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Türk Diş Siyaseti TÜRK DIŞ SİYASETİ KAMU YÖNETİMİ LİSANS PROGRAMI DOÇ. DR. NURCAN ÖZGÜR BAKLACIOĞLU İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ KAMU YÖNETİMİ LİSANS PROGRAMI TÜRK DIŞ SİYASETİ Doç.Dr. Nurcan Özgür Baklacıoğlu 2 Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖNSÖZ Türk Dış Politikası başlıklı bu çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Kamu Yönetimi bölümü öğrencileri için hazırlanmıştır. Ders kitabı olması bakımından da bu çalışma oldukça karmaşık ve çok yönlü bir süreç olan Türkiye’nin dış politika tarihini ve güncelini belli başlı gelişmelerin kısa özetleri halinde ele almaktadır. Bu bakımdan öğrencilerin kitabın kaynakçasında önerilen ek kaynaklardan ve biresysel araştırmalardan da yararlanarak bilgi dağarcıklarını geliştirmeleri önerilir. Bu derste, Osmanlı mirasından yola çıkılarak günümüze kadar Türkiye’nin uluslararsı ortamda karşı karşıya kaldığı sorunlar ve bu sorunlar kaşısında izlediği dış politika uluslararası, bölgesel ve iç politik boyutlarıyla ele alınacaktır. Türkiye’nin jeopolitik konumu ve tarihsel gelişimi bağlamında Türk dış politikasının tarihi bir kitaba sığmayacak kadar zengin deneyimlerle doludur. Bu nedenle, eldeki metinde Türk dış politika yapımının tarihsel gelişimi belli başlı kriz dönemleri ve yaşamsal sorunlar üzerinden siyasi, jeopolitik, ekonomik ve sosyal boyutlarıyla incelenecektir. I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................................ I YAZAR NOTU ........................................................................................................................ VI 1. TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI ANALİZİNE GİRİŞ ..................................................................... 1 1.1. Türkiye’nin Dış Politikasına Hangi Açılardan Bakabiliriz?........................................... 7 1.2. Dış Politika nedir? Nasıl analiz edilebilir? ..................................................................... 9 1.3. Dış Politika Kararalma Yapısı ve Süreci ...................................................................... 10 1.4. Türk Dış Politikasında Temel İlkeler, Strateji ve Amaçlar .......................................... 17 1.5. Dönemlerle Türkiye’nin Dış Politika Tarihi ................................................................ 20 2. TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA OSMANLI MİRASI .......................................................... 29 2.1. Milliyetçilik, Sanayileşme, Emperyalizm ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ......................... 35 2.2. Almanya’ya Yakınlaşma ve II. Abdülhamid Dönemi .................................................. 37 2.3. II. Meşrutiyet’in İlanı ve Dönemin Dış Politikası ........................................................ 40 2.4. 1912-1914 Dönemi Balkan Savaşları Politikası ........................................................... 42 3. BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA OSMANLI DIŞ SİYASETİ ......................................... 50 3.1. I. Dünya Savaşı’na Giden Süreç .................................................................................. 56 3.2. Savaşın Çıkış Nedenleri ................................................................................................ 57 3.3. I. Dünya Savaşının Başlaması ..................................................................................... 58 3.4. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Devleti’nin savaştığı cepheler ...................................... 59 3.5. Ermeni Sorunu .............................................................................................................. 62 3.6. ABD’nin Savaşa Girmesi ve Wilson’un 14 İlkesi ........................................................ 63 3.7. I. Dünya Savaşı Sonunda Yapılan Antlaşmalar ............................................................ 65 4. KURTULUŞ SAVAŞI DİPLOMASİSİ ............................................................................... 71 4.1. Savaş Sonrası Sevr Anlaşmasına Giden Süreç ............................................................. 77 4.2. Mustafa Kemal Diplomasisi ......................................................................................... 83 4.2.1. Büyük Güçlerin Anlaşmazlıklarından Yararlanmak .......................................... 83 4.2.2. Sevr’den Misakı Milli’ye Diplomasi .................................................................. 85 4.2.3. Misak-I Milli Diplomasisi, Dış Politika İlke ve Stratejileri ............................... 88 4.3. Sovyet Rusya ile İlişkiler ve Dış Yardımlar ................................................................. 89 4.4. Askeri Zaferler Diplomasisi ......................................................................................... 92 5. LOZAN DİPLOMASİSİ .................................................................................................... 100 5.1. Lozan Barış Konferansı’nda Türk Diplomasisi .......................................................... 106 5.2. Misak-ı Milli ve 14 Talimat........................................................................................ 108 II 5.3. Lozan Antlaşması ....................................................................................................... 110 5.4. Yunanistan ile ilgili maddeler ..................................................................................... 113 6. REVİZYONİZM İLE STATÜKOCULUK ARASINDA BARIŞ DİPLOMASİSİ 1930-38 ................................................................................................................................................ 121 6.1. Yunanistan ile Sorunların Çözülmesi ......................................................................... 128 6.2. Balkan Antantı ............................................................................................................ 130 6.3. Sadabad Paktı ............................................................................................................. 132 6.4. Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi: 1936 ............................................................................ 133 6.5. Hatay (Sancak) Meselesi ............................................................................................ 135 6.6. Musul Sorunu ............................................................................................................. 139 7. İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI DİPLOMASİSİ 1939-45 ........................................................ 149 7.1. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın Tarihsel Arka Planı ................................................................... 155 7.2. II. Dünya Savaşı’na Giden Süreçte Türkiye ............................................................... 156 7.3. Dönemin Dış Politika Kararalıcıları ........................................................................... 159 7.4. Üçlü İttifak - “Ankara Paktı” ...................................................................................... 160 7.5. II. Dünya Savaşın’da Türkiye’nin Dış Politika Hedefleri .......................................... 161 7.6. Almanya ve SSCB’nin Türkiye’den Talepleri ........................................................... 162 7.7. Savaşın Son Dönemi ve Konferanslar ........................................................................ 162 8. DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI 1950-1960 ........................... 169 8.1. Uluslararası Ortam ...................................................................................................... 175 8.2. Ulusal Ortam............................................................................................................... 175 8.3. “Çıplak Olsa da Silahlı”: Türkiye-ABD ilişkileri ....................................................... 177 8.4. “ABD’nin Müttefikten de Öte Müttefiki” Türkiye ..................................................... 182 8.5. Stalin: “Eğer Türkler Sovyet dostluğunu istiyorlarsa bunu dile getirsinler…” .......... 186 9. DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİ BÖLGESEL DIŞ POLİTİKASI .................................... 196 9.1. DP Dış Politikasında Ortadoğu................................................................................... 202 9.2. Bağdat Paktı ................................................................................................................ 203 9.3. 1956 Süveyş Bunalımı ................................................................................................ 205 9.4. 1957 Suriye Bunalımı ................................................................................................. 207 9.5. 1958 Irak Darbesi ....................................................................................................... 209 9.6. 1958 Lübnan ve Ürdün Olaylarında Türkiye’nin Tutumu ......................................... 210 9.7. Balkan Paktı ................................................................................................................ 211 10. YUMUŞAMA DÖNEMİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI 1960-1980 .................................... 219 10.1. Uluslararası Ortam .................................................................................................... 225 III 10.2. Ulusal Ortam............................................................................................................. 226 10.3. ABD ile İlişkilerde Özerkleşme ............................................................................... 229 10.4. SSCB ile İlişkiler .....................................................................................................
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