DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Reference

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Thesis Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou) SILVERIO TORRES, Walter Claudio Abstract La partie théorique est consacrée aux objectifs du projet, questions-guides et définitions des concepts. La partie pratique, à travers une représentation systémique de la Cordillera Blanca, décrit les aspects physiques et socio-économiques de la région. Elle aborde la mise en œuvre du SIG pour la Cordillera Blanca, notamment la cartographie glaciaire et l'estimation du volume des réserves. En outre, elle identifie les acteurs et les conflits autour des ressources hydriques, formule une stratégie pour la gestion durable de ces ressources et indique les causes possibles du retrait glaciaire. Trois types de scénarios sont présentés: climatique, anthropique et environnemental. Ce travail se conclut par des réponses aux questions-guides et souligne l'importance de la Cordillera Blanca comme étant l'unique réserve d'eau pour la région Ancash et le projet d'irrigation CHAVIMOCHIC, dont le changement climatique menace la pérennité. Reference SILVERIO TORRES, Walter Claudio. Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou). Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2007, no. SES 631 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:103565 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-1035651 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:103565 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ÉCONOMIQUES ET SOCIALES DEPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences Economiques et Sociales de l’Université de Genève pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Sciences Economiques et Sociales, mention géographie par Walter Silverio FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ÉCONOMIQUES ET SOCIALES DEPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE Application des SIG pour une gestion durable des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca (Pérou) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences Economiques et Sociales de l’Université de Genève pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Sciences Economiques et Sociales, mention géographie par Walter Silverio (Pérou) Membres du jury de thèse : Hy DAO, maître-assistant, Faculté SES, Université de Genève Bernard DEBARBIEUX, professeur, Faculté SES, Université de Genève, Président du jury Christian HUGGEL, chargé d’enseignement, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Zürich Charles HUSSY, professeur honoraire, Faculté SES, Université de Genève, Directeur de thèse Jean-Michel JAQUET, maître d’enseignement et de recherche, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève et Chef de la Section Observation de la Terre, UNEP-DEWA-GRID- Genève Thèse n° 631 Genève, mai 2007 La Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales, sur préavis du jury, a autorisé l’impression de la présente thèse, sans entendre, par là, émettre aucune opinion sur les propositions qui s’y trouvent énoncées et qui n’engagent que la responsabilité de leur auteur. Genève, le 3 mai 2007 Le doyen Pierre ALLAN Impression d’après le manuscrit de l’auteur DÉDICACE Cette thèse est dédiée aux rajus (glaciers), aux jirkas (montagnes), aux auguis (ancêtres) et aux apus (les divinités de la montagne) ; à la Cordillera Blanca, château d’eau, à ses populations indigènes et aux anonymes préposés de l’eau des communautés indigènes. RESUME L’AGENDA 21 reconnaît les écosystèmes de montagne comme étant l’un des réservoirs de l’eau douce, et préconise la gestion de cette ressource par bassin versant ou sous-unité de bassin (micro-bassin versant : mBV). L’eau étant un élément vital pour la vie humaine, elle a un rôle fondamental à jouer dans le contexte du développement durable des régions de montagne. Dans de nombreux pays, les écosystèmes de montagne, par la fonte de glace, garantissent l’approvisionnement en eau potable des populations, la culture vivrière et la production de l’électricité. Ces écosystèmes servent aussi comme support direct aux populations, offrent des services environnementaux ainsi que des ressources en espace (loisirs), matière (minerais, bois, ..) et diversité culturelle et biologique. Dans les pays alpins et andins, les glaciers des écosystèmes de montagne représentent la principale réserve hydrique. En outre, l’évolution de ces glaciers sert comme indicateur du changement climatique. Au Pérou, par la beauté de ses paysages, la diversité de sa flore et de sa faune et de ses caractéristiques écologiques, la Cordillère Blanche, située dans le Département d’Ancash, a été déclarée, en 1975, Parc National Huascarán. En 1977 et 1985, l’UNESCO a reconnu cette aire protégée comme étant une « Réserve de la Biosphère » et faisant partie du « Patrimoine Naturel de l’Humanité ». Dans la région d’Ancash, durant la saison estivale, les eaux de fonte de glace de la Cordillera Blanca garantissent de l’eau potable à plus d’un million de personnes (état en 2005) ; elles servent aussi pour la génération de l’énergie hydroélectrique, la culture maraîchère, l’irrigation