The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2016 © Plant Health Australia 2017 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2016, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2016). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Contents

OVERVIEW 7 CHAPTER 1 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 11 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation 12 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 13 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 13 Biosecurity legislation 14 1.2 National committees 16 National Biosecurity Committee 16 Plant Health Committee 16 1.3 Australian Government plant health services 18 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 18 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 20 Department of Environment and Energy 20 Department of Immigration and Border Protection 20 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 20 Other government organisations 20 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services 21 Australian Capital Territory 22 New South Wales 22 Northern Territory 22 Queensland 23 South Australia 23 Tasmania 23 Victoria 24 Western Australia 24 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services 26 Private consultants and commercial agronomists 26 Professional associations 26 Australian aerial agriculture operators 26 1.6 Plant Health Australia 27 1.7 Australia’s plant production industries 30 Industry representative bodies and growers 30 Crop production summary 30 Industry profiles 31–87 CHAPTER 2 THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 89 2.1 High Priority Pests 91 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests 100 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests 104 Cost shared emergency responses in 2016 104 2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia 108 Weeds of National Significance 108 Weed prevention 109 Eradication and containment 109 Weed management 110 Coordination of weed management 110 CHAPTER 3 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 113 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade 114 Participating in international plant pest agreements 115 Regulating imports to manage risk 118 Ensuring Australian exports meet required standards 120 3.2 Pre-border activities 124 Verifications, inspections and audits 124 Participating in international plant health systems 125 Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region 125 Anticipating exotic plant pest threats 125 3.3 Activities at the border 126 Screening and inspection 126 Protecting our northern coastline – Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 127 3.4 Post-border activities 128 Post-entry plant quarantine 128 Domestic quarantine 130 Pre-emptive biosecurity planning 130 Managing economically significant species of fruit flies 131 Pest management 132 Pre-emptive breeding 134 Surveillance for exotic species 134 Diagnostics – accurate identification of plant pests 144 Forest Health and Biosecurity Subcommittee 155 On-farm biosecurity 156 Biosecurity officers on the ground 156 Plant biosecurity communication 157 CHAPTER 4 RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 159 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 160 National Management Group 161 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 161 Categorisation group 161 4.2 PLANTPLAN 162 Contingency planning 162 Training and evaluation 167 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 169 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 171 5.2 Australian Government RD&E 172 Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 172 Cooperative Research Centres 173 Research and development corporations 173 5.3 State and territory government RD&E 175 5.4 University and private research institution RD&E 175 5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2016 176 Research, development and extension projects 177 APPENDICES 201 Appendix 1 Organisation contact details 202 Appendix 2 Glossary 206 Appendix 3 Acronyms 208 INDEX 211 Tables Case Studies Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation 14 Chapter 1 Preventing pests from hitchhiking around Australia 21 Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members at end December 2016 27 New SA sterile insect facility to tackle fruit fly 24 Table 3–38. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 32–87 Russian wheat aphid spread tracked by AUSPestCheck 51 Table 39. High Priority Pests threats 92–9 Chapter 2 How pollination will change if Varroa destructor mite establishes in Table 40. Australia’s regionalised pests 101–3 Australian hives 91 Table 41. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 105 Table 42. Pest detections notified under the EPPRD that did not result in Xylella preparedness and prevention workshop 99 a formal cost-shared emergency response 106–7 Eradicating orange hawkweed from the highlands 111 Table 43. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources finalised and draft Chapter 3 Australia elected Chair of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures 124 import policy advice 118–9 Australian Government border inspections and unusual interceptions 129 Table 44. Australia's export legislation, administered by the Department of On-farm biosecurity planning app 133 Agriculture and Water Resources 120 Table 45. Market access achievements for plant product exports from New laws make biosecurity everyone’s responsibility 136 Australia since 2000 121–3 Top 40 exotic pests targeted 144 Table 46. Australian post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 2016 128 Chapter 4 Exercise Haryana improves readiness for an exotic pest of grains 162 Table 47. Current industry biosecurity plans covering Australia’s plant industries 131 Chapter 5 Shining a LAMP on bacteria in the field 175 Table 48. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2015 versus 2016 132 Setting directions for plant biosecurity research 198 Table 49. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs 137–42 Table 50. Number of samples undertaken in the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program by state and pest, 2016 143 Table 51. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations 146–50 Table 52. National Diagnostic Protocols 152–4 Table 53. Current PHA biosecurity manuals for producers of various industries 157 Table 54. EPP categories and the associated Affected Party Cost Sharing splits 161 Table 55. Contingency plans 163–6 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects 178–98

Figures Figure 1. Australia's climate zones allow production of many crops 9 Figure 2. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia 9 Figure 3. National biosecurity committees and the associated working groups 17 Figure 4. Regional boundaries for Department of Agriculture and Water Resources border biosecurity operations 19 Figure 5. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, 2014–15 30 Figure 6–81. Industry production data 32–87 Figure 82. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity system 114 Figure 83. NAQS surveillance area 127 Figure 84. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait 127 Figure 85. Surveillance programs by target host 135 Figure 86. Surveillance programs by target pest type 135 Figure 87. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 145 Figure 88–92. RD&E project summaries 176–7 Image courtesy of Helen Carpenter Image courtesy of Jeff Reynolds Foreword

With increasing globalisation, biosecurity has never been more important for Australia. The report describes the roles that governments play in the system, as well as the efforts Our island nation has a vast coastline with over 70 ports, eight major international airports of plant industries and individual farmers, our research institutions, community groups, and in 2016, travellers crossed Australia’s external borders 37.7 million times. Since every indigenous communities particularly in the tropical north, and every day Australians. movement of goods and people poses the risk of importing a new pest, the challenge of It lists the preparedness activities that have been undertaken to identify and protect protecting Australia’s unique natural environment and way of life from new pest threats is against particular pest threats, and the RD&E that’s happening in our universities and enormous. government facilities to assist us with the challenges we face.

Many serious plant pests exist elsewhere in the world that are not present in Australia, The book is written in an accessible style to provide a comprehensive resource for a a status that confers a range of benefits on us all. It is the plant biosecurity system that wide readership. I commend it to you. works to maintain this enviable status, a sophisticated system underpinned by cooperation between all the major stakeholders. Only by working together are we able to protect Australia’s plant industries and ecosystems. This valuable reference document reveals the workings of the plant biosecurity system that together protect Australia’s unique natural environment and dozens of plant production industries. Darral Ashton Chairman The report details the efforts both in Australia and overseas to protect our international Plant Health Australia borders from exotic pest incursions, as well as post-border efforts within Australia. Post-border biosecurity works to prevent existing pests and weeds from spreading between states and territories, as well as from region to region and farm to farm.

The best-known example of post-border biosecurity is the coordinated measures that prevent the spread of Queensland fruit fly, a pest native to the north of Australia, from attacking horticultural crops across the country. In addition to avoiding damage to crops by this destructive pest, areas known to be free from Qfly are able to sell their produce more freely, preserving export markets that contribute a significant amount to Australia’s economy.

Given the fundamental importance of plant biosecurity to our nation, Plant Health Australia collates information from numerous stakeholders to develop the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report each year. This 2016 edition, the ninth in the series, was compiled from over 60 contributions provided by organisations that play a role in protecting Australia. PHA thanks all of the contributors, without whom this report would not be possible. 6 Overview The importance of plant biosecurity

Due to Australia’s geographic isolation and more than a Plant pests are a significant problem worldwide. It is estimated that every year between 1 century of effective quarantine measures, Australia is 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally in addition to the damage done to the environment and social amenity. fortunate to be free from many serious plant pests that OVERVIEW negatively impact crops overseas. To maintain this While the activities of the Australian Government, such as restrictions on what comes in at international arrival points, are often the most visible aspects of the plant biosecurity favourable situation, Australia places a high priority on system, in fact, all Australians have a role to play in keeping Australia free from new pests. plant biosecurity. Other key stakeholders with important roles in preventing the spread of weeds and pests include peak industry bodies and their growers, state government agencies, utility From assessments of the pest threats to each industry, providers, local councils, grower groups, transporters, research organisations, international and domestic travellers, gardeners and anyone who visits a farm. Plant Health Australia (PHA) has identified 380 high priority pests that Australia needs to guard against. Almost half of Australia's total land area is used for agriculture, some 385 million hectares2. Of all the states and territories, Queensland has the highest proportion of agricultural land, with 79 per cent of the state used for agricultural production, followed by NSW with 72 Australia’s enviable plant pest status confers significant per cent. benefits to us all. Not only does it protect our unique natural environment, but it also supports our rural way of Due to wide climate variability across Australia (see Figure 1), producers grow a variety of crop species, each of which has a set of pests that pose a threat to production. Bananas, life and the economy. The lack of serious pests allows sugarcane, pineapples and ginger are grown in the tropical and sub-tropical north, while higher yields for farmers, with less pesticide use. This pome and stone fruits, grapes, nuts, onions and potatoes can be cultivated in more southern results in cheaper produce and acceptance of our produce temperate zones. Vast areas with grassland climate are suited to broadacre production of grains, pulses, cotton, forestry, and pasture for livestock production, and vegetables are around the world. grown in many areas. There are 38 crop industries featured later in this chapter.

Most crops grown in Australia are for use domestically, but produce is increasingly being exported overseas, particularly grains, cotton and higher value premium produce. Produce for overseas markets must meet the standards set for market access, which often includes evidence that production areas are free from certain pests.

Together, plant production industries make a significant contribution to the Australian economy, with a gross value of $30 billion in 2015–16 (see Figure 2). This is slightly more The definition of a pest used in this report (except in Chapter 4) covers insects, than the value of livestock production industries. mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds that are injurious to plants, plant products or bees. Exotic pests are those not currently present in Production and trade could be jeopardised by an incursion of a new pest that makes its Australia. Established or endemic pests are those currently present within Australia. way into our fields, orchards and plantations.

1 Savary, S, Ficke, A, Aubertot, J-N and Hollier, C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4): 519-537 8 2 Australian Bureau of Statistics, 7121.0 – Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2014–15 Figure 1. Australia's climate zones allow production of many crops Figure 2. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972–2016*

35 OVERVIEW

30

25

20

15

VALUE (GVP $ BILLION) VALUE 10

5

0

1972–74 1974–76 1976–78 1978–80 1980–82 1982–84 1984–86 1986–88 1988–90 1990–92 1992–94 1994–96 1996–98 1998–00 2000–02 2002–04 2004–06 2006–08 2008–10 2010–12 2012–14 2014–162016–18

Total crops Total livestock YEAR

* Includes forestry from 1995–96 Source: ABS 7503 data series, ABARES Agricultural Commodities Vol 5, no. 1 March quarter 2017

Our unique ecosystems also need protection from invasive exotic plant pests, some of With a total coastline stretching almost 60,000 km, Australia’s borders are protected which could change the face of the landscape, upset ecosystem food chains and threaten from plant pests by a collaborative partnership, and by coordinated activities that occur native species. There is much to protect. Australia has a high level of species richness pre-border (overseas), at the border and within Australia (post-border). The plant biosecurity including many native plants and animals that occur nowhere else on Earth. Parklands and partnership includes plant industries and their growers, the Australian Government, state other public amenity plantings could also be threatened by the introduction of particular and territory governments, local governments, researchers, PHA and the wider community exotic plant pests. including home gardeners.

It takes a great amount of effort to keep exotic pests out. Escalating amounts of Chapter 1 provides an overview of the different roles and responsibilities of the key international trade and the rising amount of movement by people around the globe, organisations and coordinating committees within Australia’s plant biosecurity system, together with natural means of entry such as wind and water currents, present enormous including details about the many plant industries that are members of PHA. challenges.

9 10 Chapter 1 The plant biosecurity system in Australia 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation

Australia’s plant biosecurity system involves efforts along The framework for managing the cooperative partnership that underpins Australia’s the whole biosecurity continuum—pre-border, at the effective plant biosecurity system consists of a suite of strategies, policies and legislation. These not only provide the current structure, but provide a vision of how the plant border and post-border—not simply restrictions at biosecurity system should operate into the future. international entry points. Risk mitigation activities pre- border prevent pests reaching Australia, border Australia’s biosecurity system has been reviewed several times. The resulting recommendations have seen the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and restrictions aim to intercept pests, and post-border Water Resources recognise that a future focused approach is vital to maintain a strong initiatives focus on regional and interstate restrictions, and resilient biosecurity system that will protect Australia from new biosecurity challenges, preparedness and emergency responses within Australia. whatever they may be. These activities across the continuum are carried out by a Key themes underpinning continuous improvement to Australia’s biosecurity system range of stakeholders including a cooperative include: government-industry partnership. • Targeting what matters most, including risk-based decision making and managing biosecurity risk across the continuum (pre-border, at the border and post-border). • Good regulation, including effective legislation and reduced regulatory burden. • Better processes, including service delivery modernisation and streamlined systems. • Sharing the responsibility, including maintaining productive relationships with all levels

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA of government, primary industries and the wider Australian public. • Maintaining a capable workforce.

The benefits of the modern biosecurity system are realised by industry, government and the community, with positive flow-on effects to the economy more generally.

Benefits include streamlined business processes, productivity improvements and reduced regulatory burden in a seamless and lower cost business environment. The system is characterised by evidence and risk-based decision making, the use of intelligence, a single point of regulatory contact and robust partnerships.

12 INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY Within government, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity is underpinned by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), which came into effect in January 2012. The IGAB was developed under the Council of Australian Governments and signed by ministers. The IGAB strengthens the working partnership between the Australian Government and state and territory governments by defining the roles and responsibilities of governments, and outlining priority areas for collaboration and improving the national biosecurity system.

Under the IGAB, key aspects of Australia’s biosecurity system are becoming better coordinated. Areas addressed include mechanisms to allow emergency response information to be shared between governments, an improved model for managing nationally significant established pests, measures to improve the transparency and rigour of national decision making and investment and a national biosecurity research, development and extension strategy. A public information and stakeholder engagement framework with standardised tools for all jurisdictions has also been developed.

In March 2016 an independent review commenced to ensure our nation’s biosecurity system remained current, efficient and flexible with a draft report released in December 2016. A final report is expected in July 2017 that will consider and provide recommendations on seven terms of reference. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY As responsibility for biosecurity management is shared, the agreement also provides opportunities for industries, natural resource managers and the community to work together to achieve some of the reforms outlined in the IGAB. PHA has been an active contributor to this process, and has aligned the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS). The NPBS outlines a set of aims and activities to strengthen Australia’s plant biosecurity system by 2020. PHA developed the strategy by drawing together the views of stakeholders across Australia.

The NPBS was finalised in December 2010 with endorsement from PHA members, and in 2011 the process of implementing the recommendations began. With the benefits of many of the recommendations cutting across both industries and governments, responsibility for guiding the implementation process is shared among organisations and committees, based on their expertise.

Towards the end of 2014, halfway through its lifespan, PHA reviewed the NPBS and assessed progress against each of the recommended activities. An implementation plan listing the remaining tasks to be completed was published in 2015. All plant biosecurity stakeholders have a role to play in achieving the vision set out for 2020.

Image courtesy of Liz Riley 13 The government aspects of implementation are overseen by the Plant Health Committee Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation (PHC) (see Figure 3 on page 17), with specific input from the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) and the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation (SNPHS) on implementing the diagnostic and surveillance aspects, respectively. The Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity Act 2015 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA) works to ensure Water Resources Biosecurity (Consequential consistency of biosecurity requirements across states. Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015 Plant industries, PHA and research and development corporations are contributing to Commonwealth Department of the Environment Environment Protection and NPBS implementation through biosecurity preparedness activities such as developing and Energy Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 contingency plans and prioritising threats through the industry biosecurity planning process. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation The NPBS continues to provide the focus and strategic direction for national plant Regulations 2000 biosecurity activities and, through its implementation, will strengthen the plant biosecurity ACT Environment Planning and Plant Disease Act 2002 system. Sustainable Development Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 Directorate BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 Plant Diseases Regulation 2008 Australia’s biosecurity system operates under Commonwealth, state and territory legislation Noxious Weeds Act 1993 administered and managed by the respective government agricultural and environmental Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008 agencies. Legislation current at 31 December 2016 is listed in Table 1. Apiaries Act 1985 Legislation covers a range of activities involving the international movement of people and Stock Diseases Act 1923 goods into Australia, movement of goods within the country and the export of agricultural Animal Diseases and Animal Pests commodities. There are also laws covering related aspects such as the collection of (Emergency Outbreaks) Act 1992 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA primary industry levies to cover the costs of biosecurity activities, reporting of suspicious NSW Biosecurity Act 2015* pests and biosecurity incident responses. NT Department of Primary Industries Plant Health Act 2008 and Resources The Commonwealth Biosecurity Act 2015 and Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments Plant Health Regulations 2011 and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015 were enacted on 16 June 2016. QLD Department of Agriculture and Plant Protection Act 1989 Fisheries Plant Protection Regulation 2002 The NSW Biosecurity Act 2015 was assented to in September 2015 and is expected to Biosecurity Act 2014 come into effect in 2017. Queensland also has new legislation, the Biosecurity Act 2014, SA Primary Industries and Regions Plant Health Act 2009 which came into effect 1 July 2016. The legislation in both states brings into law the Plant Health Regulations 2010 principle that everyone has a responsibility for mitigating biosecurity risks under their control: that is, a general biosecurity obligation. TAS Department of Primary Industries, Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Parks, Water and Environment Weed Management Act 1999 VIC Department of Economic Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 Development, Jobs, Transport and Plant Biosecurity Regulations 2012 Resources WA Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity and Agricultural Food Management Act 2007

* Not yet enacted

14 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

15 1.2 National committees

National committees provide a mechanism for developing and coordinating key plant PLANT HEALTH COMMITTEE biosecurity policy and procedures across jurisdictions. As a representative or observer at The Plant Health Committee (PHC) is the peak government plant meetings, PHA is able to provide a link back to other members, particularly peak industry biosecurity policy forum. Its role is to maintain or improve plant National Plant bodies, and other organisations with a stake in biosecurity. Figure 3 shows the structure of Biosecurity health in Australia in support of the economy, environment and Australian plant related committees that are tasked with national coordination. PHA has Strategy community. PHC provides strategic policy, technical and observer status at National Biosecurity Committee (NBC), and is a member of Plant Health 2015–2020 Implementation Plan regulatory advice, and national leadership on plant biosecurity Committee (PHC) and the three PHC subcommittees, as well as the majority of emergency matters. It has responsibility for overseeing the implementation response committees. of the government aspects of the National Plant Biosecurity The Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC) is responsible for primary industry Strategy (NPBS) and the Intergovernmental Agreement on policy issues. AGSOC comprises the heads of primary industry government departments Biosecurity (IGAB) with respect to plant health. The Committee July 2015 from the Australian Government, Australian states and territories and the New Zealand reports to the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). government. AGSOC is supported by the NBC. Through its subcommittees, currently the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD), Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) and Subcommittee NATIONAL BIOSECURITY COMMITTEE on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA), PHC also facilitates a consistent The National Biosecurity Committee is responsible for managing a national, strategic national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant biosecurity sector. approach to biosecurity issues relating to plant and animal pests and diseases, marine PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian, state and territory pests and aquatics, and the impact of these on agriculture production, the environment, governments. PHA and subcommittee chairs have observer status and attend PHC meetings.

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA community wellbeing and social amenity. A core objective of the committee is to promote cooperation, coordination, consistency and synergies across and between Australian In 2016 PHC continued implementation of the NPBS, using the document as one of the governments. The NBC reports to ministers responsible for biosecurity through relevant main guiding principles when determining work area priorities. PHC also continued to Chief Executive Officers. progress various lines of work to support and maintain trade and market access, both domestically and internationally. The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources chairs the NBC as a member of the AGSOC. The Australian Government is also represented by the Department Further information on PHC can be found at agriculture.gov.au/plant/health/committees/phc of Agriculture and Water Resources' Deputy Secretary responsible for biosecurity, and a Deputy Secretary from the Department of the Environment (or delegate). PHA and Animal Health Australia are observers.

Remaining members are senior representatives from primary industry or environment departments for each state and territory. Jurisdictions may have up to two representatives.

16 Figure 3. National biosecurity committees and the associated working groups

KEY

Environment, primary industries Federal and state/territory and plant biosecurity focus Ministers

Emergency response

NBC working groups AGSOC

R&D committees BINCN IABIT BEPWG NBEPEG NBIGEG

AGSOC R&I NBC

NPBRDESIC

AHC MPSC PHC IPAC CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

NMG CCEPP SAP SDQMA SNPHS SPHD (EPPRD) (EPPRD) (EPPRD)

Non-EPPRD Non-EPPRD management consultative groups committees KEY Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations Environment, primary industries Federal and state/territory AGSOC andAgriculture plant biosecuri Senior Officialsty focus Committee IABIT Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity NPBRDESIC National Plant Biosecurity Research, ImplementationMinisters Taskforce Development & Extension Strategy AGSOC R&I Agriculture Senior Officials Committee Implementation Committee EmergencyResearch & response Innovation Committee IPAC Invasive Plants and Animals Committee PHC Plant Health Committee AHC Animal Health Committee MPSC Marine Pest Sectoral Committee NBC working groups SAP Scientific Advisory Panel BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working NBEPEG NationalAGSOC Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Group Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Expert Group SDQMA R&D committees BINCN IABIT Market AccessBEPWG NBEPEG NBIGEG BINCN Biosecurity Incident National Communication NBIGEG National Biosecurity Information Governance Network Expert Group SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Surveillance NBC National Biosecurity Committee Pests AGSOC R&I NBC SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed NMG National Management Group 17

NPBRDESIC

AHC MPSC PHC IPAC

NMG CCEPP SAP SDQMA SNPHS SPHD (EPPRD) (EPPRD) (EPPRD)

Non-EPPRD Non-EPPRD management consultative groups committees 1.3 Australian Government plant health services

Australian Government plant biosecurity responsibilities are delivered principally through the Agriculture portfolio, in collaboration with other agencies described below.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES Australia’s approach to managing the risk of incursions by exotic pests is multi-layered, involving complementary measures applied along the biosecurity continuum: pre-border, at the border and post-border. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources’ core priorities in managing biosecurity are to: • Effectively identify risks and direct resources to the areas of greatest return from a risk management perspective. • Partner with other governments, industry, clients and stakeholders to manage Australia’s biosecurity. • Deliver biosecurity services to support access to overseas markets and protect the economy and the environment from the impacts of unwanted pests. • Support Australia’s reputation as a competitive exporter of agricultural goods and products.

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources also pursues international market access

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA for Australia’s produce and access to the Australian market for our trading partners through bilateral, regional and multilateral engagement. Priority is given to: • Working to remove impediments to international trade. • Progressing and resolving market access issues for portfolio industries. • Facilitating targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation in support of portfolio interests. • Assisting the development of international standards for portfolio products and industries.

The market access work of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is supported and enhanced by a network of agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, Thailand and the United States. Through its overseas network, the department pursues international market access in important and emerging markets for Australian portfolio industries. The overseas network works with government partners and industry to remove distortions to international trade, and to progress and resolve market access issues. The network facilitates targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation in support of portfolio interests, and influences the development of international standards.

See Chapter 3 for more on the Australian Government’s activities pre-border, at the border and post-border.

18 Prune Harvest. Image courtesy of Ann Furner Figure 4. Regional boundaries for Department of Agriculture and Water Resources border biosecurity operations CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Department of Agriculture and Water Resources regions for border activities: Northern Includes Torres Strait and south to Cardwell in Queensland, Northern Territory, west to Broome in WA and the Indian Ocean territories South West From south of Broome, includes South Australia (including Broken Hill – excluding Riverland) South East Includes Tasmania, Riverland and extends north to Riverina and east coast NSW to Eden Central East Includes NSW with the exception of Eden and areas south, Riverina and far north coast North East Extends from Cardwell in Queensland to far north coast NSW, south to Grafton 19 20 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA and works with other government agencies tocoordinateand workswithothergovernment Australia’s global,regional andbilateral interests. economic growth. Thedepartmentprovides foreign, tradeanddevelopmentpolicyadvicetothegovernment more prosperous bypromoting andprotecting andcontributingtoglobalstability ourinterests internationally The purposeoftheDepartmentForeign Affairs andTrade (DFAT) istohelpmakeAustraliastronger, saferand DEPARTMENT OFFOREIGNAFFAIRS ANDTRADE scientists touse their skillsforthebenefitofdeveloping countriesandAustralia. developmentcooperation programs. of theAustralian Government's ACIARencourages Australia'sagricultural The AustralianCentre AgriculturalResearch forInternational (ACIAR)isastatutoryauthoritythatoperatesaspart interests byproviding information,adviceandservices. promotion agency. Austrade’s role trade,investmentandeducation istoadvanceAustralia'sinternational The AustralianTrade Commission,Austrade,istheAustralianGovernment’s trade,investmentandeducation and theAustralianPesticides Veterinary MedicinesAuthority(APVMA). Australia’s plantbiosecuritysystemincludetheCSIRO,Office oftheGeneTechnology Regulator(OGTR), agenciesthatcontributetomaintaining support theplantbiosecuritysystem.OtherAustralianGovernment Economics andSciences(ABARES)provides current scientificandeconomicadvicetodecisionmakers theDepartmentofAgriculture andWaterWithin Resources, theAustralianBureau ofAgriculture andResource OTHER GOVERNMENTORGANISATIONS Australia’s industryinnovationandcompetitiveness. commercialisation through policy, variousfundingprograms and multi-layered initiativesaimedatsecuring globally competitiveindustries.Oneofthefourkeyobjectives departmentistosupportscienceand The visionfortheDepartmentofIndustry, InnovationandScienceistoenablegrowth andproductivity for DEPARTMENT OFINDUSTRY, INNOVATION ANDSCIENCE movement ofgoodsandpeopleacross theAustralianborder. Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources andtheDepartmentofDefence,toregulate andcontrol the agencies,inparticulartheAustralianFederalPolice, andinternational It workscloselywithothergovernment The DepartmentofImmigrationandBorder Protection managesthesecurityandintegrityofAustralia’s borders. DEPARTMENT OFIMMIGRATION ANDBORDERPROTECTION Resources onenvironmental issuesinrelation toriskassessments. FaunaandFlora(CITES).Italsoprovides advicetotheDepartmentofAgricultureSpecies ofWild andWater Tradeensuring thatAustraliacomplieswithitsobligationsundertheConventiononInternational inEndangered live species(exceptplants,theapprovals ofwhichare doneinaccordance withtheBiosecurityACT2015)and Act1999forassessingtheenvironmentalBiodiversity Conservation impactassociatedwithproposals toimport The DepartmentoftheEnvironment andEnergyisalsoresponsible undertheEnvironmentProtectionand policies onpestsandinvasiveplantsthatcauseharmtotheenvironment. The DepartmentoftheEnvironment andEnergyisresponsible forcontributingtothedevelopmentofnational DEPARTMENT OFENVIRONMENTAND ENERGY 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity Preventing pests from hitchhiking around Australia services Just as there are restrictions on what can be brought into Australia from overseas, there are also rules on what can and can’t be moved within the country, to prevent plant pests hitchhiking from one place to another. Under the Australian Constitution, state and territory governments are responsible for the delivery of plant biosecurity operations and the supporting legislation within their borders. Working closely with the Quarantine Domestic program, PHA developed a new While each state and territory has a different approach to the role, primarily due to the website to improve awareness of interstate quarantine rules in 2016. varied climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the country, jurisdictions The Australian Interstate Quarantine website now features an interactive map that each provide a number of core services. These include: shows what can and cannot be carried on a particular trip across interstate borders • Management of state and territory imports and exports: and regional quarantine zones. – State quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and The rules apply to holiday travellers, people moving house, beekeepers shifting plant products moving interstate. hives to provide pollination services, contractors taking machinery from one area to – Export and market access support, including plant health certification services, the another, and any other movements involving plants, animals, soil, machinery and accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements, and surveys and recreational equipment. inspections to support area freedom. Farmers selling produce interstate or out of regions are also subject to restrictions. • Emergency response services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, a plant A second part of the website holds Interstate Certification Assurance documents pest incursion. – agreed procedures that produce must go through before it is transported to • Delivery of responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) another state or another zone within a state. The procedures ensure that farmers (Chapter 4). are not sending pests with their goods for sale. • Core services to support biosecurity: The Australian Interstate Quarantine website is interstatequarantine.org.au. – Surveillance and monitoring for early detection of pests, maintaining area freedom A quick check of the rules before travelling or transporting goods can help avoid CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA and delimiting the extent of pests, in partnership with industry surveillance. any on-the-spot fines that may apply. – Diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found in a broad range of crops. – The development and maintenance of information systems to support routine and emergency plant biosecurity management. – Communication programs to raise awareness of biosecurity. • Science based risk analysis to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations. • Research, development and extension (RD&E) to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. • Development and administration of plant biosecurity policies and legislation.

State and territory governments work with the Australian Government in a manner set out in the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (Section 1.2). The National Biosecurity Committee is responsible for managing a national approach to all biosecurity issues. Each state and territory has developed a biosecurity strategy, with WA, NT and ACT all releasing updates in 2016.

21 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY Current legislation underpinning the NSW Government’s plant biosecurity activities administered by NSW DPI are the Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38 and the Plant Diseases Lead agency: Environment Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate Regulation 2008. In 2017 the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 will be rescinded and powers (EPSD) to respond to plant pests and diseases will be provided by the NSW Biosecurity Act 2015 environment.act.gov.au which was passed by the NSW parliament in September 2015. The ACT Government manages plant biosecurity through the EPSD Directorate, together with Transport Canberra and City Services (TCCS). EPSD is responsible for the policy development and shares operational implementation with TCCS. NORTHERN TERRITORY Lead agency: NT Department of Primary Industry and Resources (NT DPIR) Although the ACT does not have many plant production industries, the government dpir.nt.gov.au is represented on national committees during plant pest emergency responses and participates in the development of associated national frameworks and strategies when Plant biosecurity in the NT is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, within NT DPIR’s it has the expertise to contribute. Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Division. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002, aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely impact on trade, the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 market access, public health and the environment.

During 2016 international flights to Canberra International Airport began. As a result, the The objectives of the Plant Biosecurity Branch include: ACT has begun surveillance around the airport to check for any introduced exotic fruit flies, Asian gypsy moth and pine beetle. • Maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product industries of NT. NEW SOUTH WALES • Minimising the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance. • Facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) and the Interstate Certification Assurance program. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA dpi.nsw.gov.au • Conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in the state, ensuring and within NT. that policies, management and procedures are in place to minimise the impact of existing, • Conducting active surveillance for the early detection of a range of Emergency Plant invasive and emergency pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms for pest Pests. incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, regional economies and the environment. • Preparing for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an Emergency Plant Pest incursion. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy 2013–21 defines how NSW DPI, in partnership with other • Developing, implementing and reviewing NT’s plant health policy and legislation. government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW. The Plant Biosecurity Program is underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and the Plant Within NSW DPI, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity unit develops plant pest Health Regulations 2011. The Act and Regulations aim to minimise the risk of plant pests policy directions and has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests. entering and establishing in the NT through movement and importation controls on plants The group provides advice to, and participates actively in, national decision making forums and plant products. They also provide the powers to ensure appropriate action can be for plant pests of national significance and interstate market access for NSW plants and plant products. taken for the control of pests if an incursion were to occur.

Diagnosis and surveillance activities are supported by the Plant Health Diagnostic Service at Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Biosecurity Collections unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state-wide network of compliance officers and the emergency management First Response Team.

Close collaboration is established with entomology and plant pathology researchers and with the state-wide Local Land Services network.

22 QUEENSLAND The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the state government’s principal research institute and provides Biosecurity SA with plant Lead agency: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF) diagnostic, pathology and entomology advice. SARDI also undertakes targeted research daf.qld.gov.au and development to reduce losses from plant diseases across cereal, pulse, pasture, Within QDAF, Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for: developing policies, standards, viticulture and horticulture industries. This includes delivery of plant health diagnostic delivery systems and services to reduce the risk of introduction of exotic plant pests; services to growers, consultants, state and national plant biosecurity authorities. minimising the impacts of new plant pest incursions on Queensland’s plant industries, The group collaborates closely with breeding companies, pre-breeding programs environment and communities; and preserving and expanding market access for and the private sector to develop disease resistant plant varieties. Queensland’s plant based industries. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program within Biosecurity Queensland has responsibility for plant biosecurity, diagnostics and the Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and implementation of programs for the detection, control and prevention of certain plant pests. Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard SA has been established under the Act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, Agri-Science Queensland, a division of QDAF, undertakes research, development and plants, plant products, machinery or equipment of biosecurity concern. extension on a wide range of plant pests in the cropping, horticultural and forestry industries. The group provides additional diagnostic capability, undertakes surveillance and TASMANIA develops integrated management packages to limit the impacts of pests within farming systems. Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) Currently, plant biosecurity management in Queensland is underpinned by the Biosecurity dpipwe.tas.gov.au Act 2014 and Biosecurity Regulation 2016 which are focused on preventing, controlling The DPIPWE Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs and removing pest infestations of plants. This legislation is also complemented by for plant pests. Branches within this division are responsible for the development and a number of other acts, including the Chemical Usage (Agricultural and Veterinary) implementation of policies on barrier control, surveillance and monitoring, risk analysis, Control Act 1988 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994. Emergency Plant Pest (EPP) response and incursion management and plant biosecurity CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The Biosecurity Act 2014 commenced on 1 July 2016. It ensures a consistent, modern, communications. risk-based and less prescriptive approach to biosecurity in Queensland. Central to biosecurity emergency preparedness in Tasmania is the Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Program. This program features an all-hazard approach and all Biosecurity SOUTH AUSTRALIA Emergency Response Team (BERT) members receive the same training regardless of whether they are from animal, plant, fisheries or natural resource areas. At present BERT Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) consists of over 100 registered volunteers. The Tasmanian Government’s Biosecurity pir.sa.gov.au Policy and the Tasmanian Biosecurity Strategy 2013–17 provide the state framework for all Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, is responsible for the development and government biosecurity actions and decision making processes, including EPP responses. implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining SA’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market Plant biosecurity in Tasmania is underpinned by the Plant Quarantine Act 1997. When access, public health, food safety, the rural economy and the environment. needed, this is complemented by the Emergency Service Act 1976. This legislation has been shown to provide an appropriate range of specific and general legislative functions Given SA’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a strong focus and powers to deal with prevention, monitoring, control and eradication of plant pests. on operations aimed at preventing their entry and establishment. These activities include In addition, the various Tasmanian Government agency responsibilities are detailed in the a dedicated state wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random Tasmanian Emergency Management Plan, which includes details of biosecurity emergency roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, and specific measures response arrangements. to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies detected.

23 VICTORIA Lead agency: Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, New SA sterile insect facility to tackle fruit fly Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) Each year, damage to produce caused by Queensland fruit fly (Qfly, Bactrocera ecodev.vic.gov.au tryoni) is estimated to cost the Australian horticultural industry $300 million. As part Agriculture Victoria, within DEDJTR, delivers biosecurity programs across the agriculture, of the national efforts to combat this pest, a $3.8 million National Sterile Insect horticulture, forest and amenity plant sectors. Activities undertaken within these programs Technology Facility was officially opened in Port Augusta, SA in November 2016. aim to minimise the impact of Emergency Plant Pest incidents on the environment and production systems and maintain access to local and overseas markets. The sterile insect technique (SIT) sees the large scale release of sterilised male insects that flood an area and compete with wild pest populations. When mated, The Chief Plant Health Officer Unit within the Biosecurity Branch is responsible for the the wild females produce non-viable eggs, reducing the size of the next generation. development, review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance Over time, and combined with other control measures, this can lead to the with national and international obligations. The Agriculture Service Biosecurity Operations localised eradication of the pest. Division delivers operational functions from a number of regional centres according to technical standards and protocols which are underpinned by the Plant Biosecurity Act The initiative has huge potential for controlling fruit fly. When fully operational, the 2010. Opportunities are provided under the legislation for producers and marketers to new facility will produce 50 million sterile male flies a week that can be used to adopt quality assurance arrangements which are subject to regular audit and improvements. assist producers of a range of fruit and vegetable crops to combat Qfly damage.

Scientific and diagnostic support is provided by Agriculture Victoria Research. Staff provide SIT is one method of control that will be used alongside a suite of measures expert technical advice to assist with incursion responses, market access programs and such as on-farm hygiene, mass trapping, bait sprays. Combined with postharvest other biosecurity initiatives (e.g. development and review of industry biosecurity plans) as treatments and cool storage, this will assist growers produce high quality produce well as technical expert representation on national committees and working groups. This and access premium markets. team and its associated Crop Health Services diagnostic business supports biosecurity by conducting relevant research and providing diagnoses in the areas of entomology, mycology, The new facility is funded as part of the National SITplus Consortium investment CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA nematology, virology and bacteriology. Specialist diagnostic services and expertise has also of $50 million over five years, with R&D focused on developing the flies, area wide been provided to interstate jurisdictions to support national incursion responses. management and release strategies, and smart technology.

