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Revista De Glaciares Y Ecosistemas De Montaña ISSN 2519-7649 Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña Año 2, Número 3 – Diciembre 2017 INAIGEM Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña Huaraz, Ancash, Perú Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña INAIGEM Presidente Ejecutivo Ing. Benjamín Morales Arnao Secretario General Sr. Jorge Rojas Fernández Editor Mg. Steven A. Wegner Comité Editorial Sr. Jorge Rojas Fernández Ing. Ricardo Villanueva Ramírez Dr. Roberto Arias Flores Comité Consultivo Dr. Lonnie Thompson (School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, EE.UU.) Dr. Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic (Geoestudios, Santiago, Chile) Dr. Bernard Francou (LTHE - Laboratoire d’étude des Transferts en Hidrologie et Environnement, Grenoble, Francia) Prof. Dr. Wilfried Haeberli (Geographisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Suiza) Ing. Zaniel Novoa Goicochea (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima) Dr. Jeffrey S. Kargel (Department of Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, EE.UU.) Dr. Enrique Flores Mariazza (Laboratorio de Utilización de Pastizales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima) Dr. Hildegardo Córdova Aguilar (Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima) Dr. Bryan G. Mark (Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, EE.UU.) La Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña es una publicación científica de periodicidad semestral (junio y diciembre). Tiene como objetivo difundir los resultados de trabajos de investigación en glaciares y ecosistemas de montaña desarrollados en los Andes, especialmente en el Perú, pero también en otros países andinos. La revista publica artículos científicos originales e inéditos especialmente en las áreas de glaciología y ecología de ecosistemas de montaña, así como disciplinas afines de ciencias de la tierra, ciencias biológicas y ciencias sociales. Los trabajos recibidos son evaluados por revisores externos según criterios de calidad. La Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña no está indizada todavía, pero nuestra meta es cumplir con las pautas para serlo, cuyo trámite se iniciará después de la publicación de este número. ISSN 2519-7649 Editado por: Copyright © 2017. Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña Jr. Juan Bautista Mejía 887 Huaraz, Ancash, Perú Teléfono: (51) 043-22-1766 / 043-45-6234 Correo electrónico: [email protected] El contenido de cada artículo es de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no expresa, necesariamente, la opinión de la Revista o del INAIGEM. Es permitido realizar la reproducción parcial o total de los artículos publicados en esta revista con la obligación de indicar el nombre del autor y la fuente. Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú No 2016-17526 Diagramación: Soluciones Gráficas Impreso en: Corporación Globalmark SAC Parque Ginebra 630, Huaraz, Ancash Enero de 2018 Tiraje: 500 ejemplares La revista está disponible a texto completo en: http://www.inaigem.gob.pe/biblioteca/publicaciones/compilado Fotos de la portada: (arriba) Pico Norte del nevado Huascarán, desde Campo Morrena, encima de Musho, Yungay, Ancash (R. Villanueva); (derecha) Siembra y cosecha de agua en Coltus, Cordillera Negra, Huaraz, Ancash (H. Valverde); (abajo) Papa nativa (Solanum tuberosum), parcelas del Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica en Ecosistemas de Montaña “Reynaldo Trinidad Ardiles”, Cátac, Recuay, Ancash (J. Rosales); (izquierda) Viscacha norteña (Lagidium peruanum), Quebrada Llaca, Huaraz, Ancash (H. Valverde). Foto de la contraportada: Vista aérea del hielo de Pastoruri y su laguna proglacial, Carpa, Cátac, Recuay, Ancash (A. Santiago con INAIGEM drone). Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña INAIGEM Año 2, Número 3, Diciembre 2017 CONTENIDO Editorial ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Percepciones tradicionales del cambio climático en comunidades rurales altoandinas, en la Cordillera Blanca, Ancash Traditional perceptions of climate change in high-Andean rural communities in the Cordillera Blanca, Ancash Doris Walter ........................................................................................................................ 9 2. Ice core records of climate and environmental variability in the tropical Andes of Peru: Past, present and future Registros en núcleos de hielo de variabilidad de clima y ambiente en los Andes tropicales del Perú: Pasado, presente y futuro Lonnie Thompson, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Mary E. Davis and Stacy E. Porter ............ 