et même le transport des concentrés de minerais. Grâce au projet d’irrigation CHAVIMOCHIC, ces ressources hydriques sont également captées jusqu’à la région de La Libertad pour irriguer la côte désertique, produire de l’électricité et fournir de l’eau potable à la ville de Trujillo (500'000 hab.). Notre travail, grâce à l’analyse systémique, identifie les principaux acteurs et leur interrelation autour des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca. On observe l’émergence des conflits entre les villages et les transnationales (EGENOR et les méga- projets miniers d’Antamina et de Pierina). A moyen et long terme, avec la présence de ces entreprises et l’augmentation de la population, les conflits devraient monter d’un cran. Cela suppose la nécessité d’une gestion durable de ces ressources. A cet effet, comme outil de gestion pour ce massif, nous avons établi un prototype de Système d’Information Géographique (SIG), qui est constitué de 6 plans d’information en format raster et de 20 couches d’information vectorielle. Dans la perspective du développement durable, nous proposons une stratégie de gestion des ressources hydriques de la Cordillera Blanca par micro bassin-versant. Cette politique doit être mise en œuvre en tenant compte des besoins, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, de tous les acteurs, y compris de l’écosystème, et surtout en s’appuyant sur les autorités locales de l’eau (communautés indigènes). Grâce à la télédétection satellitaire, la cartographie de la superficie glaciaire de la Cordillera Blanca a été établie, pour 1987, 1996 et 2002. Les résultats sont, respectivement, 643, 600 et 596 km2. Entre 1970 (721 km2) et 2002, le massif a perdu 125 km2 (17%) de sa couverture glaciaire, ce qui représente un retrait moyen de 4 km2/an. Cette perte a des conséquences sur les réserves hydriques : pour 1970 et 2002, le volume d’équivalent-eau représentait, respectivement, 20 km3 et 16.6 km3. Cela signifie une perte de 3.4 km3 en 32 ans, soit de 106x106 m3 par an. Dans la région Ancash, le retrait glaciaire, conjugué avec l’augmentation de la population, implique une diminution des réserves hydriques par habitant. En effet, en 1972, pour une population de 732'092 habitants, chaque personne disposait d’une réserve d’environ 27'000 m3 d’eau ; en 2005, pour une population de 1'039'415 habitants, la réserve individuelle représentait un peu moins de 16'000 m3. Finalement, la Cordillera Blanca représente la principale réserve hydrique pour la région Ancash : environ 16.6 km3 (95%) d’eau sont stockées dans ses glaciers et environ 0.9 km3 (5%) du liquide vital sont concentrés dans les 881 lacs (état en 2002). La qualité de ces réserves hydriques est menacée, principalement, par l’activité minière. Le non traitement des déchets par les villes des vallées du Callejón de Huaylas et de Conchucos contribue aussi à la pollution de l’eau. De même, la présence annuelle de plus de 100'000 touristes menace l’équilibre écologique de cet écosystème. Mots-clefs : télédétection ; développement durable ; SIG ; analyse systémique ; Andes ; changement climatique. SUMMARY AGENDA 21 recognizes mountain ecosystems as being one of the reservoirs of fresh water and recommends managing this resource by basins or sub-basins (micro-sub-basin). As a vital element for human life, water plays a fundamental part in the context of mountain regions’ sustainable development. In many countries, melting ice of mountain ecosystems supply populations with enough drinkable water, guarantee food-producing culture and electricity production. These ecosystems also serve as direct support to populations, offering environmental services as well as resources in space (for leisure activities), materials (ore, wood) and cultural and biological diversity. In Alpine and Andean countries, mountain ecosystems glaciers represent the main water reserve. Besides, the evolution of these glaciers is an indicator of climate change. In Peru, because of its scenic beauty, diverse flora and fauna, and ecological features, the Cordillera Blanca, located in the Ancash region, was declared Huascarán National Park in 1975. In 1975 and 1985, UNESCO recognized this protected area as being a “Biosphere Reserve” and part of the “World Natural Heritage”. In the Ancash region, during the summer months, water from ice melting in Cordillera Blanca provides over one million people with drinkable water (2005 figure). Melt water is are also used to produce hydroelectric power, for market gardening, irrigation and even transportation of ore concentrates. Through the CHAVIMOCHIC irrigation project, these water resources are also harnessed as far as La Libertad region in order to irrigate the barren coast, to produce power and to supply the city of Trujillo (500000 inhabitants) with drinkable water. Our work, thanks to system analysis, identifies the main actors and their interconnection around the water resources in the Cordillera Blanca. We have identified conflicts emerging between villages and transnational companies (EGENOR and the mega mining projects of Antamina and Pierina).
Recommended publications
  • Cordillera Blanca : Glaciares En La Historia