SITPlus is an industry and government partnership involving Hort Innovation, WESTERN AUSTRALIA PIRSA, SARDI, DEDJTR, CSIRO, Plant and Food Research Australia, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Macquarie University. Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Food WA (DAFWA) agric.wa.gov.au Maintaining market access and the productive capacity of the agriculture and food sectors are the key drivers for DAFWA investment in biosecurity services. This contributes to market competitiveness, profitability and sustainability in WA. Biosecurity services are delivered through a network of dedicated and skilled staff throughout the state. A new objective is to review the current state of Western Australian grains and horticulture industries’ biosecurity and market access risk management, and provide policy and action plan to build and maintain Biosecurity and Market Access Preparedness (BIOMAP) for the industry supply chain – a state of readiness to manage biosecurity and market access risks.

Plant biosecurity in WA is governed mainly by the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007. This Act establishes a modern biosecurity regulatory system to control the entry, establishment, spread and impact of pests, control the use of agricultural and veterinary chemicals, establish standards to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products and National Sterile Insect Technology Facility, Port Augusta raise funds for biosecurity related purposes.

24 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

National Sterile Insect Technology Facility, Port Augusta 25 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services

In addition to the activities performed by the Australian and state and territory governments PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS and industry bodies, the private sector makes a large contribution to the plant biosecurity A number of Australian societies and associations whose membership includes scientific system. professionals are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through a range of activities including: PRIVATE CONSULTANTS AND COMMERCIAL • Peer reviews and publication of research findings. AGRONOMISTS • Provision of pest, disease and weed notes. Private consultants and advisers provide a wide range of professional services to plant • Scientific reviews. production industries and their growers in Australia. Across a range of crop types, and in most key production areas, consultants provide extensive plant biosecurity extension • Convening forums to share plant biosecurity research. advice. • Independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards. In addition to private consultants, commercial agronomists work across a wide range • Encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. of Australian plant production industries, providing local services through the major distribution chains. They are backed by national technical networks which provide a Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries. This group of professional for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society, the Australian Society of Agronomy, agriculturalists supply a variety of free and consultative services across the spectrum the Council of Australian Weed Societies and Ag Institute Australia. of crops grown in Australia, including specialty services for plant biosecurity issues.

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN AERIAL AGRICULTURE OPERATORS Aerial agriculture has played an important role in Australian agriculture for over half a decade. Some 300 agricultural aircraft are used to efficiently apply fertilisers, seed and, importantly for biosecurity, pesticides to a range of crops.

Aerial application allows registered farm chemicals to be used particularly when the height of the crop limits access from the ground, when a pest has to be managed within a short window of opportunity or when weather or soil conditions prevent wheeled access to a crop.

Agricultural aircraft pilots are highly trained and enable growers to have access to a range of professional specialised application services.

Aerial spraying is undertaken during the main owering period of bitou bush in Autumn and Winter. Image courtesy of News of the Area, Medowie and Myall Coast

26 1.6 Plant Health Australia Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members at end December 2016 Industry members Government members Almond Board of Australia Inc Australian Capital Territory Government PHA is the national coordinator of the government-industry partnership for Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Commonwealth of Australia plant biosecurity in Australia. As a not-for-profit company, PHA services the Australian Banana Growers' Council Inc New South Wales Government needs of its members and independently advocates on behalf of the national Australian Blueberry Growers' Association Inc plant biosecurity system to benefit plant industries and the environment. Northern Territory Government Australian Forest Products Association Limited Queensland Government PHA achieves this by: Australian Ginger Industry Association Inc South Australian Government Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc • Enhancing the commitment of governments and industries to work Tasmanian Government together. Australian Lychee Growers' Association Inc Victorian Government Australian Macadamia Society Ltd • Enhancing the operation and integrity of Australia’s plant pest emergency Western Australian Government response arrangements. Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Australian Melon Association Inc • Assisting national management of biosecurity risks. Australian Olive Association Ltd Associate members • Monitoring performance and promoting continual improvement of Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc AgNova Technologies Australia’s plant biosecurity system. Australian Sweet Potato Growers Inc Australian Grape and Wine Authority (Wine Australia) • Determining future needs of Australia’s plant biosecurity system. Australian Table Grape Association Inc Cotton Research and Development Corporation • Facilitating improved national investment in plant biosecurity. Australian Truffle Growers' Association Inc CSIRO Grains Research and Development Corporation PHA’s efforts help to: Australian Vigerons Australian Walnut Industry Association Horticulture Innovation Australia Ltd

• Minimise plant pest impacts. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA AUSVEG Limited Lawn Solutions Australia • Enhance Australia’s plant health status. Avocados Australia Ltd Northern Territory Farmers Association Inc • Assist trade both domestically and internationally. CANEGROWERS Plant Biosecurity CRC Ltd • Safeguard the livelihood of producers. Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia Sugar Research Australia • Support the sustainability and profitability of plant industries and the Cherry Growers of Australia Inc Victorian Farmers Federation communities that rely upon them. Chestnuts Australia Inc Vinehealth Australia • Preserve environmental health and amenity. Citrus Australia Ltd Cotton Australia Ltd All Australian governments and most major plant-based agricultural Dried Fruits Australia Inc industries are members of PHA, bringing the total number to 58. Grain Producers Australia Limited Table 2 gives a full list of industry, government and associate members. GROWCOM The honey bee industry are members with PHA because of the benefits that pollination brings to crop yield. Hazelnut Growers of Australia Inc Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd Being a member enables parties to work together on biosecurity issues. Onions Australia It also gives members the option of being a signatory to the Emergency Passionfruit Australia Incorporated Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), providing significant benefits for all Pistachio Growers' Association Incorporated parties in the event of an Emergency Plant Pest incursion. Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc Ricegrowers' Association of Australia Inc Strawberries Australia Inc Summerfruit Australia Limited 27 FACILITATING PARTNERSHIPS MITIGATING RISKS POSED BY PESTS Plant biosecurity in Australia operates as a partnership between governments and Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant industries that together are responsible for maintaining the integrity and performance of biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed the plant biosecurity system. The principle of biosecurity partnerships was established in by Emergency Plant Pests. This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and recognition that, in addition to plant producers, the wider Australian community benefits governments to develop strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards as from good biosecurity. Benefits include improved productivity, product quality, market well as providing assistance with implementation of agreed risk mitigation measures. access, trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation. Biosecurity plans, biosecurity manuals for producers and awareness raising extension services are examples of activities that PHA undertakes with and on behalf of members. Fostering, strengthening and expanding the government-industry partnership is a primary role for PHA. Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually agreed upon, issues identified and solutions to problems found. PHA’s FUNDING autonomy fosters an impartial approach to servicing member needs, allowing the company PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members, as detailed in to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first, as well as supporting a long-term view. PHA’s Annual Operational Plan. A range of separately funded projects are also undertaken for individual members or groups of members. Non-subscription funded projects boost PROVIDING STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE biosecurity for particular industries. Examples include biosecurity officers who work with growers, government and industry partnership initiatives for honey bee health, and the PHA’s independence and expertise enable the company to take a lead in monitoring the development of manuals and plans for non-members. The exposure of PHA staff to a performance of the national biosecurity system and determining its future needs. In close wide range of biosecurity related projects with a national view adds not only to their consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports that personal experience but to the capacity of the biosecurity system as a whole. contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitates improved national coordination and collaboration, and targets member efforts and investment to best effect. The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (Section 1.1) and this status report are examples of this work. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

FACILITATING EMERGENCY RESPONSES TO EXOTIC PLANT PESTS Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements for effective responses to Emergency Plant Pest incursions. PHA undertakes this role through its custodianship and administration of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, the agreed operational response plan for suspected exotic pests of significance (Chapter 4).

PHA convenes regular meetings of signatories to the EPPRD to facilitate modifications to the agreement to take account of new information and procedural improvements that are identified through post-incident reviews. To assist members to meet their obligations as signatories to the EPPRD and improve their emergency response preparedness, PHA provides a range of services including contingency planning, surveillance and diagnostic systems support, response training and simulation exercises.

Bee Biosecurity Ofcer Jess Hartland and the State Quarantine Response Team carrying sticky mats for hive surveillance. Image courtesy of Rachael Holmes

28 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

29 1.7 Australia’s plant production industries

INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE BODIES AND GROWERS CROP PRODUCTION SUMMARY Many of Australia’s farmers have peak representative bodies that act on behalf of their Australian agriculture is an integral part the nation’s economy, with crops generating more members on a range of activities including biosecurity. than half of the total value in recent years. In 2015–16 plant production industries contributed over $30 billion to annual agricultural production. Industry groups may provide funding at regional, state or national levels for specific plant Grains Cotton Sugar cane Pasture and hayNursery Fruit Nuts Grapes Vegetables Forestry Honey biosecurity activities, such as research and development, management initiatives and Figure 5 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries including emergency responses. Industries can also set biosecurity priorities that deliver outcomes honey and beeswax to total plant gross value of production in 2014–15 (the latest year for specific to their needs. which this breakdown is available)3.

They provide a voice for growers at meetings and conferences and on committees that determine the direction of plant biosecurity in Australia including any Emergency Plant Pest Figure 5. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on responses. Furthermore, industry groups negotiate and work with government departments gross value of production, 2014–15 on biosecurity issues including international market access and pest surveillance activities. Personnel from industries that are signatories to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 49.3% Grains also represent their growers during any Emergency Plant Pest response involving their 6.8% Cotton industry. 4.1% Sugarcane Raising awareness among growers about the importance of biosecurity, the key pests they 4.6% Pasture & hay need to protect against and how to implement biosecurity on-farm and along the supply 4.2% Nursery

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA chain is another responsibility of industry representative bodies. 9.1% Fruit Growers themselves have an important role to play in supporting Australia’s biosecurity 1.6% Nuts on-farm. Each producer needs to implement good biosecurity practices to protect their 3.4% Grapes crops, their livelihood, the region and, in turn, their industry from both endemic and exotic pests. See On-farm biosecurity in Chapter 3. 11.8% Vegetables 4.8% Forestry 0.3% Honey Honey bees

0%

3 ABS 7503 data series, ABARES Agricultural Commodities Vol 5, no. 1 March quarter 2017

30 INDUSTRY PROFILES CROP PAGE Broadacre crops The following pages profile PHA plant industry members and show where crops are Cotton 46 produced across the states and territories. Each profile also provides the industry’s key Grains 50 exotic pest threats, and the preparedness initiatives that they have in place. Rice 72 Sugarcane 78 Graphs show trends over recent years in local value of production (LVP), which is the value of agricultural commodities at the farm gate. Data used in the graphs are up to 2014–15, Honey bees 54 the latest available year. Farm gate values are from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Horticulture Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) or from Almonds 32 appropriate peak industry bodies. Apple and pears 33 Avocados 34 Bananas 36 Blueberries 38 Canned fruits 39 Cherries 40 Chestnuts 43 Citrus 44 Dried fruits 48 Ginger 49 Hazelnuts 53 Lychees 56 Macadamias 57 Mangoes 58 Melons 59 Nursery 60 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Olives 62 Onions 63 Passionfruit 64 Pineapples 66 Pistachios 67 Processing tomatoes 71 Rubus 74 Stone fruit 75 Strawberries 76 Sweet potatoes 80 Table grapes 81 Truffles 82 Vegetables (including potatoes) 84 Walnuts 86 Wine grapes 87 Plantation forestry 68

31 ALMONDS

Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Inc. Figure 6. Annual value of almond production, 2007–15 australianalmonds.com.au

In 2014–15, almond production was valued at $510 million (LVP). There are several almond 600 varieties grown in Australia. The most popular include the Australian Nonpareil, Australian Carmel and Australian Price which are sold in a range of blanched forms, in-kernel and in-shell. 500

About three-quarters of Australian almonds are exported, going to 50 countries, with 400 Europe the largest market and India the most valuable export country. 300 The Australian almond industry is concentrated in Victoria, SA and NSW with almost

30,000 hectares of cultivated almond trees. ($ MILLION) 200

The industry is undergoing enormous expansion, and production now far exceeds 100 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value domestic demand. From 12,000 tonnes in 2005, production is expected to reach 84,000 0 tonnes in 2017. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR The almond industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 3. High Priority Pests of the almond industry Figure 7. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Chinavia hilaris (syn. Acrosternum hilare, Green stink bug, pistachio bug Pentatoma hilaris, Chinavia hilarae, Nezara 0% Australian Capital Territory hilaris) Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug 7% New South Wales Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug 0% Northern Territory Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug 0% Queensland Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 15% South Australia Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite 0% Tasmania Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite 78% Victoria Varroa destructor Varroa mite 0% Western Australia Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt Xylella fastidiosa (including: X. fastidiosa Almond leaf scorch, pecan bacterial subsp. fastidiosa; X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex; leaf scorch X. fastidiosa subsp. piercei) (with vector)

32 APPLES AND PEARS

Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Figure 8. Annual value of apple and pear production, 2007–15 apal.org.au In 2014–15, apple and pear production was valued at $578 million (LVP). In 2017 it was estimated that the total planted area for apples was 9,430 hectares and 3,180 hectares 700 for pears. 600

There are approximately 560 commercial apple and/or pear growers in Australia. All states 500 produce apples, although Victoria is the largest pear producer, with almost 90 per cent of the nation’s pears grown there. 400 300 The major production areas include the Goulburn Valley, Gippsland, Yarra Valley and the ($ MILLION) Mornington Peninsula in Victoria; Stanthorpe in Queensland; Batlow and Orange in NSW; 200 the Huon Valley and Tamar Valley in Tasmania; the Adelaide Hills in SA; and Donnybrook, 100 Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA. of Production Local Value 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 The main apple varieties produced are Pink Lady, Gala, Red Delicious, Fuji and Granny FINANCIAL YEAR Smith. Packham and Williams are the main pear varieties. Most production is consumed ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA domestically and less than five per cent is exported to the premium markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the markets of south east Asia. However, exports are slowly starting to increase. Figure 9. Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) The apple and pear industry is covered by version 2.01 of the apple and pear biosecurity CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0.

Table 4. High Priority Pests of the apple and pear industry 0% Australian Capital Territory

Scientific name Common name 14% New South Wales Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Northern Territory Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 9% Queensland Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 11% South Australia Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid 5% Tasmania Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 52% Victoria Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Cedar apple rust 9% Western Australia Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Neonectria galligena European canker Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot

33 AVOCADOS

Represented by Avocados Australia Ltd avocado.org.au In 2014–15, avocado production was valued at $188 million (LVP). The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for approximately 80 per cent of production, with Shepard accounting for about 15 per cent. A number of other varieties such as Reed, Wurtz, Sharwil and Fuerte make up the balance. Exports are mostly shipped to Singapore and Malaysia.

Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, followed by WA, NSW, SA and Victoria.

The avocado industry is covered by the avocado biosecurity plan version 2.01 and the OrchardACT BiosecurityNSW Manual NTfor the AvocadoQLD Industry VersionSA 1.0. TAS VIC WA

Figure 10. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP)

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 0% Australian Capital Territory 7% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 55% Queensland 2% South Australia 0% Tasmania 3% Victoria 32% Western Australia

34 Image courtesy of Avocados Australia Figure 11. Annual value of avocado production, 2007–15 Table 5. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry

Scientific name Common name 200 Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch (asymptomatic and 180 symptomatic strains) 160 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 140 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly 120 100 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 80 Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly ($ MILLION) 60 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 40 Bactrocera kirki Fruit fly

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 20 0 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera passi orae Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Conotrachelus aguacatae (Barber) Small avocado seed weevil

Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Erwinia herbicola Avocado blast complex Heilipus lauri (Boheman) Large seed weevil Oligonychus persea (Tuttle, Baker and Persea mite Abbatiello) Pseudomonas syringae Avocado blast complex Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (van Hall) Bacterial canker complex Scirtothrips perseae (Nakahara) Thrips Stenoma catenifer (Walsingham) Stenomid (avocado) moth

Image courtesy of Avocados Australia

35 BANANAS

Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council Inc. Figure 12. Annual value of banana production, 2007–15 abgc.org.au In 2014–15, banana production was valued at $405 million (LVP). There are currently about 500 13,100 hectares of bananas grown in Australia. Around 97 per cent of bananas are grown 450 in Queensland, from Ingham to Hopevale (including the Tablelands). 400 350 Bananas are grown all year round with the two main varieties being Cavendish and Lady 300 Finger. The Cavendish variety accounts for the vast majority of production. The Australian 250 banana industry supplies only the domestic market. 200 ($ MILLION) The Australian banana industry is currently involved in two major biosecurity responses – 150 one for banana freckle in the NT and the other for Panama disease tropical race 4 (TR4) in 100 north Queensland. The final phase of the banana freckle response (Phase 4 – Assessment of Production Local Value 50 0 of Proof of Freedom) is scheduled to conclude in July 2019. Significant effort continues to 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 be directed to the containment of TR4 in north Queensland. To date, the disease has only FINANCIAL YEAR been confirmed on a single property in Tully. The affected property has been purchased by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council on behalf of banana growers and all farming has ceased. Surveillance on all commercial banana farms in north Queensland continues. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

There is also a major banana bunchy top virus containment project running in northern NSW and south east Queensland. Additionally, an officer is employed to undertake Figure 13. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2014–15 inspections for the presence of yellow sigatoka in the north Queensland commercial (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA production area.

The banana industry is covered by version 2.0 of the banana industry biosecurity plan and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry Version 1.0. A review of the biosecurity plan is expected to commence in 2017. 0% Australian Capital Territory 2% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 97% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 1% Western Australia

Image courtesy of the Australian Banana Growers Council 36 Table 6. High Priority Pests of the banana industry

Scientific name Common name Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Banana bract mosaic disease Banana bunchy top virus (Nanovirus) Banana bunchy top disease Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Erionata thrax Banana skipper butterfly Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease tropical race 4 Guignardia musae Banana freckle Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Mycosphaerella jiensis Black sigatoka Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 Moko Teranychus piercei Banana spider mite CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Banana freckle (Cavendish strain). Image courtesy of Kathy Grice Panama diseased stem

Banana bunchy top disease. Affected leaves are more upright Blood disease bacterium. Image courtesy of Jeff Daniells with pale yellow margins and may be more wavy than normal. Image courtesy of Jeff Daniells 37 BLUEBERRIES

Represented by Australian Blueberry Growers' Association Figure 14. Annual value of blueberry production, 2011–15 abga.com.au

In 2014–15, blueberry production was valued at $142 million (LVP). The industry is rapidly 150 expanding with farmers on average producing 4,500 tonnes of blueberries per annum.

The major production area of the Australian blueberry industry is on the NSW north coast. 125 This area produces approximately 80 per cent of Australia’s blueberries. The crop is grown in Tumbarumba in southern NSW; the Atherton Tablelands, Bundaberg and Mundubbera in 100 Queensland; the Tamar Valley, Meander Valley, Bernie, Devenport and the Huon Valley in 75 Tasmania; the Grampians, Silvan and Strathbogie in Victoria; Margaret River and Geraldton in WA; and the Mount Lofty ranges in SA.

($ MILLION) 50

There are three varieties of blueberries grown in Australia: northern highbush, southern 25

highbush and rabbiteye. Northern highbush are grown in the cooler climate areas such as of Production Local Value Victoria, Tasmania and the southern highlands of NSW whereas southern highbush and 0 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 rabbiteye varieties are grown in NSW and Queensland. The majority of blueberry production FINANCIAL YEAR is consumed domestically, with less than 5 per cent exported to markets such as Hong ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Kong, Singapore and Russia.

The blueberry industry is covered by the blueberry biosecurity plan version 1.0. Figure 15. Distribution of blueberry production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Table 7. High Priority Pests of the blueberry industry

Scientific name Common name Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier 0% Australian Capital Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 84% New South Wales Ericaphis mbriata (with blueberry scorch Blueberry aphid 0% Northern Territory Carlavirus) 5% Queensland Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella Glassy winged sharpshooter fastidiosa) <1% South Australia Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 6% Tasmania Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Mummy berry disease 4% Victoria Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death <1% Western Australia Xylella fastidiosa Blueberry leaf scorch, Pierce's disease of grapevine

38 CANNED FRUITS

Represented by the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Figure 16. Annual value of canned fruit production, 2007–15 fgv.com.au In 2014–15, production of canned fruit was valued at $21 million (LVP), an increase of 45 $8 million from the 2013–14 production year. Fruit production for canning is carried out 40 from December to May and volumes of between 80,000 and 100,000 tonnes are processed annually. 35 30

The industry represents more than 300 fruit growing, packing and exporting businesses. 25

The canned fruits industry is primarily based in the Goulburn–Murray Valleys region of 20

Victoria, processing Australian apples, pears and stone fruit (peaches, apricots and plums). ($ MILLION) 15 10 The canned fruit industry does not have a specific biosecurity plan or manual, but is

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 5 covered by plans and manuals for the pome fruit (apple and pear) and stone fruit 0 (summerfruit) industries. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 17. Distribution of canned fruit production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

0% Australian Capital Territory 0% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 100% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia

39 CHERRIES

Represented by Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. cherrygrowers.org.au In 2014–15, cherry production was valued at $134 million (LVP). The main varieties grown are Lapin, Sweetheart, Sweet Georgia, Merchant, Stella, Bing, Van, Simone, Regina, Samba and Stacarto.

The Australian cherry industry has smaller boutique enterprises in WA and QLD and larger suppliers in NSW, Victoria and Tasmania, representing over 485 growers.

About 10,000 tonnes of cherries are consumed domestically and another 6,000 tonnes exported at a value of $73 million. Exports are currently shipped to 30 countries, with the top six destinations being Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea and the Middle East.

The Australian cherry industry is covered by version 2.01 of the cherry biosecurity plan and ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry Version 1.0.

Figure 18. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

0% Australian Capital Territory 12% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 13% South Australia 23% Tasmania 52% Victoria 0% Western Australia

40 Figure 19. Annual value of cherry production, 2007–15 Table 8. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry

Scientific name Common name 140 Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Blackline 120 Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leaf roller 100 Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio

80 Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leaf roller

60 Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila

($ MILLION) European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows 40 Little cherry virus 1 (unassigned) Little cherry virus 1 20 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Little cherry virus 2 (Ampelovirus) Little cherry virus 2 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Monilinia fructigena Brown rot FINANCIAL YEAR Neonectria ditissima European canker Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Planotoritx octo Green headed leaf roller Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus

Podosphaera clandestina var. clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA (exotic strains) Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease

Image courtesy of Ingrid Roth Plum curculio. Image courtesy of E. Levine, The Ohio State European canker. Image courtesy Abrahami. University, bugwood.org.

41 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

42 CHESTNUTS

Represented by Chestnuts Australia Inc Figure 21. Annual value of chestnut production, 2009–15 chestnutsaustralia.com.au In 2016, chestnut production was valued at $7 million (LVP). In 2016 there were around 1,300 hectares containing about 200,000 chestnut trees. It is estimated that with more 7 trees planted, production will rise to approximately $9.8 million by 2020. 6

The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Purton's Pride and De CoppiMarone. Chestnuts 5 flower during November and December and are harvested from March through to May. 4 The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with approximately two per cent ($ MILLION) 3 exported, mainly to Asian markets.

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 2 The Australian chestnut industry operates principally in the southern states of Australia, primarily in Victoria. 1 0 Throughout 2016 Chestnuts Australia Inc has participated in a number of exotic incursion 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 responses relevant to the chestnut industry including a chestnut blight eradication program FINANCIAL YEAR and a response to a new surface mould that was isolated through a recent chemical residue/efficacy project. Australia is free from insect pests such as the chestnut gall wasp and chestnut weevil. Table 9. High Priority Pests of the chestnut industry Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Chestnut Industry Five Year

StrategicACT Plan NSW– 2015 to 2020.NT The chestnutQLD industry is SAcovered by versionTAS 2.0 of theVIC nut WA Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA biosecurity plan that was reviewed in 2016. Dryocosmus kuriphilus Oriental chestnut gall wasp Figure 20. Distribution of chestnut production by state and territory, 2014–15 Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) (based on LVP) Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death

0% Australian Capital Territory 27% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 3% South Australia 3% Tasmania

64% Victoria Adult wasp. Image courtesy of Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Male (left) and female (right) Asian gypsy moths. Image courtesy Research Institute, Bugwood.org of John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org 3% Western Australia

43 CITRUS

Represented by Citrus Australia Ltd citrusaustralia.com.au In 2014–15, citrus production (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit) was valued at $411 million (LVP). In 2016, production of citrus was estimated to be 660,000 tonnes. Currently, there are about 26,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally.

Citrus is the largest fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia by volume, with major export markets including China, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, the United States and Thailand.

Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout Australia, except for Tasmania and the ACT. Major growing areas include the Riverina (NSW), Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland), Riverland (SA) and Murray Valley (Victoria/NSW). Production also occurs in WA and there are a small number of plantings in NT.

The Citrus Biosecurity Project, which is funded by Hort Innovation and jointly managed by PHA and Citrus Australia, continued through 2016, boosting the preparedness of the citrus industry for serious exotic pests.

The citrus industry is covered by version 3.0 of the citrus biosecurity plan and the BiosecurityACT ManualNSW for CitrusNT Producers VersionQLD 2.0. SA TAS VIC WA CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Figure 22. Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 28% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 26% Queensland 31% South Australia 0% Tasmania 11% Victoria 4% Western Australia

44 Figure 23. Annual value of citrus production, 2007–15 Table 10. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry

Scientific name Common name 500 Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly 450 400 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 350 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 300 Bactrocera invadens* Fruit fly 250 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 200

($ MILLION) 150 Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly 100 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 50 Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Caliothrips fasciatus Bean thrips Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing, citrus greening (African strain) Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Huanglongbing, citrus greening (American strain) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, citrus greening (Asiatic strain)

Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Citrus leprosis virus (Cilevirus) Citrus leprosis Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) Mandarin stem-pitting, citrus tristeza (exotic strains) Diaphorina citri Asiatic or Asian citrus psyllid Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Spiroplasma citri Citrus stubborn disease Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Citrus variegated chlorosis

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

Image courtesy of Citrus Australia

45 COTTON

Represented by Cotton Australia Ltd Figure 25. Annual value of cotton production, 2007–15 cottonaustralia.com.au In 2014–15, cotton production was valued at $950 million (LVP). 2.5 Australian cotton yields are high by international standards, nearly three times the world average. Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with two-thirds sold to China 2 and the remainder mainly to spinning mills in other parts of Asia. Australia is the fourth largest cotton exporter in the world, behind the United States, India and Brazil. 1.5

Cotton is grown in most of the major inland river valleys of eastern Australia, in a belt 1

stretching from central Queensland in the north, to the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and ($ BILLION) Menindee Lakes in southern and western NSW. Approximately 60 per cent of the national .5 crop is grown in NSW, with the remainder grown in Queensland and a small number of Local Value of Production of Production Local Value fields over the Victoria border. Cotton is generally grown as an annual irrigated summer 0 crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils but, in an average season, rain grown cotton 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 represents approximately 20 per cent of the total planted area. FINANCIAL YEAR

The cotton industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for the cotton industry andACT the Farm BiosecurityNSW ManualNT for the CottonQLD IndustrySA Version 1.1. TAS VIC WA

Figure 24. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2014–15 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 60% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 40% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Cotton seed. Image courtesy of Heather Parkes 46 Table 11. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry

Scientific name Common name Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil Aphis gossypi (exotic strains) Cotton aphid (exotic strains) Bemisia tabaci (biotypes other than B and AN) Silverleaf whitefly (exotic biotypes) Cotton leaf curl virus complex (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl virus, cotton leaf crumple virus, cotton leaf curl Gezira virus, cotton leaf curl Alabad virus, cotton leaf curl Burewala virus, cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus, cotton leaf curl Multan virus, cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus, cotton leaf curl Shahdadpur virus Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton blue disease Dysdercus spp. (including D. honestus, Cotton stainer, red bugs D. marus, D. suturellus (American species)) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium wilt (exotic races) (exotic races) Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Helicoverpa armigera (carrying Bt resistance Cotton bollworm, African boll worm alleles) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Phymatotrichopsis omnivora Texas root rot, Phymatotrichum root rot, (syn. Phymatotrichum omnivorum) cotton root rot Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia False codling moth leucotreta) Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt (defoliating strain) Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (syn. X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum; X. campestris pv. malvacearum) (exotic/ hypervirulent races)

Image courtesy of Julie Reardon 47 DRIED FRUITS

Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Figure 27. Annual value of dried fruit production, 2007–15 driedfruitsaustralia.org.au

In 2014–15, dried grape production (sultana types, currants and raisins) increased to about 60 18,000 tonnes and was valued at $31 million (LVP). 50 The main export markets for dried fruit are found in Europe (Germany, Italy, France and United Kingdom). Total exports have averaged around 2,500 tonnes over the past few years. 40

In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried fruit industry in the Sunraysia region which 30 spans north western Victoria and south western NSW around the Murray River, and to a

lesser extent, in the SA Riverland. ($ MILLION) 20

The dried fruit industry regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines from PHA 10 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value to its members via a quarterly publication, The Vine. The viticulture biosecurity manual has 0 been distributed to dried fruit growers through the major industry processors, Sunbeam Foods 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 and Australian Premium Dried Fruits. The industry also undertakes EPPRD training in order to FINANCIAL YEAR understand the roles and responsibilities of their officers in the event of a pest incursion.

The dried fruit industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for viticulture and theACT BiosecurityNSW Manual for theNT Viticulture IndustryQLD VersionSA 1.0 TAS VIC WA Table 12. High Priority Pests of the dried fruit industry

Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Figure 26. Distribution of dried fruit production by state and territory, 2014–15 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly (based on LVP) Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 0% Australian Capital Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 16% New South Wales Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma Flavescence doree 0% Northern Territory Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 0% Queensland Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 3% South Australia Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper 0% Tasmania Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 80% Victoria Planococcus cus Vine mealybug 1% Western Australia Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

48 GINGER

Represented by Australian Ginger Industry Association Figure 29. Annual value of ginger production, 2010–15 australianginger.org.au

In 2014–15, ginger production was valued at $32 million (LVP). Land under ginger 35 cultivation is approximately 280 hectares, which produces around 8,400 tonnes of fresh ginger available year round. 30

25 The most popular ginger variety grown in Australia is the Jumbo (Canton). Approximately 60 per cent of ginger produced in Australia is sold as fresh ginger and the remaining 20 40 per cent is processed. The value of sales of semi-processed and processed ginger 15 products in the domestic market is over $60 million while exports is currently valued at ($ MILLION) $40 million. 10

5

The Australian ginger industry is based predominantly in south east Queensland within the of Production Local Value Sunshine Coast and Wide Bay regions, with a small amount of production in far north 0 Queensland and northern NSW. 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The ginger industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the ginger industry.

Figure 28. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2014–15 Table 13. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Aspidiella hartii Yam scale Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil 0% Australian Capital Territory Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode 2% New South Wales Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt 0% Northern Territory 98% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Ralstonia solanacearum. Image courtesy of Bruce Mathews, Burrowing nematode. Image courtesy of bugwood.org. University of Hawaii at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resource Management.

49 GRAINS

Represented by Grain Producers Australia Ltd grainproducers.com.au In 2014–15, grain production (wheat, barley, canola, sorghum, oats, and lupins) was valued at $12.5 billion (LVP). The grains industry is Australia’s largest plant industry with wheat, the largest crop, accounting for more than half of total production. Australia also produces barley, canola and many vareties of pulse as well as summer crops. The majority of Australia’s grain is produced in what is known as the wheat belt, from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA.

A large percentage of the grain produced in Australia is exported, with major markets in Asia and the Middle East including China, Indonesia, Iraq, Korea, Iran and Vietnam.

The grains industry invests in a biosecurity outreach program to raise awareness and improve practices on-farm and to ensure preparedness for management of any biosecurity threats. Grain Producers Australia funds the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program which includes the deployment of five Grains Biosecurity Officers embedded in state departments in NSW, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA.

The grains industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for grains, the Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers Version 4.0, and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry Version 1.0. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Image courtesy of Barry Large 50 Figure 30. Annual value of grains production, 2007–15 Russian wheat aphid spread tracked by AUSPestCheck 14 PHA’s AUSPestCheck app was used successfully to track the spread of Russian wheat 12 aphid during 2016, following the first detection of the new grains pest in SA in May.

10 AUSPestCheck is a system that amalgamates and maps the outcome of surveillance activity across Australia, using mobile devices in the field and a secure cloud 8 computing environment. 6 In pre-emptive risk assessment for the grains industry, Russian wheat aphid had ($ BILLION) 4 been identified as a high priority pest due to reports from overseas of the pest

2 causing large crop losses. Local Value of Production of Production Local Value

0 Because of the threat posed by the pest, PHA established the Russian Wheat 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Aphid National Technical Group to inform management of the new pest as soon FINANCIAL YEAR as it was determined that the pest was not able to be eradicated. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA AUSPestCheck mapping was very valuable. For the first time, maps showing the spread of the aphid and areas still pest free were generated in real time as checks for the pest were made across southern Australia. Figure 31. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) A priority for the Russian Wheat Aphid

National Technical Group was to CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA communicate public information about the extent of the pest incursion. AUSPestCheck maps were an ideal way 0% Australian Capital Territory to let growers know if their properties were at risk. 26% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory The National Technical Group was established as part of the National Queensland 9% Management Plan, to provide information 17% South Australia on short term control options and longer term research and development <1% Tasmania requirements. 12% Victoria AUSPestCheck was developed with an 36% Western Australia Australian Government National Landcare Programme Innovation Grant.

More crop and pest types are expected PHA’s AUSPestCheck system mapped the distribution to be added to the system in time. of the new pest in real time

51 Table 14. High Priority Pests of the grains industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Ascochyta rabiei (MAT1-1 mating type is Ascochyta blight Heterodera sorghi Sorghum cyst nematode endemic. MAT 1-2 is exotic) Homoesoma electellum Sunflower moth Barley mild mosaic virus (Baymovirus) Barley mild mosaic virus Magnaporthe grisea Wheat blast Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Bean common mosaic virus, peanut stripe Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly strain Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Cephus cinctus Wheat stem sawfly Mungbean yellow mosaic virus Legume yellow mosaic viruses Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seed weevil Pantoea stewartii Stewart's disease, bacterial wilt Ceutorhynchus napi Rape stem weevil Peanut clump virus (Pecluvirus) Peanut clump virus, Indian peanut clump virus Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Cabbage seed weevil Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (Mastrevirus) Chickpea chlorotic dwarf Peronosclerospora sorghi Sorghum downy mildew Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Plasmopara halstedii Downy mildew Chilo orichalcociliellus Coastal stalk borer Prostephanus truncatus Larger grain borer Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Wheat stem rust (lentil affecting strain) Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Cylindrocopturus adspersus Sunflower stem weevil Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii Banded leaf and sheath spot Diabrotica barberi Northern corn rootworm Riptortus dentipes Pod sucking bug CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Diabrotica undecimpunctata Southern corn rootworm, spotted cucumber Schizaphis graminum Greenbug, wheat aphid, spring green aphid beetle Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (Furovirus) Soil-borne wheat mosaic Diabrotica virgifera Western corn rootworm Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth Diaporthe helianthi Stem canker Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest Zea mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Zea mosaic virus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea, chickpea wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines Fusarium wilt of soybean Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt Fusarium virguliforme Sudden death syndrome Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Groundnut bud necrosis virus Groundnut ringspot virus (Tospovirus) Groundnut ringspot virus Harpophora maydis Late wilt, slow wilt Heterodera ciceri Chickpea cyst nematode Heterodera lipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, pathotype Ug99. Reddish brown, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei. Barley stripe rust symptoms Heterodera latipons Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode powdery, oblong spore-producing pustules characteristic of can present on all leaves in an area of a crop. Image courtesy wheat stem rust. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture of Flavio Capettini and Water Resources 52 HAZELNUTS

Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Inc. Figure 32. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010–15 hazelnuts.org.au In 2014–15, hazelnut production was valued at $1 million (LVP). The industry is however, expanding, with approximately 200 hectares planted, consisting of around 100,000 trees. 1 The industry estimates hazelnut production in 2020 will be 300 tonnes with a value 0.9 of $2.1 million. 0.8 0.7 Hazelnuts are grown in the temperate areas of south eastern Australia. The main 0.6 production regions are the Central Tablelands of NSW around Orange, and north-east 0.5

Victoria around Myrtleford. They are also grown in central and eastern Victoria and ($ MILLION) 0.4 increasingly in northern Tasmania. There are small levels of production in SA and WA. 0.3 Australia has recently seen a major on-farm investment in hazelnuts from a northern of Production Local Value 0.2 hemisphere confectionary manufacturer which confirms that the opportunities for 0.1 Australian hazelnuts are large, giving renewed confidence to Australian growers. 0 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Australia imports 2,500 tonnes of hazelnut product annually, primarily from Turkey. FINANCIAL YEAR Imported produce is mainly in kernel form for use by mass market confectioners. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Throughout 2016 the Hazelnut Growers of Australia Inc has been involved in a number of exotic incursions relevant to the hazelnut industry, including a new hazelnut mite. Australia Figure 33. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2014–15 is free from Eastern filbert blight, a serious disease affecting the industry in the USA. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Hazelnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan – 2016 to 2021.

The hazelnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan, which 0% Australian Capital Territory was reviewed in 2016. 30% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Table 15. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry 0% Queensland Scientific name Common name 10% South Australia Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight 10% Tasmania Chinavia hilaris (syn. Acrosternum hilare, Green stink bug, pistachio bug 50% Victoria Pentatoma hilaris,Chinavia hilarae; Nezara hilaris) 0% Western Australia Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains)

53 HONEY BEES

Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. Figure 34. Annual value of honey and beeswax production, 2007–15 honeybee.org.au In 2014–15, honey production was valued at $91 million (LVP). Around 13,000 beekeepers are currently registered, operating around 448,000 hives. Apiaries range in size from 100 between one and several thousand hives. 90 80 In addition to honey, there is some trade in live bees but this has declined in recent years 70 due to market closures including the United States which Australia is endeavouring to 60 re-open. There are other smaller markets in which work is being done to gain access. 50 40 The honey bee industry is a member of PHA due to the benefits that honey bees provide ($ MILLION) 30 to pollination dependent plant industries, estimated to be worth $4–6 billion per year. 20 Emergency pest responses relating to honey bees are now covered under the EPPRD. 10 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program (NBPSP) continues to operate at ports around 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Australia to boost preparedness for exotic pests of bees and pest bees. In 2016 the program was reviewed and is set to be expanded to include more ports. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA A National Bee Biosecurity Program and the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice for beekeepers have been agreed by industry. The appointment of Bee Biosecurity Officers (BBO) in each state is progressing. Figure 35. Distribution of honey and beeswax production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The honey bee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the honey bee biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers Version 1.1.

0% Australian Capital Territory 41% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 20% Queensland 12% South Australia 3% Tasmania 19% Victoria 5% Western Australia

54 Table 16. High Priority Pests of the honey bee industry

Scientific name Common name Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Apis cerana (exotic strains, genotypes and Asian honey bee sub-species) Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanised honey bee Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

55 LYCHEES

Represented by Australian Lychee Growers' Association Figure 36. Annual value of lychee production, 2009–15 australianlychee.com.au

In 2014–15, lychee production was valued at $16 million (LVP). Current annual production 18

ranges from 2,250 to 3,500 tonnes, depending on climatic and seasonal conditions. 16 Australian lychees are available to consumers on the domestic and export markets for a 14 6-month period from October to March. This gives Australia a significant advantage over 12 other suppliers on world markets, as no other country can offer such a long line of supply 10 of fresh lychee during the northern hemisphere winter. 8

($ MILLION) 6 While the majority of lychees are grown for domestic consumption, export demand is increasing. Small niche markets are also being developed by producers using Australian 4

lychee for a range of other value added products. Australian lychees were exported to the of Production Local Value 2 United States during the 2016 season as part of a 3-year pilot program that is expected to 0 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 fully open the market for future lychee export. FINANCIAL YEAR In 2016 the governments of Queensland and Taiwan signed a Memorandum of ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Understanding allowing the import into Australia of several hundred marcotts of six new TaiNung Taiwan lychee varieties. After a 12-month post-entry quarantine period, the plants will be trial grown on selected orchards. If successful, the new varieties will then be Figure 37. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2014–15 available to other interested lychee growers. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The lychee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the lychee biosecurity plan.

Table 17. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry 0% Australian Capital Territory

Scientific name Common name 1% New South Wales Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle 0% Northern Territory Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 99% Queensland Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer 0% South Australia Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug 0% Tasmania Peronophythora litchii Brown blight 0% Victoria Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug 0% Western Australia Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches' broom disease

56 MACADAMIAS

Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Figure 38. Annual value of macadamia production, 2007–15 australian-macadamias.org

In 2014–15, macadamia production was valued at $156 million (LVP). Annual production 160 from 20,000 hectares is approximately 50,000 tonnes in-shell or 15,000 tonnes of kernel. 140

The majority of plantings are varieties of Macadamia integrifolia. Of these about 80 per cent 120 are Hawaiian selections with the remainder being Australian varieties. New Australian bred 100 varieties are likely to be released in the next few years. Harvest commences in March and 80 runs through to August. 60 ($ MILLION) Australian macadamia production stretches from Coffs Harbour on the NSW north coast 40 to Mackay on the north Queensland coast. The majority of macadamia plantings are in 20 northern NSW, Bundaberg and south east Queensland. The northern rivers region of of Production Local Value NSW and Bundaberg each comprise about 40 per cent of production. Bundaberg has 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 the fastest growth in production and is likely to become the largest growing region in the FINANCIAL YEAR next year or so. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Approximately 70 per cent of the crop is exported, principally to Europe, the United States, Japan and other Asian countries as kernels and to China as nut-in-shell. Australia is currently the world’s largest producer of macadamia kernels. South Africa and Kenya Figure 39. Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2014–15 are the other major producers. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA In order to encourage biosecurity awareness within the industry, approximately 70 per cent of orchards employ professional pest scouts and the Australian Macadamia Society convenes an annual pest scout forum where pest pressures for the previous season are reviewed and any new pest and disease sightings reported. 0% Australian Capital Territory The macadamia industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut biosecurity plan. 53% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory

Table 18. High Priority Pests of the macadamia industry 47% Queensland 0% South Australia Scientific name Common name 0% Tasmania Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer 0% Victoria Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 0% Western Australia Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite Xylella fastidiosa (including X. fastidiosa subsp. Almond leaf scorch, pecan bacterial leaf fastidiosa, X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, scorch X. fastidiosa subsp. piercei) (with vector)

57 MANGOES

Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Figure 40. Annual value of mango production, 2007–15 industry.mangoes.net.au

In 2014–15, mango production was valued at $66 million (LVP). Over the last five years the 120 average production volume has been 53,500 tonnes. Around 85 per cent of fruit produced is consumed fresh with the remainder processed. The proportion processed is influenced 100 by crop production and the fresh market price. 80 The most abundant variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for approximately 65 per cent of 60 Australian production. Other varieties include B74 (Calypso), Brooks, Honey Gold, Keitt, Palmer, Pearl and R2E2, as well as green eating varieties Keo Savoy and Nam Doc Mai.

($ MILLION) 40 Other varieties are produced in smaller volumes. 20

The industry supplies the Australian market, with production occurring from September of Production Local Value to March each year. In Australia, the majority of mangoes (92 per cent of the nation’s crop) 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 are grown in Queensland and the NT, with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA. FINANCIAL YEAR

The mango industry is covered by version 2.1 of the biosecurity plan for the mango industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Version 1.0.

Figure 41. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Table 19. High Priority Pests of the mango industry

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Ceratocystis mbriata sensu lato Mango sudden decline syndrome 0% New South Wales Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden decline syndrome 19% Northern Territory Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden decline syndrome 73% Queensland Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar 0% South Australia Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation 0% Tasmania Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation 0% Victoria Fusarium poliferatum Mango malformation 8% Western Australia Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation Parasa lepida Blue striped nettle grub Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midge Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

58 MELONS

Represented by the Australian Melon Association Inc Figure 42. Annual value of melon production 2010–15 melonsaustralia.org.au In 2014–15, melon production was valued at $185 million (LVP). Fresh seedless watermelons, rockmelons and honeydew melons are the major products. They are 250 produced all year round. The main form of value-adding is cut and wrapped fruit. Some melons are used in fresh cut fruit salad mixes and juice products. 200

The Australian melon industry consists of approximately 300 growers producing, 150 on average, 200,000 tonnes of melons annually across an area of around 7,000 hectares, with the majority of production occurring in Queensland, NT, WA and NSW. 100 ($ MILLION) Melons are grown for domestic consumption as well as international export with 85 50 per cent of all exported products going to New Zealand, United Arab Emirates and Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Singapore. About one quarter of the produce is watermelons. 0 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 The melon industry is working with growers on biosecurity measures to address seed FINANCIAL YEAR borne diseases, on-farm biosecurity and surveillance. Melons are covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the melon industry. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 20. High Priority Pests of the melon industry Figure 43. Distribution of melon production by state and territory, 2014–15

(based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Scientific name Common name Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera invadens* Fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leafminer 32% New South Wales Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea or serpentine leafminer 20% Northern Territory Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leafminer 36% Queensland Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer 3% South Australia Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains and biotypes) Silverleaf whitefly 0% Tasmania Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (exotic Fusarium root and stem rot of melons races), F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum (exotic 2% Victoria races), F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis- cucumerinum 7% Western Australia Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

59 NURSERY

Represented by the Nursery & Garden Industry Australia Ltd (NGIA) ngia.com.au In 2014–15, nursery production (propagation stock, vegetable and forestry seedlings, bedding plants, indoor plants, fruit and landscape trees and shrubs) was valued at $664 million (LVP). The nursery industry operates in all states and territories, being one of the largest and most diverse plant industries in Australia.

The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $2.5 billion (production nurseries only) in 2016 across the entire supply chain. NGIA supplies to ornamental retail, landscape, re-vegetation, rehabilitation and production horticulture sectors including tree crops (e.g. fruit, forestry, tea tree), vegetables, forestry and cut flowers. The industry has a limited export focus of approximately $18 million annually; however there is ample opportunity for international export growth.

In 2016 NGIA developed the Nursery Production Farm Management System website nurseryproductionfms.com.au which will be the one-stop shop for industry biosecurity for growers including access to pest fact sheets, management plans, videos, BioSecure HACCP and a training portal.

The national plant health project Building the Resilience and On-Farm Biosecurity Capacity of the Australian Production Nursery Industry (2015–2020) will continue to develop plant

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA biosecurity resources and to upskill industry members and expand knowledge. Extension videos covering topics such as site surveillance, intake inspection and crop monitoring have been developed since 2013, with NGIA and PHA working together in 2016 to produce six to eight new biosecurity videos annually through to 2019.

The industry continues to build the online electronic plant pest identification resource Pest ID Tool pestid.com.au which combines information and images on endemic and key exotic plant pests that impact on production or trade.

The nursery industry is covered by version 3 of the biosecurity plan for the nursery industry and the Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1.

60 Image courtesy of Nursery and Garden Industry Australia ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 44. Distribution of production nurseries by state and Table 21. High Priority Pests of the nursery industry territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Achatina fulica Giant African snail Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid 0% Australian Capital Territory Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly 18% New South Wales Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) 1% Northern Territory Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid 27% Queensland Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrip 5% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) Lettuce infectious yellows virus 4% Tasmania Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 36% Victoria Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 9% Western Australia Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (exotic Bacterial canker CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA races) Figure 45. Annual value of nursery production, 2007–15 Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust, Eucalyptus rust

900 Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease

800

700

600

500

400

300 ($ MILLION) 200

100 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value

0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR

61 OLIVES Figure 46. Annual value of olive production, 2007–15 Represented by the Australian Olive Association Ltd australianolives.com.au

In 2014–15, olive production was valued at $119 million (LVP). The Australian olive industry 250 began in earnest in 1990 with the majority of large groves planted between 1996 and 2004. The olive industry is regarded as mainstream agriculture and remains an important 200 employer in regional Australia. In 2013 the industry began collecting an RD&E levy.

150 The industry suffered losses during the global financial crisis which saw a number of groves change hands. Since then the Australian Olive Association has noticed a number of new, younger people purchasing olive orchards and joining the Association bringing renewed 100 enthusiasm and vision. Victoria is the largest producer, followed by WA, SA and NSW. ($ MILLION) 50

The industry estimates that in 2015–16 the Australian olive industry exported 5,047 tonnes of Production Local Value of olive products, 11 per cent more than the previous year, worth $30.75 million. Olive oil 0 accounted for 95 per cent of the exports of olive products, with table olives accounting for 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 the rest. There were no measurable fresh olive exports. Spain was the leading export FINANCIAL YEAR destination with 39 per cent market share, followed by Italy (14%) China and New Zealand ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA (13%). Another 33 markets accounted for the remaining 21 percent.

The olive industry is covered by version 2.0 of the biosecurity plan for the olive industry. Figure 47. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Table 22. High Priority Pests of the olive industry

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera oleae Olive fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Prays oleae Olive moth, olive kernel borer 6% New South Wales Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex (with vectors) Leaf scorch 0% Northern Territory Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (with vectors) Olive quick decline 0% Queensland Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt (defoliating strains) 11% South Australia 0% Tasmania 72% Victoria 10% Western Australia

1 mm

Olive y. Image courtesy of PaDIL, bugwood.org. Olive y. Image courtesy of Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org.

62 ONIONS

Represented by Onions Australia Figure 48. Annual value of onion production, 2007–15 onionsaustralia.org.au In 2014–15, onion production was valued at $209 million (LVP). 300 The main growing areas for onion production include the Lockyer Valley, St George and 250 Darling Downs in Queensland; Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in NSW; Adelaide Plains,

Riverland and south eastern SA; Manjimup and Pemberton in WA; Werribee and 200 Cranbourne in Victoria; and the north western to northern midlands of Tasmania. 150 Sowing of onions starts in Queensland during February (short day types) and finishes in the

southern states in August (long day types). Harvest starts in Queensland during September ($ MILLION) 100 and finishes during April in the southern states. 50 The onion industry is covered by version 2.0 of the onion biosecurity plan. of Production Local Value 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA Table 23. High Priority Pests of the onion industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 49. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2014–15 Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight (based on LVP) Cladosporium allii Leaf spot CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Delia antiqua Onion fly Delia orilega Bean fly Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly 2% New South Wales Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner 0% Northern Territory Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner 12% Queensland Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rust 60% South Australia Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite 9% Tasmania Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Thrips tabaci (exotic strains and biotypes) Onion thrip 8% Victoria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight 8% Western Australia

63 PASSIONFRUIT

Represented by Passionfruit Australia Inc. passionfruitaustralia.org.au In 2014–15, passionfruit production was valued at $16 million (LVP). There are currently 300 hectares of passionfruit under cultivation in Australia with about 400,000 passionfruit vines yielding approximately 4,600 tonnes of fruit.

About two thirds of the Australian passionfruit crop is grown in Queensland and around one third in NSW.

Passionfruit is grown year round but main supply times to market are December through to September. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown in Australia are Misty Gem and Sweetheart, and the major Panama passionfruit varieties are Pandora and McGuffie’s Red.

At present, there are only small amounts of passionfruit exported, however the industry is looking to progress an application for export to New Zealand.

TheACT passionfruitNSW industry is coveredNT by versionQLD 1.0 of theSA passionfruit biosecurityTAS plan.VIC WA

Figure 50. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

0% Australian Capital Territory 33% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 60% Queensland 2% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 5% Western Australia

64 Figure 51. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2007–15 Table 24. High Priority Pests of the passionfruit industry

Scientific name Common name 18 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 16 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly 14 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 12

10 Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly

8 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly

($ MILLION) 6 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly 4 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 2 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Bactrocera passi orae Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly East Asian passi ora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian passiflora virus Passi ora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus

Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA (Begomovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle potyvirus Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit vein clearing rhabdovirus Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passi orae Bacterial blight

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passi orae. (A) Typical necrotic Adult papaya fruit y (Bactrocera papayae). Image courtesy lesion (B) Pale spots on fruit occur in high severity disease of Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and conditions. Image courtesy of Bernardo de Almeida Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Halfeld-Vieira and Kátia de Lima Nechet

65 PINEAPPLES

Represented by GROWCOM Figure 52. Annual value of pineapple production, 2007–15 growcom.com.au In 2014–15, pineapple production was valued at $44 million (LVP), a decrease on the year before. The industry estimates that in 2015 approximately 47,000 tonnes of fresh fruit and 80 20,200 tonnes of processed fruit were marketed. 70 60 There are approximately 80 commercial pineapple enterprises, all based in Queensland, with key growing districts in Wamuran, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, 50 Mary Valley, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers, Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon and 40

northern Queensland and one additional commercial farm located just outside Darwin, NT. 30 ($ MILLION) Australia contributes less than one per cent of the world’s fresh pineapple production but 20 10

supplies almost the entire domestic market. Four primary packing houses pack and market of Production Local Value

more than 70 per cent of fresh pineapples. The primary pineapple processor, Heinz Golden 0 Circle Ltd, produces canned pineapple and juice. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR Approximately 45 per cent of pineapple varieties grown are Smooth Cayenne and Queen ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA (rough leaf). The remaining 55 per cent of plantings are new hybrid varieties that appeal more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase.

The pineapple industry is covered by version 1.0 of the pineapple biosecurity plan. Figure 53. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Table 25. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Cotinis mutabilis Fig beetle 0% New South Wales Dickeya spp. (pineapple infecting strains) Bacterial fruit collapse, bacterial heart rot (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi) 0% Northern Territory Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug, annona mealybug 100% Queensland Fusarium ananatum and F. guttiforme Fusariosis, Fusarium stem rot, pineapple eye 0% South Australia (syn. Fusarium subglutinans subsp. ananas) rot, fruitlet core rot 0% Tasmania Strymon megarus (as a vector of Fusariosis) Pineapple fruit borer Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia False codling moth 0% Victoria leucotreta) 0% Western Australia

66 PISTACHIOS

Represented by Pistachio Growers’ Association Inc. Figure 54. Annual value of pistachio production, 2008–15 pgai.com.au In 2014–15, pistachio production was valued at $20 million (LVP). The industry estimates 20 that in 2016, 1,060 hectares were under cultivation with 1,950 tonnes of pistachio nuts 18 produced. This represented not only the best ‘off-crop’ but also the best crop ever 16 produced by the Australian Pistachio Industry. 14 The major production areas are along the Murray River Valley between Swan Hill in Victoria 12 and Waikerie in SA. Further plantings are in central west Victoria and Pinnaroo, SA, with 10 small plantings in WA. It is estimated that 100 hectares were planted in 2016 with 100 8 hectares per annum to be planted in the next three years (2017 to 2019). ($ MILLION) 6 4

There are five large pistachio orchards and another five orchards of 10–15 hectares, which of Production Local Value 2 is the acknowledged size required to make a living solely from pistachio nut production. 0 Around 20 mixed fruit growers each produce less than 5 tonnes of pistachios (dry) per 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 annum from one to five hectares. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Australian pistachio production currently only meets 50 per cent of domestic consumption, with the remainder imported from other major producers including Iran and the United States. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 2,000 tonnes Figure 55. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2014–15 (rolling average of two seasons) by 2020. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Pistachio Industry Five Year Strategic Plan 2015 to 2020. The pistachio industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. 0% Australian Capital Territory

Table 26. High Priority Pest of the pistachio industry 44% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Scientific name Common name 0% Queensland Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm 25% South Australia Chinavia hilaris (syn. Acrosternum hilare, Green stink bug, Pistachio bug Pentatoma hilaris, Chinavia hilarae, Nezara 0% Tasmania hilaris) 30% Victoria Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug 1% Western Australia Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt

67 PLANTATION FORESTRY

Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association Ltd ausfpa.com.au In 2014–15, plantation forestry production was valued at $1.7 billion (LVP). The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia’s eighth largest manufacturing industry.

In 2015–16, 24.5 million cubic metres of logs were harvested from plantation estates for processing in Australia for international export. Plantations provide around 83 per cent of the log resources. Plantings are split almost evenly between softwood and hardwood.

The softwood plantation estate of over one million hectares is dominated by exotic species of pine: Pinus radiata in southern states, P. elliottii and P. caribaea in Queensland and northern NSW, and P. pinaster in WA. There is also a notable area (around 50,000 hectares) of native hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in the south east of Queensland and northern NSW. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation and produce saw, peeler and pulp logs for a range of products including sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard.

The hardwood plantation estate of just under one million hectares is predominantly species of eucalypts grown for pulp and export woodchips. Around 10 per cent of hardwood is grown for saw logs to supplement the native forest sawlog supply. There are also some small plantings of Acacia mangium, African mahogany and sandalwood grown in the NT and northern WA. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Plantations are grown mainly in the medium rainfall zones (greater than 700 mm but less than 1,200 mm) along the east coast and south west corner of mainland Australia, as well as in Tasmania and NT.

The plantation forestry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the plantation forest biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry version 1.0.

Image courtesy of Sara Bray Image courtesy of HV Plantations 68 Figure 56. Annual value of plantation forest production, 2007–15 Table 27. High Priority Pests of the plantation forest industry

Scientific name Common name 1.8 Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pinewood nematode species complex 1.6 1.4 Chrysopothe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease

1.2 Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean termite

1 Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite 0.8 Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle 0.6 ($ BILLION) Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle 0.4 Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust 0.2 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Hylesia nigricans Burning moth

FINANCIAL YEAR Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Lymantria monacha Nun moth Figure 57. Distribution of plantation forest production by state and territory, Monchamus spp. including M. alternatus, Longhorn beetles 2014–15 (based on LVP) M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus

Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del Pino Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 0% Australian Capital Territory Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust, Eucalyptus rust 21% New South Wales Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium, Eucalyptus canker 0% Northern Territory Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium, Eucalyptus canker 9% Queensland Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle 14% South Australia Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp 9% Tasmania 29% Victoria 18% Western Australia

Mountain pine beetle. Image courtesy of G. D. Amman, Red turpentine beetle larvae. Image courtesy of Ladd United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Livingston, Idaho Department of Lands

69 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

70 PROCESSING TOMATOES

Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Figure 59. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2007–15 aptrc.asn.au

In 2014–15, processing tomato production was valued at $26 million (LVP). The main 35 varieties grown in Australia are dominated by Heinz cultivars and 99 per cent of the production area is irrigated using sub-surface drip lines. 30

25 An area totalling around 2,780 hectares was planted by processing tomato growers during the 2015–16 season. A total of 86 hectares were not harvested for a range of reasons, 20 including a poor plant stand, delayed harvest and over-contracted fruit. Approximately 15 274,848 tonnes of tomatoes were delivered for processing during the 2015–16 season. This is drop of about 4 per cent or 12,000 tonnes on last year. ($ MILLION) 10

5

Australia consumes around 562,000 tonnes of processed tomatoes, with the majority of of Production Local Value imports coming from Italy and China. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15

The processing tomatoes industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the FINANCIAL YEAR tomatoACT industry,NSW published inNT 2016. QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 58. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, Table 28. High Priority Pests of the processing tomato industry 2014–15 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Achatina fulica Giant African land snail Bactericera cockerelli (syn. Paratrioza Tomato potato psyllid cockerelli) 0% Australian Capital Territory Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (with Zebra chip 3% New South Wales known vector) 0% Northern Territory Frankliniella intonsa Flower thrips 3% Queensland Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner 0% South Australia Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leafminer, serpentine leafminer 0% Tasmania Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner 94% Victoria Tuta absoluta South American tomato moth or tomato 0% Western Australia leafminer

71 RICE

Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc. rga.org.au In 2014–15, rice production was valued at $253 million (LVP).

The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the Riverina in southern NSW. A very small area of rice is also grown in northern NSW and rice growing is emerging as an industry in north Queensland. In the Riverina, the major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties planted in October and harvested from March to May of the following year.

The vast majority of Australia’s rice is exported to international destinations in Asia, the Middle East, and many nations in the Pacific. Market analysis indicates that there is demand across all market segments, both domestic and international, for 950,000 tonnes of paddy production annually.

Following the acquisition of a rice seed company in north Queensland by Ricegrowers’ Limited (SunRice), rice is being grown there in increasing tonnages. While still limited, commercial production continues to increase as varieties bred specifically for that environment and local management techniques are introduced to the cropping system.

Strict biosecurity measures have been put in place to ensure that any rice plant pests which may be endemic in northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

The rice industry is covered by version 3.0 of the rice biosecurity plan.

Image courtesy of Ricegrowers' Association of Australia 72 Figure 60. Annual value of rice production, 2007–15 Table 29. High Priority Pests of the rice industry

Scientific name Common name 300 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 250 Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast

200 Pomacea cancliculata Golden apple snail Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus 150 Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus

($ MILLION) 100 Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro bacilliform virus

50 Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice tungro spherical virus, Waikavirus Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Tilletia indica Karnal bunt FINANCIAL YEAR Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 61. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

0% Australian Capital Territory 99%> New South Wales 0% Northern Territory <1% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania <1% Victoria 0% Western Australia

73 RUBUS

Represented by Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. (RABA) Figure 63. Annual value of rubus production, 2009–15 In 2014–15, the rubus industry was valued at $76 million (LVP).

Raspberry, blackberry and hybrid brambles (for example, silvanberries, boysenberries, 80 loganberries, youngberries and marionberries) are collectively referred to as rubus or 70

cane berries. There are currently over 550 hectares of land under cultivation with rubus 60 varieties, much of it under protected cropping (rain shelters). New plantings continue to see the industry expand in response to increasing consumer demand. Production is also 50 developing in new areas such as north of Perth, WA. 40 30

Peak production is early summer to autumn. Year round supply is possible with ($ MILLION) production in subtropical areas such as south east Queensland and the mid-north coast 20 of NSW where harvest occurs late autumn to spring. The increased use of protected 10 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value cropping and hydroponic systems also extends the harvest season and productivity. 0 Most of the raspberries, blackberries and bramble berries produced in Australia are 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 consumed locally with little to no export of fresh fruit. Berries that are exported are sent to non-protocol markets such as Singapore and Hong Kong. FINANCIAL YEAR

The rubus industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the rubus industry. RABA signed the EPPRD agreement in June 2015 and is in the process of developing the ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA consultation to introduce an EPPR levy (at zero) and a PHA levy to fund membership. Table 30. High Priority Pests of the rubus industry CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Scientific name Common name Figure 62. Distribution of rubus production by state and territory, 2014–15 Arthurimyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) (at the farm gate) Cercosporella rubi Rosette Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Euschistus conspersus Consperse stinkbug 0% Australian Capital Territory Halyomorpha halys Brown mamorated stink bug, yellow-brown stink bug 18% New South Wales Heterocrossa rubophaga Raspberry bud moth 0% Northern Territory Penniseta hylaeiformis Raspberry clearwing moth 13% Queensland Penniseta marginata Raspberry crown borer 5% South Australia Popillia japonica Japanese beetle 29% Tasmania 32% Victoria 3% Western Australia

74 STONE FRUIT

Represented by Summerfruit Australia Ltd Figure 65. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007–15 summerfruit.com.au

In 2014–15 stonefruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was 300 valued at $167 million (LVP). Nectarines and peaches comprised two-thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. 250

In May 2016, access was granted for nectarines to mainland China. Market access 200 negotiations are underway between the governments of China and Australia for export of peaches, plums and apricots. Around 14,340 tonnes worth $49 million of stone fruit 150 was exported in 2015–16, an increase of 14 per cent.

($ MILLION) 100 Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a 50 major rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 50 per cent of Australia’s stone of Production Local Value fruit (in the order of 120,000 tonnes nationally) with the remaining production spread 0 between NSW, Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR The stone fruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the summerfruit industryACT and theNSW Orchard BiosecurityNT ManualQLD for the SummerfruitSA IndustryTAS Version 1.0.VIC WA

Table 31. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry

Figure 64. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2014–15 Scientific name Common name

(based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 6% New South Wales Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth 0% Northern Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 13% Queensland European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows 10% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 12% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 48% Victoria Monilia polystroma Asiatic brown rot 11% Western Australia Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

75 STRAWBERRIES

Represented by Strawberries Australia Inc. Figure 66. Annual value of strawberry production, 2007–15 strawberriesaustralia.com.au

In 2014–15, strawberry production was valued at $236 million (LVP). 250 Strawberries are grown in all states of Australia by an estimated 500 growers concentrated in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, the Yarra Valley and the Mornington Peninsula 200 in Victoria, Wannaroo and Albany in WA, the Adelaide Hills in SA and Launceston in Tasmania. 150

Strawberries are grown throughout the year with Florida varieties grown in subtropical 100

locations (May–October) and Californian varieties grown in temperate climate areas ($ MILLION) (October–June). The industry is investing in the breeding of Australian varieties and these 50

are gradually entering the market. of Production Local Value

0 The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with around five per cent 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 exported. The increase in production over recent years is due primarily to rising per capita FINANCIAL YEAR consumption, driven by higher planting numbers, improved Australian varieties that have ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA been developed using the best varieties from Europe and the United States, and better cool chain management.

The strawberry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the biosecurity plan for the strawberry Figure 67. Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) industry. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Table 32. High Priority Pests of the strawberry industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Lygus hesperus Western plant bug 0% New South Wales Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 0% Northern Territory Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot 41% Queensland Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus 8% South Australia Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus 5% Tasmania Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus 34% Victoria Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus 12% Western Australia Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot

76 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

77 SUGARCANE

Represented by CANEGROWERS Figure 68. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2007–15 canegrowers.com.au In 2014–15, sugarcane production was valued at $1.3 billion (LVP). The Australian cane industry produces 30–35 million tonnes of cane per year, which when processed equates 1.6 to around 4–4.5 million tonnes of sugar. 1.4

Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and 1.2 river valleys on 2,100 km of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north 1

Queensland and Grafton in NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s 0.8 raw sugar production. 0.6 ($ BILLION) Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent of 0.4 production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, 2 Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand. of Production Local Value 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 The sugarcane industry is covered by version 2.01 of the sugarcane biosecurity plan and version 1.0 of the Biosecurity Manual for Sugarcane Producers, developed in 2016. ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA

Figure 69. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

0% Australian Capital Territory 4% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 96% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Harvesting at sundown. Image courtesy of Canegrowers.

78 Table 33. High Priority Pests of the sugarcane industry

Scientific name Common name Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Chilo terrenellus Dark headed rice borer Sugarcane planthopper (Perkinsiella vastatrix). Image courtesy Sugarcane top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis). Image Chilo tumidicostalis Spotted sugarcane stem borer of the National History Museum, London. courtesy of Sugar Research Australia. Eldana saccharina African sugarcane stalkborer Eumetopina avipes Sugarcane leafhopper (as a vector of ramu stunt disease) Grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot (unknown vector) Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane planthopper (as a vector of Fiji leaf gall disease) Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane planthopper (as a vector of Fiji leaf gall disease)

Peronosclerospora philippinensis Downy mildew CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Peronosclerospora sacchari Downy mildew Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera). Image Adult sugarcane pyrillia (Pyrilla perpusilla). Image courtesy of Polyocha depressella Root borer courtesy of Sugar Research Australia. Bugwood.org. Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Scirpophaga excerptalis Top borer Sesamia grisescens Pink stalk borer Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane streak mosaic virus Suspect virus (Tenuivirus) Ramu stunt (with vector) White leaf phytoplasma White leaf (with vector Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus) Xanthomonas albilineans (exotic strains – Leaf scald serological groups 2 or 3)

Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (Potyvirus). Image courtesy Leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans). Image courtesy of of Sugarcane Research Australia. CANEGROWERS.

79 SWEET POTATOES

Represented by Australian Sweetpotato Growers Inc. Figure 70. Annual value of sweet potato production, 2011–15 aspg.com.au In 2014–15, sweet potato production was valued at $87 million (LVP). Sweet potatoes are available all year round in Australia with total production of around 100,000 tonnes. 100 There are around 90 commercial producers with farm sizes ranging from 10 to 200 hectares, with most in the 15–80 hectare range. 80

Queensland is the biggest producer with over 87 per cent of production, centred mainly 60 in Bundaberg. The second major producing area is around Cudgen in northern NSW. Sweet potatoes are also grown in Mareeba, Atherton and Rockhampton (Queensland), 40

Murwillumbah (NSW), Perth, Carnarvon and Kununurra (WA). ($ MILLION)

20 Australians grow four types of sweet potatoes, categorised by skin and flesh colour. The gold variety (rose-gold skin, gold flesh) dominates the Australian sweet potato industry of Production Local Value 0 with over 90 per cent of production. Red category (red skin, white flesh) makes up around 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 eight per cent, with purple (white skin, purple flesh) and white category (white skin, white FINANCIAL YEAR flesh) making up the remainder. The majority of sweet potato production is consumed ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA domestically with less than one percent exported.

Commercial growers purchase pathogen-tested planting material every year, which has Figure 71. Distribution of sweet potato production by state and territory, 2014–15 almost doubled marketable yield per hectare. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

0% Australian Capital Territory 10% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 87% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 3% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Australian Sweetpotato Growers Inc

80 TABLE GRAPES

Represented by Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Figure 72. Annual value of table grape production, 2007–15 australiangrapes.com.au In 2014–15, table grape production was valued at $293 million (LVP). Green, red and blue-black varieties of table grapes are produced by 900 growers in the major growing 300 regions of Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverland in SA and in south east 250 Queensland. 200 The Australian table grape industry was valued at approximately $300 million (LVP) in 2015–16. Exports of Australian table grapes now equal table grape production consumed 150 domestically.

($ MILLION) 100 The table grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. 50 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value

0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Table 34. High Priority Pests of the table grape industry FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Figure 73. Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2014–15 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 0% Australian Capital Territory Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 15% New South Wales Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 1% Northern Territory Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper 16% Queensland Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 1% South Australia Planococcus cus Vine mealybug 0% Tasmania Polychrosis viteana American berry moth 62% Victoria Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug 5% Western Australia Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

81 TRUFFLES

Represented by the Australian Truffle Growers' Association Figure 75. Annual value of truffle production, 2012–15 trufflegrowers.com.au In 2014–15, truffle production was valued at $12 million (LVP). There are some 250 owners 14 of truffle orchards, or truffières, around the country, of which around half have harvested 12 truffles. The Australian Truffle Growers' Association has 120 members across the truffle growing states. 10

8 Since the first truffle was harvested in 1999, Australia now ranks number four in the world for the production of the Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum). The major production 6 area for Australian truffles is the Manjimup region of WA that accounts for around three quarters of the harvest, but there is also some production in Tasmania, ACT, NSW and ($ MILLION) 4 Victoria. 2 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value The majority of the harvest is exported to 30 different countries, but mainly to Europe, 0 the United States and Asia. Australian T. melanosporum are recognised for their excellent 12/13 13/14 14/15 quality and are highly sought after in the northern hemisphere since our production occurs FINANCIAL YEAR out of season.

There are another four species of black truffle with limited production in Australia; namely Table 35. High Priority Pests of the truffle industry T. brumale, T. aestivum, T. uncinatum and T. indicum although it is believed that T. indicum, an undesirable species accidentally introduced, has been eliminated. More recently several Scientific name Common name white truffle species have been found including T. maculatum, T. puberulum, T. dryophilum Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug

CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA andACT T. borchii.NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Lymantria monacha Nun moth The first edition of the biosecurity plan for the truffle industry was published in 2016. Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Figure 74. Distribution of truffle production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) Pseudomonas avellanae (syn. P. syringae pv. Bacterial canker avellanae) Pucciniastrum coryli Hazelnut rust

4% Australian Capital Territory 4% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 8% Tasmania 4% Victoria

80% Western Australia Eastern lbert blight (Anisogramma anomala). Image courtesy Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). Image of Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org courtesy of Steven Valley, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org

82 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

83 VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES)

Represented by AUSVEG Ltd ausveg.com.au In 2014–15, vegetable and potato production was valued at $1.8 billion (LVP). Major crops include potatoes, carrots and lettuce.

Australia’s diverse climate and soils accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and territories, ensuring a constant supply of fresh vegetables. Australian vegetable growers provide the majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia and an increasing amount of fresh vegetables consumed overseas.

The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats and is engaging with multiple relevant government departments, committees and bodies. This includes participation in technical meetings with the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources and PHA, the appointment of a vegetable industry Biosecurity Advisor and two dedicated Biosecurity Officers.

During 2016, the Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer held a series of biosecurity awareness seminars across Australia and visited a number of growing regions in order to discuss best practice on-farm biosecurity. Raising biosecurity awareness among growers, and especially farm visitors, is a key goal of the program.

The Australian vegetable industry is covered by version 2.0 of the vegetable biosecurity plan, CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0 and the Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms Version 1.0.

84 Table 36. High Priority Pests of the vegetable industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 76. Annual value of vegetable production, 2007–15 Bactricera cockerelli Tomato potato psyllid 2.5 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Zebra chip 2 Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Potato cyst nematode (white or pale)

1.5 Globodera rostochiensis (exotic strains) Potato cyst nematode (golden) Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Bud necrosis disease 1 Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode ($ BILLION) Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner 0.5 Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner FINANCIAL YEAR Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and Late blight ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA exotic strains of A1 mating type) Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Potato virus Y Figure 77. Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2014–15 (based on LVP) Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon silver mottle virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle 0% Australian Capital Territory 12% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 30% Queensland 12% South Australia 9% Tasmania 29% Victoria 9% Western Australia Nymphs, adults and cast skins of tomato potato psyllid. Tubers infected with potato spindle tuber viroid (left) are Image courtesy of Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State typically smaller than healthy tubers (right). Image courtesy of University, Bugwood.org Plant Protection Service Archive, Bugwood.org

85 WALNUTS

Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association Figure 79. Annual value of walnut production, 2007–15 walnut.net.au

The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. Major walnut production 50 areas in Australia are on the east coast of Tasmania, the Goulburn Valley near Shepparton 45 and the Murray Irrigation area near Kerang and Swan Hill in Victoria and in the Riverina near 40 Griffith in NSW. 35 Nearly 3,600 hectares of mature and developing trees were under cultivation in 2016. 30 This number is expected to rise to more than 4,300 hectares by 2021 as current growers 25 expand their orchards, and as new growers enter the industry in current and new regions. 20 ($ MILLION) 15 Local production of in-shell walnuts can satisfy all domestic consumption. About 70 per 10

cent of Australia’s walnut production is exported with greatest demand for in-shell walnuts of Production Local Value 5 in China, Turkey and Italy. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15

Throughout 2016 the Australian Walnut Industry Association Inc has participated in a FINANCIAL YEAR number of exotic outbreaks relevant to the walnut industry.

Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Walnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan 2016 to 2021. The walnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut Table 37. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry industryACT biosecurityNSW plan thatNT was endorsedQLD in 2016. SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm Figure 78. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2014–15 Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug (based on LVP) Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt

0% Australian Capital Territory 79% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 18% Tasmania 2% Victoria 1% Western Australia

86 WINE GRAPES

Represented by Australian Vignerons Figure 80. Annual value of wine grape production, 2007–15 australianvignerons.com.au In 2014–15, wine grape production was valued at $765 million (LVP). The wine industry has 1.6 a significant footprint in Australia, comprising 5,100 winegrowers over a vineyard area of 132,393 hectares, made into wine at 2,300 wineries, and generating gross sales of $5 1.4 billion. Wine grape production was 1.81 million tonnes in 2016, about the same as the 1.2 previous year. It is estimated that the wine industry contributes over $40 billion to the 1 Australian economy, and directly employs over 68,000 people. 0.8

In 2016, the most grown wine grape varieties were Shiraz (23%), Chardonnay (22%) and 0.6 Cabernet Sauvignon (13%). The major varieties by colour are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon ($ BILLION) 0.4 and Merlot for reds and Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon for whites. 0.2 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Australian Vignerons estimates that there has been a net removal of vines of 2–3 per cent 0 each year since the 2007–08 season, although production has been steady. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 FINANCIAL YEAR The wine grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture biosecurity plan and the ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0.

Figure 81. Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2014–15 Table 38. High Priority Pests of the wine grape industry (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir 21% New South Wales Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 0% Northern Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila <1% Queensland Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée 54% South Australia Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 3% Tasmania Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 16% Victoria Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper 7% Western Australia Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Planococcus cus Vine mealybug Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

87 88 Chapter 2 Threats to Australia’s plant production systems and environment 90 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT The chapter ends with a description of the management The chapterendswithadescriptionofthe management regionalised pestslistedhere are targetedbydomestic Australia butare confinedtoregions orstates.Thekey In addition to exotic pests, some pests have made it to In additiontoexoticpests,somepestshavemadeit currently subjecttoaneradicationresponse underthe pests istoidentifythosethatposethegreatest threat. Each onerepresents ahighrisktooneormore crops, or tohoneybees,withasevere economicimpactifit The firststepinpreventing incursionsofexoticplant of weeds in Australia, which also pose a considerable of weedsinAustralia,whichalsoposeaconsiderable Other pestshavebeendetectedinAustralia butare PHA has assessed exotic pests for each industry to PHA hasassessedexoticpestsforeachindustryto This chapter covers the pests and weeds that pose This chaptercoversthepestsandweedsthatpose quarantine measures toprevent furtherspread. develop alistofaround 380highprioritypests. the greatest threat toplantproduction andthe threat and are subjecttoongoingcontrol. Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed. Emergency PlantPestResponseDeed. should establishinAustralia. Australian environment.

Russian wheataphidcolony. Noteleafrollingandstreaksalongtheleaf. ImagecourtesyofM.A.Nash 2.1 High Priority Pests

To ensure the future viability and sustainability of Australian agriculture industries and to How pollination will change if Varroa destructor mite protect the environment, one must first identify threats. For Australia’s plant producers and establishes in Australian hives beekeepers, this includes exotic pests that could have a significant impact on production or trade, should they establish in Australia, as well as pests that are in Australia but confined Currently Australia has a high concentration of feral honey bee colonies – unmanaged to particular regions. hives in the wild – and these helpful insects pollinate many crops. But overseas experience has shown that should there be an incursion of the honey bee parasite To identify and prioritise exotic plant pests of quarantine concern, PHA coordinates pest Varroa destructor in Australia, this invader would kill off unmanaged colonies, with the risk assessments as part of the biosecurity planning process for an industry. Experts from loss of valuable pollination services. industry and government are brought together to form an Industry Biosecurity Group, who work together to agree on the level of risk that each pest poses to Australia. The process Since Varroa destructor mites are found in the rest of the world, including New takes into account the pest’s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the Zealand and our northern neighbours, Australia has to be prepared. economic impact if it established in Australia. The assessment includes all entry pathways including legal, illegal, accidental or through natural causes. That’s why PHA has been working on a suite of honey bee biosecurity projects. Some are efforts to prevent an incursion, while others aim to assist our industries, At the end of this process the exotic pests that pose the greatest risk with the largest including plant producers, to prepare for the changes that Varroa destructor is likely potential economic impact are deemed to be High Priority Pests (HPPs). It is important to to bring. note that pest risk assessments are general assessments of overseas pest risks, which differ from the Import Risk Analysis processes conducted for individual import applications In 2016, PHA developed a series of under specific circumstances (see Section 3.1 International Trade). videos to explain the threat posed by Varroa destructor to our honey bees, Once the HPPs for an industry or crop have been identified, the Industry Biosecurity Group how beekeepers can best protect develops and agrees risk mitigation measures for each. Agreed measures also form part of their apiaries from pests, and the the biosecurity plan. likely implications for plant producers. There are 12 videos in all, which Measures to mitigate the risk posed by a particular HPP might include surveillance specifically focus on the situation protocols to check for the presence of the pest, the development of diagnostic protocols in Australia. PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS to ensure the pest can be identified accurately and rapidly should it make it to Australia. Contingency plans that outline the approach to dealing with such a pest should an Keeping hives healthy would become even more important if Varroa destructor incursion occur are also developed. Public awareness programs, pre-emptive breeding was to establish here. So PHA has worked with beekeepers and governments to

or other research might also be included. develop the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice to provide CHAPTER 2: a framework for best-practice beekeeping. Biosecurity plans developed by PHA undergo formal reviews on a regular basis to ensure they remain up-to-date, taking into consideration new research and changes to potential The video production was funded by a partnership between the Australian pathways. Government, state and territory governments, the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council, Wheen Bee Foundation, Capilano, Syngenta, Bayer, Plant and Food Table 39 lists all 378 HPPs that have been identified from the 32 biosecurity plans developed Research NZ and plant production industries through Hort Innovation and the Rural by PHA (see Section 3.4, Table 47) in conjunction with industries and governments, along with Industries Research and Development Corporation. those listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD, which are pre-categorised pests. Beekeepers and producers of crops that benefit from honey bee pollination are Whilst this list predominantly contains exotic pests, it does contain some species that are encouraged to view the videos and become familiar with the Code of Practice, already present in Australia. These regionalised pests are usually controlled through active both of which are available at beeaware.org.au. management or containment programs, yet are still of significant quarantine concern nationally.

91 92 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats + *

Scientific name Adoxophyes orana (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchytopvirus Aleurolobus barodensis Acarapis woodi Amyelois transitella Acleris comariana Anastrepha ludens Anastrepha ludens Anisogramma anomala Anthonomus bisignatus Anthonomus grandis (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Cottonaphid Aphis gossypii(exoticstrains) Apiosporina morbosa genotypes andsub-species) Apis cerana(exoticstrains, Apis melliferacapensis Apis melliferascutellata (hybrid) Apis melliferascutellata Aristobia testudo Arthuriomyces peckianus Ascochyta rabiei( Aspidiella hartii (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotchviroid (symptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotchviroid Bactericera cockerelli Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera invadens Defined asacategorised HighPriorityPestintheEPPRD,independent ofbiosecurityplanningprocesses This specieshasbeensynonymised withBactroceradorsalis MAT 1-2) + Fruit fly Common name Summer fruittortrix Abaca bunchytopvirus Sugarcane whitefly Tracheal mite Navel orangeworm Strawberry tortrix Mexican fruitfly blight filbertblight,hazelnut Eastern Strawberry budweevil Cotton bollweevil Black knot Asian honeybee Cape honeybee African honeybee fiaie oe e Honeybee Africanised honeybee Lychee beetle longicorn Orange rust(long-cycled) Ascochyta blight Yam scale Avocado sunblotch Avocado sunblotch oaoptt sli Potato,Tomato, EPPRD Tomato potatopsyllid Carambola fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Tropical fruit fly Citrus, Melon High PriorityPestof EPPRD Banana Sugarcane, EPPRD Honey bee Nut, EPPRD EPPRD Citrus Nut, Truffle, EPPRD EPPRD Cotton, EPPRD Cotton, NurseryandGarden EPPRD Honey bee Honey bee Honey bee Lychee Rubus Grains Ginger Avocado Avocado Viticulture Papaya, Passionfruit,Tomato, Avocado, Citrus,Mango, Tomato, Viticulture, EPPRD Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Citrus, Lychee, Papaya, Apple andPear, Avocado, Avocado, Passionfruit,Tomato * Scientific name Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera passi orae Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera philippinensis Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera latifrons Bactrocera latifrons (Potyvirus) Banana bractmosaicvirus Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera melanotus (Nanovirus) Banana bunchytopvirus Bactrocera occipitalis (Bymovirus) Barley mildmosaicvirus Bactrocera oleae strain (Potyvirus), Bean commonmosaicvirus Bactrocera papayae Indian Ocean) Middle East-AsiaMinor2, New World, Mediterranean, Africa (1-4),Uganda, (1-8), Italy, Sub-Saharan China 1,2,AsiaII Bemisia tabaci(Asia1, species complex) ( Blood diseasebacterium Botrytis squamosa Botrytis i Pseudomonas caryophyll (syn. Burkholderia caryophylli including Bursaphelenchus Cacoecimorpha pronubana Ralstonia solanacearum Ralstonia solanacearum B. xylophilus peanut stripe peanut stripe spp. spp. +

+ )

Philippine fruitfly Papaya fruitfly Common name South Seaguavafruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly New Guineafruitfly Fijian fruitfly Pacific fruitfly Solanum fruitfly aaabatmsi ies Banana,EPPRD Banana bractmosaicdisease Fruit fly Banana bunchytopdisease Fruit fly Barley mildmosaicvirus Olive fly Bean commonmosaicvirus Silverleaf whitefly Silverleaf whitefly Blood disease Leaf blight Bacterial wiltofcarnation complex Pinewood nematodespecies Carnation tortrix Carnation Passionfruit, EPPRD Avocado, Citrus,Papaya, EPPRD Summerfruit, Viticulture, Papaya, Passionfruit, Avocado, Citrus,Mango, High PriorityPestof Passionfruit Avocado, Papaya, Passionfruit Avocado, Citrus,Passionfruit Citrus Avocado, Passionfruit Avocado, Passionfruit Melon Avocado, Passionfruit Banana Citrus Grains Olive Grains Garden, Tomato Cotton, Melon,Nurseryand Banana, EPPRD Onion Cutflower Plantation forest Cutflower Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats (continued) Scientific name Caliothrips fasciatus africanus Candidatus americanus Candidatus asiaticus Candidatus psyllaurous Candidatus solanacearum Candidatus phytoplasma) mali (Appleproliferation Candidatus phytoplasma) pruni (syn.Xdisease Candidatus phytoplasma) stone fruityellows prunorum (syn.European Candidatus solani Candidatus Cephus cinctus Cephus pygmeus lato Ceratocystis mbriatasensu Ceratocystis manginecans Ceratocystis omanensis Ceratocystis omanensis Ceratovacuna lanigera Cercosporella rubi Ceutorhynchus assimilis Ceutorhynchus napi Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Nepovirus) (exoticstrains) leafrollvirus Cherry virus (Mastrevirus) Chickpea chloroticdwarf (Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic stuntvirus Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Common name Bean thrips strain) Huanglongbing (African strain) Huanglongbing (American unlnbn Aitcsri)Citrus,NurseryandGarden, Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) psyllaurous Candidatus Liberibacter Zebra chip Apple proliferation Peach Xdisease uoensoefutylosCherry, Summerfruit,EPPRD European stonefruityellows Bois noir Wheat stemsawfly European wheatstemsawfly syndrome Mango suddendecline syndrome Mango suddendecline syndrome Mango suddendecline Sugarcane woollyaphid Rosette Cabbage seedpodweevil Rape stemweevil Cabbage stemweevil Blackline virus virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf Chickpea chlorotic stuntvirus High PriorityPestof Citrus Citrus Citrus EPPRD EPPRD Potato, Tomato, EPPRD Apple andPear Cherry, Summerfruit,EPPRD Viticulture Grains Grains Mango Mango Mango Sugarcane Rubus Grains Grains Grains Cherry, Rubus,EPPRD Grains Grains Scientific name Chilo auricilius Chilo infuscatellus Chilo orichalcociliellus Chilo partellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo terrenellus Chilo tumidicostalis hilare) Chinavia hilaris(syn. Choristoneura rosaceana Chromatomyia horticola Chrysoporthe austroafricana Chrysoporthe Ciborinia camelliae Citripestis sagittiferella (unassigned) Citrus leprosisvirus stem-pitting strain) (Closterovirus) (mandarin Citrus tristezavirus Cladosporium allii subsp. sepedonicus Clavibacter michiganensis (lentil strain) Colletotrichum truncatum Conopomorpha sinensis Conotrachelus aguacatae Conotrachelus nenuphar Conotrachelus perseae Coptotermes formosanus Coptotermes gestroi Cotinis mutabilis (Begomovirus) Cotton leafcurlvirus (Polerovirus) Cotton leafrolldwarf virus Common name Sugarcane borer internode sugarcane Yellow topborer of Coastal stemborer Spotted stemborer Sugarcane borer internode Sugarcane stemborer borer Spotted sugarcane stem Green stinkbug Oblique bandedleafroller Pea leafminer uaytscne ies Plantationforest Eucalyptus cankerdisease Camellia petalblight Citrus fruitborer Citrus leprosis disease Mandarin stem-pitting Leaf spot Bacterial ringrot Lentil anthracnose Lychee fruitborer Small avocadoseedweevil Plum curculio Small seedweevil termite Formosan subterranean sa utraentriePlantationforest Asian subterraneantermite Fig beetle otnla uldsaeCotton,EPPRD Cotton leafcurldisease Cotton bluedisease High PriorityPestof Sugarcane Sugarcane Grains Grains Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Nut Cherry Cutflower EPPRD Citrus Citrus Citrus Onion EPPRD Grains Lychee Avocado Summerfruit, EPPRD Apple andPear, Cherry, Avocado Plantation forest Pineapple Cotton

93 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 94 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats (continued) *

Scientific name Cryptosporella umbrina Cryptosporella Croesia curvalana Ctenopseustis obliquana Cryphonectria parasitica Cryphonectria Cydia funebrana Cylindrocopturus adspersus (biotype B) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Deanolis sublimbalis Deformed wingvirus(Iflavirus) Delia antiqua Delia orilega Dendroctonus ponderosae Dendroctonus valens Diabrotica barberi Diabrotica undecimpunctata Diabrotica virgifera Diaphorina citri Diaporthe helianthi dianthicola) pv. Erwinia chrysanthemi Dickeya dianthicola(syn. ) chrysanthemi infecting strains)(syn.Erwinia Dickeya Diuraphis noxia Drosophila suzukii Dryocosmus kuriphilus Dryocosmus Dysaphis plantaginea species)) species)) D. suturellus (American D. honestus, D.maurus, Dysdercus Defined asacategorised HighPriorityPestintheEPPRD,independent ofbiosecurityplanningprocesses spp. (pineapple spp. (pineapple spp. (including

Common name Brown rose canker Blueberry leaftier Brown headedleafroller Chestnut blight Plum fruitmoth Sunflower stemweevil Grape phylloxeratypeB Grapevine phylloxera Grapevine phylloxera caterpillar Red bandedmango eomdwn iu Honeybee Deformed wingvirus Onion fly Bean fly onanpn etePlantationforest Mountain pinebeetle e upniebel Plantationforest Red turpentinebeetle Northern corn root corn worm Northern Southern corn root corn worm Southern Western corn rootWestern corn worm Asian citruspsyllid Sunflower stemcanker Slow wilt Slow wilt bacterial heartrot Bacterial fruitcollapse, usa ha pi Grains,EPPRD Russian wheataphid pte igdoohl AppleandPear, Blueberry, Spotted wingdrosophila Oriental chestnutgallwasp Rosy apple aphid Rosy appleaphid Cotton stainer High PriorityPestof Cutflower Blueberry Cherry Nut, EPPRD Summerfruit Grains EPPRD Viticulture Mango, EPPRD Onion Onion Grains Grains Grains EPPRD Citrus, NurseryandGarden, Grains Cutflower Pineapple Viticulture Cherry, Rubus,Summerfruit, Nut Apple andPear Cotton * Scientific name Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Potyvirus) East Asianpassi oravirus Echinothrips americanus Eldana saccharina Elytroteinus subtruncatus Endocronartium harknessii Epichoristodes acerbella Blueberry scorch Carlavirus) Ericaphis mbriata(with Erionota thrax Erwinia amylovora strains) Erwinia herbicola(exotic gypsophilae Erwinia herbicolapv. Erwinia papayae Erwinia spp. Erwinia tracheiphila Eumerus amoenus Eumerus strigatus Eumetopina avipes Eurygaster integriceps Eurygaster Euschistus conspersus Frankliniella bispinosa Frankliniella intonsa Frankliniella tritici Fusarium circinatum Fusarium mangiferae Fusarium mexicanum chrysanthemi Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. ciceris Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.

Common name Grey pineapplemealybug East Asianpassifloravirus Poinsettia thrips African sugarcane stalkborer Fijian gingerweevil Western gallrust carnation miner carnation tortrix, SouthAfrican South Africancarnation Blueberry aphid aaasiprbtefl Banana,EPPRD Banana skipperbutterfly Fire blight Avocado blast Bacterial gall Bacterial crown rot Mushy canker Cucurbit bacterialwilt Onion bulbfly Lesser bulbfly of ramustuntdisease) Sugarcane leafhopper(vector Sunn pest Consperse stinkbug Florida flowerthrips Flower thrips Eastern flowerthrips Eastern Pitch canker ag afrain Mango,EPPRD Mango malformation Mango malformation chrysanthemum chrysanthemum Fusarium wiltof Fusarium wiltofchickpea High PriorityPestof Pineapple Passionfruit Nursery andGarden Sugarcane Ginger Plantation forest Cutflower Blueberry Apple andPear, EPPRD Avocado Cutflower Papaya Papaya Melon Onion Onion Sugarcane Grains Rubus Citrus Cutflower, Tomato Cutflower Plantation forest Mango Cutflower Grains Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats (continued) Scientific name cubense Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. glycines Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. vasinfectum Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. melonis Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. niveum Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. radicis-cucumerinum Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Fusarium proliferatum F. subglutinansf.sp. and Fusarium Fusarium sterilihyphosum Fusarium virguliforme Cladosporium caryigenum) Fusicladium effusum(syn. (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Globodera pallida (exotic strains) Globodera rostochiensis phytoplasma Grapevine flavescencedorée Grassy shootphytoplasma (Tospovirus) Groundnut budnecrosisvirus (Tospovirus) Groundnut ringspotvirus Guignardia bidwellii Guignardia musae Gymnoconia nitens juniperi-virginianae Gymnosporangium Halyomorpha halys Haplothrips chinensis F. guttiformesyn. (exotic races) (exotic races) (exotic races) sp. (F. ananatum (exotic races) ananas)

Common name race 4 Panama diseasetropical Fusarium wiltofsoybean Fusarium wiltoflupin Fusarium wilt Fusarium wilt of melons Fusarium root and stemrot of melons Fusarium root and stemrot of melons Fusarium root and stemrot Mango malformation Mango malformation core rot rot, pineappleeyerot, fruitlet Fusariosis, Fusariumstem Mango malformation Mango malformation Sudden deathsyndrome Pecan scab or pale) Potato cystnematode(white (golden) Potato cystnematode Flavescence dorée Grassy shoot u erssdsaeGrains,Vegetable Bud necrosis disease Groundnut ringspotvirus Black rot Banana freckle Orange rust(short-cycled) Cedar applerust rw amrtdsikbgCotton,Nut,Rubus,Truffle Brown marmoratedstinkbug Chinese thrips

High PriorityPestof Banana, EPPRD Grains Grains Cotton Melon Melon Melon Mango Pineapple Mango Grains Nut Potato Potato, EPPRD Viticulture Sugarcane Grains Viticulture, EPPRD Banana, EPPRD Rubus Apple andPear Cutflower Scientific name Harpophora maydis Heilipus lauri (carrying Helicoverpa armigera Heterocrossa rubophaga Heterodera carotae Heterodera carotae Heterodera ciceri Heterodera lipjevi Heterodera glycines Heterodera latipons Heterodera latipons Heterodera sorghi High plainsvirus(unassigned) Homalodisca coagulata) Homalodisca vitripennis(syn. Homoeosoma electellum Hoplostoma fuligineus Hyalesthes obsoletus Hylesia nigricans Hypothenemus obscurus Ips typographus Leptinotarsa decemlineata Leptoglossus clypealis Leptoglossus occidentalis Leptoglossus zonatus virus (Crinivirus) Lettuce infectiousyellows Liriomyza bryoniae Liriomyza congesta Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza trifolii Achatina fulica) Lissachatina fulica(syn. Bt resistance alleles)

Common name Late wilt Large seedweevil Cotton bollworm Cotton bollworm Raspberry budmoth Carrot cystnematode Chickpea cystnematode Cereal cystnematode Soybean cystnematode nematode Mediterranean cereal cyst Sorghum cystnematode High plainsvirus lsywne hrsotrCherry, Citrus,Nurseryand Glassy wingedsharpshooter Sunflower moth Large hivebeetle Cixiidae planthopper Burning moth Burning Tropical nutborer Spruce barkbeetle Colorado potatobeetle Leaf footedbug Western coniferseedbug Western leaffootedbug virus Lettuce infectiousyellows Tomato leafminer Pea leafminer epniela ie Cutflower, Melon,Nurseryand Serpentine leafminer American leafminer Vegetable leafminer, miner American serpentineleaf Giant Africansnail High PriorityPestof Grains Avocado Cotton Rubus Vegetable Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains EPPRD Garden, Summerfruit,Viticulture Grains Honey bee Viticulture Plantation forest Nut Plantation forest EPPRD Nut Nut Nut Nursery andGarden Melon, Tomato, Vegetable Cutflower Garden, Tomato, Vegetable Vegetable, EPPRD Melon, Onion,Tomato, Vegetable Cutflower, Melon,Tomato, Nursery andGarden, Tomato

95 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 96 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats (continued) *

Scientific name (unassigned) virus1 Little cherry Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Ampelovirus) virus2 Little cherry Lobesia botrana phytoplasma) broom (suspected Longan andlycheewitches’ Lygus hesperus Lygus lineolaris Lymantria dispar Lymantria monacha Magnaporthe grisea Marchalina hellenica Mayetiola destructor Mayetiola hordei Monilia polystroma Monilinia fructigena Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi M. titillator, M.scutellatus M. galloprovinicialis, including M.alternatus, Monochamus cannonballus Monosporascus virus (Begomovirus) Mungbean yellowmosaic Mycosphaerella eumusae Mythimna unipuncta Nemorimyza maculosa Neonectria ditissima Noorda albizonalis Numonia pirivorella Nysius huttoni Defined asacategorised HighPriorityPestintheEPPRD,independent ofbiosecurityplanningprocesses spp. spp.

Common name Little cherryvirus1 Rice waterweevil Little cherryvirus2 European grapevinemoth broom disease Longan andlycheewitches’ Western plantbug Tarnished plantbug Asian gypsy moth Asian gypsymoth Nun moth Rice blast Giant pinescale Hessian fly Barley stemgallmidge Asiatic brown rot Brown rot disease Mummy berry, cotton ball Longhorn beetles beetles Longhorn Monosporascus root rot virus Mungbean yellowmosaic Eumusae leafspot Armyworm Chrysanthemum leafminer European canker Red bandedborer Pear fruitmoth Wheat bug High PriorityPestof Cherry Rice, EPPRD Cherry Viticulture Lychee Cotton, Strawberry, EPPRD Strawberry Cotton, NurseryandGarden, Garden, Nut,Plantationforest Apple andPear, Nurseryand Plantation forest, Truffle Grains, Rice,EPPRD EPPRD Grains, EPPRD Grains Summerfruit Summerfruit, EPPRD Blueberry, Cherry, Blueberry Plantation forest Melon Grains Banana EPPRD Cutflower EPPRD Apple andPear, Cherry, EPPRD EPPRD Grains * Scientific name Oligonychus ilicis Oligonychus perseae Ceratocystis ulmi) Ophiostoma novo-umi(syn. Orgyia thyellina Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Pandemis cerasana Pantoea stewartii Pantoea stewartii Paracoccus marginatus Paradasynus longirostris Parasa lepida (Potyvirus) Passi ora chlorosisvirus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinklevirus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspotvirus distortion virus(Begomovirus) Passionfruit severeleaf virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit SriLankanmottle virus Passionfruit veinclearing virus Passionfruit yellowmosaic (Nepovirus) Peach rosettemosaicvirus (Pecluvirus) Peanut clumpvirus Pennisetia hylaeiformis Pennisetia marginata Pennisetia marginata Peridroma saucia Perkinsiella vastatrix Perkinsiella vitiensis Peronophythora litchii philippinensis Peronosclerospora Peronosclerospora sacchari Peronosclerospora sorghi (Rhabdovirus) (Tymovirus)

Common name Southern redSouthern mite Persea mite Dutch elmdisease ht pte usc ohPlantationforest White spottedtussockmoth Rough strawberryweevil Cherry brown tortrix Stewart’s wiltofmaize Papaya mealybug Hong Kongstinkbug Blue stripednettlegrub Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinklevirus Passionfruit ringspotvirus distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf potyvirus Passionfruit SriLankanmottle rhabdovirus Passionfruit veinclearing virus Passionfruit yellowmosaic Peach rosette mosaicvirus Peanut clump virus Peanut clumpvirus Raspberry crown borer Raspberry crown borer Variegated cutworm Sugarcane planthopper Sugarcane planthopper Brown blight maize Philippine downymildewof uacn on idwSugarcane, EPPRD Sugarcane downymildew Downy mildewof sorghum High PriorityPestof Nursery andGarden Avocado EPPRD EPPRD Cherry Grains Papaya Lychee Mango Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Summerfruit Grains Rubus Rubus EPPRD Sugarcane Sugarcane Lychee Grains, Sugarcane Grains Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats (continued) Scientific name Phakopsora euvitis Phialophora cinerescens Phialophora cinerescens Phoma tracheiphila omnivorum, Ozoniumtexanum) (syn. Phymatotrichopsis omnivora Phytomyza gymnostoma fragariae Phytophthora fragariaevar. strains ofA1matingtype) (A2 matingtypeandexotic Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora mengei Phytophthora pinifolia Phytophthora ramorum Planococcus cus Planotortrix octo Plasmopara halstedii Plum poxvirus(Potyvirus) clandestina (exoticstrains) Podosphaera clandestinavar. Polychrosis viteana Polyocha depressella Pomacea canaliculata Popillia japonica (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindletuberviroid (exotic strains) Potato virusY(Potyvirus) Prays oleae species) Procontarinia Prostephanus truncatus (syn. Mycosphaerella jiensis) Pseudocercospora jiensis Phymatotrichum Phymatotrichum spp. (exotic spp. (exotic

Common name Grapevine leafrust Phialophora wilt Mal secco Texas root rot Allium leafminer Red steeleroot rot Late blight Phytophthora blight Trunk canker Dano foliardelPino Sudden oakdeath Vine mealybug Vine Green headedleafroller Downy mildewofsunflower Plum poxvirus Powdery mildew of cherry Powdery mildewofcherry American berrymoth Root borer Golden applesnail Japanese beetle oaosidetbrvri Potato,EPPRD Potato spindletuberviroid Potato virusY Olive moth Mango gallmidges Larger grainborer Black sigatoka High PriorityPestof EPPRD Cutflower EPPRD Cherry, Cotton,EPPRD Onion Strawberry, EPPRD Potato Avocado Avocado Plantation forest Truffle, EPPRD Garden, Nut,Plantationforest, Cutflower, Nurseryand Avocado, Blueberry, Viticulture Cherry Grains Cherry, Summerfruit, EPPRD Cherry Viticulture Sugarcane EPPRD Nursery andGarden, Rice, Rubus, Summerfruit Potato Olive Mango Grains Banana, EPPRD Scientific name Pseudococcus maritimus (syn. Pseudomonas avellanae syringae Pseudomonas syringaepv. Pseudotheraptus wayi Psila rosae Psila rosae Puccinia asparagi Ug99) (exotic pathogenicraceseg Puccinia graminisf.sp.tritici (exotic variants) Puccinia psidiisensulato affecting Puccinia Puccinia striiformisf.sp. hordei Pucciniastrum coryli Pyrilla perpusilla strains) Radopholus similis(exotic Raffaelea lauricola Ralstonia solanacearumrace2 (exotic strains) Ralstonia solanacearumrace3 (exotic strains) Ralstonia solanacearumrace4 organism) Ramu stunt(unknown (Nepovirus) ringspotvirus Raspberry Rhagoletis fausta Rhagoletis indifferens Rhagoletis pomonella sasaki Rhizoctonia solanif.sp. Rhizoglyphus callae Rhizoglyphus callae Rhizoglyphus setosus Rhodococcus fascians P. syringaepv. (AG 1) (exotic races) Allium spp. (exotic species (exotic species spp.) avellanae)

Common name Grape mealybug Bacterial canker Bacterial canker Coconut bug Carrot rustfly Asparagus rust Stem rustofwheat uv ut uaytsrs Cutflower, Nurseryand Guava rust,Eucalyptusrust Rust Barley stripe rust Barley striperust Hazelnut rust Sugarcane pyrilla Burrowing nematode Laurel wilt Moko Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Ramu stuntdisease aper igptvrsRubus,Strawberry Raspberry ringspotvirus Black cherryfruitfly Western cherryfruitfly Apple maggot Apple maggot Banded leafandsheathspot Bulb mite Bulb mite Leafy gall Leafy gall High PriorityPestof Viticulture Truffle Avocado, NurseryandGarden Lychee Vegetable EPPRD Grains EPPRD Garden, Plantationforest, Onion Grains Truffle Sugarcane Ginger Avocado Banana, EPPRD Potato Ginger Sugarcane, EPPRD Cherry Cherry Apple andPear, Cherry Grains Onion Cutflower, Onion Cutflower

97 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 98 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT Table 39.HighPriorityPeststhreats (continued) *

Scientific name Schizaphis graminum Schizaphis graminum (Tenuivirus) Rice grassystuntvirus Scirpophaga excerptalis Scirpophaga excerptalis (Oryzavirus) Rice raggedstuntvirus Scirtothrips aurantii (unassigned) (unassigned) Rice tungrobacilliformvirus Scirtothrips perseae (Waikavirus) Rice tungrosphericalvirus Sesamia grisescens Riptortus dentipes Riptortus dentipes (flvrs Slowparalysisvirus Slow paralysisvirus(Iflavirus) Roesleria subterranea virus Soil-borne wheatmosaic Sphaceloma perseae Spiroplasma citri Spiroplasma citri Spodoptera eridania Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera littoralis Stagonospora sacchari Stenoma catenifer Stenoma catenifer Sternochetus frigidus virus latentringspot Strawberry vector ofFusariosis) megarus Strymon virus Sugarcane streakmosaic Teratosphaeria gauchensis Teratosphaeria zuluensis Tetranychus piercei Cryptophlebia leucotreta ) (syn. Cryptophlebia Thaumatotibia leucotreta Defined asacategorised HighPriorityPestintheEPPRD,independent ofbiosecurityplanningprocesses (Furovirus) (Sadwavirus) (Poacevirus) (as a (as a Common name Greenbug Rice grassy stunt virus Rice grassystuntvirus Top shootborer Ragged stuntvirus South Africancitrusthrip Rice tungro bacilliformvirus Avocado thrip Waikavirus Rice tungro sphericalvirus, Stem borer Pod suckingbug Grape root rot virus wheatmosaic Soil-borne Avocado scab Stubborn Southern armyworm Southern Fall armyworm Cotton leafworm Leaf scorch Avocado seedmoth Mango pulpweevil virus Strawberry latentringspot Pineapple fruitborer uacn tekmsi Sugarcane, EPPRD Sugarcane streak mosaic canker Coniothyrium Eucalyptus canker Coniothyrium Eucalyptus Banana spidermite False codlingmoth High PriorityPestof Grains Rice Sugarcane Rice EPPRD Rice Avocado Rice Sugarcane, EPPRD Grains Honey bee EPPRD Grains Avocado Citrus Cutflower Cutflower Cutflower Sugarcane, EPPRD Avocado Mango, EPPRD Rubus, Strawberry Pineapple Plantation forest Plantation forest Banana, EPPRD Summerfruit, EPPRD Cotton, Grains,Pineapple, * Scientific name and biotypes) Thrips tabaci(exoticstrains Tilletia barclayana Tilletia indica (Nepovirus) Tomato blackringvirus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspotvirus Tomicus piniperda Toxotrypana curvicauda (phosphine resistant) Tribolium castaneum Trioza erytreae Trogoderma granarium Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tuta absoluta Uredo rangelii Urocerus gigas Varroa destructor Varroa jacobsoni strain) Verticillium dahliae(defoliating Vespa spp.(exoticspecies) virus Watermelon budnecrosis virus Watermelon silvermottle virus Wheat spindlestreakmosaic White leafphytoplasma X diseasephytoplasma groups 2or3) (exotic strains-serological Xanthomonas albilineans pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis allii passi orae (Tospovirus) (Tospovirus) (Bymovirus)

(MLO) Common name Onion thrips Kernel smutofrice Kernel Karnal bunt Karnal Tomato blackringvirus oaornso iu Rubus,Strawberry Tomato ringspotvirus Pine shootbeetle Papaya fly Rust red flourbeetle African citruspsyllid Khapra beetle Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite moth, tomatoleafminer South Americantomato Myrtle rust Giant woodwasp Varroa mite Varroa mite Verticillium wilt Hornets Watermelon budnecrosis Watermelon silvermottle virus Wheat spindlestreak mosaic White leaf Peach Xdisease Leaf scald Xanthomonas leafblight Bacterial blight High PriorityPestof Onion EPPRD Grains, EPPRD Strawberry Plantation forest Papaya EPPRD Citrus Grains, Nut,Rice,EPPRD Honey bee,Nut Honey bee,Nut Tomato EPPRD Plantation forest Honey bee,Nut Honey bee Cotton, Nut,Olive,EPPRD Honey bee Vegetable Vegetable EPPRD Sugarcane, EPPRD EPPRD Sugarcane Onion Passionfruit Surveillance forPanamaTR4disease. ImagecourtesyofBiosecurityQueensland, QDAF Surveillance Scientific name pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis (avocado strain) Xanthomonas campestris Xanthomonas citrisubsp. malvacearum Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Xanthomonas fragariae not specified) Xylella fastidiosa(subspecies fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosasubsp. pauca Xylella fastidiosasubsp. Xylosandrus compactus (oyiu)Zeamosaicvirus Zea mosaicvirus(Potyvirus) Bactrocera cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae(syn. malvacearum

Common name spot Bacterial blight,angularleaf Bacterial canker Bacterial canker Citrus canker spot Bacterial blight,angularleaf tabryaglrla ptStrawberry, EPPRD Strawberry angularleafspot olive quickdecline leaf scorch, olive leaf scorch, Pierce’s disease,blueberry leaf scorch, olive leaf scorch Pierce’s disease,blueberry decline leaf scorch, olive quick Pierce’s disease,blueberry Black twigborer Melon fruitfly High PriorityPestof EPPRD Avocado Citrus, EPPRD Cotton, EPPRD EPPRD Summerfruit, Viticulture, Nursery andGarden, Nut, Blueberry, Cherry, Citrus, Olive Olive Mango, EPPRD Grains Tomato, Vegetable Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Avocado, Melon,Papaya, of TheodorD.Leininger, Bugwood.org USDAForest Service, Leaf scorchisacommonsymptomofXylella infection. Imagecourtesy death ofolivetrees inparts ofItaly. Participants received abriefing ontheimpactsofXylellainEurope, inparticularthe NZ andtheAustralianGovernment. R&Dfundingproviders, territory governments, theMinistryofPrimaryIndustries Forty-two peopleattendedtheworkshop,representing 12industries,stateand Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources. Preparedness Workshopfundedbythe AustralianGovernment inMelbourne, To improve protection from thispest,inJune2016PHAhostedtheNationalXylella olive, oleander, elm,oak,plane,mulberry, maple)andvariegatedchlorosis (incitrus). leaf scald(inplum),quickdeclineolive),scorch (incoffee, almond,blueberry, phonydisease(inpeach), disease (ingrapevine),alfalfadwarflucerne), plant, thediseaseisknownas:Pierce’s vinedisease,Anaheim disease,California wilting ofthefoliage,eventuallyfollowedbyplantdeath.Dependingonhost the transportofwaterandsolublenutrients,affected plantsshowdrying,scorching, Symptoms varyaccording tothehostplantsbutingeneral,asbacteriumblocks on xylemfluidfrom plantsare thoughttoactasvectors forthedisease. to Xylella(pronounced Zy-lella),anditspreads easily since anyinsectsthatfeed So far, over200commercial plantsare andornamental knowntobesusceptible environment. toAustralia’sit isaplantpestofmajorconcern plantproduction industries and environmental andeconomicdamageoverseas.Althoughitisnotpresent inAustralia Xylella fastidiosaisanexoticbacterialplantpathogenthatcausessignificant Xylella preparedness andprevention workshop presence ofXylellainAustralia. to detectandreport the building onourcapacity improved diagnostics,and awareness, and government were heightenedindustry Australia. Keyareas identified a potentialXylellaincursionin would minimisetheimpactof preparedness activitiesthat types ofprevention and They thenassessedthe

99 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests

When new exotic pests with the potential to cause serious economic impact on plant production industries are detected, eradication is the ideal goal. While Australia has had great success in eradicating exotic pests, in some cases eradication is not possible.

Following the establishment of these pests, measures can still be taken to minimise negative impacts, primarily through containment. Regionalised pests can be contained at a local, regional or state level, depending on current distribution and the ability to implement cost beneficial measures for containment.

