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Genshagener Papiere N° 24 Genshagener N° 24 Papiere April 2020 Jérôme Heurtaux The Third Side of the Weimar Elsa Tulmets Triangle: Franco-Polish Relations Pawel Zerka in the Trilateral Context European Dialogue – Political Thinking on Europe Table of contents Executive summary 2 Introduction 3 I. European, foreign and security policies: conflictual issues only? 6 II. Economic cooperation: a glass half full 11 III. Cultural and scientific relations: a long and productive tradition 17 IV. In lieu of a conclusion: some ideas for future constructive relations 21 About the authors 25 The Genshagen Foundation 26 Imprint 28 2 Genshagener Papiere N° 24 Executive summary Historically speaking, Franco-Polish political relations Economically, the two countries entertain much weaker have been less conflictual than their Franco-German or trade links with each other than with Germany, partly German-Polish counterparts. How can we therefore due to the fact that they do not share a common border account for the fact that relations between France and and are geographically more distant. The question of Poland have been good at some levels and during Poland’s accession to the eurozone is an »elephant in certain periods while remaining tense or unsatisfactory the room« in current reflections and one that would during others? In recent years, relations have become have significant economic implications as Paris would burdened by a range of difficult issues in key sectors, no longer be able to blame Warsaw for being a free- which are reinforced by a series of stereotypes. In such a rider of European integration. Paris and Warsaw should context, is there anything that could be done at the try to identify win-win solutions, at least in the eco- national and European level, or perhaps within the nomic domain, for example by ensuring that the EU’s scope of the Weimar Triangle, to breathe new life into new focus on the transition to a low-emissions econo- Franco-Polish relations? Can President Emmanuel my. The development of new technologies would also Macron’s first official visit to Warsaw and Cracow, benefit the »peripheral« member states, and would which finally took place in February 2020, as well as the therefore support the convergence objective – rather Weimar Triangle summit organised by France, report- than necessarily going in an opposite direction. edly in Paris on the 14th of July 2020, serve as real game changers for wider cooperation between the two Cooperation in the areas of education, science and countries? culture is particularly strong and can clearly be consid- ered to be a Franco-Polish success story. French and There are a number of political, economic and strategic Polish states and governments must continue to reasons that explain why Franco-Polish relations promote relations and cooperation in the cultural, remain the weak side of the Weimar Triangle. In educational, academic and scientific fields, as they did foreign policy, the two countries have diverging priori- for example during the Polish-French Year of Science ties with respect to security, in which France privileges in 2019. The development of ties at a decentralised the development of European capabilities and coopera- level (regions and cities) and the creation of a Franco- tive frameworks while Poland focuses on strong bilat- Polish youth office, modelled on its Franco-German eral relations with the United States and NATO. Their or German-Polish equivalent, could further strengthen common goal, however, remains to preserve peace on ties between the populations and the youth of European soil and to contain Russia at the EU’s borders, these countries. but the means adopted to reach this common goal currently do not go in the same direction. France and Poland should improve their respective strategic communication, develop bilateral and even trilateral cooperation at the lower, less political levels, use windows of opportunity to cooperate in international organisations, and adopt pragmatic »transaction approaches« in the military. Jérôme Heurtaux, Elsa Tulmets, Pawel Zerka: The Third Side of the Weimar Triangle 3 Introduction Franco-Polish relations are generally considered to be wide range of academic publications testifies to the the underperforming part of the Weimar Triangle1. strength of Franco-Polish historical relations4, and While Franco-German and Polish-German relations are recent policy analyses state that »the lack of historical well developed and strongly institutionalised compared disputes between Poland and France is therefore a big to Franco-Polish ones, it is worth asking whether the advantage of this bilateral cooperation«5. How can we Weimar Triangle, in practice, remains a simple angle. therefore account for the fact that relations are (and According to a recent study