    Cordillera Blanca : Glaciares En La Historia

    Bull. Inst. Fr. &tildes andines 36 B. FRANCOU, P. RlBSTElN - 1995, 24 (1): 37-64 THOMPSON, L.G., 1992- Ice core evidence from Peru and China. in :Clirrrnte sir~eA.D.1500.(R. Bradley and P.D. Jones editors) :517-548, London: Routledege. THOMPSON, L.G., MOSLEY-THOMPSON, E. C MORALES ARNAO, B., 1984 - El Niiio Southern Oscillation events recorded in the stratigraphy of the Tropical Quelccaya ice cap, Peru. Science, :50-53. 22 M. THOMPSON,J., L.G., MOSLEY-THOMPSON, E., DAVIS, M., LIN, P.N., YAO,T., DYURGEROV, & DAI, 1993- ”Recent warming” : ice core evidence from tropical ice cores with empllass on Central Asia. Globnl nird Plnrv&?ry Clrnqe, 7 : 145-156. CORDILLERA BLANCA GLACIARES EN LA HISTORIA I I *O Resumen Seminario internacional: La mis vasta cobertura glaciar situada entre los trilpicos aqarece como objeto de estudio AIUSE ESTRUCTURAL, POL“ AGRARIASY SECTOR AGROPECUARIO EN BOUMA, CHILE, ECUADOR Y PERU, rela tivainente tarde, a fines del sigla XIX, sobre todo gracias a Ias expediciones austro alemanas a partir organizado por el CEPES y FAO y realizado en mayo de 1994 en la ciudad de Lima. de los aiios 1930-1940.EI desarrollo del alpinismo y un gran nilmero de catistrofes mortales asociadas a la dinimica de estos glaciares (rotura de lagunas de represa morrénica, avalanchas) atrajeron la Ajuste estructural el papel relativo del sector agrario en el desarrollo del PerídJuvier lgiiifiíí y atención ysuscitaron investigaciones glaciológicas.En 1980,seencuentran entre losmejormonitoreados de losglaciares tropicales,primero, gracias a un programa
  • Stevie Haston Aleš Česen Malcolm Bass Tom Ballard Steve Skelton F.Lli Franchini Korra Pesce

    Stevie Haston Aleš Česen Malcolm Bass Tom Ballard Steve Skelton F.Lli Franchini Korra Pesce

