select the Publication Classification biasing force needed for each user. The device further includes rounded corners with indented edges and Surface (51) Int. Cl. vents on each Support member for the user's comfort during A6DF 5/00 (2006.01) sporting events or strenuous activity. Patent Application Publication Nov. 23, 2006 Sheet 1 of 6 US 2006/0264791 A1 FIG. 1 Patent Application Publication Nov. 23, 2006 Sheet 2 of 6 US 2006/0264791 A1 FIG 2 4A Patent Application Publication Nov. 23, 2006 Sheet 3 of 6 US 2006/0264791 A1 FIG. 3B Patent Application Publication Nov. 23, 2006 Sheet 4 of 6 US 2006/0264791 A1 FIG. 4B Patent Application Publication Nov. 23, 2006 Sheet 5 of 6 US 2006/0264791 A1 Patent Application Publication Nov. 23, 2006 Sheet 6 of 6 US 2006/0264791 A1 FIG.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Head Neck Response in Frontal, Lateral and Rear End Impact Loading : Modelling and Validation
    Human head neck response in frontal, lateral and rear end impact loading : modelling and validation Citation for published version (APA): Horst, van der, M. J. (2002). Human head neck response in frontal, lateral and rear end impact loading : modelling and validation. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR554047 DOI: 10.6100/IR554047 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2002 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Management of Back Pain
    3/17/2017 Disclosures Modern Management of • Founder, RunSafe™ Back Pain • Founder, SportZPeak Inc. • Sanofi, Investigator initiated grant A n t h o n y L u k e MD, MPH, CAQ (Sport Med) University of California, San Francisco Primary Care Medicine: Update 2017 Outline Management Approach • Assessment • Sort patients into: • Imaging – Simple low back pain (mechanical low back pain) • Treatment – Flexion vs Extension back pain – Conservative – Nerve root pain – Surgical – Red flag signs for serious spinal pathology – Cauda equina syndrome • Identify which patients may benefit from specialist treatment 1 3/17/2017 Examination Approach Posture Standing • Posteriorly Sitting • Shoulders Supine • Inferior scapula –T8 • Iliac crests L4 Prone • Dimples of venus –S1 T8 L4 Examination Posture Observation • Lines: ear lobe‐ Skin acromion‐iliac crest • Café au Lait • Lordosis, kyphosis • Spina Bifida • Pelvic inclination ‐ ASIS lower than PSIS Gait Shift Repeated heel raises 2 3/17/2017 Examination Examination ROM ROM • Pain flexion vs extension Single leg extension Can check for: (Stork test) • Flat back • Scoliosis ‐ hump Trendelenberg Test • Rotation – stabilize the pelvis • Lateral flexion Examination Examination Sitting ‐ Provocation Sitting Indirect Straight Leg Raise • Reproduces SLR in the sitting Neurologic Exam position • May have “Sciatica” with sitting • Motor too long (i.e. driving) Slump Test • Sensory • Fully flex patient’s neck chin to chest Examiner holds foot in • DTR’s dorsiflexion and passively extends leg • Babinski/clonus •
    [Show full text]