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Thesis Reference Thesis Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou) SILVERIO TORRES, Walter Claudio Abstract La partie théorique est consacrée aux objectifs du projet, questions-guides et définitions des concepts. La partie pratique, à travers une représentation systémique de la Cordillera Blanca, décrit les aspects physiques et socio-économiques de la région. Elle aborde la mise en œuvre du SIG pour la Cordillera Blanca, notamment la cartographie glaciaire et l'estimation du volume des réserves. En outre, elle identifie les acteurs et les conflits autour des ressources hydriques, formule une stratégie pour la gestion durable de ces ressources et indique les causes possibles du retrait glaciaire. Trois types de scénarios sont présentés: climatique, anthropique et environnemental. Ce travail se conclut par des réponses aux questions-guides et souligne l'importance de la Cordillera Blanca comme étant l'unique réserve d'eau pour la région Ancash et le projet d'irrigation CHAVIMOCHIC, dont le changement climatique menace la pérennité. Reference SILVERIO TORRES, Walter Claudio. Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou). Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2007, no. SES 631 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:103565 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-1035651 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:103565 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ÉCONOMIQUES ET SOCIALES DEPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences Economiques et Sociales de l’Université de Genève pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Sciences Economiques et Sociales, mention géographie par Walter Silverio FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ÉCONOMIQUES ET SOCIALES DEPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences Economiques et Sociales de l’Université de Genève pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Sciences Economiques et Sociales, mention géographie par Walter Silverio (Pérou) Membres du jury de thèse : Hy DAO, maître-assistant, Faculté SES, Université de Genève Bernard DEBARBIEUX, professeur, Faculté SES, Université de Genève, Président du jury Christian HUGGEL, chargé d’enseignement, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Zürich Charles HUSSY, professeur honoraire, Faculté SES, Université de Genève, Directeur de thèse Jean-Michel JAQUET, maître d’enseignement et de recherche, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève et Chef de la Section Observation de la Terre, UNEP-DEWA-GRID- Genève Thèse n° 631 Genève, mai 2007 La Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales, sur préavis du jury, a autorisé l’impression de la présente thèse, sans entendre, par là, émettre aucune opinion sur les propositions qui s’y trouvent énoncées et qui n’engagent que la responsabilité de leur auteur. Genève, le 3 mai 2007 Le doyen Pierre ALLAN Impression d’après le manuscrit de l’auteur DÉDICACE Cette thèse est dédiée aux rajus (glaciers), aux jirkas (montagnes), aux auguis (ancêtres) et aux apus (les divinités de la montagne) ; à la Cordillera Blanca, château d’eau, à ses populations indigènes et aux anonymes préposés de l’eau des communautés indigènes. RESUME L’AGENDA 21 reconnaît les écosystèmes de montagne comme étant l’un des réservoirs de l’eau douce, et préconise la gestion de cette ressource par bassin versant ou sous-unité de bassin (micro-bassin versant : mBV). L’eau étant un élément vital pour la vie humaine, elle a un rôle fondamental à jouer dans le contexte du développement durable des régions de montagne. Dans de nombreux pays, les écosystèmes de montagne, par la fonte de glace, garantissent l’approvisionnement en eau potable des populations, la culture vivrière et la production de l’électricité. Ces écosystèmes servent aussi comme support direct aux populations, offrent des services environnementaux ainsi que des ressources en espace (loisirs), matière (minerais, bois, ..) et diversité culturelle et biologique. Dans les pays alpins et andins, les glaciers des écosystèmes de montagne représentent la principale réserve hydrique. En outre, l’évolution de ces glaciers sert comme indicateur du changement climatique. Au Pérou, par la beauté de ses paysages, la diversité de sa flore et de sa faune et de ses caractéristiques écologiques, la Cordillère Blanche, située dans le Département d’Ancash, a été déclarée, en 1975, Parc National Huascarán. En 1977 et 1985, l’UNESCO a reconnu cette aire protégée comme étant une « Réserve de la Biosphère » et faisant partie du « Patrimoine Naturel de l’Humanité ». Dans la région d’Ancash, durant la saison estivale, les eaux de fonte de glace de la Cordillera Blanca garantissent de l’eau potable à plus d’un million de personnes (état en 2005) ; elles servent aussi pour la génération de l’énergie hydroélectrique, la culture maraîchère, l’irrigation et même le transport des concentrés de minerais. Grâce au projet d’irrigation CHAVIMOCHIC, ces