    # 33 Stile Alpino Luoghi & Montagne MONTE BIANCO BHAGIRATHI III CIVETTA KISHTWAR SHIVLING GASHERBRUM IV HIMALAYA MALTA TAULLIRAJU Protagonisti STEVIE HASTON ALEš ČESEN MALCOLM BASS TOM BALLARD STEVE SKELTON F.LLI FRANCHINI KORRA PESCE Speciale PILASTRO ROSSO DEL BROUILLARD In collaborazione con: ALPINE STUDIO EDITORE Trimestrale anno VIII n° 33 settembre 2016 (n. 3/2016) € 4,90 La giacca più leggera e impermeabile del momento LIGHTWEIGHT WITHOUT COMPROMISE MINIMUS 777 JACKET Con un peso di soli 139g, la Minimus 777 è una giacca per Alpinismo e da Trail di una leggerezza estrema, con 3 strati impermeabili, una traspirabilità elevata e una comprimibilità senza precedenti. Pertex® Shield + exclusive technology: 7 denier face, 7 micron membrane, 7 denier tricot backer montane.eu La giacca più leggera e EDITORIAL # 33 impermeabile del momento • Firstly I would like to openly admit that I do not really like to write about or com- ment on other peoples mountaineering endeavors, because it is impossible to comple- tely understand an experience in the mountains unless you have lived it yourself. Ten years after my predecessor I will have the difficult task to replace Fabio Palma in writing the editorials of Stile Alpino. Certainly he is better skilled than me in writing and has been one of the creators of this magazine founded by the Ragni di Lecco group. Nonetheless, I will try to be up to the job helping to select the last ascents around the world and to suggest new places but always taking care to include ascents in the Alps and close to home. The objective of Stile Alpino is to improve and steadily grow in order to publish ar- ticles, that might not have been published before, on ascents in unknown or known areas.
  • Multi-Source Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping for Huaraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru

    Multi-Source Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping for Huaraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru

    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 21 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/feart.2018.00210 Multi-Source Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping for Huaraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru Holger Frey 1*, Christian Huggel 1, Rachel E. Chisolm 2†, Patrick Baer 1†, Brian McArdell 3, Alejo Cochachin 4 and César Portocarrero 5† 1 Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2 Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, 3 Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland, 4 Autoridad Nacional del Agua – Unidad de Glaciología y Recursos Hídricos (ANA-UGRH), Huaraz, Peru, 5 Área Glaciares, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Edited by: en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña (INAIGEM), Huaraz, Peru Davide Tiranti, Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione The Quillcay catchment in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, contains several glacial lakes, Ambientale (ARPA), Italy including Lakes Palcacocha (with a volume of 17 × 106 m3), Tullparaju (12 × 106 m3), Reviewed by: 6 3 Dhananjay Anant Sant, and Cuchillacocha (2 × 10 m ). In 1941 an outburst of Lake Palcacocha, in one of Maharaja Sayajirao University of the deadliest historical glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) worldwide, destroyed large Baroda, India Fabio Matano, parts of the city of Huaraz, located in the lowermost part of the catchment. Since Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche this outburst, glaciers, and glacial lakes in Quillcay catchment have undergone drastic (CNR), Italy changes, including a volume increase of Lake Palcacocha between around 1990 and *Correspondence: 2010 by a factor of 34. In parallel, the population of Huaraz grew exponentially to more Holger Frey [email protected] than 120,000 inhabitants nowadays, making a comprehensive assessment and mapping of GLOF hazards for the Quillcay catchment and the city of Huaraz indispensable.
  • 476 the AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL Glaciers That Our Access Was Finally Made Through the Mountain Rampart

    476 the AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL Glaciers That Our Access Was Finally Made Through the Mountain Rampart

