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The EU, the US and the International

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The EU, the US and the International THE EU, THE US AND THE INTERNATIONAL The strategic significance of Sub-Saharan Africa STRATEGIC DiMENsiON OF has increased considerably in recent decades, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA with various international actors establishing di- frica: versified yet increasingly important levels of en- A PEACE, SECURitY AND DEVELOPMENT gagement in the region. Countries such as Brazil, China, the Gulf states and Turkey have a signifi- IN THE HORN OF AFRICA cant presence in Africa, and some of them have well-established historical ties to the region as well. This edited publication – as the final result of a project on “The EU, the US and the International Strategic Dimension of Sub-Saharan Africa: Peace, Security and Development in the Horn of Africa” – frica aims at identifying the role of key external powers A imension Sub-Saharan of in promoting peace, security and development in D Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis pays attention orn of to how African countries build their own capacities H to deal with multiple partners and the new posi- tion in which they find themselves. In addition, a concrete and region-specific analysis is dedicated to the Horn of Africa and to Somalia in particular. The publication also provides recommendations for the external powers examined, with specific attention devoted to the European Union and the in the evelopment D United States. U, the US and the International Strategic and Strategic US the U, International the E Peace, Security and The The EU, the US and the International Strategic Dimension of Sub-Saharan Africa: Peace, Security and Development in the Horn of Africa Published by: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies Rue Montoyer 40 – 1000 Brussels, Belgium www.feps-europe.eu IAI – Istituto Affari Internazionali Via Angelo Brunetti, 9 – 00186 Rome, Italy www.iai.it Edited by: Bernardo Venturi and Nicoletta Pirozzi, IAI FEPS project coordinator: Vassilis Ntousas Copyright © 2016 Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) and Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) This book is produced with the support of the European Parliament Page layout: Luca Mozzicarelli – Nuova Cultura – Rome, Italy Printed by Edizioni Nuova Cultura – Rome ISBN 9788868127343 Table of contents Preface, by Ernst Stetter and Gianni Bonvicini 9 Introduction, by Nicoletta Pirozzi and Bernardo Venturi 13 1. Brazil as a Security and Development Provider in Africa: Consequences and Opportunities for Europe and North America, by Frank Mattheis 19 1.1 Historical context 20 1.2 Relations after the Cold War 21 1.3 The role of Brazil in peace and security in Sub-Saharan Africa 24 1.4 The role of Brazil in development in Sub-Saharan Africa 28 1.5 Priorities and challenges of Brazil’s engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa 30 1.6 Recommendations for the EU and the US in the context of Brazil’s presence in Africa 33 2. China’s Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa, by Anna Katharina Stahl 41 2.1 Introduction: China’s renewed diplomatic interest in Africa 41 2.2 China’s role as a development actor in SSA 45 2.2.1 Instruments and geographical coverage 48 2.2.2 Sectoral priorities 50 2.2.3 Guiding principles 52 2.2.4 China’s South-South cooperation with Africa 54 2.3 China’s growing contribution to African peace and security 55 2.4 Conclusion: The broader context of China’s engagement in SSA 58 2.4.1 China’s domestic priorities 58 2.4.2 Implications for the EU and the US 60 3. The Role of Gulf States in Peace and Security and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Lidet Tadesse Shiferaw 76 3.1 The role of the Gulf states in peace and security in SSA 77 3.1.1 The rise of the Gulf states as influential international and regional actors in SSA 77 3.1.2 The role of the Gulf states in peace and security in SSA 79 3.2 The role of the Gulf states in the economic development of SSA 84 3.2.1 GCC economic cooperation with SSA 84 3.2.2 GCC trade and investment in SSA 86 3.2.3 Main fields of impact and future prospects 88 3.2.4 Gulf investment controversies 89 3.3 Assessing main priorities and main challenges of the Gulf states 90 Recommendations 92 4. Turkey’s African Experience: From Venture to Normalization, by Mehmet Özkan 103 4.1 Defining Turkey as an actor in Africa 104 4.2 The role of Turkey in peace and security in SSA 107 4.3 The role of Turkey in development in SSA 112 4.4 Priorities and challenges 114 Recommendations 117 5. The EU’s Struggle with Normative Leadership in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Bernardo Venturi 124 5.1 EU engagement and relevance in the region 124 5.2 The role of the EU in peace and security issues in SSA 127 5.3 The role of the EU