ressources hydriques sont également captées jusqu’à la région de La Libertad pour irriguer la côte désertique, produire de l’électricité et fournir de l’eau potable à la ville de Trujillo (500'000 hab.). Notre travail, grâce à l’analyse systémique, identifie les principaux acteurs et leur interrelation autour des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca. On observe l’émergence des conflits entre les villages et les transnationales (EGENOR et les méga- projets miniers d’Antamina et de Pierina). A moyen et long terme, avec la présence de ces entreprises et l’augmentation de la population, les conflits devraient monter d’un cran. Cela suppose la nécessité d’une gestion durable de ces ressources. A cet effet, comme outil de gestion pour ce massif, nous avons établi un prototype de Système d’Information Géographique (SIG), qui est constitué de 6 plans d’information en format raster et de 20 couches d’information vectorielle. Dans la perspective du développement durable, nous proposons une stratégie de gestion des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca par micro bassin-versant. Cette politique doit être mise en œuvre en tenant compte des besoins, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, de tous les acteurs, y compris de l’écosystème, et surtout en s’appuyant sur les autorités locales de l’eau (communautés indigènes). Grâce à la télédétection satellitaire, la cartographie de la superficie glaciaire de la Cordillera Blanca a été établie, pour 1987, 1996 et 2002. Les résultats sont, respectivement, 643, 600 et 596 km2. Entre 1970 (721 km2) et 2002, le massif a perdu 125 km2 (17%) de sa couverture glaciaire, ce qui représente un retrait moyen de 4 km2/an. Cette perte a des conséquences sur les réserves hydriques : pour 1970 et 2002, le volume d’équivalent-eau représentait, respectivement, 20 km3 et 16.6 km3. Cela signifie une perte de 3.4 km3 en 32 ans, soit de 106x106 m3 par an. Dans la région Ancash, le retrait glaciaire, conjugué avec l’augmentation de la population, implique une diminution des réserves hydriques par habitant. En effet, en 1972, pour une population de 732'092 habitants, chaque personne disposait d’une réserve d’environ 27'000 m3 d’eau ; en 2005, pour une population de 1'039'415 habitants, la réserve individuelle représentait un peu moins de 16'000 m3. Finalement, la Cordillera Blanca représente la principale réserve hydrique pour la région Ancash : environ 16.6 km3 (95%) d’eau sont stockées dans ses glaciers et environ 0.9 km3 (5%) du liquide vital sont concentrés dans les 881 lacs (état en 2002). La qualité de ces réserves hydriques est menacée, principalement, par l’activité minière. Le non traitement des déchets par les villes des vallées du Callejón de Huaylas et de Conchucos contribue aussi à la pollution de l’eau. De même, la présence annuelle de plus de 100'000 touristes menace l’équilibre écologique de cet écosystème. Mots-clefs : télédétection ; développement durable ; SIG ; analyse systémique ; Andes ; changement climatique. SUMMARY AGENDA 21 recognizes mountain ecosystems as being one of the reservoirs of fresh water and recommends managing this resource by basins or sub-basins (micro-sub-basin). As a vital element for human life, water plays a fundamental part in the context of mountain regions’ sustainable development. In many countries, melting ice of mountain ecosystems supply populations with enough drinkable water, guarantee food-producing culture and electricity production. These ecosystems also serve as direct support to populations, offering environmental services as well as resources in space (for leisure activities), materials (ore, wood) and cultural and biological diversity. In Alpine and Andean countries, mountain ecosystems glaciers represent the main water reserve. Besides, the evolution of these glaciers is an indicator of climate change. In Peru, because of its scenic beauty, diverse flora and fauna, and ecological features, the Cordillera Blanca, located in the Ancash region, was declared Huascarán National Park in 1975. In 1975 and 1985, UNESCO recognized this protected area as being a “Biosphere Reserve” and part of the “World Natural Heritage”. In the Ancash region, during the summer months, water from ice melting in Cordillera Blanca provides over one million people with drinkable water (2005 figure). Melt water is are also used to produce hydroelectric power, for market gardening, irrigation and even transportation of ore concentrates. Through the CHAVIMOCHIC irrigation project, these water resources are also harnessed as far as La Libertad region in order to irrigate the barren coast, to produce power and to supply the city of Trujillo (500000 inhabitants) with drinkable water. Our work, thanks to system analysis, identifies the main actors and their interconnection around the water resources in the Cordillera Blanca. We have identified conflicts emerging between villages and transnational companies (EGENOR and the mega mining projects of Antamina and Pierina).
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