State and territory government legislation underpins containment activities which are carried out by the jurisdictions in cooperation with other states, territories and relevant industries as appropriate. Domestic quarantine restrictions are key in preventing the spread of pests nationally. Table 40 lists the 81 regionalised pests recognised by formal legislation and their current area of distribution within Australia. THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS CHAPTER 2:

Asian honey bee swarm on a tree. Image courtesy of Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

100 Adult sugarcane weevil borer. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia Table 40.Australia’s regionalised pests Bactrocera tryoni Scientific name (Babuvirus) Banana bunchytopvirus Daktulosphaira vitifoliae subtropical race4) cubense Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Panonychus citri Ralstonia solanacearum virus) (including and theLuteoviridaefamily (including the Potyviridaefamily Potato virusesbelongingto Spongospora subterranea (race 1 and (race 1and Potato leaf roll Potato leafroll Potato virusY)

Queensland fruit fly Endemic within all of NSW excluding the EndemicwithinallofNSWexcludingthe Queensland fruitfly Area ofregionalisation Common name top virus Banana bunchy phylloxera Grapevine endemic strains Panama disease irsrdmt TheCitrusQuarantineArea ofCumberland Citrus red mite potatoes Bacterial wiltof potatoes Powdery scabof New SouthWales NSW PlantDiseasesAct1924No.38 Free Area asdefinedinOrder O-458ofthe NSW portionoftheGreater SunraysiaPest Act 1924No.38 OR121 undertheNSWPlantDiseases Far northcoast–regulated viaOrder Diseases Act1924No.38 Proclamation P176ofthe Albury-Corowa regions asdefinedin Zone, comprisingtheSydneyand Present withintheNSWPhylloxeraInfested 1924 No.38 OR121 undertheNSWPlantDiseasesAct Far northcoast–regulated viaOrder of theNSWPlantDiseasesAct1924No.38 Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed Diseases Act1924No.38 Notification 2016undertheNSWPlant in PlantDiseases(CitrusRedMite) and NorthumberlandCountiesasoutlined 38 of theNSWPlantDiseasesAct1924No. Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed 38 of theNSWPlantDiseasesAct1924No. Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed Plant NSW Plant

Aleuroides dispersus Scientific name Bactrocera tryoni Bermisia tabaci Brontispa longissima Citripestis eutrapera Cryptosporiopsis citri Cryptosporiopsis mosaic virus Cucumber greenmottle Dickeya Fusarium mangiferae cubense Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. niveum niveum Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Idioscopus clypealis Idioscopus nitidulus Lepisiota frauenfeldi Lepisiota frauenfeldi Monomorium dichroum Parlatoria blanchardi Phakopsora cherimoliae Phakopsora cherimoliae purpurea purpurea Pseudocercospora associated virus(PMWaV-1) Pineapple mealybugwilt Selenothrips rubrocinctus Sternochetus mangiferae Tetranycus gloveri Thrips palmi Uredo morifolia Uredo morifolia spp. (tropical race4)

prln htfl Darwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Spiraling whitefly Area ofregionalisation Common name uesadfutfl Darwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Queensland fruitfly ivrla htfl Darwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Silver leafwhitefly amla eteDarwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea Palm leafbeetle ag ri oe Darwin,Darwinruralarea, Katherine Mango fruitborer leaf spot Cryptosporiopsis mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green Dickeya disease malformation Mango aaadsaeDarwinruralarea Panama disease watermelon Fusarium wiltof Mango leaf hopper Tiwi Islands, Darwin rural Islands, Darwinrural Tiwi Mango leafhopper ag efhpe Darwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Mango leafhopper Browsing ant dichroum Monomorium aepl cl AliceSprings Date palmscale hkpoars Darwinruralarea Phakopsora rust ecsoaso Darwinruralarea Cercospora spot e-addtrp Darwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Red-banded thrips ag edwei Darwin,Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Mango seedweevil lvr ieDarwinruralarea Glovers mite eo hisDarwin ruralarea Melon thrips Mulberry rust Dundee Downs, Palmerston, Noonamah, DundeeDowns, Palmerston,Noonamah, Mulberry rust Northern TerritoryNorthern Katherine Katherine, Tennant Creek, AliceSprings Katherine River, Litchfieldregion Darwin, Darwinruralarea, Batchelor, Daly (Ti Tree)(Ti Darwin ruralarea, Katherine,AliceSprings Darwin ruralarea Darwin, Darwinruralarea, AdelaideRiver Darwin, Darwinruralarea, Katherine Adelaide River, PineCreek, Katherine Darwin Darwin Darwin Facility ShoalBay) One property only(DarwinCorrectional Adelaide River, PineCreek, Katherine Batchelor, AdelaideRiver Darwin ruralarea

101 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 102

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT Table 40.Australia’s regionalised pests(continued) Aleurodicus dispersus Scientific name Anoplolepis gracilipes genotype Apis cerana,Java (Babuvirus) Banana bunchytopvirus Cryptotermes brevis Cryptotermes Deanolis sublimbalis Eumetopina avipesMuir Fiji disease virus Fiji diseasevirus tropical race4) subtropical race4and Cubense Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Idioscopus clypealis Idioscopus nitidulus Liriomyza sativae Mycosphaerella jiensis (Potyvirus) Papaya ringspotvirus (race 1, race 2, (race 1,race2,

prln htfl Torres StraitIslands,CapeYork Peninsula, Spiraling whitefly Area ofregionalisation Common name Yellow crazy ant Populations dotted in various locations Populationsdottedinvariouslocations Yellow crazyant sa oe e Surroundingregion, Cairns northtoBonnie Asian honeybee ucytp NoosasouthtotheNSWborder Bunchy top drywood termite drywood termite West Indian mango caterpillar Red banded planthopper Island sugarcane iila alSugarcane biosecurityzones4,5and6 Fiji leafgall Panama disease ag efoprCapeYork Peninsula andMareeba area, Mango leafhopper ag efoprCapeYork Peninsula Mango leafhopper Vegetable leafminer Northern peninsulaarea Northern ofCape York Vegetable leafminer Black sigatoka Some northern and eastern Torres andeastern Somenorthern Strait Black sigatoka virus Papaya ringspot Queensland south toBundaberg Mareeba, ChartersTowers, coastaltowns spanning Cairns totheGoldCoast spanning Cairns and Mareeba and southtoMenaCreek Doon (nearMossman),westofAtherton Rockhampton, Bowen,Townsville Bay,Greater Brisbane,Wide Far northern CapeYorkFar northern Peninsula northern peninsulaareanorthern ofCapeYork Torres Straitislandarchipelago andthe been established. Queensland. Acontainmentprogram has single property intheTully Valley, farnorth Race 4(tropical) detectedin2015ona Queensland asfarnorthRosedale Race 4(subtropical) southeast Race 2southJohnstoneandCairns growing regions Race 1endemicthroughout banana from Wangetti toGordonvale south toAtherton,andalongthecoast Peninsula Islands Bundaberg area South eastQueenslandasfarnorth as

Scientific name Planoccoccus lilacinus Procontarinia Pseudococcus cryptus jackbeardsleyi Pseudococcus purpurea Pseudocercospora Solenopsis invicta Solenopsis invicta Striga asiatica (strain A) Sugarcane mosaicvirus (Carlavirus) mosaic-associated virus Sugarcane striate Tetranychus piercei Thrips palmi Wasmannia auropunctata Urocystis cepulae (Potyvirus) spp. omnnm Area ofregionalisation Common name ofemayu BoiguIsland,Torres StraitIslands Coffee mealybug midge Mango leafgall rpi elbgIslandsintheTorres Straitandisolated Cryptic mealybug mealybug mealybug Jack beardsley spot spot Cercospora leaf ant Red importedfire e icwe Contained toasmallnumberofproperties Red witchweed virus Sugarcane mosaic mosaic virus Sugarcane striate pdrmt Weipa, CapeYork Peninsula Spider mite Melon thrips South east Queensland as far north as SoutheastQueenslandasfarnorth Melon thrips Electric ant Far north Queensland, Cairns hinterland hinterland FarnorthQueensland,Cairns Electric ant no mtAnnual surveysofAlliumcrops. Quarantine Onion smut South Australia Peninsula Peninsula Torres tipofCapeYork Straitandnorthern Cairns, notwidelydistributed Cairns, places inNorthQueensland,including Peninsula Torres StraitIslandsandtheCapeYork Regional Council Mareeba Shire CouncilandTablelands south east. not geneticallyrelated totheonein separate response asitisanewincursion Coast councils.TheBrisbaneAirportisa Logan, Somerset,ScenicRimandGold of Brisbane,Ipswich,Lockyer, Redland, South eastQueenslandincludingparts in theMackayregion Sugarcane biosecurity zones4,5and6 Sugarcane biosecurity zone2and6 Atherton Tablelands coastal areas from Ayr toMossmanand Bundaberg area. NorthQueensland and BingleBay quarantine zones. measures are appliedintworemaining

Table 40.Australia’s regionalised pests(continued) Scientific name Bactrocera tryoni Cantareus apertus Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Globodera rostochiensis Achroia grisella Aethina tumida (B biotype) Silverleaf whitefly Perth and Carnarvon. Host material Hostmaterial PerthandCarnarvon. Silverleafwhitefly Bemisia tabaci(Bbiotype) Brontispa longissima Cantareus apertus Ceratitis capitata Chortoicetes terminifera Cosmopolites sordidus Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes Cryptolestes pusillus Cryptolestes Ephestia elutella omnnm Area ofregionalisation Common name uesadfutfl Permanentfruitflyzones(refer tospecific Queensland fruitfly re ni Managementofgreen snaillinkedand Green snail phylloxera Grapevine nematode Potato cyst esrwxmt WA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement Lesser waxmoth ml iebel Kimberley. Hostmaterialrestricted from Small hivebeetle amla eteBroome. Hostmaterialrestricted from Palm leafbeetle re ni WA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement Green snail fly Mediterranean fruit locust Australian plague borer Banana weevil ltganbel WA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement Flat grainbeetle ltganbel WA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement Flat grainbeetle oac ohWA. Regulations orcontrols forinsecticide Tobacco moth Western Australia Victoria orders) infested lands(refer tospecificorders) Free Zone(refer tospecificorders) Phylloxera InfestedZoneand to specificorders) lands, andPlantProtection District(refer Management ofPCNlinkedandinfested and control inspecifiedareas movement torest ofstate restricted from movementtoKununurra movement torest ofstate and control inspecifiedareas control inspecifiedareas Regulations orcontrols formovementand WA. Absentfrom eastKimberleyregion. areas WA. Regulationsforcontrol inspecified movement torest ofstate Kununurra. Hostmaterialrestricted from and control inspecifiedareas and control inspecifiedareas resistant strains

Scientific name Ephestia kuehniella cubense Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. Galleria mellonella Hylotrupes bajulus Oryzaephilus surinamensis Oryzaephilus Pentalonia nigronervosa Plodia interpunctella Potato spindletuberviroid Pythium tracheiphilum Rhyzopertha dominica Sitophilus granarius Sitophilus oryzae Sitotroga cerealella Thrips palmi Tribolium castaneum Tribolium confusum Trogderma variabile (race 1)

omnnm Area ofregionalisation Common name moth Mediterranean flour Panama disease Carnarvon. Hostmaterialrestricted Carnarvon. from Panama disease agrwxmt WA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement Larger waxmoth borer European house beetle Sawtooth grain Banana aphid Carnarvon. Hostmaterialrestricted Carnarvon. from Banana aphid ninma ohWA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide Indian mealmoth tuber viroid (PSTVd) Potato spindle etc lgtGinginandPerthmetropolitan area Lettuce blight esrganbrrWA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide Lesser grainborer rnr evlWA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide Granary weevil iewei WA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide Rice weevil moth Angoumois grain eo hisKimberley(lowpestprevalence area) Melon thrips utrdflu WA. Regulationsorcontrols for insecticide Rust red flour beetle Confused flour aeos eteWA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement Warehouse beetle resistant strains WA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide movement torest ofthestate and control inspecifiedareas and control inspecifiedareas WA. Regulationsorcontrols formovement resistant strains WA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide movement torest ofthestate resistant strains Carnarvon resistant strains resistant strains resistant strains resistant strains WA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide resistant strains resistant strains WA. Regulationsorcontrols forinsecticide and control inspecifiedareas

103 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests

With increasing global trade, travel and tourism, and the potential for pests to enter via Varroa jacobsoni was detected on its natural host, the Asian honey bee in Queensland natural routes, serious exotic pest incursions are inevitable. Australia has a formal legal in June 2016. This species of Varroa mite does not normally reproduce on European agreement between government and industry for dealing with Emergency Plant Pests honey bee (EHB), and has not been detected on EHB in Australia. The NMG endorsed a (EPPs) and for sharing the costs of responses to eradicate them. This agreement, the Response Plan for V. jacobsoni in September 2016, with the costs of the response being Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), is detailed in Section 4.2. shared between the Australian Government, state and territory governments, the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council and 13 pollination-reliant Industry Parties. Table 41 identifies the status of responses to EPPs as at 31 December 2016. In addition, there were a number of new pests detected in Australia in 2016 for which no further action Khapra beetle was detected on imported goods in South Australia in April 2016 and was required, or which are currently under investigation (Table 42). a Cost Shared response agreed by the NMG in May 2016. Beetles and larvae were destroyed, premises fumigated and tracing and surveillance activities undertaken. There have been no further detections and surveillance activities are ongoing. Affected Parties for COST SHARED EMERGENCY RESPONSES IN 2016 the response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, Almond Board of Australia, Australian Ginger Industry Association, AUSVEG, Australian Walnut Six Cost Shared responses to Emergency Plant Pest incursions were underway in 2016. Industry Association, Cotton Australia, Dried Fruits Australia, Grain Producers Australia, Giant pine scale (Marchalina hellenica) was under eradication in urban areas of South Pistachio Growers' Association and Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia. Australia and Victoria following its detection in October 2014, with the costs being shared by the Australian Government, state and territory governments and two industry bodies: Australian Forest Products Association and Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (NGIA). In October 2016, the National Management Group (NMG) agreed that it is not technically feasible to eradicate giant pine scale. A Transition to Management approach is being prepared for consideration by the NMG. To date, there have been no detections in commercial pine plantations.

Banana freckle (Phyllosticta cavendishii) eradication on Cavendish bananas in the NT continued in 2016 and the response is on track to achieve eradication. Affected Parties THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS for this response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, Australian Banana Growers Council and NGIA. Following the conclusion of the host free period, the sentinel planting phase (reintroducing clean banana material into the NT) commenced in May 2016. CHAPTER 2: otcfrutfles in the Torres Strait are dealt with under an annual program of surveillance and eradication that has been agreed by the NMG for the period 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2018. The Response Plan covers activities for Oriental fruit fly, New Guinea fruit fly and melon fly, with the costs being shared between the Australian Government, state and territory governments and 12 Affected Industry Parties.

Chestnut blight in Victoria has been under a Cost Shared eradication program since November 2010 and freedom from the disease was due to be declared in June 2016. Following a single detection on a Victorian property in July 2016, operational activities have been extended. Affected Parties for this response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments and Chestnuts Australia. Oriental fruit y

104 Table 41. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements

Scientific name Common name Crops affected Region Past action Current (2016) situation and status Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Various fruits and Torres Exotic fruit flies are sporadically detected in the Torres Strait Surveillance and eradication activities in the Torres vegetables Strait and eradicated to protect mainland Australia. In November Strait are ongoing. Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly 2015 NMG endorsed the Exotic Fruit Flies in the Torres Zeugodacus cucurbitae Melon fly Strait Response Plan for the period July 2015 to June 2018. Surveillance and eradication activities will occur on an annual basis. Cryphonectria Chestnut blight Chestnuts Vic First detected in September 2010. NMG endorsed a Single detection in July 2016. Diseased tree and parasitica Response Plan in November 2010 and eradication activities surrounding host trees destroyed. Tracing and were undertaken. surveillance activities undertaken with no further Further detection in June 2014. Revised Response Plan detections. Response Plan is being revised and endorsed by NMG August 2014. All infected trees were surveillance is ongoing. destroyed. Eradication program in Proof of Freedom Phase, with ongoing surveillance undertaken to confirm that the EPP had been eradicated. Fusarium mangiferae Mango Mangoes, nursery and Qld The CCEPP considered the technical feasibility of The CCEPP is considering the advice of the Scientific Advisory Panel and preparing F. proliferatum malformation garden eradication for Fusarium species causing MMD in Australia. disease (MMD) A Scientific Advisory Panel was convened to address recommendations on each Fusarium species F. pseudocircinatum technical questions related to Fusarium species causing for consideration by the NMG. F. sterilihyphosum MMD in Australia. Recommendations prepared for sensu lato consideration by the CCEPP. Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leafminer Tomatoes, vegetables, Torres First detected in the Torres Strait in 2008 and additionally in The CCEPP is preparing recommendations for cotton, legumes, Strait, May 2014. In August 2014 the CCEPP determined that it consideration by the NMG. onions, nursery and Qld was not technically feasible to eradicate from the Torres Strait. garden Detected in the Cape York Peninsula in May 2015 and considered by the CCEPP. Surveillance activities undertaken. Marchalina hellenica Giant pine scale Pine trees, nursery and SA, Vic Detected in Victoria and South Australia in October 2014. In October 2016 NMG supported the CCEPP garden Tracing and surveillance undertaken. recommendation that it is not technically feasible to Response Plan endorsed by NMG in March 2015. eradicate. A revised Response Plan incorporating a Eradication activities and surveillance undertaken. Transition to Management Phase is being prepared PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS for consideration by the CCEPP and NMG. Phyllosticta cavendishii Banana freckle Bananas, nursery and NT Detected in July 2013. NMG endorsed a Response Plan in Sentinel planting phase commenced May 2016 with garden October 2013 and eradication activities were undertaken. the controlled reintroduction of banana plants and ongoing surveillance activities.

Destruction of host material continued and host free period CHAPTER 2: commenced May 2015. Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Almonds, ginger, SA New incursion in 2016 Detected on imported goods in South Australia. vegetables, walnuts, Response Plan endorsed by the NMG in May 2016 cotton, dried fruit, and eradication, tracing and surveillance activities grains, pistachios and undertaken. There have been no further detections rice and precautionary surveillance acitvities are continuing. Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Honey and various Qld New incursion in 2016 Detected on Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) pollination-reliant crops in Queensland in June 2016. Response Plan endorsed by the NMG in September 2016 and eradication activities undertaken. Surveillance activities are ongoing. Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular Strawberries Qld Detected in May 2010. Infected plants were destroyed and In July 2016 the NMG endorsed the CCEPP leaf spot delimiting surveys undertaken. recommendation that X. fragariae has been CCEPP considered eradication report and recommended to eradicated. NMG that X. fragariae has been eradicated. 105 106

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT able 42PestdetectionsnotifiedunderthePPDthatdidnot result inaformalcostshared emergency response glabripennis Anoplophora pattern virus American plumline Agonoscelis rutila Acrospeira mirabillis Scientific name Corynespora smithii Corynespora Contarinia simmondsii Colletotrichum siamense Colletotrichum queenslandicum Colletotrichum Colletotrichum ocimi cairnsense Colletotrichum brevisporum Colletotrichum alienum Colletotrichum Citrus viroidVII viroid Citrus barkcracking (Carlavirus) virus group Cowpea mildmottle vallesianus Bursaphelenchus stevensii Botryosphaeria Bipolaris yamadae sordidus Atrichonotus Astrothrips tumiceps associated virus Apricot veinclearing Aphis forbesi spp. virus American plumlinepattern Horehound bug Shell moulds Common name Asian longhorn beetle Asian longhorn ltomragl ig yFretnS,Cbra l SA,Qld Forreston SA,CabarlahQld Alstroemeria gallmidgefly Chilli anthracnose Citrus viroid VII BinnaBurra,Sunraysia Citrus barkcrackingviroid Cowpea mild mottle virus Fassifern, Gatton Fassifern, Cowpea mildmottlevirus Pine nematode Botryosphaeria canker Flores weevil Oriental waistedthrips associated virus Apricot veinclearing Strawberry root aphid Brisbane Qld Mildura andCroydon Vic, Stratham, Perth Buckland Region Kiewa Valley Cairns Bundaberg Brisbane Brisbane Cairns Gregory River, Johnstone Cressy Dareton Eastlakes Eastlakes Ballarat Yandaran Devonport, Hillwood Kununurra Hobart Perth Perth Vic, Qld Vic, WA Vic State NSW Vic Qld Qld Qld Qld Qld Qld Tas NSW Qld NSW Vic Qld Tas WA Tas WA WA betulinum Melampsoridium Megoura crassicauda agrostidis Magnaporthiopsis phaseolina Macrophomina iraniensis Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis Lasiodiplodia Ilyonectria radicicola virus Grapevine pinotgris Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum fujikuroi) (syn. Fusarium fujikuroi denticulatum Fusarium Fusarium avenaceum Embellisia allii Diuraphis noxia Dickeya zeae phalaenopsidis Dichromothrips australafricana Diaporthe mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green cornutus Cryptolestes coclesalis Crypsiptya Scientific name Gibberella Gibberella

Birch rust Vetch aphid Charcoal rot Botryosphaeria dieback Grape dieback, Grape dieback MilduraNSW, AngastonSA Grapevine pinotgrisvirus orange Fusarium wiltofprince Fusarium rot ofpyrethrum garlic Skin blotch,bulbcankerof usa ha pi Various locations Russian wheataphid Orchid thrips Phomopsis canker mosaic virus Cucumber green mottle Flat barkbeetle leaf roller Bamboo moth,bamboo Common name Various locations Beecroft Littlehampton Emerald Emerald Ningi Ballarat Preston, SpringBay Camberwell Childers, Dimbulah,Warwick Rockhampton Ballarat Beachmere Nannup Geraldton Torres Strait Mullumbimby Region Various locations SA NSW, Tas NSW, NSW SA Qld Qld Qld Vic Tas NSW Vic Qld Qld Vic NSW, Tas SA, Vic, Qld WA WA Qld NSW State Qld, NT erythrinae Quadrastichus Pythium helicoides stricto Puccinia psidiisensu lagenophorae Puccinia hemerocallidis Puccinia sp. nov. Pseudoplagiostoma viroid Potato spindletuber pseudocryptogea Phytophthora palmivora Phytophthora crassamura Phytophthora boodjera Phytophthora Phoma bellidis solenopsis Phenacoccus Phenacoccus solani virus Pepper veinyellows Paropsides calypso Parlatoria blanchardii brasiliense Paraconiothyrium malayanus Papilio demoleus Pantoea ananatis rosae Neopestalotiopsis parvum Neofusicoccum Scientific name

rtrn alws Torres Strait Erythrina gallwasp Lord HoweIsland Eucalyptus rust,guavarust Daylily rust Potato spindletuberviroid Cotton mealybug Solanum mealybug EastKimberley GurraLakesregion Pepper veinyellowsvirus Blackburn Parlatoria datescale swallowtail Lime butterfly, lime Leaf spotdiseaseofmaize disease Dieback andcanker Common name Caboolture Gapsted Melbourne Yarraman Carisbrook Fitzgerald RiverNationalPark El Arish Stokes InletNationalPark Tincurrin Kiewa Valley Murchison Murchison Geelong Yarraman Dauan Island,Torres Strait Bairnsdale Wamuran Eurobin Region Qld NSW WA SA Qld Vic Vic Qld Vic WA Qld WA WA Vic Vic Vic Vic Qld Qld Vic Qld Vic State

*

new detections,extensionsofgeographicrangeorhostrecords. Some pestslistedinthistableare stillunderinvestigationandanemergencyresponse maybeundertaken.Thesepests crassiusculus Xylosandrus perforans Xanthomonas gardneri Xanthomonas campestris Trichoferus veuillotiana Thelonectria Thekopsora minima horridus Tetranycopsis virus Sweet potatoleafcurl citrulli Stagonosporopsis Sclerotium cepivorum Rhombacus Ramularia collo-cygni Phylotype I solanacearum Ralstonia Scientific name sp. nov. rnlt mrsabel BeerburrumStateForest Granulate ambrosia beetle Bacterial leafspot Bacterial leafspot beetle Chinese longhorned Blueberry rust Hazelnut mite Ord RiverIrrigationArea Sweet potatoleafcurlvirus Gummy stemblight White rot ofallium Ramularia leafspot Bacterial wilt Common name NSW Brisbane Qld,Turramurra Bowen, Bundabergand NSW Stanthorpe Qld,Tenterfield Brisbane Sulphur Creek OrangeNSW Mitta Vic, Mareeba Bentley Kingaroy Hagley Region Camberwell Qld WA Qld NSW Qld, NSW Qld, Qld Tas NSW Vic, Qld WA Qld Tas State Vic

107 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia

The scope of Australia’s biosecurity system covers more than just invertebrates and pathogens, with a range of activities also in place to address the threats posed by weeds. Weeds are among the most serious threats to Australia’s natural environment and plant production industries. They displace native species, contribute to land degradation and reduce productivity. These impacts are in addition to the costs associated with control. The total economic cost of weeds in Australia has been estimated at over $4 billion annually4. An estimated 2,300 species currently impact the natural environment nationally, and a further 1,000 species have a direct impact on plant production. However, there are far more potential weed species that have not yet entered the country or become established in Australia.

Australia’s weed biosecurity system aims to prevent entry of high-risk plant species, eradicate or contain those in the early stages of invasion, and mitigate the impacts of established weeds. Managing and responding to weed threats involves all levels of government, industry and the community. Legislation across the country sets out the various roles of governments in managing weeds across Australia.

WEEDS OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Thirty two Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) have been agreed by Australian federal, state and territory governments based on assessments of their invasiveness, potential for spread and environmental, social and economic impacts. Consideration was also given to their ability to be successfully managed. A list of 20 WoNS was endorsed in 1999 and a further 12 were added in 2012.

Weeds designated to be of national significance are those that require coordination among THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS all levels of government, as well as organisations and individuals with weed management responsibilities. A national focus on WoNS continues through the work of the Invasive Plants and Animals Committee (see Figure 2) and government agencies report to this Committee on progress against any remaining actions under the strategic plans. CHAPTER 2:

Bellyache bush, cotton-leaf physic nut (Jatropha gossypifolia), Immature pods of the mimosa shrub (Mimosa pigra). Image Berrimah, NT. Image courtesy of C.G. Wilson courtesy of C.G. Wilson

4 Australian Government Weeds in Australia (2016) Impact of Weeds. Available from environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeds/why/ 108 Giant sensitive plant (Mimosa diplotricha). Image courtesy of Challiyan, Wikimedia Commons impact.html Program and theWorking onCountry Indigenousrangerprograms. Natural HeritageTrust, theNationalLandcare Programme, theEnvironment Stewardship trade orcommunities.Phasetwo ofthisprogram, from July2013–2018,integratesthe eradication ofweedincursionsthat threaten production ortheenvironment, orimpacton The CaringforourCountryprogram coordinates nationalsurveillance,containmentand by farmersandcommunitiestotackle weedsandpestanimals. a four-year investmenttoimprove thetools,technologies,informationandskillsneeded of theAustralianGovernment’s 2015Agricultural CompetitivenessWhitePaper. Thisis The EstablishedPestAnimalsandWeeds Measure is a$50millioninvestmentaspart too far. are detectedearly, andaresponse ismountedbefore theweeds haveachancetospread Incursions (CCEPI).Eradicationandcontainmentofweedsisonlypossible ifweedincursions invasive weederadicationprograms through theConsultativeCommitteeonExoticPlant manageandcoordinateAustralian, stateandterritorygovernments nationallycost-shared best opportunitytoavoidthecostsandimpactsassociatedwithestablished weeds.The Early detectionanderadicationorcontainmentofnewlyestablished weedsprovides the ERADICATION ANDCONTAINMENT areas, andare agencies. generallysupportedintheiractivitiesby government many statesandlocalareas. Volunteerstheir inthesegroups reportin newweeddetections of on-farmbiosecurityactivities.Communitybasedweedspotterprograms are active in integral partintheweeddetectionandreporting network.Weed managementisacomponent weeds onindividualproperties toreduce theimpactonplantproduction, andplayan new weedincursionsintheirareas. Plantproduction industriesandtheirgrowers manage At thelocallevel,weedsurveillanceisundertakenbymostcouncils,whichreport with regional andnationalneedspriorities. spread betweenregions andjurisdictions,alignment ofmanagementandcontrol biosecurity system,ensuringappropriate post-border riskmanagement,prevention of for weedbiosecurity, policyandmanagement.This isanimportantpartofAustralia’s environment, alongwithNatural Resource Managementauthorities,haveresponsibility departmentsofprimary industriesand Australia,stateandterritorygovernment Within Strategy (NAQS)surveillanceactivitiesinAustralia’s northandneighbouringcountries. around theworld.Weeds are AustraliaQuarantine alsoanintegralpartoftheNorthern prior toimportation.Australia’s WRAsystemhasbeenadaptedfor useinotherparts not currently inAustraliaoronthePermittedSeedslistare subjecttoamandatoryWRA new importsandthedevelopmentofPermittedSeedsList.Thismeansthatallspecies considerably withtheimplementationofWeed RiskAssessments(WRAs)forproposed policies forplantimports.Overthepastdecade,importhavebeentightened The DepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources developsandimplementsquarantine WEED PREVENTION

• • In 2016theprogram targetederadicationof: governments. Queensland andiscost-shared bytheAustralian,Queensland,NSW, NTandWA tropical Americathatare innorthQueensland.Theprogram ismanagedbyBiosecurity The NationalFourTropical Weeds EradicationProgram targetsweedspeciesnativeto National FourTropical Weeds EradicationProgram Grain Producers Australia and CANEGROWERS. industry partiesincludetheCattleCouncilofAustralia,MeatandLivestock Australia, witchweed. Theeradicationresponse Affected isledbytheQueenslandGovernment. industry ministers,endorsedatenyearresponse planofupto$5.8millioneradicatered In April2016theAgriculture Ministers’Forum(AGMIN)comprisingofAustralianprimary principles andarrangementssetoutinthenationaleradicationagreements. arrangements. Theresponse tored witchweedhasbeenundertakenaccording tothe agreements whichprescribe matterssuchasdecisionmakingandcost-sharing complex. Theweedisnotcovered response undertheexistingindustryandgovernment Reaching agreement ona national approach totheeradicationresponse hasbeen In July2013red witchweed wasdetectedinsugarcane onsixproperties inQueensland. Red WitchweedResponsePlan milestones andtargets. Regular reviews are undertakentotracktheprogress oftheprogram towards eradication extensive communityengagementtoidentifyinfestedareas andresearch components. The nationaleradicationprogram involvestargetedweedsurveysandcontrol, and subtropical areas ofAustraliawouldbesignificant ifallowedtoexpandunchecked. The combinedimpactsoftheseweedsonagriculture andtheenvironment intropical Queensland. while Limnocharis, miconiaandmikaniavineare allconsidered seriousweedsinothercountries, • Miconia (calvescens, Limnocharis ( ava) Mikania vine(micrantha). have exhibited invasive characteristics in north andM.racemosahaveexhibitedinvasivecharacteristicsinnorth Miconia nervosa , M. nervosa M. racemosa)

109 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 110

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT of otherestablishedweeds,including silverleafnightshadeandAfricanboxthorn. Australia currently hasresearch programs aimingtodevelopbiocontrol agentsforanumber and onalargescale,atnumber ofsitesinNSW, andSouthAustralia. Victoria ( Since thelate1980ssixagentshave beenreleased tocontrol theweed.Thecrown weevil 5 representing areturn oninvestmentof52:1 of $23.1million,thenetpresent valuebenefitsare on targettobe$1.2billionby2050, for thiscontrol program hasshownthatforaresearch anddevelopmentinvestment and biomasshavedropped byaround 80to90percent.Aneconomicassessment Following developmentofanongoingbiocontrol program, SalvationJanedensities hectares andcostingnearly $40millionayearinlostproduction. Australia's worstbroadleaf temperatepasture weed, coveringmore than10million displaces productive pasture andiscumulativelytoxic tolivestock.Atitspeak,itwas the benefitsofbiocontrol to Australia’s economy, environment andcommunity. Theweed Salvation JaneorPatterson’s curse(Echiumplantagineum)isanexcellentcasestudyof a leaderinthedevelopmentofeffective, risk-assessedbiocontrol programs. the mosteffective andcost efficient strategiesforweedmanagement.Australiahasbeen Following prevention, biologicalcontrol, commonlycalled ‘biocontrol’, represents oneof Weed biologicalcontrol and maintainlocalbushland. and Greening Australia,togetherwithsmallerinformalgroups organisevolunteerstorestore management. FormalorganisationssuchasLandcare Australia,ConservationVolunteers Local communitygroups inweed supporttheactivitiesofindustryandgovernments or manage,andsomejurisdictionsalsoconductweedinspectionsonprivateland. Local councilsare responsible forweedmanagement onlandthattheyown,control implemented inAustralia. production systems,whichuseherbicidestocontrol weeds,are nowcommonly weed control focuseson mechanical cultivationandherbicideapplications.No-till or acombinationofthesemeasures through IWM.In horticulturalproduction systems, through competitionwith otherplants,herbicidesprays,tillage,slashing,grazing,burning, In Australianbroadacre plantproduction industries,weedsare mostcommonlymanaged manuals, andthelargerindustryorganisationsconductweedsurveillanceresearch. plant production industrypeakbodiesproduce integrated weedmanagement(IWM) production systemsuseamixture ofchemicalandnon-chemicalcontrol methods.Some weeds andtheirmanagementdiffer greatly amongindustriesandregions, butmost Combating weedsatthefarmlevelisanintegralpartofmostfarmingsystems.Problem WEED MANAGEMENT ) hasprovenMogulones larvatus tobethemosteffective, oftenkillingtheweedoutright,

Australian Weeds Strategy2017–27 5 .

2017–27 closedinOctober2016. 2017–27 needs. Apublicconsultationprocess onthedraftrevised AustralianWeeds Strategy weeds. TheAWS isreviewed every10years toensure itremains relevant toAustralia’s to keepAustralia'seconomic,environmental andsocialassetssecure from theimpactsof overarching policyforweedmanagementinAustralia.Itoutlinesgoalsandactionsrequired The IPAC overseestheadministrationofAustralianWeeds Strategy(AWS), whichisthe PHA andtheNewZealandGovernment. Observersonthe committeeincluderepresentativesterritory governments. from CSIRO, jurisdictional committeewithmembersfrom andallstate theAustralianGovernment mechanism foridentifyingandresolving weedissuesatanationallevel.Itiscross- The InvasivePlantsandAnimalsCommittee(IPAC) provides aninter-governmental COORDINATION OFWEEDMANAGEMENT Parthenium weed, bitter weed, false ragweed (Parthenium hysterophorus) seedling. Image courtesy of C.G. Wilson Parthenium weed,bitterfalseragweed (Partheniumhysterophorus)seedling.ImagecourtesyofC.G.Wilson Eradicating orange hawkweed from the highlands Hawkweeds (Hieracium species) have the potential to be serious weeds in temperate areas of south eastern Australia, including the Australian Alps and Tasmanian grasslands. In addition to being a major threat to biodiversity, if left unchecked hawkweeds could cause losses of over $48 million a year to the Australian grazing industry alone.

Currently, naturalised populations are only known to occur in a few locations in the high country of Victoria and NSW including in Kosciusko National Park, where it was first detected in 2003.

Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) is a species of daisy that originates from northern and central Europe. This species has established as a weed in many countries, including the United States, Canada, Japan and New Zealand. In these countries, this weed is threatening biodiversity and reducing productivity of agricultural lands.

It poses a serious threat to the Australian Alps and surrounding environments, including farmland, outcompeting native and pastoral plants. In Kosciusko National Park over 200 volunteers have been assisting the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service to eradicate the weed. Because orange hawkweed is so small, detector dogs have been used as they can sniff out even tiny fragments of plant.

Although previously sold as ornamental plants, sale of hawkweeds is now prohibited under state and territory legislation. THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS CHAPTER 2:

Volunteers and detector dogs are helping to locate and eradicate orange hawkweed from Kosciusko National Park. Image courtesy of NSW DPI

Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera) Image courtesy of C.G. Wilson 111 112 Image courtesy of Ports Australia Chapter 3 Maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity status 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade

This chapter describes the three layers of protection that Australia’s enviable plant biosecurity status is due to coordinated activities that occur make up Australia’s plant biosecurity system: pre-border pre-border (overseas), at the border, and post border (within Australia) (Figure 82). activities, those at the border and post-border measures Responsible parties may include the Australian government, state and territory governments, local governments, researchers, PHA and the wider community within Australia. (e.g. home gardeners).