in development issues in SSA 130 5.4 The EU’s interaction with other international actors in SSA 132 5.4.1 The EU’s interaction with other international actors on peace and security 134 5.4.2 The EU’s interaction with other international actors on development cooperation 136 Conclusion: A comprehensive Africa policy for the EU 140 6. Security, Development, and Diplomacy: Solving the Puzzle of the US-Sub-Saharan Africa Strategy?, by Madeleine Goerg 152 6.1 The evolution of the US’s engagement with SSA 153 6.2 The US as a peace and security actor in SSA 156 6.3 The US as a development actor in SSA 163 6.4 Recommendations for US and EU engagement with SSA 168 7. The Role of External Actors in Security and Development in the Horn of Africa: The Case of Somalia, by Rossella Marangio 187 7.1 Security dynamics: Shifting towards holistic approaches 189 7.2 Development dynamics: The coordination game 196 Recommendations 205 8. Security and Development in Somalia: Attempts to Sustain Fragile Gains, by Cleophus Thomas III 216 8.1 Security challenges 218 8.1.1 Lack of reliable and integrated security forces 219 8.1.2 Slow integration of security forces 220 8.1.2.1 ASWJ, Puntland, and Jubaland 221 8.2 Political and social reconciliation 223 8.2.1 AMISOM: Present and future 226 8.2.1.1 The future of AMISOM: A troubled transition? 228 8.3 Al-Shabaab and the jihadist threat 229 8.3.1 Mass raids 230 8.3.2 Civilian blockades 231 8.3.3 Future of al-Shabaab and regional implications 232 8.4 Trade, infrastructure, and food security 234 Conclusion and recommendations 236 Notes for Further Research, by Bernardo Venturi and Céline Guedes 251 Contributors 263 Abbreviations and Acronyms 265 PREFACE This important publication presents the primary results of a one-year research project jointly organized by the Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS, Brussels), the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI, Rome) with the support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and the contribution of a network of outstanding researchers and institutions. The research undertaken within the framework of this project focused on the international dimension of security and development policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a region whose strategic importance has increased considerably over the past two decades. Various interna- tional actors are now concentrating their activity in the African continent. The main question that our project has tried to address is whether it might be possible to better coordinate these actors’ policies in order to en- sure a future of sustainable peace, security and devel- opment in Africa, and particularly in the Horn of Africa, which was analysed as a separate case study. Preface 9 Before setting out the content and purpose of this book, it might be of interest to the reader to know how our institutions came together for this research project. FEPS and IAI first joined forces in 2011, based on our common analytical focus on and interest in Africa, and in particular the issue of the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Africa. Since then, two main projects have been developed: the first one dealt with the issue of “Strength- ening the Africa-EU Partnership on Peace and Security: How to Engage African Regional Organizations and Civil Society”; this was followed by a second project centred on “Promoting Stability and Development in Africa: How to Foster Cooperation between Public and Private Sectors”. Turning to the present research project, it is clear that in today’s political landscape, Europe and the US are not the only international actors playing a role in SSA. Therefore we deemed it necessary to analyse how com- peting interests, both at the level of these external actors and among the African states, can better be addressed and coordinated in order to ensure peace and stability. We therefore examined policies and mechanisms for cooperation with individual African countries and re- gional organizations, such as the African Union and Afri- ca’s Regional Economic Communities, by the EU, the US and other relevant actors including China, Brazil, the Gulf countries and Turkey. Six contributions by well-known in- ternational experts have followed this methodological line, each focusing on one of these countries and show- casing the different political, economic and security roles each has played in the continent. In terms of geography, the role of the above-men- tioned international partners and organizations was examined vis-à-vis the Horn of Africa region, and more specifically Somalia. This is a geographical area where diplomatic exercises, security threats and economic op- 10 The EU, the US and the International Strategic Dimension of SSA portunities are tightly interlinked and where regional and international actors play a highly influential role.
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