on the views of Europe’s have always been) good between France and Poland at professional political class, France and Poland are both certain levels while remaining tense or unsatisfactory among the EU member states that the German govern- at others? ment would generally contact most with regard to matters of European policy. Paris and Warsaw, however, At first sight, this relationship has become burdened in usually do not think of each other as sharing the same recent years by a range of difficult issues in key sectors, interests in EU policy. There are also high levels of which are reinforced by a series of stereotypes. Eco- disappointment in France with Poland as an EU mem- nomically, the two countries entertain much weaker ber – and the same is true in the opposite direction. trade links with each other than with Germany, partly This, paradoxically, may point towards potential for due to the fact that they do not share a common border cooperation. Both countries may be hoping for each and are geographically more distant. Moreover, they other’s support in EU affairs – but their efforts may have developed two different visions of the EU’s single have simply been frustrated as of late2. market over the years, which makes it difficult to cooperate on several points of the EU’s agenda and can In exploring the relations between France and Poland, easily lead to disputes (e.g. on the issue on posted especially since the fall of the Iron Curtain and recent workers). In general, they have diverging priorities with developments in the past decade, this paper is an respect to security, in which France privileges the invitation to examine Weimar cooperation from a development of European capacities and cooperative different perspective. There are a number of political, frameworks, while Poland focuses on strong bilateral economic and strategic reasons that explain why the relations with the United States (US) and the North Franco-Polish relationship is indeed the weak side of Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)6. These orienta- the Triangle. Historically speaking, Franco-Polish tions are, with certain variations, largely independent political relations have been less conflictual than their from the political party in power in Paris and Warsaw Franco-German or German-Polish counterparts3. A at any given time – although the current configuration 1 Bogdan Koszel, Rola Francji i Niemiec w procesie integracji Polski ze Pierre-Frédéric Weber, Allemagne-Pologne au XXIème siècle: une norma- Wspólnotami Europejskimi/Unią Europejską, Instytut Zachodni: Poznań, lisation inachevée?, in: Allemagne d’aujourd’hui, no. 228, February 2019; 2003, and Bogdan Koszel, Trójkąt Weimarski. Geneza. Działalność. Agnieszka Łada, From foe to friend. Bringing Poles and Germans together, Perspektywy współpracy, Poznań 2006; Martin Koopmann, Europe needs in: New Eastern Europe, no. 2, 2016, pp. 103–108. Weimar: Perspectives on the Weimar Triangle in Times of Crisis, Genshage- 4 See, for example, Christophe Laforest/Andrzej Nieuważny, De tout temps ner Papiere, no. 18, July 2016, http://www.stiftung-genshagen.de/uploads/ amis: cinq siècles de relations franco-polonaises, Paris: Nouveau monde media/Genshagner_papiere_18_web_englisch.pdf , retrieved on 15 January éditions, 2004; Marc-Stanislas Korowicz, Dix siècles de relations franco- 2020; Francis Masson, L’Allemagne, la Pologne et la France: qu’est-il advenu polonaises, Paris: Librairie polonaise, 1945. du Triangle de Weimar?, in: Allemagne d’aujourd’hui, no. 228, February 2019, 5 Łukasz Jurczyszyn, Current French-Polish relations. Turning points, pp. 107-122. elements of convergence and the biggest challenges for the future bilateral 2 EU Coalition Explorer 2018, European Council on Foreign Relations and European relations, Prague: Europeum, 2019, p. 2, http://europeum. (ECFR), November 2018, https://www.ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer, retrieved org/data/articles/V4FR_PP16.pdf, retrieved on 15 January 2020. on 15 January 2020. 6 Amélie Zima, La construction politique de l’Atlantisme en Europe centrale, 3 For a recent analysis of German-Polish relations, see Thomas Serrier/ in: Études internationales, no. 49, Printemps 2018, pp. 393-420. 4 Genshagener Papiere N° 24 of La République en Marche (LREM) in Paris and the the »Polish plumber« hysteria in France in the context Law and Justice (PiS) government in Warsaw makes of EU enlargement in 2004, Chirac’s bad-tempered seeking meaningful forms of cooperation particularly response to Poland’s engagement in Iraq, and Macron’s difficult. Voters of the ruling parties in Poland and use of Poland as an »ugly duckling« ahead of European France are often positioned at the two extremes of the elections – in which Paris antagonised Warsaw. European electorate
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