The Australian Government has responsibility for border Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, activities as well as for international obligations, import risk with around two-thirds of national agricultural production exported to overseas markets. Australia also benefits from importing a range of goods from overseas. Imports provide analysis, market access negotiations, post-entry plant access to a wide range of products, technology and services that enable economic growth quarantine and national legislation. in multiple sectors. The movement of plant produce around the world is covered by international agreements that function to prevent the spread of plant pests, known Within our borders, the plant biosecurity system is made up as phytosanitary agreements. of coordinated activities carried out by governments, industries and everyday Australians. Figure 82. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity system

Under the Australian Constitution, individual state and territory governments are responsible for plant biosecurity matters within their boundaries. This includes exotic plant pest surveillance, domestic quarantine, research and MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING development, preparedness initiatives, and emergency response activities such as establishing quarantine zones PRE-BORDER AT THE BORDER POST-BORDER Department of Agriculture and Department of Agriculture and Department of Agriculture and and informing the public. Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources, state and • Risk analysis and import approvals • Inspection and monitoring territory governments, plant industries, PHA, producers and • Regional biosecurity • Enforcement and compliance community • Export market access negotiations • Implementation of risk State and territory governments coordinate their activities • Monitoring and surveillance management system • Offshore assessment, audit and • National coordination and through the Plant Health Committee and subcommittees, as verification • Policy implementation response to pest incursions described in Chapter 1 and through the Emergency Plant • International standards • Education and awareness • Domestic quarantine movement development restrictions Pest Response Deed (Chapter 4). • Capacity building in overseas • Pest management countries • Breeding of resistant varieties • Gathering global pest intelligence • Emergency preparedness activities Increasingly, governments are also working in partnerships • Simulation exercises with industry and community to mitigate risk in initiatives • Education and awareness • Biosecurity planning such as the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program and the • Farm biosecurity Farm Biosecurity Program, which are facilitated by PHA.

114 PARTICIPATING IN INTERNATIONAL PLANT PEST AGREEMENTS As an active trading nation, Australia has entered into a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence its plant biosecurity system. On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides WTO member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or plant health.

The WTO allows members to specify the level of protection that they consider fitting to protect human, animal and plant life or health within their territory (this is known as the appropriate level of protection or acceptable level of risk) provided it is science-based, is applied consistently and considers the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s appropriate level of protection (ALOP) is defined in section 5 of the Biosecurity Act 2015 as providing “a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero.”

All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to reduce biosecurity risk to this ALOP by using science-based risk assessments. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific biosecurity measures within its free trade agreements.

There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection, to which Australia is a party, that outline the responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also set standards to help harmonise phytosanitary measures.

Port Authority of NSW. Image courtesy of Ports Australia 115 116

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Portal atippc.int. Phytosanitary information, includingpeststatusofparties,isavailableontheInternational of phytosanitarycertificationthrough theIPPCePhytoprogram. Reportingandexchangeof role inthedevelopmentand implementationoftheelectronic generationandtransmission containers andestablishingmaintainingpestfree areas. Australiahasalsotakenalead better managephytosanitaryrisks,includingguidanceonmanaging risksposedbysea Australia hascontributedanumberoftechnicalresources tohelpothercontractingparties 4. 3. 2. 1. bodies: of Agriculture andWater Resources, coordinates andprovides inputintofourgovernance trade,butalsohelpfacilitate safetrade.Australia,through international theDepartment regulations. Thestandards notonlyreduce thenumberofpestsmovedthrough standards are canharmonisetheirphytosanitary ameansbywhichgovernments development ofpestriskanalysesorguidelinesforsurveillance.Importantly, these provide specificrequirements forthemanagementofbiosecurityissues,suchas These standards,Standards knownasInternational forPhytosanitaryMeasures (ISPMs), well astoanythingthatcanactavectorforthespread ofplantpests. of phytosanitarystandards relating toplantsandplantproductstrade,as ininternational The IPPCisrecognised bytheSPSAgreement asthebodyresponsible fortheestablishment supplemented byvoluntarycontributionsofcontractingparties. program funding,sourced from FAO assessedcontributionsanddonations the FoodandAgriculture Organization(FAO) oftheUnitedNations,from whichitreceives trade.TheIPPCisanArticleXIVstatutorybodyof and invasivespecies,ininternational protects theworld’s plantresources from thespread ofseriouspests, includingdiseases PlantProtectionagreement The International Convention(IPPC)isaninternational that PlantProtectionThe International Convention implementation oftheconventionanditsstandards andrecommendations. IPPC ImplementationandCapacityDevelopmentCommitteeresponsible forfacilitating development ofISPMs. IPPC Standards Committeeandassociatedworkinggroups responsible forthe IPPC StrategicPlanningGroup, whichdeterminesstrategicprioritiesforIPPCactivities implementation oftheIPPC Commission onPhytosanitaryMeasures, bodythatoversees thegoverning

of ISPM6GuidelinesforSurveillance. six-year surveillanceworkplanandassociatedworkshopstoassist withtheimplementation development ofaRSPMonhotwaterimmersiontreatment forfruitfliesonmangoes,anda the APPPCadoptedseveralAustralian-ledinitiativessupportingregional harmonisation,the A followupactivityledbyAustraliawasdelivered in2015.Atitsbiennialmeeting2015, Measures (ISPM)14. RSPMs through asystemsapproach,Standards basedonInternational forPhytosanitary facilitated anAustralian-fundedpilotworkshop,whichfocusedontheimplementationof been ledbyAustralia.Officers from theDepartmentof Agriculture andWater Resources Irradiation FacilitiesandApproval ofFumigationFacilities,thedevelopmentwhichhad During its2013biennialmeeting,theAPPPCadoptedtwonewRSPMs:Approval of irradiation asaphytosanitarytreatment. relevant RSPMs,forexampleontrainingrequirements forplantquarantineinspectorsand development ofstandards andtheirimplementationintheregion. TheAPPPCimplements standard. international AustraliaisanactiveparticipantintheAPPPCassistingwith with specificregional issues,supporttheregion’s tradeandmayformthebasisofan The APPPCdevelopsRegionalStandards forPhytosanitaryMeasures (RSPMs)thatdeal contribution totheorganisationsupportworkprogram. the APPPC,Australiaand24othermembercountriesmakeanannualmandatory management. Followingtheacceptanceofamendmentstofundingmechanismfor to themovementofpestsintrade,pesticideuseandregulation, andintegratedpest (RPPO) recognised undertheIPPC.TheAPPPCcoversphytosanitaryissuesrelating and PacificPlantProtection Commission(APPPC),aRegionalPlantProtection Body The PlantProtection Agreement treaty isanintergovernmental administered bytheAsia The PlantProtection Agreement fortheAsiaand PacificRegion PPPO ExecutiveCommittee. and AgriculturalMarketAccessinitiative. Australiacurrently positiononthe holds theVice-Chair IPPC activitiesfundedundertheDepartment ofForeign Affairs andTrade’s PacificHorticultural During 2016,thePPPOhostedan IPPCregional workshopto considerdraftISPMsandother territories, togetherwithAustraliaandNewZealand. of parties.ThePacificregion coversPacificislandcountriesandUnitedStatesFrench phytosanitary measurestradewhilstprotecting to facilitate international theplanthealthstatus of theCanberraAgreement. ThePPPOprovides adviceandsupporttoitsmemberson (PPPO), whichisanauxiliarybodyestablishedunderthethenSouth PacificCommission Australia isalsoamemberofsecondRPPO,thePacificPlantProtection Organisation Canberra Agreement

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS activities. that iscurrently inprogress. RefertoSection 3.2forfurtherinformationonpre-border Table 43detailspolicyadvicefinalised byDecember2016,aswelldraftpolicyadvice Pests) oftheIPPC. ISPM 2(FrameworkforPestRiskAnalysis)and11(Pest AnalysisforQuarantine the SPSAgreement andfollowing theguidanceofrelevant standards international including Assessments are conducted inaccordance withAustralia’s rightsandobligationsunder includes mandatedpublicconsultationperiodsandaformalappeal process. IRAs haveatimeframeforcompletionwhichisregulated bylegislationandtheprocess forms, suchasimportriskanalyses(IRAs),pestassessments andpolicyreviews. Assessments are conducted bytechnicalandscientificexpertscantakeseveral Import riskassessmentisanimportantpartofAustralia’s biosecurity protection. site visitsorauditsmayberequired. management measures are properly implementedandcanbemaintained.Pre-border In establishingimportconditions,Australiamustbeconfidentthattherequired risk and humancommodities. and containstheAustralianimportconditionsformore than20,000plant,animal,mineral The systemcanbefoundontheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources website Import conditionsare publishedintheBiosecurityImportConditionssystem(BICON). TradeInternational FaunaandFlora,live specimens. inEndangered SpeciesofWild endangered imports ofinternationally speciesdesignatedbyCITES,theConventionon Goods) Determination2016.Permitsmayalsoberequired underthe EPBC Act1999for conditions thatare includedintheBiosecurity(ProhibitedandConditionallyNon-prohibited Act 2016.Othergoodsmaybeallowedentrywithoutapermitsubjecttostandard Some importedgoodsrequire animportpermitandthese are issuedundertheBiosecurity verifies thatimportedgoodsmeettheseconditionsandcompliantare allowedentry. and theshippingarrangements.TheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources basis, dependingonthepestrisksassociatedwithproduct, thelocationofproduction new pestsanddiseasestoAustralia.Importconditionsare determinedonacase-by-case Import conditionsare imposedtoensure thatgoodsenteringthecountrydonotintroduce 1989 andanysubordinate legislation(forfurtherdetailseeSection1.1). (EPBC)Act1999 , andwhereBiodiversity Conservation relevant, theGeneTechnology Act responsibility forregulation undertheBiosecurityAct2015 , theEnvironmentProtectionand plants andplantproducts intoAustraliaisstrictlyregulated.has TheAustralianGovernment Since importedplantproducts couldbringexoticpestsintothecountry, theimportationof REGULATING IMPORTS TOMANAGERISK

import policyadvice Table 43.DepartmentofAgriculture andater esources finalisedanddraft Grapes (table,revisions) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grains Ginger Fresh ginger of theweedParkinsoniaaculeata Eueupithecia sp.2forthebiologicalcontrol control ofParkinsonia,Parkinsoniaaculeata Eueupithecia cisplatensisforthebiological Durian (supplement) Durian Drosophila suzukii(spottedwingdrosophila) Dragon fruit Cylindropuntia fulgidavar. mamillata biological control ofcoralcactus Dactylopius tomentosus(fulgida)forthe Citrus (revision) Citrus Cherries (intoWestern Australia) Capsicum vectors associatedwithRutaceae Candidatus tamarillo fruit,tomato) (capsicum, nurserystock,potatotubers, Candidatus Bananas control oftheweedAgeratinaadenophora Baeodromus eupatoriiforthebiological Avocado (revision) Apples (Fuji) Apples Apples Apples Apple andpear(budwood) Policy Liberibacter spp. and their Liberibacter spp.andtheir Liberibacter psyllaurous Finalised policyadvice USA Japan China Korea Chile USA India Various Fiji Fiji Source country Source country Thailand Thailand All countries Vietnam All countries Israel Egypt New Zealand Korea All countries New Zealand,USA Philippines Source country New Zealand Japan New Zealand(review) China New Zealand Generic Country (from) 2003, 2006 2014 2011 2011 2005 2002 2016 2006, 2007,2008 2013 2015 2014 2012 2000 1999 2013 2017 2015 2003 2002 2003 2009 2011 2009 2009 2014 2007 1998 2011 2010 2007 2002 Year released Phalaenopsis orchids (nurserystock) Persimmon Permitted seeds Pears (Ya) Pears (Asian) Pears Pears Papaya Oranges (sweet) Olive (plantsfrom approved sources) Nectarines Allcountries Medium RiskNurseryStockreview (internal) codling moth,Cydiapomonella Mastrus ridensforthebiologicalcontrol of Mangosteen Mangosteen Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mandarin (Unshu) Maize (bulk) Lychee andlongan Lychee Limes (Tahitian) Allcountries Lilium Lettuce (re Lentil (seedandhumanconsumption) Island cabbage Hops propagative materials Hazelnut Grapevine propagative materials Grapes (table,intoWesternAustralia) Grapes (table) Policy spp. instatement) Taiwan Israel, Japan,Korea All countries China China China Korea Fiji Italy Generic China Source country Indonesia Thailand Indonesia, Thailand,Vietnam Pakistan India (revised conditions) Philippines (additionalareas) India Taiwan Philippines Japan USA China, Thailand Taiwan, Vietnam New Caledonia Taiwan New Zealand Tonga, Vanuatu Cook Islands,Fiji,Samoa, All countries Chile All countries USA Sonora, Mexico Country (from) 2010 2004 2006 1998 2003 2005 1999 2002 2005 2003 2016 2014 2013 2012 2004 2015 2011 2011 2010 2008 2006 1999 2009 2003 2004 2013 2006 2013 2007 2002 2013 2010 2011 2013 2016 2016 Year released biological control ofgorse, Tortricid moth,Cydiasuccedana,forthe Tomato (truss,review) Tomato (truss) Taro corms(fresh) biological control of yellowlacscale Tachardiaephagus forthe somervillei (seed) Sweet corn Strawberries Stone fruit(intoWesternAustralia) Allcountries Stone fruit Seed contaminants(review oftolerances) Salacca Pseudomonas syringaepv. actindae Poppy strawforprocessing Pome fruittesting control ofMadeiravine Plectonycha correntinaforthebiological Pineapple (modification) Pineapple (de-crowned) Pineapple Phytophthora Tahitian limes Thrips andTospoviruses Prunus spp.propagative material Potatoes forprocessing Fruit Fly PestFree Areas risk analysis Cucumber green mottlemosaicviruspest Dates Allcountries Citrus spp.nurserystock Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum Apples Zantedeschia propagative material Wood packaging Policy spp. hostpropagative material Ulex europaeus Draft policyadvice(inprogress) New Zealand Netherlands Generic All countries USA Korea New Zealand USA Indonesia New Zealand Turkey, Hungary, Portugal China, Japan,Korea Source country Islands, SriLanka,Thailand Philippines, Solomon Malaysia Islands, SriLanka,Thailand Philippines, Solomon All countries Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu Cook Islands,Niue, All countries All countries New Zealand China All countries Middle East,NorthAfrica All countries USA All countries Generic Source country Country (from) 2002 2003 2011 2015 2003 2017 2006 2010 2000 2014 2011 2016 2003 2010 2003 2012 2002 2015 2016 2016 2014 2012 2009 2016 2016 2014 2015 on thispolicy) have beenactivated clock provisions 2009 (stopthe 2016 2006 2014 Year released

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Australia cancontinue toexportitsplantproducts. maintenance are increasingly thefocus oftechnicalmarketaccessactivities whichensure import conditionsmeanthatnegotiations surrounding market improvement andmarket of neworimproved treatment technologies,andreviews bytradingpartnersoftheir producers byaddressing phytosanitaryissues.Changesinpeststatus,theemergence close consultationwithindustrystakeholders, facilitateaccesstomarketsforAustralian Technical marketaccessnegotiations betweenAustraliaanditstradingpartners,in applicable, anexportpermitandphytosanitarycertificateisissued. exporters. Thisislinkedtoendorsementsandresults ininspectionsasrequired, andwhere exports, aswellforanimalproducts. EXDOCacceptsdetailsofproposed exportsfrom 1982 andassociatedlegislation.Thesystemprovides certificationforgrainandhorticulture of exportdocumentationforprimaryproduce prescribed undertheExportControlAct For plantindustries,theExportDocumentation(EXDOC)systemsupports thepreparation check theimportingcountry’s requirements before exporting. Information inMICoRPlantsisintendedasaguideonlyandexporters are responsible to declarations andtreatments, andanyotherrelevant exportinformationanddocumentation. This includesdetailsonrequirements forimportpermits,phytosanitarycertificates,additional information onexportconditionsrequired toexportplantsandplantproducts from Australia. To assistexporters,theManualofImportingCountryRequirements (MICoR)provides policyandlegislation. government which are instrumentalindevelopingeffective andefficient operationalresponses to Industry ConsultativeCommitteeandHorticulture ExportIndustryConsultativeCommittee) exporters through industry consultativecommittees(theGrainandPlantProducts Export More specificexportlegislationislistedinTable 44.Strong linkagesare maintainedwith country authority. which aphytosanitarycertificate,oranyotherofficial certificate,isrequired byanimporting fresh fruits,fresh vegetables,driedfruits,prescribed grain,andplantsorplantproducts for The enables Australiatoprovide ISPM15compliantwoodpackagingmaterialforexport. and hasresponsibility fortheAustralianWood Packaging CertificationSchemewhich The departmentalsonegotiatestechnicalmarketaccessforAustralianexportproduce, accordance withimportingcountryrequirements andAustralia’s obligations. international inspection, verification,andcertificationservicesforplantsplantproducts in The DepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources provides phytosanitaryexport requirements oftheActandanyquarantinerequirements oftheimportingcountry. by whichAustralianproducers canexporttheirproducts. Exportersmustmeetthe The conditions. Just asimportsare subjecttorestrictions toprotect planthealth,exportsmustalsomeet Many Australianplantindustriesexportaproportion ofthefoodandfibre thattheyproduce. ENSURING AUSTRALIANEXPORTS MEETREQUIREDSTANDARDS Export Control(PlantandPlantProducts)Orders2011provide criteriafortheexportof Export ControlAct1982anditssubordinate legislationprovides thelegalframework

Agriculture andWater Resources Table 44.Australia'sexportlegislation,administered bytheDepartmentof Hort Innovation’s Trade AssessmentPanel. on theindustry’s prioritiesforneworimproved marketaccessrequests isprovided through For thehorticulture industry, advicetotheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources prioritised inlinewithoverallindustrybenefit. andindustrytoensurebetween government marketaccessdecisionsare informedand For driedbulkcommodities,theGrainsIndustryMarketAccessForumprovides aconduit evidence-based analyses. with thehighestlikelihoodoftechnicalandcommercial success,withastrong focuson the departmentconsultswithindustrytoensure itsprocesses selectmarketpathways existing marketsandmaintenanceofmarketaccess.Whenprioritisingactivities, achievements since2000,includingaccesstonewmarkets,improving opportunitiesin export systemstoincrease thevalueofplantexports.Table 45detailsmarketaccess There isahighlevelofdepartmentalinvestmentinnegotiatingprotocols andbuilding Export Charges(Imposition—General) Regulation2015 Export Charges(Imposition—Customs) Regulation2015 Export Charges(Collection)Regulation 2015 Export Control(Fees)Order2015 Export Charges(Imposition—General)Act2015 Export Charges(Imposition—Excise)Act2015 Export Charges(Imposition—Customs)Act2015 Export Charges(Collection)Act2015 Export Control(UnprocessedWood) Regulations Export Control(RegionalForestAgreements)Regulations Export Control(OrganicProduceCerti cation)Orders Export Control(HardwoodWood Chips)Regulations1996 Export Control(PrescribedGoods—General)Order2005 Export Control(PlantsandPlantProducts)Order2011 Export Control(orders)Regulations1982 Export ControlAct1982 Legislation

Table 45.Marketaccessachievementsforplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince2000 onr Commodity Country Chile Bolivia Saudi Arabia Cherries(from Tasmania) Taiwan South Korea Japan India European Union China Japan Cherries(mainland) India United States South Korea New Zealand Multipleproducts South Korea South Korea Thailand Thailand Bananas–resumption oftrade New Zealand New Zealand Citrus(unspecified) Japan South Korea Seedpotatoes,microtubers South Korea South Africa Japan Mangoes,irradiated China New Zealand Morocco China Brazil USA Multipleproducts (from Valley) Goulburn –pestfree area Peru New Zealand South Korea South Korea Grapevine, nursery stock Sunflower seed,sowing Lentils Cherries –accessreinstated fornonpestfree areas Citrus (grapefruit) Kiwifruit Citrus Table grapes Citrus (from Sunraysia)–seasonalfreedom Peanuts, processed Lupins Lychees Mangoes Potatoes, brushedware Seed potatoes(from andWA) Victoria Papaya Apples Mangoes Cherries (from Tasmania) Citrus Olive, rooted cuttings Mangoes Lychees, nurserystock Tomatoes, greenhouse Olive, rooted cuttings Lemons Oranges Market accessgainedandrestored Year achieved 2012 2012 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003 2003 2003 2000 2000 Vietnam Vietnam Mexico Fiji Japan Japan China Honeyandotherapiculture products French Polynesia Lentils–market accessrestored Saudi Arabia India Cherries USA Thailand Table grapes Thailand South Korea Japan China USA Phillipines Peru Malaysia Ecuador Ecuador China China Uruguay USA Taiwan Taiwan Peru Peru Peru Peru Indonesia Commodity India Egypt Country suspensions for Australian fruit suspensions forAustralianfruit Citrus –marketaccessrestored followingimport suspension forallAustralianfruit Table grapes–marketaccessrestored following Onion seed,sowing Honey bees(livequeens) Watermelons Melon (Cucumusmelo) Nectarines Blueberries Mangoes andlychees Summerfruit (apricots,plums,nectarinesandpeaches) Table grapes Grape seed Apples Bana grasscuttings Teak seed,sowing Creeping signalgrass,sowing submission in2008 Barley –forconsumptionfollowingatechnical shell forconsumption Macadamia nuts–accessgainedformacadamiain issues preventing exportssince2009 Canola –re-opening oftradeafterresolving quarantine Chinese requirements Cherries –accessafterinitiatingaprotocol andmeeting Hemp seeds,sowing Cottonseed, stockfeed Whole lupins,processing Carrots Chia seed,sowing Sorghum seed,sowing Paulownia, rooted cuttings Wax flower, rooted cuttings Table grapes,summerfruits andcherries Pearl milletseed,sowing Honey 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2016 2015 2014 2014 Year achieved

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table(continued) 45.Marketaccessachievementsforplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince2000 onr Commodity Country India USA Indonesia Indonesia India USA South Korea Japan China China China Emirates United Arab Taiwan Japan Japan Indonesia Indonesia India India Japan Citrus–3degree colddisinfestation Taiwan Carrots –freedom from nematode South Korea Tomatoes –improved conditions South Korea New Zealand Malaysia Thailand Zucchini–removal ofQueenslandfruitflyfrom thepest New Zealand flexible conditions Citrus (unspecified)–more favourabletemperatures and Citrus –3degree colddisinfestation areas Citrus –in-transitcolddisinfestation from nonpestfree pest free areas Table grapes–in-transitcolddisinfestationfrom non Macadamia nuts Cherries (from mainland)–standalonecoldtreatment Citrus Grapefruit Apples (from Tasmania) –improved conditions Mangoes –revised protocol Citrus –revised protocol Policy andProcedure requirement Multiple products –removal ofStandard Operating Multiple products –2–3degree colddisinfestation Mangoes –reduced inspectionrate Cherries (from Tasmania) –revised protocol Citrus –in-transitcolddisinfestation Table grapes–in-transit cold disinfestation Mangoes, irradiated Oats Citrus –2–3degree colddisinfestation Queensland fruitflyarea freedom Multiple products (from Tasmania) –reinstatement of Mangoes –newphytosanitaryrequirements Citrus –2–3degree colddisinfestation list Improvements inmarketaccess Year achieved 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 Colombia USA USA Japan Korea Japan Korea Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand China Thailand Thailand Taiwan Allproducts –FTA negotiationsconcludedinDecember South Korea Qatar Phillipines Libya Kenya Iran Plantsandplantproducts Indonesia Hong Kong China Avocado –in-transitcoldtreatment United States Table grapes–in-transitcoldtreatment New Zealand Pears–in-transitcoldtreatment New Zealand Citrus(unspecified)–in-transitcoldtreatment New Zealand New Zealand onr Commodity India Country Kangaroo pawnurserystock Lychees Mango Pumpkins Blood orangesandothersweetorange varieties Walnuts Cherries –improved inspectionrates Persimmons –irradiationforfruitflycontrol Cherries –newtemperature forcoldtreatment Tablegrapes –newtemperature forcoldtreatment pest free area districts Citrus –more varietiesapproved forexportfrom non Wheat andbarley–accessimproved withnewprotocol Grain andseed Citrus –someimportlimitationsremoved byThailand Apples 2013 Hay treatment conditions Fruit –revised protocol includingfavourablecold Grain andseed Wheat Grain andseed Soybeans –removal ofafivepercenttariff Canola Apples Citrus (unspecified)–3degree in-transitcoldtreatment 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 Year achieved Table 45. Market access achievements for plant product exports from Australia since 2000 (continued)

Country Commodity Year achieved Country Commodity Year achieved Maintained in market access All markets All products – implementation of a new security paper 2013 for export health certificates Malaysia Cut and dried flowers 2004 Taiwan Apples – revised improved export protocol 2013 South Korea Potatoes 2004 USA Cottonseed, for stock feed – reinstated methyl bromide 2013 Thailand Citrus 2004 fumigation and new tolerance levels Various Citrus 2004 Indonesia Wheat – access maintained for grain for consumption 2015 Indonesia Multiple products 2006 Vietnam Seed, sowing 2015 Canada Summerfruit 2007 Vietnam Grains, consumption 2015 China Citrus (unspecified) 2007 Vietnam Nuts, consumption 2015 India Grain 2007 Vietnam Plant based stockfeed 2015 Mauritius Citrus 2007 India Wheat flour 2016 Mauritius Potatoes 2008 Korea Mangoes 2016 Thailand Multiple products 2009 New Zealand Mangoes 2010 New Zealand Papaya 2010 New Zealand Lychees 2010 Taiwan Summerfruit (peach and nectarine) 2011 Thailand Multiple products 2011 Thailand Table grapes 2011

Thailand Citrus 2011 PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Vietnam Multiple products 2011 China Table grapes 2014 India Pome fruit 2012 Indonesia Multiple products 2012 South Korea Barley (malting), processing 2012 Taiwan Summerfruit (plums) 2012 Vietnam Multiple products 2012 Thailand Apples 2013 Thailand Pears 2013 Thailand Avocado 2013 Thailand Kiwifruit 2013 Thailand Strawberries 2013 Thailand Persimmon 2013

Tasmanian port. Image courtesy of Ports Australia

123 Australia elected Chair of the Commission on 3.2 Pre-border activities Phytosanitary Measures Australia's expertise in biosecurity, plant health and setting standards was The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has primary responsibility for recognised in 2016 with its election to the position of Chair of the International Plant pre-border biosecurity activities. These are focused on minimising the likelihood of exotic Protection Convention (IPPC) Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in 2016. pests and diseases reaching our border, while enabling the movement of people and goods across the border. They provide assurance to the community and producers about the The new Chair is Lois Ransom from the Australian Government Department of biosecurity status of commodities imported into Australia. Agriculture and Water Resources. Pre-border activities include: The IPPC is governed by the Commission which meets each year in Rome, Italy, to • Conducting risk assessments to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be promote cooperation on plant protection around the world. The aim of the group is associated with imports and identifying risk management measures. to enable global objectives of food security, trade facilitation and environmental protection. • Conducting pre-border verifications, inspections and audits. • Conducting pre-border surveillance in near neighbouring countries. In particular, the Commission: • Collaborating with international partners on plant health issues and standards. • Reviews the state of plant protection around the world. • Building regional capacity through collaborative activities. • Identifies action to control the spread of pests into new areas. • Gathering intelligence to determine and assess potential biosecurity risks. • Develops and adopts international standards. • Assessing risks associated with imports. • Establishes rules and procedures for resolving disputes. • Adopts guidelines for the recognition of regional plant protection organisations. Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations, particularly the SPS Agreement. See Section 3.1 • Cooperates with international organisations on matters covered by the for further information on the role of risk assessments in assessing biosecurity risks Convention. associated with imports.

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING The international standards agreed by the Commission apply to plants, plant products, storage places, packaging, conveyances, containers, soil and any other VERIFICATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS organism, object or material capable of harbouring or spreading plant pests. A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks prior to import into Australia (to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s biosecurity requirements), provide export systems for safe trade and prevent the arrival of non-compliant consignments at the border.

Regular verifications and audits are undertaken to ensure compliance of specified plant material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production areas and stock feed processing facilities to ensure compliance with Australia’s import permit requirements.

The Australian Government works with national plant protection organisations in exporting countries to increase confidence in their systems’ ability to effectively manage biosecurity risks pre-border. This reduces the pressure on mitigating risks at the border and provides opportunities to reduce post-border intervention. The Commission on Phytosanitary Measures is chaired by Australia’s Lois Ransom. Image courtesy of IPPC

124 PARTICIPATING IN INTERNATIONAL PLANT HEALTH SYSTEMS Australia engages in international activities to gather national and international plant pest information. The information is made available to regional plant health practitioners through a variety of sources including published records, surveillance data, insect and herbarium collections and networks. Intelligence assessments of High Priority Pests informs pre-border risk management and early detection of any pests that may enter and establish in Australia.

Australia also participates in setting standards for both international and regional bodies (refer to Section 3.1). This cooperative approach boosts Australia’s ability to actively monitor pests pre-border, limit their spread, and reduce their impact on the agricultural systems of regional neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and promoting Australia’s interests in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and standards.

BUILDING CAPACITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Activities to build capacity are delivered for Asia-Pacific countries that are close to Australia and for important and emerging trading partners. Commonly, these activities are coordinated through regional bodies, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group of countries. Activities are often delivered with the assistance of funding from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Capacity building activities yield a better understanding of the plant pest risks in the region, improve regional biosecurity, build diagnostic networks and capabilities, and foster links among plant health and biosecurity agencies and experts. These programs also help PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Australia to meet its formal international obligations to assist developing countries. Increasingly, capacity building activities promote approaches to managing phytosanitary risk that safeguard existing trade or create opportunities for expanding markets.

ANTICIPATING EXOTIC PLANT PEST THREATS A range of sophisticated technologies and approaches including research, shared international resources and intelligence are used to anticipate exotic plant pest threats and to help prevent their introduction and spread. Work is undertaken with domestic and international partners to inform responses to emerging risks and to risks associated with deliberate and inadvertent non-compliance.

Information and intelligence is shared between partners through legislative requirements, memoranda of understanding and agreements with international bodies. The intelligence is used to develop cargo profiles and campaigns, and to support identification and management of non-compliance, enabling resources to be targeted at the areas of greatest risk.

Image courtesy of Apple and Pear Australia Ltd 125 3.3 Activities at the border

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has primary responsibility for border biosecurity activities. With increasing levels of international travel and trade, the detection of threats at the border remains an important element of the biosecurity system.

Biosecurity activities at the border focus on: • Screening and inspecting international vessels, passengers, cargo, mail, animals, plants and plant products arriving in Australia. • Managing the high biosecurity risks of live plants and animals through containment, observation and treatment at quarantine facilities. • Identifying and evaluating the specific biosecurity risks facing northern Australia through the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS). • Raising awareness of Australia’s biosecurity requirements among travellers, importers and industry operators.

Activities at the border are risk-based, informed by evidence and subject to review and continual improvement.

SCREENING AND INSPECTION The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources employs more than 3,900 officers, many of whom contribute to the inspection of international vessels and passengers, cargo MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING and mail as they arrive at ports of entry.

Surveillance and inspection activities are performed at international airports, seaports, mail facilities and container depots to screen and inspect incoming goods and people. A range of techniques are used including risk profiling, detector dogs and x-ray machines.

Audits are also undertaken on businesses that import goods to ensure compliance with biosecurity requirements. All plants or plant parts, fruits, seeds, cuttings, bulbs and wood or bamboo items are examined and treated as required. Low and medium risk plants can be imported and screened for exotic pests in privately operated quarantine approved facilities, whereas high risk plants are sent to either Australian or state government post-entry quarantine facilities.

Imported lychee plants were found to contain red coffee borer during post-entry quarantine. 126 Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture and Water Resources PROTECTING OUR NORTHERN COASTLINE – NORTHERN Figure 83. NAQS surveillance area (shown in dark green) AUSTRALIA QUARANTINE STRATEGY Jayapura Since 1989, NAQS has been meeting the unique biosecurity challenges facing Australia’s Vanimo north, stretching from Cairns to Broome and including the Torres Strait (Figure 83). The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated, and commercial plantings are few and far between, making surveillance a challenge. Indonesia Papua Kiunga New The primary biosecurity risk is the proximity of neighbouring countries to the Australian Guinea mainland. Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea have many insect pests, plant Moorehead Dili diseases and weeds not present in Australia. These pests and diseases have the potential Merauke Daru Port to arrive through human activities or natural means. Moresby Timor Leste Torres Strait NAQS designs and conducts surveillance for pest and disease incursions to facilitate Thursday Island eradication before they spread or become established further south. In addition, NAQS Nhulunbuy collects information about the absence of significant pests and diseases which contributes Darwin Lockhart River to market access and broader biosecurity strategies. Increasingly, surveillance is conducted in partnership with industry and other government partners.

NAQS delivers on its objectives through a program that involves: • Scientific teams in Darwin and Cairns delivering plant health surveys and monitoring Cairns Australia Karumba across northern Australia. Broome • Public awareness activities to encourage local people and communities to report unusual pests and diseases. Figure 84. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait (shown in red, blue and green) • Delivery of pest and disease surveys and capacity building activities in Papua New

Guinea, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands. PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Parama Island In 2016, plant scientists from NAQS conducted targeted surveillance for 155 exotic pests Papua New Guinea Ture Ture Daru Island and diseases on most horticultural hosts and a range of native and cultivated alternate hosts Bramble Cay Buji across northern Australia. In addition to targeted activity, damage symptoms are regularly Mari Tais investigated. As part of the Torres Strait Fruit Fly Containment Strategy, NAQS maintained a Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) set of permanent traps in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsular Area of Cape York to Dauan Island Erub (Damley Island) target three exotic fruit fly species: Oriental fruit fly, melon fly and New Guinea fruit fly. Masig (Yorke Island) Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Regulation of the movement of goods and conveyances between Torres Strait Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) Biosecurity Zones and mainland Australia Zone As discussed above, NAQS also regulates the biosecurity aspects of the southwards Thursday Island Group movement of people, vessels, aircraft and goods through the Torres Strait to mainland Special Bamaga Quarantine Australia. The key to success has been the cooperation and good will of Torres Strait Zone communities. Jardine Northern River National Peninsula Park Officers at strategic locations, including the inhabited islands of Torres Strait, regulate plant Area Aboriginal risks associated with movements of goods and conveyances through the islands (from the Reserve Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Permanent Biosecurity Monitoring Zones and from Mapoon either zone to mainland Australia as seen in Figure 84). Australia

127 128

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS once ithasbeenverifiedfree from specificpests. screened forpestsatanapproved facility(Table 46).Materialisreleased from quarantine that enableshighandmediumrisk nurserystockandrestricted seedstobegrown and to prevent theentryofpests.Australiamaintainsapost-entry plantquarantineprogram All importedplantnurserystockand highriskseedsare subject topestriskmanagement POST-ENTRY PLANTQUARANTINE management ofendemicpestsandpreparing forpotentialexoticpestincursions. andindustryallcontributetothe stateandterritorygovernments Government, marketswithoutspreading both domesticandinternational thesepests.TheAustralian specific regions ofAustralia,sodomesticarrangementsare inplacetoallowtrade minimise theimpactofpestsalready endemicinAustralia.Somepestsare containedto In additiontoresponses to exoticplantpestincursions,there are numerous activitiesto andrelevant stateand territorygovernments industrypartners. the AustralianGovernment, there are formalarrangementstoshare thecostofresponding toanincursionbetween Pest ResponseDeedandtheNationalEnvironmental BiosecurityResponseAgreement, chance oferadicatingthenewpest(seeChapter4).ForsignatoriestoEmergencyPlant arrangements are activatedtoensure timelydecisions andactions,providing thebest When anEmergencyPlantPestisdetectedinAustralia,formalemergencyresponse demonstrating area freedom. recognised internationally surveillancesystemscapableofearlydetectionand development, measures toraiseawareness ofplantpest risksamonggrowers and industries, pre-emptive breeding ofresistant speciesandothertargetedresearch and Preparedness activitiesincludeagreed andimplementedbiosecurityplansforplant the chanceofcontainingandsuccessfullyeradicatingthemshouldtheyarrive. Identifying exoticthreats andbeingprepared fortheirarrivalsignificantlyincreases management operations. Post-border activitiesrangefrom planningandpreparedness through toeverydaypest post-border biosecuritysystemtoprovide additional protection againstexoticpests. of anydetectedpestordisease,Australiahasestablishedauniqueandhighlyeffective Recognising theneedforarangeofpost-border measures aimedatlimitingtheimpact or vianaturalpathwayssuchaswindandwatercurrents. as aresult ofsomeimportedgoodscontainingapest,illegalimportsinparcels orluggage, Despite alltheprecautions inplace,exoticpestsmaystillenterAustralia.Thismightbe 3.4 Post-border activities

Table 46.Australianpost-entryplantquarantinefacilities,2016 Plants found during quarantine search. Image courtesy ofDepartmentAgricultureandWater Resources ACT SA NSW Queensland NT WA Victoria Tasmania Location Australian Australian Location facilities Government 1 material high-risk plant for growing facilities approved State government 1 2 1 1 3 1 plant material growing approved for operated facilities rate cetca 1 (S),2(P) 1 (S),(P) 4 (S),2(P) 1 (S) 2 (S) 2 (P) 1 (S) high-risk

plant material medium-risk for growing facilities approved rateoerate 13 8 8 5 1 quarantine quarantine released from material purposes –no for research plant material and mediumrisk holding high approved for research facilities cetc 2 1 1 4 1

Australian Government border inspections and unusual interceptions Staff from the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources were hard at work this year enforcing quarantine restrictions at international entry points around Australia. Border biosecurity officers screened 12 million mail items and four million passengers during the 2015–16 financial year, as well as assessing a million cargo consignments. The Department’s activities resulted in 3,500 infringement notices and the seizure of a range of items that posed a risk to Australian biosecurity. Items included plants and seeds, insects, whole fresh fish, dried lizards, frogs and spiders. Notable finds this year included: • A mail parcel containing more than 3,000 live convergent ladybeetles (Hippodamia convergens) sent on a plane from the United States. • Two mail consignments from Korea that had over a dozen cacti and succulents (roots and all) concealed in packets of fries. • The discovery of an exotic pest called red coffee borer – that affects grapes, citrus, apple, coffee, avocado, walnut and cotton – inside a batch of 300 lychee plants from Taiwan during post-entry quarantine assessment.