    476 THE AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL glaciers that our access was finally made through the mountain rampart. One group operated there and climbed some of the high-grade towers by stylish and demanding routes, while the other group climbed from a hid- den loch, ringed by attractive peaks, north of the valley and intermingled with the mountains visited by the 1971 St. Andrews expedition (A.A.J., 1972. 18: 1, p. 156). At the halfway stage we regrouped for new objec- tives in the side valleys close to Base Camp, while for the final efforts we placed another party by canoe amongst the most easterly of the smooth and sheer pinnacles of the “Land of the Towers,” while another canoe party voyaged east to climb on the islands of Pamiagdluk and Quvernit. Weather conditions were excellent throughout the summer: most climbs were done on windless and sunny days and bivouacs were seldom contem- plated by the parties abseiling down in the night gloom. Two mountains may illustrate the nature of the routes: Angiartarfik (1845 meters or 6053 feet; Grade III), a complex massive peak above Base Camp, was ascended by front-pointing in crampons up 2300 feet of frozen high-angled snow and then descended on the same slope in soft thawing slush: this, the easiest route on the peak, became impracticable by mid-July when the snow melted off to expose a crevassed slope of green ice; Twin Pillars of Pamiagdluk (1373 meters or 4505 feet; Grade V), a welded pair of abrupt pinnacles comprising the highest peak on this island, was climbed in a three-day sortie by traversing on to its steep slabby east wall and following a thin 300-metre line to the summit crest.

  • Folleto Inglés (1.995Mb)

    Impressive trails Trekking in Áncash Trekking trails in Santa Cruz © J. Vallejo / PROMPERÚ Trekking trails in Áncash Áncash Capital: Huaraz Temperature Max.: 27 ºC Min.: 7 ºC Highest elevation Max.: 3090 meters Three ideal trekking trails: 1. HUAYHUASH MOUNTAIN RANGE RESERVED AREA Circuit: The Huayhuash Mountain Range 2. HUASCARÁN NATIONAL PARK SOUTH AND HUARAZ Circuit: Olleros-Chavín Circuit: Day treks from Huaraz Circuit: Quillcayhuanca-Cójup 3. HUASCARÁN NATIONAL PARK NORTH Circuit: Llanganuco-Santa Cruz Circuit: Los Cedros-Alpamayo HUAYHUASH MOUNTAIN RANGE RESERVED AREA Circuit: Huayhuash Mountain Range (2-12 days) 45 km from Chiquián to Llámac to the start of the trek (1 hr. 45 min. by car). This trail is regarded one of the most spectacular in the world. It is very popular among mountaineering enthusiasts, since six of its many summits exceed 6000 meters in elevation. Mount Yerupajá (6634 meters) is one such example: it is the country’s second highest peak. Several trails which vary in length between 45 and 180 kilometers are available, with hiking times from as few as two days to as many as twelve. The options include: • Circle the mountain range: (Llámac-Pocpa-Queropalca Quishuarcancha-Túpac Amaru-Uramaza-Huayllapa-Pacllón): 180 km (10-12 days). • Llámac-Jahuacocha: 28 km (2-3 days). Most hikers begin in Llámac or Matacancha. Diverse landscapes of singular beauty are clearly visible along the treks: dozens of rivers; a great variety of flora and fauna; turquoise colored lagoons, such as Jahuacocha, Mitucocha, Carhuacocha, and Viconga, and; the spectacular snow caps of Rondoy (5870 m), Jirishanca (6094 m), Siulá (6344 m), and Diablo Mudo (5223 m).
  • ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~

    ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~

    INSTITUTE of ANDEAN STUDIES ~ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~ 57th Annual Meeting JANUARY 6–7, 2017 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 2 Friday, January 6h RANDALL HAAS , University of Wyoming; JAMES WATSON , University of Arizona Dental evidence for tuber intensification in the Titicaca Basin, 7kya Recent DNA studies point to the South Central Andes as a likely center of potato domestication. We present independent support for this hypothesis with new observations on dental-wear patterns among a burial population of 7000-year-old foragers discovered at the site of Soro Mik’aya Patjxa, Lake Titicaca Basin. Five of sixteen individuals exhibit lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth. This observation along with other dental observations, contextual material evidence, and ethnographic comparisons converge to suggest that the Middle Archaic Period foragers of Soro Mik’aya habitually engaged in intensive tuber processing. New questions and implications for Andean domestication are discussed. MARIA BRUNO , Dickinson College; CHRISTINE A. HASTORF , University of California, Berkeley; AMANDA SANTILLI , JAMES CIARROCCA , Dickinson College; JEWELL SORIANO , University of California, Berkeley; JOSÉ CAPRILES FLORES , Pennsylvania State University Palimpsests of Chiripa landscape management The most prominent Andean political and ceremonial centers were not isolated architectural complexes but places made more potent by being situated within meaningful and managed socio ‐natural landscapes. Fine ‐scale topographic mapping around the monumental center of Chiripa, Bolivia by the Taraco Archaeological Project sheds new light onto a palimpsest of long ‐term landscape management of the area. Here, we begin to unpack this complex landscape by examining modified hydraulic features including springs, streams, and raised ‐fields. While this is a first step towards a better understanding of pre ‐ Hispanic management practices, it also reveals significant modifications associated with historic and present ‐day Chiripa communities.
  • DAV Summit Club

    DAV Summit Club

    Vorbereitungskurse / Trainingsexpedition / leichte Expeditionen / 6000er & Hochtouren / Südamerika / Peru TRAININGSEXPEDITION CORDILLERA BLANCA MIT NEVADO URUS, 5495 M, NEVADO ISHINCA, 5530 M UND NEVADO TOCLLARAJU, 6034 M Beschreibung Trainingsexpedition, einfach, 16 Tage Expeditionsbergsteigen kompakt lernen Drei Ziele unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeit: Nevado Urus 5495 m, Nevado Ishinca 5530 m, und auf den Anden-6000er Nevado Tocllaraju, 6034 m Tipps und Tricks von einem erfahrenen Expeditionsleiter Expeditionserfahrener, Deutsch sprechender einheimsicher Staatlich geprüfter Berg- und Skiführer Programm Schneebedeckte Eisriesen, blauer Himmel, gute Erreichbarkeit – das ist Expeditionsbergsteigen in Peru. Diese Trainingsexpedition mit drei attraktiven Gipfelzielen unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeit ist eine Mischung aus Ausbildungskurs und richtiger Expedition. „Learning by doing“ heißt hier die Devise. Für das Bergsteigen in großer Höhe erlernen Sie wichtige theoretische und praktische Inhalte, wie z. B. das Begehen von Fixseilen und die richtige Akklimatisationstechnik. Sie üben Bekanntes, wie die richtige Handhabung von Pickel und Steigeisen sowie Spaltenbergung intensiv ein. Anschließend haben Sie ausreichend Gelegenheit, das Ganze auf einer richtigen Expedition anzuwenden. Ziel der Veranstaltung ist es, den routinierten Hochtourengeher systematisch auf die Teilnahme an einer größeren Expedition vorzubereiten. Erläuterungen: Gz 5 h Die Gehzeit ohne Pausen beträgt fünf Stunden. [F/M/–] [F/–/A] [–/–/A] Enthaltene Mahlzeiten: F = Frühstück; M = Mittagessen; A = Abendessen. 1. Tag: Abflug Flug mit Air Europa von Frankfurt über Madrid. 2. Tag: Huaraz, 3100 m Nach der frühmorgendlichen Ankunft in Lima fahren wir nach Huaraz über den 4100 m hohen Conacocha-Pass. Mittagessen in Barrancas, wo Sie von der Panamericana in Richtung der Weißen Kordilliere abzweigen. Hotelübernachtung. Fz ca. 8 h [-/M/A] 3. Tag: Huaraz, 3100 m Tag zur freien Verfügung, der für die Höhenanpassung vorgesehen ist.
  • INVITATION to the ANDES. John C. Oberlin

