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Leaving Rome: Alienation from and Attachment to the City in Augustan Literature

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Leaving Rome: Alienation from and Attachment to the City in Augustan Literature Leaving Rome: Alienation from and Attachment to the City in Augustan Literature Alexandra Kennedy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: Alain Gowing, Chair Stephen Hinds Catherine Connors Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Classics ©Copyright 2013 Alexandra Kennedy University of Washington Abstract Leaving Rome: Alienation from and Attachment to the City in Augustan Literature Alexandra Kennedy Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Alain Gowing Classics Leaving Rome: Alienation from and Attachment to the City in Augustan Literature explores how Roman authors of the Augustan period write about leaving Rome as a way of discussing different levels of attachment to the city. Because the city of Rome holds a particularly important place in the ancient Roman imagination, leaving it is always fraught for the Romans. The Augustan period is especially apt for my study because it features great changes both in Rome’s urban landscape and its political and cultural environment. The Augustan age brought about a new cohesive vision of Rome and its physical space which did not exist in the republican period and profoundly impacted how the Romans perceived their city and their connection to it. My dissertation investigates episodes in Horace, Propertius, Tibullus, Ovid, and Livy which discuss departure, absence, or alienation from Rome in order to reveal how Latin literature of this period reflects this complex connection and responds to these great changes in the city. A major focus of my dissertation is on the diversity of perspectives on the city and departure from it in these texts. In Ovid’s exile poetry, despair and alienation from the city occur as a result of exile. In Livy, upheaval in Rome leads to characters being exiled or feeling that they no longer belong to their city and must abandon it. Propertius characterizes absence from Rome as a hindrance to love and elegiac poetry. In these authors, leaving Rome causes despair and loss of personal or poetic identity. By contrast, Horace and Tibullus’ texts feature rejection of the city in favor of life in the country and express relief at being away from the city. Each of these texts thus reveals a unique outlook on the city and the shared experience of departure from Rome. One relevant body of secondary literature is the study of exile in Latin literature, which currently comprises most of the scholarly discussion of Romans leaving Rome. Claassen, Gaertner, and other scholars who have written about exile in Latin literature have focused on texts written by authors who were themselves exiled, including Cicero, Ovid, and Seneca. I expand on these studies by discussing exile in Livy, who was not exiled himself, but wrote about the exile of important figures such as Camillus and Coriolanus. My project also goes beyond the current scope of exile studies by examining willing departures from Rome, thereby providing a wider variety of perspectives on detachment from the city. Because my study raises questions of migration, travel, and how people perceive the place they call home, modern theories of space, place, and landscape (see Cosgrove, Gregory, Schama, de Certeau, Williams, et al.) serve as a lens through which to consider the ancient sources. This is an expanding area of research both within Classics and in the social sciences and Geography. Much of this research focuses on the relationship between culture and space, including how space creates identity and memory and how people and authors appropriate and engage with their physical surroundings. Work of this kind, including studies of how Roman authors use Roman space to create meaning in their work (see Edwards, Jaeger, Welch, Vasaly, et al.), has tended to emphasize how people engage with spaces to which they belong or in which they are present. My dissertation contributes to this work by considering how people engage with spaces when alienated or absent from them. As others have examined how connection to a place creates identity and memory, my project studies how absence and alienation from a place destroy or modify identity and memory. These questions look beyond the immediate field of Classics and therefore make my dissertation interdisciplinary. The dissertation is organized into four chapters arranged by genre and divided into two parts: Part I: Present Departures and Part II: Past Departures. Part I includes Chapter 1 on Horace’s Satires and Chapters 2-3 on the love poetry of Tibullus and Propertius and the exile poetry of Ovid, while Part II includes Chapter 4 on Livy’s first decade. The texts in Chapters 1-3 provide examples of contemporary departures in the first person, while Chapter 4 examines more remote third person departures by famous figures from the Roman past. The final section of the dissertation, entitled, “Epilogue: Future Departures,” serves as a conclusion and looks forward to further work on the topic by briefly considering alienation and departure from Rome in the imperial period in Juvenal’s third satire. For Lana, the Beginning Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for their help and support in completing this dissertation. First, I would like to thank my dissertation advisor, Alain Gowing, without whom I never would have had the idea for this study. Thanks are also due to Stephen Hinds and Cathy Connors, the other two members of my dissertation reading committee. The comments and guidance I received from all three members of my committee have greatly improved the project and given me a number of avenues for future study. For their help in the final submission phase of my dissertation, I especially want to thank Cathy for taking on the role of proxy advisor when Alain was out of the country, as well as my team of eleventh hour copy editors, Heather, Amanda, Kellie, Chrissy, and Melissa. I would also like to thank the other members of the faculty of the University of Washington Classics department, all of whom were a pleasure to learn from and have contributed significantly to my intellectual. In particular, I thank Deb Kamen for her guidance with specific projects and help in matters of professional development. I am thankful that I was able to complete my PhD at the University of Washington, and I could not have asked for a more supportive department or a better program. I am especially grateful for the invaluable two quarters of fellowship support I received during the writing of my dissertation, which were made possible by the generosity of Meg Greenfield, and the Nesholm Fellowship, which helped make it possible for me to attend the Department of Classics Spring Seminar in Rome program in 2010. The program in Rome was truly a formative experience for me that forever changed the way I think about and read Latin. The experiences I had there also directly led to the idea for this dissertation. I am also thankful for my fellow graduate students with whom I have had the pleasure of completing this program. All of my graduate student colleagues have greatly added to my positive experience at the University of Washington, both intellectually and personally, and I would especially like to thank Lissa, Melissa, Naomi, and Ashli for being exceptionally good friends who have supported me through victories and trials alike. In particular, I cannot imagine a better or more fitting way to end this process than with a dissertation defense double header with Mel. I would also like to thank my students, who remind me every day of what makes the discovery of the Classical world so fulfilling. Further thanks are also due to my family and friends, who have all supported me in various ways throughout this process. First among these are my parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins, especially Kristin and her three wonderfully indomitable children, who have all added so much fun and joy to my last six years in the Northwest. Greatest thanks go to Jim and Ruby Hall, who made me who I am today and are particularly missed as I complete this great achievement. I would also like to thank Mike and the Bennetts for recently being my family away from family, as well as Lauren, Sarah, and Kellie, for their contributions to my quality of life outside of work in the last two years. I am especially thankful for my longtime friends Erin, Caitlin, Heather, and Alice for truly being with me for the long haul. Finally, I must acknowledge my profound debt to Svetlana Lazarova for introducing me to the Latin language and mentoring me throughout my education. I would not have been able to reach this important milestone without her. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Part I: Present Departures 14 Chapter 1: Satirical Departures: Horace 15 Chapter 2: Elegiac Departures: Propertius and Tibullus 53 Chapter 3: Elegiac Departures: Ovid 106 Part II: Past Departures 147 Chapter 4: Historical Departures: Livy 148 Epilogue: Future Departures 210 Bibliography 223 1 Introduction Almost three years ago, I was on a bus to Ciampino Airport leaving Rome with tears in my eyes after living in the city for ten weeks as part of my department’s Classics Seminar in Rome. I was amazed at how personally attached I had become to a foreign city in such a short time, and I reflected on both the general phenomenon of human attachment to place and in particular on the city of Rome’s power to captivate its natives and visitors, both ancient and modern. This experience ultimately led to the idea for this study, which explores how Roman authors of the Augustan period write about leaving Rome as a way of discussing different levels of attachment to the city.
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