Live plants and other organic material can contain high-risk pathogens and nematodes and are subject to stringent import restrictions including a period in post-entry quarantine. Sellers might not be aware of these Australian restrictions PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING so buyers have to beware.

Plants concealed in packets of fries to get around A package containing live convergent ladybeetles border controls. Images courtesy of Department and plant material to feed them was intercepted at of Agriculture and Water Resources Melbourne airport

Export hay inspection, Riverina NSW. Image courtesy of Heather Parkes 129 130

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS for sale,onceithas metcertainconditionssuchas in-fieldandpost-harvesttreatments. For example,produce from fruitflyaffected regions canbe movedtonon-affected regions in developingdomesticmarketaccess conditionsforplantsandplantproducts inAustralia. SDQMA’s oversightofawiderangequarantineconditionsmeansithas animportantrole avoiding theriskofspreading regionalised plantpests. standards andconditionsthatallowexportofproduce around thecountrywhile The objectiveofthecommitteeis todevelop,review andmaintain domesticquarantine regulators from andstateterritorygovernments. theAustralianGovernment the PlantHealthCommittee(Section1.3NationalCommittees)and consistsofsenior The SubcommitteeonDomesticQuarantineandMarketAccess(SDQMA) reports to The SubcommitteeonDomesticQuarantineandMarket Access • • There are twotypesofcertificatesthatmaybeissued: (e.g. undercover),orundergoingdisinfestationtreatments afterharvest(e.g.fumigation). instances thismayrequire specifictreatments suchasgrowing produce inaparticularway that thequarantineregulations oftheimportingstateorterritoryhavebeenmet.Inmany harmonised approach forinterstatemovementofplantproducts andprovides evidence quarantine regulations ineachstateandterritory. Thiscertificationschemeprovides a themovementofplantproducts Interstate certificationisusedtogovern underthe Interstate certification any furtherAustralianinterstatequarantinequeries. quarantine regulators. TheExoticPlantPestHotline(1800084881)isavailabletodirect information oncertification,committees,news,majorpests,movingplantgoodsand interstate quarantineandzones.Producers canalsousethesitetogainmore by PHAin2016.Thewebsiteprovides informationfortravellersondisposingofproduce, regional borders availableattheinteractivesiteinterstatequarantine.org.au developed There are listsfortravellersdetailingwhattheycanand cannotcarryacross stateand Restrictions applytodomestictravellersaswellinterstatemovementofgoods. theimport andexportofgoodstofromquarantine legislationthatgoverns Australia. state andterritorylegislation(Table 1,Section1.1)tocomplementandsupportthenational in eachstateandterritorytoreduce thisrisk.Domesticquarantinerestrictions operateunder products, people,soilorequipment.Restrictionsonthemovementofhighriskitemsapply easily spread be from onepartofAustraliatoanotherthrough themovementofplants,plant Newly establishedandregionalised pests(Section2.2Australia’s regionalised pests)can DOMESTIC QUARANTINE by the state or territory government accreditationby thestateorterritorygovernment authority. certificates, abusinessmustmeetspecificrequirements andundergoregular audits under anInterstateCertificationAssuranceschemearrangement. To issuethese ateatssuraceertcate –whichissuppliedbyanapproved business territory oforigin. officerateatertcate– whichisissuedbyagovernment from thestateor

trade, but also present a potential pathway to support international market access. trade, butalsopresentmarketaccess. apotentialpathwaytosupportinternational develop andimplementnewtreatment arrangementswhichnotonlyprovide fordomestic SDQMA workscloselywithstateandnationalplantquarantineagenciesindustriesto • • • SDQMA istaskedwithensuringthatconditionsare: be foundonthe PHA website. Australia’s major plant industries(Table 47).Further informationonbiosecurityplanning can As ofDecember2016,32biosecurity planshavebeendevelopedbyPHA,covering38of • • • The newmodelfordevelopingindustrybiosecurityplansincludes: for developmentofpartnershipsbetweenindustryandgovernment. strengthen theidentification andimplementationofbiosecurityactivitiesthemechanism process, includingthereview andmonitoringofbiosecurityplans,hasimproved to Over time,thebiosecuritysysteminAustraliahasmatured, andthebiosecurityplanning and economiccostsofpestincursionstogrowers andthewidercommunity. trade,negotiateaccess tonewoverseasmarkets,andreduce and international thesocial pre-emptive planningprocess ensures thatindustriesare betterplacedtomaintaindomestic enhance theabilitytoprevent, prepare forandeffectively respond topestincursions.The tofocusbiosecurity riskmitigationactivity.including governments, Biosecurityplansthereby provide anagreed frameworkforindividualindustries andotherbiosecuritystakeholders In additiontoidentifyingthegreatest threats toaparticular industryorcrop, biosecurityplans diseases thatcouldhaveasignificantimpactontheircrops. andotherrelevant with governments stakeholders,toidentifyandprioritiseplantpests Biosecurity planningprovides amechanismforplantproduction industries,incollaboration PRE-EMPTIVE BIOSECURITYPLANNING Agreement oftheApplicationSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures. Consistent withAustralia’s obligationsundertheWorld international Trade Organization’s Coordinated andharmonisedacross thecountryand regions totheextentpossible. Technically justified,tominimiseregulatory burdens onindustry. monitors theprogress ofbiosecuritypreparedness activities. Establishing anoversightinggroup termedaBiosecurityReference Panelthatannually delivery, andthe expected duedateforcompletion. Biosecurity andtheNationalPlant BiosecurityStrategy, thepartiesresponsible for biosecurity preparedness activitiesrelevantAgreement totheIntergovernmental on Developing BiosecurityImplementationTables ineachBPtoidentify anddescribe implementation. the partnershipapproach inbiosecurityplanningand between industryandgovernment Changing thetermIndustryBiosecurityPlansto (BPs),tobetterreflect covering Australia’s plantindustries Table 47.Current industrybiosecurityplans Current biosecurityplans Viticulture IBP(Version 3.0) Vegetable IBP(Version 2.0) Truffle BP(Version 1.0) Tomato BP(Version 1.0) Summerfruit IBP(Version 1.0) Sugarcane IBP(Version 3.0) Strawberry IBP(Version 2.0) Rubus IBP(Version 1.0) Rice IBP(Version 3.0) Potato IBP(Version 2.0) Plantation Forest IBP(Version 2.0) Pineapple BP(Version 2.0) Passionfruit IBP(Version 1.0) Papaya IBP(Version 1.0) Onion IBP(Version 2.0) Olive BP(Version 2.0) Nuts BP(Version 3.0) Nursery (Version 3.0) Melon IBP(Version 1.0) Mango IBP(Version 2.1) Lychee BP(Version 1.0) Honey BeeIBP(Version 1.0) Grains BP(Version 3.0) Ginger IBP(Version 1.0) Cut FlowerBP(Version 1.0) Cotton BP(Version 3.0) Citrus BP(Version 3.0) Cherry IBP(Version 2.01) Blueberry BP(Version 1.0) Banana IBP(Version 2.0) Avocado IBP(Version 2.01) Apple andPearIBP(Version 2.01) regular e-newsletters tocommunicatefruit flynewstointerested parties. developing acommunicationsstrategy, creating aTwitter accountandpreparing on theCouncil,includingestablishing apublicwebpagereetfrutfl.com.au, awareness andtheavailabilityofinformationonfruitflymanagement andinformation During itsfirstyearofoperation,the Councilhasfocusedonincreasing fruitfly • • • • The Council’s focusareas are: supported byaNationalManagerandanindependentsecretariat from PHA. industry andresearch fundingagencies.IthasanindependentChairandis and marketaccess.TheCouncilincludesrepresentatives from governments, prevents fruitfliesbeingaconstrainttosustainableproduction orabarriertotrade 2015. TheCouncilwasestablishedtodrivethedeliveryofanationalsystemthat Strategy AdvisoryCommitteewhoperformedthisrole from May2014toSeptember implementation oftheNFFSandcontinuesworkbegunbyNationalFruitFly The NationalFruitFlyCouncilhasbeenestablishedtooverseeandmonitor could generatebenefitsofbetween$29and$38millionperyear. Resource EconomicsandSciencesestimatedthat,iffullyimplemented,theNFFS benefit analysisundertakenin2012bytheAustralianBureau ofAgriculturaland 2008 detailedtheimportanceofacollaborativeapproach andasubsequentcost- fruit flymanagementcollectively. TheNationalFruit FlyStrategy(NFFS)developedin Given thewidespread ramificationsofthesepests,itisineveryone’s interest totackle commercial producers duetodamagefruit,crop lossesandthecostsofcontrol. or arequirement forpost-harvesttreatments. Fruitfliesare alsoaproblem fornon- through increased productionmarkets, costs,lossofdomesticandinternational flies inagrowing area canhavepotentiallylargeeconomic impactsforproducers across allAustralianstatesandterritories.Thepresence ofcertainspeciesfruit horticultural commoditiesandthepotentialAffected IndustryPartiesare spread Fruit fliesare anationallytroublesome group ofpests.Theyaffect arangeof OF FRUITFLIES MANAGING ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES requirements ofthe three areas above. provides technicallyjustifiable approaches andinnovativesolutionstomeetthe Research anddevelopment (R&D)opportunitiestoensure thatAustralianR&D standards.international controls formanagingfruitfliesare harmonisedacross Australiaandinlinewith Legislation andregulation discussions toensure thatregulation andlegislative horticultural produce intomarkets. Market access,includingactivitiesthatassistinsecuringentryconditions for management offruitflies. Fruit flymanagementsystemsfortheprevention, detection,eradicationand

Institute Fruit yresearchatthe ElizabethMacarthurAgricultural

131 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS PEST MANAGEMENT The agricultural plant production industries of Australia manage pests through a variety of All agricultural chemicals sold or used in Australia must be registered with the Australian methods that are tailored to crop types, target pests and geographical conditions. Most Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). A national registration system growers regularly employ a mixture of methods as part of their integrated pest management ensures that all agricultural chemical products, when used as directed on the product label, (IPM) program. will be effective and have no harmful or unintended effects on people, animals, crops, the environment or international trade. The use of chemicals is regulated by state and territory IPM combines chemical, cultural, mechanical and biological control methods with the governments. needs of a particular crop to develop a multi-faceted approach to controlling the most economically threatening pests. IPM is an approach, not a defined method, and is usually Although many pesticide products are formulated and packaged in Australia, almost all the unique to each grower. The strength of employing an IPM approach to managing pests is active constituent chemicals are manufactured overseas, with many chemicals not that it targets individual pests specifically and is highly adaptable to change when new and registered in Australia. This means that Australian growers and other land managers often improved methods of pest management are created. do not have access to chemicals needed to manage exotic pests.

Minor use permits and emergency permits can be issued by the APVMA. Approximately Chemical control 83 per cent of minor use permit applications are submitted to the APVMA because no For many pests, chemical control is considered the fastest and easiest option available, other options are currently available in Australia to manage a particular pest. Contingency though it is strictly regulated and can be costly. Chemicals are often necessary for pest plans on how to deal with an exotic pest, and Response Plans setting out how an incursion incursion management and they underpin on-farm biosecurity with most growers using is dealt with, usually depend on the timely availability of appropriate chemicals, and permits at least some type of chemical to maintain productive agriculture. often need to be obtained quickly by quarantine authorities when Emergency Plant Pest incursions occur. A recent report estimated that up to 68 per cent ($17.6 billion) of Australia’s total value of crop production is attributable to the use of crop protection products6. Table 48 illustrates the amount and type of agricultural chemicals used for controlling plant pests in Australia. Cultural and mechanical control This total expenditure on pesticides for plants represents over six per cent of the gross Cultural and mechanical control refers to the practice of modifying the growing environment value of production for all crops in Australia7. of production crops to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include changing soil pH levels, irrigation practices, tillage methods, temperatures and fallow periods MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING to make the environment less favourable for the survival, growth and reproduction of pest Table 48. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2015 versus 2016 species. These practices can provide significant relief from some pests when used effectively.

Product type No. of Value of product No. of Value of product products sales ($ million) products sales ($ million) Biological control 2015 2016 Biological control is a method of controlling pests through the use of natural enemies, Herbicide 3119 1,545.49 3301 1,716.80 biologically based products such as pheromones, resistant plant varieties and techniques such as insect sterilisation. Natural enemies of pests are known as biological control agents Insecticide 1,514 332.45 1445 337.47 and include predators, herbivores, parasitoids and pathogens. Fungicide 959 206.61 939 254.05 Mixed function 219 71.74 149 32.34 Biological control has been highly successful in many instances, with a number of pest pesticide problems permanently resolved by importation and successful establishment of biological control agents. These successes have been limited largely to certain types of ecosystems Miticide 128 20.86 131 18.99 or pest situations, such as introduced pests in perennial ecosystems. However, biological Molluscicide 53 15.57 54 11.83 control can provide long-term and even permanent results and poses no risk to human health. Nematicide 18 3.90 18 4.18 Total 6,010 2,196.62 6037 2,375.66

Source: APVMA Gazette No. 6, 22 March 2016

6 CropLife Australia, 2015. Economic activity attributable to crop protection products. Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd 132 7 ABARES, 2013. Agricultural commodity statistics 2013. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra On-farm biosecurity planning app In November 2016, the Farm Biosecurity Program launched a smartphone app to allow crop and livestock producers to create their own personalised biosecurity plan.

Available for both Apple and Android devices, the free FarmBiosecurity app was developed to assist producers to make a plan to protect their business from pests, diseases and weeds.

The app is framed around the six biosecurity essentials featured in the Farm Biosecurity Action Planner that was launched by the program late in 2014.

Creating a biosecurity plan on the app is easy. Producers use their smartphone to simply select the actions that apply to them or type in actions that need to be made. Selections then become a to-do list that can be shared with others or emailed to a computer to print out.

The app works even if there is no internet access, and users can create as many plans as they like, which is helpful for those who have multiple properties or production areas.

Photos can also be attached as reminders for later actions or to let others know what activities need to be done.

The FarmBiosecurity app is available from the App Store or from Google Play. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Making a plan to safeguard a property from new pests has never been easier

133 PRE-EMPTIVE BREEDING Many Australian industries prepare for a potential exotic pest incursion through pre-emptive breeding of crops to incorporate or improve pest tolerance or resistance characteristics that can reduce the impacts of target pest species. In the absence of a pest, pre-emptive breeding programs rely on pre-border testing of new Australian varieties or use resistance gene markers or other traits that allow for the selection of resistance.

In the event of an incursion, pre-emptive breeding allows the development of crop varieties that are more resistant to pest damage, reducing negative impacts on production. Programs in Australia include the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program and the identification of new wine grape cultivars for resistance to fungal pathogens.

SURVEILLANCE FOR EXOTIC SPECIES Post-border surveillance activities for exotic plant pests are carried out by governments, industries and the wider community to provide information for: • Early detection: surveillance designed to detect new pest incursions before they become widely established, increasing the chance of successful eradication or containment responses. • Market access: surveillance to demonstrate the absence (i.e. evidence of absence) of a pest from the country, state or region, to support access to international and domestic markets. • Delimiting surveys: following a pest incursion, delimiting surveys provide information on the distribution and spread of pests for use in response management activities or to

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING confirm the successful eradication of the pest. • Improved pest management: management of established pests requires regular inspections to determine population levels to improve management decisions. • etcatoofgrsatwasagrsareas to focus future surveillance efforts.

Australia uses a mix of targeted and general surveillance programs. General surveillance programs raise awareness about specific pests with growers and the wider community, and rely on these stakeholders to look for and report the pests during their day-to-day activities. To ensure that all detections of new pests through general surveillance are reported, all states and territories run the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881). Calls to the hotline are directed to the relevant state or territory agriculture department.

Most post-border targeted surveillance is undertaken by state and territory governments. Several national programs are also supported by the Australian Government, and some industries undertake targeted surveillance for pests of concern.

134 Diagnostician viewingfungalspecimens.ImagecourtesyofSuePederick,SARDI through jointworkinggroups oncommontopics,asrequired. Health Diagnostics(SPHD)andforestry experts.SNPHSandSPHDalsocollaborate CSIRO. Observerstothegroup includerepresentatives from theSubcommitteeonPlant PHA,thePlantBiosecurityCooperativeResearchgovernments, Centre (PBCRC)andthe SNPHS comprisesrepresentatives fromstateandterritory theAustralianGovernment, marketaccess. international of nationalplantbiosecuritysurveillancestrategiesthatpromote bothdomesticand Biosecurity SurveillanceStrategyandfacilitatesthedevelopmentimplementation SNPHS hasresponsibility forsupervisingtheimplementationofNationalPlant surveillance issuesandensure thecontinuedeffective operationofthesurveillancesystem. Surveillance (SNPHS)toprovide expertpolicyandtechnicaladviceonnationalplanthealth The PlantHealthCommittee(PHC)establishedtheSubcommitteeonNational Subcommittee onNationalPlantHealthSurveillance

Figure 86.Surveillanceprograms bytargetpesttype Figure 85.Surveillanceprograms bytargethost type (Figure 86). Table 49.Thefigures belowshowsurveillancebytargethost(Figure 85)andtargetpest carriedout139surveillanceprograms, During 2016,Australiangovernments detailedin Targeted surveillanceprograms in2016 Invertebrate -insect Amenity/environment Cotton Invertebrate -other Forestry Multiple Grains Pathogen -bacteria Honey bees 10% 11% 20% 23% 1% 2% 3% 4% 2% 9% 6% 4% 9% Pathogen -fungi 15% 34% 19% 32% 4% 2% 3% Sugarcane Nursery Not applicable Multiple Horticulture –viticulture Horticulture –vegetables Horticulture –general Horticulture –fruit Honey bees Grains Forestry Cotton Amenity/environment Horticulture -fruit Pathogen –virus Pathogen –multiple Pathogen –fungi Pathogen –bacteria Multiple Invertebrate –other Invertebrate –insect Pathogen -multiple Horticulture -general Pathogen -virus Horticulture -vegetables Horticulture -viticulture

135 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS CHAPTER 3: Multiple Not applicable New laws make biosecurity everyone’s responsibility

Beginning in 2016, Australia’s state and territory governments are bringing in new biosecurity legislation that formally makes everyone responsible for managing biosecurity risks.

Queensland is the first jurisdiction to write a general biosecurity obligation into law with the Biosecurity Act 2014, which came into force in early 2016. NSW is next, with the Biosecurity Act 2015 imposing a general biosecurity duty.

The biosecurity strategies of the other states and territories indicate that they will follow suit.

Under the Queensland legislation, individuals and organisations whose activities pose a biosecurity risk will have greater legal

responsibility for managing them. Queenslanders need to take Legislation in states and territories makes it everyone’s obligation to prevent the all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise the spread of pests and diseases risk of causing a biosecurity event and limit the consequences of such an event.

A biosecurity event is caused by a pest, disease or contaminant that is, or is likely to become, a significant problem for human health, social amenity, the economy or the environment.

While Australians are not expected to know about all biosecurity risks, we are expected to know about those associated with our work and hobbies. For example: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING • Land owners will be expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the weeds and pest animals (such as wild dogs) that could be on their property. • Residential gardeners will be expected to know the basics about reducing the risks of spreading a pest or disease, and the problem pests in their local area. They will not be expected to know about all of the biosecurity risks to plants. • People living or working in a biosecurity zone (for example a builder or developer in a fire ant biosecurity zone), are expected to know what can and cannot move in and out of the zone, and any other precautions required. • Growers and owners of livestock will be expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the pests and diseases that could affect or be carried by their crops and livestock, as well as weeds and pest animals that could be on their property. • Transporters of agricultural produce will be expected to check whether the transportation of goods could spread diseases or pests and, if so, to manage the risks appropriately.

The legislation also includes industry initiatives such as compliance agreements and industry accreditation schemes, to make use of industry knowledge about best practice risk management for their circumstances.

Information specific to NSW and Queensland is available on government websites.

136 * Table 49.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised withBactroceradorsalis fly trapping AustraliaQuarantineSurveyexoticfruit Northern disease surveys National AustraliaQuarantineSurveypestand Tramp ants Russian wheataphid Pine nematode Phylloxera surveillance European honeybees Onion seedcrop surveillance National BeePestSurveillanceProgram bunt(Tilletia Russianwheataphid(Diuraphisnoxia),barleystriperust Puccinia striiformisf.sp.hordei),Karnal Lupin anthracnose Hazelnut mite Pineforests Wheat,barley, canola,lupin Grains FarmBiosecuritySurveillanceProgram Forestry HighRiskSurveillanceProgram Surveillance Forestry CorporationofNSWForest Health BeetleTrappingExotic Longhorn Exotic fruitflies–Riverina Exotic fruitflies–Ports Diseases ofCotton Central CoastCitrus Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum Asian gypsymoth Aphids Surveillance program name Horticulture species tropical horticulturalandagricultural Multiple surveillanceprograms of Urban plants,horticulture Wheat, barley Multiple pinespecies Grapevines Onions Lupins Hazelnuts beetle(Anoplophoraglabripennis),Japanesepinesawyer Monochamus alternatus),brown Asianlonghorn General forests Various hostsaround ports fruit) Various horticultural(citrus,stone plants Various production andornamental Cotton Citrus Asiangypsymoth,Lymantria spp. Solanaceae Various tree hostsaround ports Field crops, horticulture Target hosts Within NewSouthWales Australian Government Exotic fruitflies(Bactroceraspp.) 157 highpriorityexoticpests lipjev fragariae, Ditylenchusdestructor, D.dipsaci,Longidorus, Meloidogynegoeldi,Paratrichodorus,Pratylenchus trrestris, Urocystiscepulae,Ceratitisspp. V. jacobsoni) ( Asian honeybee(Apismellifera),giantA.dorsata),red dwarfhoneybee(A.orea ), trachealmite ( indica), khaprabeetle(Trogoderma granarium ), cabbageseedpodweevil(CeutorhynchusobstrictusHessianfly Various exoticandendemichighprioritypestsofPinusspecies Tramp ants,Solenopsis Russian wheataphid,Diuraphisnoxia Pine nematode,Bursaphelenchusvallesianus Grapevine phylloxera,Daktulosphairavitifoliae Varies butmayincludeBurkholderiagladiolipv. Lupin anthracnose,Colletotrichumgloeosporioides Hazelnut mite,Tetranycopsis horridus Various exoticandendemichighprioritypests beetle(Aprionagermari) mulberry longhorn fruit flies Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitiscapitata),papayaBactrocerapapayae*),variouscuelure attractedexotic B. facialis,kirki,melanotus,passiorae*,xanthodes,psidii,zonata,Ceratitiscapitata Multiple –Bactroceracucurbitae,B.tau,carambolae,dorsalis,albistrigata,umbrosa,trivialis, exotic strainsofFusariumwilt(oxysporumf.sp.vasinfectum) (Begomovirus), Texas root rot (Phymatotrichumomnivorum),exoticstrainsofVerticillium wilt( Verticillium dahliae), Exotic strainsofbacterialblight(Xanthomonascampestris),cottonbluedisease(Luteovirus),leafcurlvirus mite (Panonychuscitri) Asian citruspsyllid(Diaphorinacitri),HuanglongbingCandidatus Zebra chip,CandidatusLiberibactersolanacearum Multiple species Target pests Acarapis woodi),Tropilaelaps mites(Tropilaelaps mercedesae, T. clareae ), Varroa mites(Varroa destructor, Mayetiola destructor),lupinanthracnose(Colletotrichumgloeosporioides ) spp. Helix aspersa, Liriomyza trifolii, Naupactus leucoloma, Aphelenchoides Helix aspersa,Liriomyzatrifolii,Naupactusleucoloma,Aphelenchoides alliicola, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Alternaria porri, Pyrenochaeta Alternariaporri, Pyrenochaeta alliicola, Erwiniachrysanthemi, Liberibacter asiaticus)citruscanker, citrusred

137 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 138

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 49.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms (continued) Area Freedom SurveillanceProgram National Browsing AntEradicationProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram/ National BananaFreckle EradicationProgram Nurserystock National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram/ National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Solanaceae,Cucurbitaceae, National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Solanaceae,Asteraceae National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Program National PhosphineResistanceMonitoring National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Monochamus SurveillanceProgram Major IndustryMonitoringandSurveillance Endemic andexoticgrainsvirussurveys Endemic andexoticdiseasesofcotton Endemic andexoticcottonvirussurveys Bulk handlers Surveillance program name Horticulture Nursery stock Musa spp. Melaleuca spp.,Eucalyptusspp. Myrtaceae spp.,Callistemon Multiple Fabaceae Solanaceae Musa spp. Citrus Multiple Multiple Solanaceae Grains Pinus spp. Mango Grains Cotton Cotton Stored grains Target hosts Within the Northern TerritoryWithin theNorthern ) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni gracilipes) Red importedfire ant(Solenopsisinvicta),electricWasmannia auropunctata),yellowcrazyant(Anoplolepis American leafminer(Liriomyzatrifolii) Asian honeybee(Apiscerana) Browsing ant(Lepisiotafrauenfeldi) Banana freckle (Phyllosticacavendishii) Guava, eucalyptusormyrtlerust(Pucciniapsidii) Giant Africansnail(Achatinafulica) Vegetable leafminer(Liriomyzasativae) Potato leafminer, pea leafminer, serpentineleafminer(Liriomyzahuidobrensis) Banana blacksigatoka(Mycosphaerella jiensis) Asiatic citruspsyllid(Diaphorina Citrus canker(Xanthomonasaxonopodispv. citri),citrusHuanglongbing(CandidatusLiberibacterspp.)and Pierce's disease(Xylellafastidiosa) Glassy wingedsharpshooter(Homalodiscavitripennis) Bactericera cockerelli, surinamensis ) ferrugineus),sawtoothedgrainbeetle(Oryzaephilus castaneum), rustygrainbeetle(Cryptolestes Lesser grainborer), rust-red (Rhyzoperthadominica),riceweevilSitophilusoryzae flourbeetle(Tribolium Japanese pinesawyerbeetle(Monochamusalternatus) sublimbalis) ( Mango malformation(Fusariummangiferae),mangopulpweevilSternochetusfrigidusseed Various viruses,especiallyaphidtransmittedPolerovirus complex including dahliae), exoticstrainsFusariumwilt(oxysporumf.sp.vasinfectum).Endemiccottondiseases, virus (Begomovirus),Texas root rot (Phymatotrichumomnivorum),exoticstrainsofVerticillium wilt(Verticillium Exotic strainsofbacterialblight(Xanthomonascampestris),bluedisease(suspectedLuteovirus),cottonleafcurl exotic viruses Cotton bunchytopvirus, Khapra beetle(Trogoderma bunt( Tilletia) indica granarium),Karnal Target pests Sternochetus mangiferae),mangogallmidges(Procontariniaspp.)andred bandedmangocaterpillar(Deanolis Fusarium spp.andVerticillium spp. Candidatus cotton leafrolldwarfvirus(Polerovirus), cottonleafcurlvirus(Begomovirus)andallother citri) Liberibacter solanacearum Table 49.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms (continued) ainlBePs uvilnePormEuropean honeybeesinmanaged National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Myrtle rust Mediterranean fruitfly Giant pinescale European houseborer West Indiandrywoodtermitesurveys variety trialsandgeneralpestsurveys Sugar industrysurveys,seedcaneinspections, Sucking pestmanagementincotton Silverleaf whiteflyresistance monitoring Regional FruitFlyMonitoringandSurveillance cropping) Plant PestDiagnosticService(broadacre Port ofEntryProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram/ Tomato yellowcurlleafvirus Queensland fruitfly Potato spindletuberviroid Ports ofEntryTrapping Program Ports ofEntryTrapping Program Onion smut National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Surveillance program name hives, catchboxes Myrtaceae Horticultural crops Pinaceae Pinus structures Timber Sugarcane Cotton Cotton Horticulture Broadacre fieldcrops Horticulture Solanaceae Horticultural crops Solanaceae Fruit flyhost Exoticgypsymoths(Lymantria spp.) trees Eucalyptus spp.,ornamental Allium spp. Sampling Vitus vinifera Rutaceae Rutaceae Target hosts spp. European houseborer (Hylotrupesbajuluspv. Linnaeus) ( Asian honeybee(Apiscerana),giantA.dorsatared dwarfhoney bee(A.orea),bumblebees Myrtle rust(Pucciniapsidii) Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratituscapitata) Giant pinescale(Marchalinahellenica) West brevis) Indiandrywoodtermite(Cryptotermes ( (Potyvirus), Fijileafgall(diseasevirus(Fijivirus)),sugarcane smut(Sporisoriumscitamineum),sugarcane rust Ratoon stuntingdisease(Leifsoniaxylisubsp. Solenopsis mealybug(Phenacoccussolenopsis) Silverleaf whitefly(BemisiatabaciB-type) Exotic fruitflies(Bactroceraspp.andCeratitisspp.) All pathogensthatcanaffect broadacre crops (cotton,grains,pastures) Exotic fruitflies(Bactroceraspp.andCeratitisspp.) Tomato yellowcurlleafvirus ) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni Potato spindletuberviroid Fruit flies(Bactroceraspp.andCeratitisspp.) Onion smut(Urocystiscepulae) Argentine ant(Linepithemahumile),browsing ant(Lepisiotafrauenfeldi),khaprabeetleTrogoderma granarium ) auropunctata), Africanbig-headedant(Pheidolemegacephalayellowcrazy Anoplolepis gracilipes), Red importedfire ant(Solenopsisinvicta),tropical fire ant(Solenopsisgeminata),electricWasmannia Pierce’s disease(Xylellafastidiosa),glassywingedsharpshooterHomalodiscavitripennis) ( Glassy wingedsharpshooter(Homalodiscavitripennis),Africancitruspsyllid Trioza ), Asiancitruspsyllid erytreae variegated chlorosis (Xylellafastidiosa) Huanglongbing (CandidatusLiberibacterasiaticus),citruscankerXanthomonasaxonopodispv. citri),citrus T. mercedesae)andtrachealmite( Acarapis woodi) Target pests Within SouthAustralia Bombus Puccinia melanocephala,P. kuehnii),yellowspot(Mycovellosiellakoepkeiexoticpestsanddiseases Diaphorina citri) spp.), Varroa mites(Varroa destructorandV. jacobsoni ), Tropilaelaps mites(Tropilaelaps clareaeand xyli), leafscald(Xanthomonas albilineans), sugarcane mosaicvirus

139 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 140

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 49.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms (continued) e uvilne–Aeia olro European honeybees Codling MothTrapping Surveillance Blueberry RustSurveillance Bee Surveillance–AmericanFoulbrood ainlPatHat uvilnePoetFruitandvegetablecrops National PlantHealthSurveillanceProject National PlantHealthSurveillanceProject European honey bees National PlantHealthSurveillanceProject National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Western FlowerThripsSurveillance Surveillance Warehouse andKhapraBeetleTrapping Silverleaf WhiteFlySurveillance European honey bees Russian WheatAphidSurveillance National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Myrtle RustSurveillance Disease Surveillance Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram –Pierce’s Moth Trapping Surveillance Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram –Gypsy SharpshooterSurveillance Winged Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram –Glassy Marmorated StinkBugSurveillance Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram –Brown Surveillance Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram –AlliumPest Hazelnut MiteSurveillance Fruit FlyTrapping Surveillance Surveillance program name omrilbubrycosBlueberryrust(Thekopsoraminima) Apples, cherries Commercial blueberrycrops Citrus Grapes commercial strawberrytunnels Crops andweedssurrounding and animalfeedoutlets Stored grains,grainprocessors Nursery stock Wheat andbarleycrops tree species targeted nativeforest, Myrtaceae Myrtaceae nurseryplanthosts, Lophomyrtus andothersusceptible Grapevines amenity trees Multiple, includingforest and Grapevines points ofentry Imported consignmentsathighrisk and garlicplants Mature onionbulbs(commercial) Hazelnut plantations Fruit trees, fruitandvegetables Target hosts American foulbrood (Paenibacillusspp.) Codling moth(Cydiapomonella) ( Fruit flies(Bactroceraspp.) ( Asian honeybee(Apiscerana),red dwarfhoneybee( A. orea),gianthoneybee(dorsata)andVarroa mite ( ( Asian honeybee(Apiscerana),giantdorsatared dwarfhoneybee(Apisorea ), Varroa mites Citrus canker(Xanthomonasaxonopodis pv. Pierces's disease(Xylellafastidiosa),glassywingedsharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis) Western flowerthrips(Frankliniellaoccidentalis) Warehouse beetle(Trogoderma variable ), khaprabeetle(T. granarium) Silver leafwhitefly(Bemisiatabaci) Russian wheataphid(Diuraphisnoxia) Myrtle rust,eucalyptusrust(Pucciniapsidiisensulato(exoticvariants)) Pierce’s disease(Xylella L. dissoluta,sinica,marginata,atamelesandfumida) ( Gypsy moth(includingLymantria disparasiatica,L.andjaponica),mothsincluding Glassy wingedsharpshooter(Homalodiscavitripennis) Brown marmoratedstinkbug(Halyomorphahalys) squamosa,Pucciniaspp. Delia antiqua,Eumerusamoenus,E.strigatus,Rhizoglyphuscallae,R.setosus,Botrytis Hazelnut mite(Tetranychus horridus) Ceratitiscapitata,Bactroceradorsalisandotherexoticfruitflies Bactrocera tryoni, Target pests Liberibacter asiaticus) Diaphorina citri)andHuanglongbing (CandidatusLiberibacterasiaticus) Varroa destructor) Acarapis woodi),smallhivebeetle(Aethinatumida) Varroa destructorand L. umbrosa,albescens,postalba,xylina,monacha,pulverea,minomonis,concolor, Within Tasmania Within Victoria V. jacobsoni),Tropilaelaps mites(Tropilaelaps clareae andT. mercedesae),trachealmite fastidiosa) citri), Africancitruspsyllid(Trioza ), Asiancitruspsyllid erytreae

Table 49.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms (continued) MyCrop e-surveillance Multiple PestSurveillance Medfly Area Freedom Khapra beetlesurveillance Kalyx agriculture Grains soilsmanagement Grains legumegenetic Grains crop protection –PestFax Grains cereal physiology Grains agronomy Grain insectecologystudies Grain insectdiagnostics European waspsurveillance Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Crop Variety Trials Codling MothSurveillance Browsing antsurveillance Biosecurity Blitz BeetleResponse Asian Longhorn AgWest graintestinglaboratory Agrisearch Chestnutandoaktrees fundedcontainmentprogramVictorian Nationally costshared eradicationprogram Plantsandweedhostsaround Nationally costshared eradicationprogram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProject Plantsandweedhostsaround National PlantHealthSurveillanceProject Surveillance program name surveillance Broadacre crops, general Pome, citrus Many horticulturalhosts Stored grainproducts Grain crops Grain crops Grain crops Grain crops Grain crops Grain crops Grain crops Grain crops European wasp (Vespula germanica) Urban areas andhorticulturalcrops Cucurbits andhostweeds Browsing ant(Lepisiotafrauenfeldi) Grain crops Allplantpests Pome fruit Environmental, urban areas General surveillance,allhosts (Salix), elm(Ulmus) (Platanus), poplar(Populus),willow (Aesculus), birch (Betula),planetree Maple (Acer),horsechestnut Grain crops Grain crops Pasture andfruittrees Pinus spp. ports Victorian ports Melbourne Target hosts Cryphonectria parasitica) Chestnut blight(Cryphonectria All plantpests Pierce's disease(Xylellafastidiosa),glassywingedsharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis) axonopodis pv. beetle(Anoplophorachinensis),red citri),citruslongicorn importedfire ants(Solenopsisinvicta), Fire blight(Erwiniaamylovora),HuanglongbingCandidatusLiberibacterasiaticus),citruscanker (Xanthomonas Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitiscapitata ) Khapra beetle(Trogoderma granarium ) Grain pests Grain pests Grain pests Grain pests Grain pests Grain pests Grain pests Grain pests Cucumber greenmottlemosaicvirus Grain pests Codling moth(Cydiapomonella) beetle(Anoplophoraglabripennis) Asian longhorn Grain pests Grain pests Giant green snail(Cantareusapertus) Giant pinescale(Marchelinahellenica) Exotic fruitflies,variousBactroceraandCeratitisspp. and otherLymantria spp.,pinewiltnematode(Bursaphelenchusspp.) ( beetle Japanese sawyerbeetle(Monocamusalternatus),woodwaspUrocerusfantomablacksprucelonghorn Target pests Tetropium castaneum),brownbeetle(Tetropium sprucelonghorn fuscum ), Asiangypsymoth(Lymantria dispar) Western Australia