    INVITATION to the ANDES. John C. Oberlin

    INVITATION TO THE ANDES INVITATION TO THE ANDES . • BY JOHN C. OBERLIN (Names of mountains printed in italic are unofficial.) ......... Scottish Himalayan Expedition and other similar small parties have stimulated the hopes and aroused the ambitions of young · mountaineers, not only of Great Britain, but also of North America. lt demonstrated that the right sort of amateur party with limited funds could nevertheless explore and· climb in a remote region with eminent satisfaction and success. Many are eager to follow the example. I suggest that the Andes of Peru may offer what they seek. Peru ~s a magnificent country, bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west but largely draining into the Atlantic. This apparent anomaly is due to the extensive series of mountain ranges relatively near the coast which rise above 2o,ooo ft. and separate the strip of dry coastal plain from the luxuriant forests of the Amazon basin. .Most of the higher peaks are sheathed in snow and ice and many remain unclimbed despite the ready accessibility of their bases, for the simple reason that they are both difficult and dangerous. Other very large peaks, such as the volcano Coropuna (6,613 m.), offer no real problem other than their size. If the proper time of year is s~lected the weather is both com­ fortable and reliable, despite proximity to the equator, due to the effect of the cold Humboldt Current along· the coast and to the altitude of the valleys from which the peaks are reached. The Peruvians are friendly and most hospitable, and living and travel expenses are low.
  • Glacial Flooding and Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Exchange and Field Training

    Glacial Flooding and Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Exchange and Field Training

    GLACIAL FLOODING AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE AND FIELD TRAINING July 11-24, 2013 Huaraz, Peru July 16, 2013 Day 4 - Field Methods and Modules I Glacial lakes and emerging risks in the Cordillera Blanca Wilfred Haeberli, Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela and Cesar Portocarrero 1. Introduction Continued atmospheric warming induces striking changes of most glaciers around the world (WGMS 2008). The formation of new lakes in de-glaciating high-mountain regions (Linsbauer et al., 2012) strongly influences landscape characteristics and represents a significant hazard related to climate change (Haeberli et al. , 2010; Kattelmann 2003; Richardson and Reynolds 2000). An increasing number of numerical modeling studies indicate that mountain glaciers are likely to continue vanishing (Zemp et al. 2006); that a fifth of Canada's Arctic Archipelago glaciers may disappear by the end of the century (Lenearts et al. 2013); that up to 50 percent of the Andes glaciers may have already been lost to climate-induced melting (Rabatel et al. 2013); and that Himalayan glaciers are reported to be losing mass as well, although with notable exceptions in the Karakoram and Northwestern Himalaya (Bolch et al. 2012). Major effects of this trend in glacier recession are increased variability in water supplies in some regions (Huss, 2011) and flooding risks from lakes formed at receding glaciers (Clague and Evans, 2000; Haeberli et al., 2010). The goals of this module and visit to Laguna Llaca are to (a) Understand the formation, characteristics and further evolution of new lakes due to glacier retreat in the Cordillera Blanca; (b) exchange knowledge end experience regarding the assessment of potential hazards due to glacier floods and debris flows; (c) discuss corresponding possibilities of hazard prevention and safety systems; and (d) consider consequences of glacier retreat to fresh-water supply and related adaptation strategies.
  • Geografía Y Medio Ambiente