25 3. Exploring patterns and controls on the hydrochemistry of proglacial streams in the upper Santa River, Peru Explorando patrones y controles en la hidroquímica de las corrientes proglaciales en el alto río Santa, Perú Alex M. Eddy, Bryan G. Mark, Michel Baraër, Jeffrey McKenzie, Alfonso Fernández, Susan Welch and Sarah Fortner .......................................................................................... 41 4. Función de regresión polinomial para la estimación del volumen de la laguna Palcacocha (Huaraz, Ancash) en sus diferentes niveles de cota Polynomial regression function for estimation of the volume of Lake Palcacocha (Huaraz, Ancash) at different surface heights Hernán R. Vega Mejía ………….………………………………………………………... 59 5. Una breve descripción de los servicios ecosistémicos, hídricos y culturales de la Cordillera Blanca y su entorno A brief description of the ecosystem, water and cultural services of the Cordillera Blanca and its surroundings Daniel Boyano Sotillo ........................................................................................................ 67 6. Políticas públicas y educación rural en la sierra del Perú: Construyendo alternativas (2da parte) – Ecosistemas de montaña: Las bases y los fundamentos para un sistema educativo propio Public policies and rural education in the highlands of Peru: Constructing alternatives (part 2) – Mountain ecosystems: The basis and foundations for their own educational system Antonio Guerrero Villar y Rosa Paz Soldán Villareal ........................................................ 81 7. Artropodofauna de los bosques de Polylepis (Rosaceae) de la zona de Conchucos, Ancash Arthropodofauna of the Polylepis (Rosaceae) forests of the Conchucos area, Ancash Anahí J. Oroz-Ramos, Abdhiel A. Bustamante-Navarrete, Jhony Farfán-Flores y Óscar J. Santander-Azpilcueta ........................................................................................... 97 5 8. Puya raimondii Harms del Santuario Nacional Calipuy, La Libertad Puya raimondii Harms of the Calipuy National Sanctuary, La Libertad Elbert H. Zavaleta Zavaleta ................................................................................................ 113 Guía para Autores ......................................................................................................................... 120 6 EDITORIAL Alerta Temprana Efectiva El concepto de alerta temprana puede o no incluir algún “sistema” para alertar a una población potencialmente afectada. Instituciones internacionales como la UNESCO manejan una definición de alerta temprana que es compartida por el INDECI en el Perú. Básicamente, alerta temprana es “la provisión de información oportuna y eficaz a través de instituciones identificadas, que permite a individuos expuestos a una amenaza tomar acciones para evitar o reducir su riesgo y aumentar su preparación para una respuesta efectiva”. Además, una amenaza o un peligro es “un evento físico, potencialmente perjudicial, fenómeno y/o actividad humana que puede causar la muerte o lesiones, daños materiales, interrupción de la actividad social y económica o degradación ambiental”. Una de las actividades humanas más amenazantes, aparte de la degradación ambiental general, es el lanzamiento intercontinental de misiles balísticos con ojivas nucleares. El North Warning System (NWS) es un sistema de radar de alerta temprana de los Estados Unidos y Canadá para la defensa aérea atmosférica de América del Norte. Proporciona vigilancia del espacio aéreo de posibles incursiones o ataques desde toda la región polar de América del Norte. El NWS consta de radares de vigilancia de largo alcance y de corto alcance, operados y mantenidos por el Comando de Defensa Aeroespacial de América del Norte (NORAD). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las amenazas de eventos físicos potencialmente perjudiciales proviene de fenómenos naturales, mayormente meteorológicos y geofísicos. Hay sofisticados sistemas para el seguimiento de huracanes en los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico, el mar Caribe y el Golfo de México. La NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, EE.UU.) opera el Centro Nacional de Huracanes que utiliza satélites, radar y reconocimiento por aeronaves para identificar y hacer seguimiento de huracanes con la intención de pronosticar su velocidad, ruta y puntos de impacto con poblaciones, aunque los huracanes no son del todo predecibles y frecuentemente cambian en fuerza y dirección. Algo semejante es el seguimiento de tornados en los EE.UU., donde el Laboratorio Nacional de Tormentas Severas (National Severe Storms Laboratory - NSSL) utiliza radar Doppler y algoritmos informáticos para identificar tormentas severas, pero requiere la ayuda de observadores terrestres de tormentas (“storm spotters”) para confirmar la formación del embudo de un tornado, el punto de aterrizaje y
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