    Geografía Y Medio Ambiente

    ALMANAQUE DE ANCASH 2002-2003 103 GEOGRAFIA Y MEDIO AMBIENTE Silhueta del Mapa del Perú encima de la Laguna de Querococha (Recuay) II. GEOGRAFIA Y MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL PERU EN EL MUNDO 104 ALMANAQUE DE ANCASH 2002-2003 SUMARIO GEOGRAFIA Y MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL PERU EN EL MUNDO ALMANAQUE DE ANCASH 2002-2003 105 SUMARIO Página 2.1 Características geográficas ................................................................................................................................. 107 2.1.1 Superficie Territorial ................................................................................................................................. 107 2.1.1.1 Ancash: Superficie insular: 2002 .............................................................................................................. 107 2.1.1.2 Ancash: superficie, población total proyectada y desidad poblacional, según provincias: 2001- 2002 107 a) Mapa del Perú: Ubicación Geográfica del Departamento de Ancash ...................................................... 108 2.1.2 Ubicación geográfica .................................................................................................................................. 109 2.1.3 Clima y Temperatura ................................................................................................................................ 110 2.1.4 Hidrografía ................................................................................................................................................. 111 a) Vertiente de Pacífico.................................................................................................................................
  • PERUVIAN ANDES ADVENTURES CIRCUIT of ALPAMAYO to ULTA

    PERUVIAN ANDES ADVENTURES CIRCUIT of ALPAMAYO to ULTA

    PERUVIAN ANDES ADVENTURES CIRCUIT OF ALPAMAYO to ULTA VALLEY 13 days trekking (option for 12 days) Grade: Hard Highest Point: 4850m Alpamayo Without doubt, the Cordillera Blanca range provides some of the most spectacular and varied trekking and climbing landscapes in the world. The range boasts more than 50 peaks of 5700m or higher of which some 20 surpass the 6000 metre mark. Huascarán is, at 6768m, the highest mountain in Peru while the pyramid of Alpamayo is arguably its most beautiful peak. We find, within this 170km-long range, the greatest concentration of tropical-zone glaciers on earth. Turquoise glacial lakes abound and vertical granite walls rise thousands of metres into the sky. Our Alpamayo Circuit trek weaves a route through the heart of the Cordillera Blanca, crossing a number of high passes which lead us into valleys with hugely varied mountain landscapes. The focal point of the trek is the famous Alpamayo pyramid, once voted the most beautiful mountain in the world. We have the opportunity to see it from Laguna Jancarurish. The expedition sees us cross the continental divide and, after a succession of stunning views, finds us camping at the amazing Avalancha Campsite (4650m) where we look down as avalanches crash from immense fissured glaciers on the flanks of the Conrahierbas massif. The trek ends after our final breathtaking pass at 4850m and descent to the Ulta valley. Note 1: Grading We have graded this trek HARD. Although the hiking is not technical, you cross several high passes via steep ascents. There are also some long, hard physically demanding days.
  • Alpamayo Circuit Trek — Cordillera Blanca, Peru  2016 International Mountain Guides

    Alpamayo Circuit Trek — Cordillera Blanca, Peru  2016 International Mountain Guides

    Alpamayo Circuit Trek — Cordillera Blanca, Peru 2016 International Mountain Guides Trek with IMG this July in the incredible Cordillera Blanca Mountains of Peru. Enjoy nine days of trekking through the range with spectacular views of icy-clad peaks and passages through serene valleys of alpine tundra. We’ll have opportunities for close views of impressive peaks such as Huascarán (22,132’) and Chopicalqui (20,847’). Topping off the view list is Alpamayo (19,511’), one of the most beautiful mountains in the world. This is a rugged high-altitude trek. We will not likely see many other trekkers along the way, a benefit for those looking for a reasonable challenge in a stunning alpine environment. One of our many views of Alpamayo This traditional style trek is suitable for new and experienced trekkers alike and for climbers who wish to delve into a solid high-altitude trekking routine. It’s a perfect choice if you’ve completed our Machu Picchu trek, Kilimanjaro, or if you’ve backpacked on some challenging overnight trips and are looking for a new adventure. One of our experienced IMG senior guides will lead the trip, in conjunction with local guides who we’ve worked with for years. Our trek route varies from casual walking along well defined trails to more rugged sections that will require some light scrambling, all made reasonable with the assistance of your guides. The entire trek is mule supported and the mules do the ‘heavy lifting’ of group and overnight personal gear, allowing team members to walk along for the entire experience with a light pack, carrying only the essentials for the day.