141 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 142

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Floral sweepnettingaimstocaptureforaging exoticbees Table 49.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms (continued) Sentinel Stored Products Merchants Qfly Surveillance More than600forest, orchard, Port ofEntryFruitFlyTrapping Port ofEntryAsianGypsyMothTrapping PestFax e-surveillance Graincrops Pantry Blitz National Variety Trials European honeybees National graininsectresistance monitoring National BeePestSurveillanceProgram MyPestGuide e-surveillance Surveillance program name Stored grainproducts Many horticulturalhosts Many horticulturalhosts andnativespecies ornamental surveillance Broadacre crops, general Stored grainproducts Grain crops Allplantpests All hosts,generalsurveillance Target hosts Grain pests V. jacobsoni) ( Asian honeybee(Apismellifera),giantA.dorsatared dwarfhoneybee(A.orea),trachealmite Khapra beetle(Trogoderma granarium) ) Queensland fruitfly(Bactroceratryoni Various Asian gypsymoth(Lymantria dispar) All plantpests Khapra beetle(Trogoderma granarium) Grain pests Target pests Acarapis woodi),Tropilaelaps mites(Tropilaelaps mercedesae, Bactrocera andCeratitisspp. Catchbox at Sydney seaport, part of the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program Catchbox atSydneyseaport,partoftheNational BeePestSurveillance T. clareae),Varroa mites(Varroa destructor,

territory governments and the Australian Government. andtheAustralianGovernment. territory governments the honeybeeindustry, HortInnovation,research anddevelopment agencies, stateand it alsoincludesseveralnewinitiativessupportedthrough increased cost-sharingbetween December 2016andwillrununtil2021.Aswellasbuilding oncurrent activities, the surveillanceprogram nationwide. ThenewenhancedNBPSPcameintoeffect from In 2016,astatisticalreview oftheNBPSPwascarriedout,whichledtoaredesign of capture potentialforaging exotic bees(Table 50). boxes andbeeswarmsforexoticpestspestspecies, floralsweepnettingto European honeybeelocated nearportsforanysignsofexoticpests,inspectionscatch The NBPSPincorporatesanumberofactivitiesincludingregular checksofsentinelhives as portstaff andbeekeepers. Team, DepartmentofAgriculture theAustralianGovernment and Water Resources, aswell AustralianQuarantineStrategy Northern Industry Council,stateandterritorygovernments, pollination byhoneybees(represented byHortInnovation),theAustralianHoneyBee The NBPSPismadepossiblebyastrong partnershipbetweentheindustriesthatrely on such asVarroa mitesandAsianhoneybees. system todetectnewincursionsofpestbeesandexoticbeepests.Ittargetskeypests Bee PestSurveillanceProgram (NBPSP)since2012.TheNBPSPisanearlywarning PHA hasbeencoordinating surveillanceactivitiesatportsnationwideaspartoftheNational National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Table 50.NumberofsamplesundertakenintheNationalBeePestSurveillanceProgram bystateandpest,2016 Western Australia South Australia Northern TerritoryNorthern Tasmania Victoria ACT New SouthWales Queensland TOTAL State orterritory Total numberofadulthoney bees inspected for tracheal bees inspectedfortracheal mites 1800 1080 5160 210 600 360 360 750 – sweep netting events to sweep nettingeventsto otal numberoffloral target pestbees

29 25 28 92 2 6 0 2 – Surveillance activitiesuseacaricides insentinelhivesforearlyexoticmitedetection. ImagecourtesyofNODGlobal Surveillance underway inSAandNSW. is anofficer whilecontractshavebeensignedandrecruitment employedinVictoria, is which willseetheemploymentofBeeBiosecurityOfficers ineachstate.Currently, there to thehoneybeeindustry. TheCodewillunderpintheNationalBeeBiosecurityProgram, diseases, aswellincrease thepreparedness andsurveillanceforexoticpestthreats The aimoftheCodePracticeistoimprove themanagementofestablishedpestsand honey beeindustryinJuly2016. to protect Australia’s honeybees.ThisCodeofPracticewasnationallyendorsedbythe and PHAhavedevelopedtheAustralianHoneyBeeIndustryBiosecurityCodeofPractice The honeybeeindustry, represented bytheAustralianHoneyBeeIndustryCouncil(AHBIC) The AustralianHoneyBeeIndustryBiosecurityCodeofPractice of catchboxinspections Total number 136 180 29 15 0 0 0 0 –

pest beeswarmscollected Total numberof 18 24 2 2 0 1 1 0 –

Total numberofsmallhive beetle traps inspected beetle trapsinspected

N/A N/A N/A N/A 124 48 36 40

–

143 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 144

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS • • • • The listwasdevisedfrom a comparativeanalysisofexoticpestsconsidering: effectively. threats allowsthepartners oftheplantbiosecuritysystemtofocustheirriskmitigationefforts released bytheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources. Prioritisingexoticpest In November2016,alistofAustralia’s top40leastwantedplantpestsanddiseaseswas Top 40exoticpeststargeted diseases-weeds/plant. Resources websiteagriculture.gov.au/pests- pests ontheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater You canseethe completelistof40nationalpriority vegetables wouldbeatriskfrom thesespecies. infested products. Over300typesoffruitand the fliescouldspread quickly through themovementof or arriveonimportedfruitplantmaterial.Oncehere, such asmelonflycanbeblowninbymonsoonwinds from someofthemore damagingones.Exoticspecies Australia already hassome fruitflyspecies,weare free horticultural pests,round out thetopthree. While Exotic fruitflies,theworld’s mostdestructive fumigated todestroy thepest. confined toanumberofwarehouses inAdelaideandKangaroo Island.Thepremises were Khapra beetlelarvaeandadultswere foundinSA2016,butwere detectedquicklyand straw, stored grain,cargoormachinery. travellers inpersonaleffects. Oncehere, itcouldspread easilythrough themovementofseed, little tofeedon.Itcanarriveincargo,machinery, foodormailitems,bebrought inby The beetleissmallbuttough:larvaeare abletosurvivedormantforuptwoyearswithvery threatening marketaccessforourexports. khapra beetlewouldhaveamajorimpactonAustralia’s largestcrop industry, grains,including The pestassessedassecondworstiskhaprabeetle,aofstored grain.Anincursionof anything thatisimported. with importedplantpropagation materialorwithinfectedinsectsthatcanhitcharideon example ofiteverbeingeradicatedoncehasbecomeestablished.ItcouldenterAustralia horticultural crops, nativefloraandgardens. There isnotreatment andnodocumented hundreds ofnative,commercialplantspeciesatrisksoitcoulddevastate andornamental The bacterialdiseaseXylellafastidiosatoppedthelist.pesthasahugehostrange,with the consequencesforbusinesses,humanhealthandenvironment iftheydo. their abilitytobecomeestablishedandspread the possiblewaystheycouldenterAustralia the likelihoodofthementeringAustralia and Water Resources Image courtesyoftheDepartmentAgriculture pest listallowsallpartnerstofocusresources. The AustralianGovernment’s leastwanted research activitiesthatfocusonspecificpestsofconcern. as required. Diagnosticoperationsare oftenperformedaspartofcollaborative Services are provided onanadhoc,commercial ornationallycoordinated basis, diagnostic laboratories,museums,theCSIROanduniversities(Table 51). commercial theAustralian Government, andprivate and territorygovernments, production areas. Servicesare delivered byarangeofagencies,includingstate in Australiaandare availablethroughout mostmajor agricultural andhorticultural These criticaldiagnosticservicesare distributedacross everystateandterritory both domesticallyandinternationally. processes, suchasmaintainingPestFree Areas, allowingaccesstomarkets the accurateidentificationofpests.Rapidalsosupportsquarantine programs, includingtheselectionandapplicationoffarmchemicals,rely on involved intheproduction andtradeofplantproducts. Pestmanagement Diagnostic capacityalsosupportsmanyoftheeverydaymanagementpractices necessary toclaimthatthepesthasbeeneradicated. subsequent surveillanceprograms. Diagnosticsalsoprovide theevidence (which isacriticalfactorindeterminingwhetherpesteradicable),andtoallow is required toidentifyaninitialdetection,assessthemagnitudeofincursion appropriate andtimelymanner. Intheeventofanincursion,diagnosticexpertise Australia relies onitsdiagnosticexpertstodetectandrespond tonewpestsinan quickly andaccuratelyidentifybothendemicexoticplantpestsdiseases. aspects oftheplantbiosecuritysystem.Itisessentialthatdiagnosticservicescan The accuratediagnosisofplantpestsanddiseasesfundamentallyunderpinsall OF PLANTPESTS DIAGNOSTICS –ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION • • • • • • of SPHDinclude: quality andreliability ofplant diagnosticsinAustralia.Keyroles andresponsibilities December 2004bythePlantHealthCommitteetosustainandimprove the The SubcommitteeonPlantHealthDiagnostics(SPHD)wasestablished in Subcommittee onPlantHealthDiagnostics systems fordiagnostic laboratories. Driving development anduptakeofaccreditation andqualitymanagement framework. Coordinating nationalcapabilitybuildingthrough aprofessional development (NPBDN). Coordinating andfosteringtheNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnostic Network Endorsing NationalDiagnosticProtocols (NDPs)(seeFigure 87). capacity issues. Reviewing anddevelopingstrategiestoaddress nationalcapabilityand Reviewing anddevelopingdiagnosticpolicies,protocols andstandards.

Figure 87. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 51.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Centre, Darwin CSIRO Tropical EcosystemsResearch Yanco AgriculturalInstitute,Yanco Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga AgriculturalInstitute, Plantpathogens, usingbothclassicaland The Cereal RustLaboratory, Cobbitty NSWOffice ofEnvironment andHeritage Tamworth AgriculturalInstitute,Tamworth Royal BotanicGarden, Sydney Rosebery Operational Science,Crewe Place, Macleay Museum,Sydney Advisory Station,Grafton Grafton AgriculturalResearch and West PennantHills Forest HealthManagementLaboratory, Institute, Menangle Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural CSIRO CottonResearch Unit,Narrabri Australian Museum,Sydney Narrabri Australian CottonResearch Institute, Orange AgriculturalInstitute, Agricultural ScientificCollectionsUnit, NationalResearch CollectionsAustralia, Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra NationalResearch CollectionsAustralia, Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra CSIROHealthandBiosecurity Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra CSIROHealthandBiosecurity Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Laboratory andlocation CSIRO NSW DPI Charles SturtUniversity, NSWDPI NSW DPI, UniversityofSydney NSW DPI DAWR University ofSydney NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI CSIRO Australian Museum NSW DPI, CSIRO NSW DPI CSIRO (AustralianNationalInsectCollection) CSIRO (AustralianNationalHerbarium) Organisation Australian CapitalTerritory purposes Ant identificationforgeneralpublic and biosecurity pathology) Invertebrates andpathogens(vegetables andrice molecular biology Plant pathology, nematode identificationand Rust pathology pathology andbroadacre crops) Invertebrates andpathogens(entomology, plant Pathology investigationtodeterminecausalagent rearing ofimmature stagesofarthropods. Pest anddiseaseidentification,collection Entomology Insect pests routine diagnostics Internal and mycology) Invertebrates andpathogens(virology, bacteriology Entomology Entomology bacteriology) Cotton pathology(e.g.mycology, virology and mite identification(mycologyandentomology) Invertebrates andpathogens,specialistinsect Insect, nematodeandmiteidentification Fungal identification molecular methods Fungal identification Bee pathogens Diagnostic capability New SouthWales 5.2/7.2 quarantine containment DAWR accredited IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ ISO9001 IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ Accreditation collection Research Centre ant Tropical Ecosystems Entomology Entomology Entomology arthropods Fungal, bacterialand collections Herbarium andfungi collections Herbarium andfungi Collections Table 51.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations (continued) Ecosciences Precinct, DuttonPark Eagle Farm,Brisbane Centre forTropical Agriculture, Mareeba ResearchCairns Station, Moggill Biosecurity QueenslandControl Centre, Bowen Research Station,Bowen Regional Laboratory, Darwin AustraliaQuarantineStrategy Northern TerritoryNorthern Museum andArtGalleriesofthe Palmerston Herbarium, FloraandFaunaDivision, NTDPIR Plant PathologyLaboratory, Berrimah NTDPIR Entomology Laboratory, Berrimah Laboratory andlocation QDAF DAWR QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF DAWR Territory Museum andArtGalleriesoftheNorthern Resources NT DepartmentofEnvironment andNatural Organisation exotic fruitflyscreening mycology, nematology, molecularbiologyand Entomology, plantpathology, virology, bacteriology, microscopy andlimitedmolecularcapacity. (conventional PCR).Entomologyincluding including microscopy andmoleculartechniques Temperate andtropical plantpests.Plantpathology bacteriology Entomology, plantpathology, molecularand Plant pestanddiseasetriage Fire ants Entomology microscopy. limited molecularcapacity. Botanyincluding organisms. Entomologyincludingmicroscopy and (conventional andreal timePCR)forselected microscopy, serology andmolecularassays Tropical plantpests.Plantpathologyincluding with intercepted samples. has beenassistingDAWR quarantineinspectors commercial purposes.Agastropod collectionthat Insect identificationforgeneralpublicand commercial purposes Plant identificationforgeneralpublicand Diagnostic capability mycology anddiagnostics Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, Insects andmites Northern TerritoryNorthern Queensland and 3(BC3). containment level2(BC2) & 5.3.Biosecurity Arrangement forClass5.2 DAWR Approved 5.2/7.2 quarantine containment DAWR accredited scientific specimens (export andimport)of Registration forexchange scientific specimens (export andimport)of Registration forexchange Accreditation entomology Plant pathologyand and insectcollections Limited plantpathogen Entomology collection Fire antreference biting midges and overseasCulicoides Tephritidae; andWA, NT Leste WA, NTandTimor entomology insectpests; comprises: general Collection which Quarantine Insect TerritoryNorthern collections. Entomology: virus andvirus-likedisease specimens anddesiccated Plant pathology:herbarium of border collections Gastropoda with a number native species. Insects withafocuson Territorythe Northern Native plantcollectionof Collections Plant PathologyHerbarium Australian Darwin Northern Reference Collection Economic Insect TerritoryThe Northern

147 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 148

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 51.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations (continued) Peracto, Devonport Forestry Tasmania, Hobart SADepartmentofPremier andCabinet South AustralianMuseum,Adelaide Sciences, Adelaide School ofEarthandEnvironmental Waite Institute,Adelaide School ofAgriculture, FoodandWine, SARDI, Adelaide Toowoomba Toowoomba Research Station, South Johnstone South JohnstoneResearch Station, Woodford, Mackay, Tully Sugar Research Australia, Indooroopilly, Brisbane Queensland Museum,SouthBrisbane, Nambour QAAFI, StLucia,DuttonPark,Warwick, Toowoomba Queensland, University ofSouthern Regional Laboratory, Cairns AustraliaQuarantineStrategy Northern Maroochy Research Station,Nambour Gatton Research Station,Gatton Laboratory andlocation Peracto Forestry Tasmania University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide Institute South AustralianResearch andDevelopment QDAF QDAF Sugar Research Australia Queensland Museum Innovation, UniversityofQueensland Queensland AllianceforAgriculture andFood Queensland University ofSouthern DAWR QDAF QDAF Organisation Plant pathology testing forPhytophthoracinnamomi Limited diagnosticsinpathology, mainfocusis on Entomology Nematology andviticulture virology surveillance nematology, virology, taxonomy),entomologyand Molecular diagnostics,plantpathology(mycology, entomology, virology, nematologyandmycology Field crop pestsanddiseases,molecular, Nematology, entomologyandplantpathology Sugarcane pests and diseases Acaralogy andentomology Plant pathologyandvirology Plant pathologyandnematology microscopy. limited molecularcapacity. Botanyincluding organisms. Entomologyincludingmicroscopy and (conventional andreal timePCR)forselected microscopy, serology andmolecularassays Tropical plantpests.Plantpathologyincluding Plant pathology Vegetable pestsanddiseases Entomology Diagnostic capability South Australia Tasmania containment approved Laboratory DAWR insects andplants. containment facilitiesfor testing. DAWR accredited accredited forpotatovirus Biologicals. NATA accredited under Laboratory isNATA Molecular Diagnostics Accreditation collection Tasmanian forest insect Adelaide University Entomology collection, Acaralogy andentomology fruit flycollection. specimens andalarge including overseas extensive insectcollections collections. Entomology: virus andvirus-likedisease specimens anddesiccated Plant pathology:herbarium Collections

Table 51.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations (continued) Tatura Research Centre, Tatura RoyalBotanicGardens Melbourne Rutherglen Rutherglen Research Centre, Royal BotanicGardens Melbourne Mickleham Plant PostEntryQuarantinefacility, Tullamarine Airport Operational ScienceLaboratory, Irymple Research Centre, Irymple University ofMelbourne Horsham Research Centre, Horsham Forest HealthLaboratory, Heidelberg AgriBio, Bundoora Campus, Hobart University ofTasmania SandyBay Campus, Burnie University ofTasmania CradleCoast Hobart Tasmanian Museumand ArtGallery, Seed AnalysisLaboratory, MtPleasant Gallery, Launceston MuseumandArt Queen Victoria Devonport andLaunceston) (satellite entomologylaboratoriesat Plant HealthLaboratories,NewTown Laboratory andlocation DEDJTR DEDJTR DEDJTR DEDJTR DEDJTR DEDJTR DEDJTR, LaTrobe University Institute ofAgriculture University ofTasmania and Tasmanian Institute ofAgriculture University ofTasmania and Tasmanian Tasmanian Museumand ArtGallery DPIPWE Insectidentificationforthegeneralpublic MuseumandArtGallery Queen Victoria DPIPWE Organisation Entomology Entomology andnematology modern) bacteriology, botany, virology (traditionaland General plantpathologyincludingmycology, Entomology andplantpathology General plantpathologyandentomology General plantpathologyandvirology (grainsfocus) diagnostics andweeds insect taxonomy, highthroughput molecular bacteriology, generalplantpathology, fungal and Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, laboratory Entomology, forest pathologyandmolecular Plant pathologyandnematology insect identificationforthegeneralpublic Entomology, specialisinginbeetlesandmoths, species Feed grainquarantineassessmentsfordeclared (virology) and bacteriology),TASAG ELISAtestingservices Entomology, plantpathology(virology, mycology Diagnostic capability Mycology andweeds Forest pathologyandentomology Victoria containment 5.2/7.2 DAWR accredited quarantine Phylloxera identification identification, fruitflyand testing, potatocystnematode accredited forpotatovirus under Biologicals.NATA Laboratory isNATA accredited 9001:2000/QA certification. DAWR approved AS/NSZ containment approved Laboratory DAWR ISTA accredited IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ TASAG laboratorieshave containment approved, Laboratories DAWR Accreditation Entomology collection and limitedviruscollection nematode, invertebrates Fungal, bacterial, pathogens Limited collectionoffungal including weedsandfungi collection, herbarium Small insectreference seed reference collection quarantinable species Prohibited and groups includinginsects collection coveringmost Invertebrate reference Insect reference collection Collections

149 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 150

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 51.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations (continued) etr utainMsu,KwaeWesternAustralianMuseum Western AustralianMuseum,Kewdale Biotechnology Centre Western AustralianStateAgricultural Murdoch University Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch Airport International Operational Science,DAWR, Perth Broome AustraliaQuarantineStrategy,Northern Perth Department ofEnvironmental Biology, South Perth DAFWA DiagnosticPlantLaboratories, Laboratory andlocation Murdoch University DAWR DAWR Curtin UniversityofTechnology DAFWA Organisation laboratory forplantpathogenidentification Commercial andresearch molecularbiology bacteria andviruses mostly exoticpestsincludingarthropods, fungi, Identification ofquarantineintercept samples, mostly exoticpests Identification ofquarantineintercept samples, Mycology Insect identificationforgeneralpublic laboratory Commercial andresearch Phytophthoradiagnostic number ofbeepathogens virology, bacteriology, mycology, seedsandlimited pathogen identification,entomology, nematology, Commercial diagnosticlaboratoryforplant Diagnostic capability Western Australia 5.2/7.2 quarantine containment DAWR accredited accredited laboratory isQC2 accredited. Plantquarantine Seed labisISTA andQC2 Accreditation seed andcultures with alimitedcollectionof mostly exoticinvertebrates Small reference collection, mostly exoticinvertebrates Small reference collection, Australia collection inWestern Largest invertebrate collections pathogen andinvertebrate Western Australianplant Collections Attendees attheSPHDMaymeeting More informationontheNPBDNcanbefoundatplantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au. providing surgecapacityduringincursions. services, preventing anyduplicationofeffort oridentifying andaddressing anygaps, and An integrated,nationalnetworkhasnumerous benefits,includingmore efficient deliveryof ideas andknowledge,aswellidentifyfuture activities. the AnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop bringsmembersofthenetworktogethertoshare of diagnosticresources, aswelloffering professional developmentactivities.Eachyear The NPBDNimproves capacity byfacilitatingcommunicationbetweenexpertsandsharing scientists. bacteriologists, molecularbiologists,mycologists,nematologists,botanistsandweed Members includeentomologists,generalplantpathologists,virologists, phytoplasmologists, Ministry forPrimaryIndustries. CSIRO,PBCRC,PHA,universitiesandtheNewZealand the AustralianGovernment, of plantpestdiagnostics,including,butnotlimitedto,stateandterritorygovernments, Australasia. Networkmembersare from arangeoforganisations involvedinthedelivery The formationoftheNPBDNwasdrivenbySPHDtobuilddiagnosticcapacityfor 2011 and2012respectively. Biosecurity DiagnosticStrategyandanationalnetworkofdiagnosticianswere developedin To strengthen connectionsbetweenstakeholdersinplantpestdiagnostics,aNationalPlant National coordination ofplantbiosecuritydiagnostics

a pre-defined tree. interactive diagnostictoolbasedonobservablecharacteristics,rather thanaprotocol using In somecases,alucidkeyhasbeendevelopedforpestidentification. Alucidkeyisan • • • • Current SPHDReference Standards include: Figure 87.NDPs,bothunderdevelopmentandendorsed,are listedinTable 52. include theprocesses ofpeerreview, verificationandendorsementbyPHCasshownin through SPHD.NDPsare developedaccording toSPHDReference Standards 1–4which Australia hasacoherent and effective systemforthedevelopmentofNDPsplantpests and dataonthepest,itshosts,taxonomicinformation,detectionidentification. comparing diagnosticresults betweenlaboratories.NDPsincludediagnosticprocedures been nationallyendorsedforuseintheeventofanincursion,providing transparency when a mannerconsistentwithISPM27DiagnosticProtocols forRegulatedPests.Theyhave NDPs are diagnosticprotocols fortheunambiguous taxonomic identificationofapestin • • • • • • information iscrucialforthemanagementofestablishedandexoticpests,including: about aspecificplantpestorrelated group ofpests,relevant toitsdiagnosis.Such National DiagnosticProtocols (NDPs)are documentsthatcontaindetailedinformation National DiagnosticProtocols Guidelines forVerification andPeerReviewReports(Version 3). Guidelines fortheApproval Process ofNationalDiagnosticProtocols (Version 5). Development ofDiagnosticProtocols –Procedures forAuthors(Version 5). Glossary ofTerms (Version 3). Detection ofapestinanarea where itisnotknowntooccur. Routine diagnosisofpestsfoundinimportedconsignments. Pest diagnosticoperationsassociatedwithphytosanitarycertification. Surveillance aspartofanofficial control oreradication program. Testing ofmaterialforcompliancewithcertificationprocedures. General surveillanceforpeststatus.

151 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 52. National Diagnostic Protocols

Scientific name Common name Draft protocols Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Banana bract mosaic disease Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean stain (Comovirus) Broad bean stain virus Broad bean true mosaic (Comovirus) Broad bean true mosaic virus Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, bacterial grain rot of rice Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pine wilt nematode, pinewood nematode species complex Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Chilo infuscatellus Sugarcane yellow top borer Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Chilo polychrysus Stem borer Chilo sacchariphagus Spotted borer Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Citripestis eautraphera Mango fruit borer

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Goss's bacterial wilt, blight of corn nebraskensis Colletotrichum lentis Lentil anthracnose Coryphodema tristis South African cossid moth Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera, type B Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar adult Dendroctonus frontalis Mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Southern pine beetle Diaphorina citri Citrus psyllid Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly

Endorsed – the standard has been assessed by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) and endorsed by the Plant Health Committee as a National Diagnostic Protocol Draft – the standard has not yet been assessed and verified by SPHD Lucid key – only a lucid key exists for this species

152 Image courtesy of Sue Pederick Table 52.NationalDiagnosticProtocols (continued) A aigtp Potatolateblight Pomacea canaliculata Phytophthora infestansA2matingtype Phymatotrichum omnivorum helianthi) Phomopsis helianthi(teleomorphDiaporthe Peronosclerospora sacchari Pepino mosaicvirus(Potexvirus) Pea enationmosaicvirus Pea earlybrowningvirus(Tobravirus) Pantoea stewartiisubsp. Orthaga euadrusalis Mycosphaerella jiensis Mycosphaerella eumusae Mayetiola destructor Maize dwarfmosaicvirus(Potyvirus) Lymantria dispar Lobesia botrana Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza cicerina Hyalesthes obsoletus Globodera rostochiensis Globodera pallida Gibberella fujikuroi race 4 Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.cubensetropical Fusarium circinatum spindle streak andwheatyellowmosaicvirus) cereal mosaic,Chinesemosaicvirus,wheat Furoviruses andBymoviruses(wheatmosaic, Flavescence doréephytoplasma Exotic aphids Erwinia amylovora Scientific name steartii (Enamovirus) Golden applesnail Texas root rot Sunflower stemcanker Sugarcane downymildew Pepino mosaicvirus Pea enationmosaicvirus Pea earlybrowning virus Stewart's wiltofmaize Mango leafwebber Black sigatoka Eumusae leafspot Hessian fly Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Asian gypsymoth,mothcomplex Grape berrymoth Rice waterweevil Serpentine leafminer Chickpea leafminer Cixxidae planthopper Potato cystnematode Potato cystnematode Bakanae Panama disease Pine pitchcanker viruses Wheat soilborne Flavescence dorée Exotic aphids Fireblight Common name Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Xanthomonas campestrispv. musacearum (Bymovirus) Wheat spindlestreakmosaicvirus Verticillium dahliae Unknown Trioza erytreae Tilletia horrida(neebarclayana) Tilletia controversa Tetranychus turkestani Tetranychus piercei Tetranychus paci cus Tetranychus lombardinii Tetranychus desertorum Termites Sternochetus frigidus Stagonospora sacchari Sitobion avenae Sesamia grisescens Semiaphis dauci Scolytines Scirtothrips aurantii Scirpophaga nivella Scirpophaga excerptalis Saccarum Red cloverveinmosaicvirus(Carlavirus) Ralstonia solanacearumrace2 Guavarust,Eucalyptusrust Ralstonia solanacearum Raffaelea lauricola Puccinia psidiisensulato(exoticstrain) Pseudomonas syringaepv. Pseudomonas maritimus Potyvirus (general) Scientific name malvacearum malvacearum papulans Bacterial wilt Wheat spindlestreak mosaicvirus Verticillium wilt(defoliating strain) Ramu stunt African citruspsyllid smutofrice Kernel Dwarf buntofwheat Strawberry spidermite Spider mites Pacific spidermite Crimson spidermite Prickly pearspidermite Termites Mango pulpweevil Leaf scorch Wheat aphid Stem borer Carrot aphid Bark beetles South Africancitrusthrip White riceborer Top borer, topshootborer Sugarcane white leaf Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Moko andbugtok Bacterial brown rot ofpotatoes Laurel wilt(andbeetlevector) Grape mealybug Potyvirus Common name Hypervirulent bacterialblightofcotton Blister spotofapples

153 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 154

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 52.NationalDiagnosticProtocols (continued) Scientific name (Potyvirus) Plum poxvirus(Potyvirus) Phytophthora ramorum Phoma tracheiphila Phakopsora euvitis Neonectria ditissima Monilinia fructigena Magnaporthe grisea Liriomyza trifolii Leptinotarsa decemlineata Homalodisca vitripennis Guignadia bidwellii European stonefruityellows Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.ciceris European stonefruityellowsphytoplasma Endocronartium harknessii Echinothrips americanus Diuraphis noxia Dendroctonus valens parasitica Cryphonectria sepedonicus Clavibacter michiganensissubsp. leafrollvirus(Nepovirus) Cherry Ceratosystus ulmi Candidatus Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Bactericera cockerelli Adoxophyes orana Rhagoletis spp., DacusDirioxaand Anastrepha Xylophilus ampelina Xanthomonas vasicolapv. Xanthomonas fragariae spp. ieoatrpyluosZebrachip Liberobacter psyllaurous spp., BactroceraCeratitis musacearum Draft protocols (continued)

Endorsed protocols

Common name Plum poxvirus Sudden oakdeath Mal secco Grapevine leafrust European canker Brown rot Rice blast American serpentineleafminer Colorado potatobeetle Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Fusarium wiltofchickpea Pine gallrust Poinsettia thrips Russian wheataphid Red turpentinebeetle Chestnut blight Bacterial ringrot ofpotato Blackline Dutch elmdisease Huanglongbing, citrusgreening Potato tomatopsyllid Summer fruittortrix priority toAustralia) Fruit flies(exoticandendemicspeciesof Bacterial blight Banana bacterialwilt Angular leafspot * Lucid key–onlyalucidexistsforthisspecies Draft –thestandard hasnotyetbeenassessedandverifiedbySPHD Plant HealthCommitteeasaNationalDiagnosticProtocol Endorsed –thestandard hasbeenassessedbytheSubcommitteeonPlantHealthDiagnostics(SPHD)andendorsed see alsoAustralianHandbookfortheIdentificationofFruitFlies Tetranychidae Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza bryoniae Bemisia tabaci Rhagoletis spp., DacusDirioxaand Anastrepha Xylella fastidiosa Xanthomonas citrisubsp. X diseasephytoplasma Uromyces vicia-fabae(lentilstrain) Tilletia indica Synchytrium endobioticum Scirtothrips perseae Roesleria subterranea (Signoret)Pulvinaria iceryi Puccinia striiformisf. sp.hordei Protopulvinaria pyriformis Potato spindletuberviroid(Pospiviridae) Potato moptopvirus(Pomovirus) Scientific name spp.* spp., BactroceraCeratitis spp. Protocols asLucidkeys

Spider mites American leafminer Tomato leafminer Silverleaf whitefly priority toAustralia) Fruit flies(exoticandendemicspeciesof Pierce’s disease Citrus canker Peach Xdisease Lentil rust bunt Karnal Potato wart Avocado thrips Grape root rot Pulvinaria scale Barley striperust Pyriform scale Potato spindletuberviroid Potato moptopvirus Common name

FOREST HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY SUBCOMMITTEE At a meeting in March 2015, the Australian Forests Products Association (AFPA) Resources Chamber agreed to establish the AFPA Subcommittee, to replace the Subcommittee on National Forest Health, which was disbanded earlier in the year.

The Forest Health and Biosecurity (FHaB) Subcommittee includes both industry representatives responsible for managing forest health within their organisations and forest health technical experts.

Also included are representatives from Plant Health Committee, PHA and the New Zealand Forest Researchers Scion.

Key functions of FHaB Subcommittee include: • Discussing and raising awareness of forest health and biosecurity issues within the AFPA membership and the broader forest industry. • Providing expert advice to inform federal and state government policy on forest health and biosecurity issues. • Supporting AFPA as the industry representative for PHA and as signatory to the EPPRD. • Offering technical advice to AFPA members during an emergency response to an EPP. • Providing forestry representatives on the SNPHS and SPHD committees.

The FHaB Subcommittee has been actively engaged in the development of a National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy which has built on the framework for National Biosecurity Surveillance of Exotic Forest Pests. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Seedlings. Image courtesy of Sara Bray, HQ Plantations Image courtesy of Sara Bray, HQ Plantations 155 156

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS emergency management advicetofarmers,landholders andthecommunity. together agriculturalproduction advice,biosecurity, naturalresearch managementand havesimilarprograms, State governments forexampletheNSWLocalLandServicesbring and fundedbyindustryrelevant stategovernments. PHA by managed are preparednessprograms for,These biosecurityrisksatthefarmlevel. Industry biosecurityprograms havebeendevelopedtoimprove themanagementof, and BIOSECURITY OFFICERSONTHEGROUND new orestablisheddiseases,pestsandweeds. can goalongwaytowards protecting theirfarmsand theirfuture from theimpactof essentials. Byconsideringhowtheseprinciplesapplytotheirproperties, producers Resources produced byFarmBiosecurityare structured around the sixbiosecurity a biosecurityplanner. gate signsforsale,industryspecificinformation,videos,apersonal profile builderand provides anarrayofinformation, includingbiosecuritymanuals,templatesforrecords, posed bydiseases,pestsandweeds.Theprogram websitefarmbiosecurity.com.au The program aimstohelpproducers identifyandreduce theriskstotheirenterprises producers. campaign, FarmBiosecurity, whichprovides biosecurityadviceforbothcrop andlivestock partnered withAnimalHealthAustralia(AHA)inajointcommunicationandawareness Recognising theincreasing numberofmixedfarmingenterprisesinAustralia,PHAhas The FarmBiosecurityProgram of theFarmBiosecuritywebsiteandcompletemanualsare availablefordownload. established pests.Theinformationfrom biosecuritymanualsisprovided inindustrysections day-to-day operationstoimprove biosecurityandhelpprotect farmsfrom both new and for growers andconsultants,explainingeffective measures thatcanbeincorporatedinto number ofcrop-specific biosecurity manuals(Table 53).Thesebookletsare designed PHA, inpartnershipwithplantproductionhasreleased industriesandgovernments, a Biosecurity manualsforproducers and inmaintainingaccesstomarkets. biosecurity anditsrole in preventing thespread ofpestanddiseasecausingorganisms, integrated intoeverydayactivities.Increasingly, growers are seeingthebenefitsofon-farm of thejobsthatneeddoingonfarm,biosecurityneedstobecomesecondnature and maintaining Australia’s plantbiosecuritystatus.Sothatitactuallygetsdoneamidtherest spread ofpests,diseasesandweeds.Theactionsproducers on-farmare importantin Farm biosecurityisasetofmeasures designedtoprotect aproperty from theentryand ON-FARM BIOSECURITY

pest RussianwheataphidinMay2016. pests ofgrainsandassistedintheincursionresponse followingthedetectionofexotic biosecurity risksforgraingrowers. Biosecurityofficers alsoundertakesurveillanceforexotic growing regions. Mediaarticlesare distributedyear-round toraiseawareness ofseasonal grain growers, improving on-farmbiosecurityaswell asraisingawareness ingrain Since itbeganin2007,thousandsoffarmbiosecuritysignshavebeendistributedto conferences, givingtalksandpresentations onbiosecurity. others alongthesupplychain.Theofficers attendfielddays,trainingsessionsand Officers are responsible forraisingawareness ofbiosecurityamonggraingrowers and offivegrain-producing in partnershipwiththegovernments states.GrainsBiosecurity The GrainsFarmBiosecurityProgram isfundedbygrowers viaGrainProducers Australia, Grains FarmBiosecurityProgram other thanEnglish. Greater Western Sydneyarea totailorawareness materialforgrowers speaking languages field days,andliaisewithgrowers duringpestincursions.In 2016theofficers worked inthe a biosecuritythemeforindustrymagazines, meetwithproducers toimprove awareness at Two dedicatedbiosecurityofficers developbiosecurityawareness material,writearticleson supply chaininthatindustry. through grower leviestoenhancebiosecuritypracticesofproducers andothers alongthe The Vegetable andPotatoBiosecurityProgram isanoutreach program fundedbyAUSVEG Vegetable andpotatobiosecurityproject are sold,were checked. including BunningsandMasters,where citrusplantsandrelated speciessuchasMurraya also facilitatedsearches in orchards intheOrd RiverRegionofWA, andretail nurseries Sydney andinperi-urbanGosford. Staff from AustraliaQuarantineStrategy theNorthern from whoassistedwithsurveillanceofbackyard theNSWGovernment citrusplantsin for anysignofexoticpests.In2016thecitrusbiosecuritymanagerteamedupwithofficers The FirstDetectorsNetworkisagroup oftrainedgrowers whomonitortheircrops regularly others alongthesupplychain. surveillance forexoticpestsandraiseawareness ofpestthreats amongcitrusgrowers and awareness. andindustrytoimprove Acitrusbiosecuritymanagerworkswithgovernment number ofriskmitigationactivitiestoimprove biosecurityplanning,preparedness and A citrusbiosecurityproject, fundedbyCitrusAustraliaandHortInnovation,includesa Citrus biosecurityproject

Remote microscopy linksdiagnosticiansaround thecountrytoassistwithpestidentification. detected inAustralia. reference systemsfor plantpests.TheAPPDisusedineverypestincursionthat is The AustralianPlantPestDatabase (APPD)andtheAtlasofLivingAustralia(ALA)are key improving accessibilitytothe toolsandintegrationintobiosecurityoperations. pests. Mobiledevicessuchassmartphonesandtabletsare supplementingITsystems, efficiency inmanyareas, from production managementthrough to diagnosingplant The speedatwhichinformationcanbeuploadedandanalysedpromises greater Information technologyisofincreasing importancetotheplantbiosecuritysector. Information technologysupportingplantbiosecurity where anationalapproach iswarranted. The NCNalsoadvancespreparedness andprevention awareness activitiesinareas messages arisingfrom CCEPP meetings,allowingconsistentmessagingnationally. During responses topestand diseaseoutbreaks, theNCNdevelopsandcirculates key including PHAandAHA. stateandterritoryagencies,biosecurityorganisations the AustralianGovernment, The NationalCommunicationNetwork(NCN)consistsofcommunicationmanagersfrom Biosecurity IncidentNationalCommunicationNetwork representatives andindustrypartiestotheEPPRD(seeChapter4). ofgovernment Committee onEmergencyPlantPests(CCEPP)thatoverseestheresponse –usually is basedonnationallyagreed talkingpoints,whichare determinedbytheConsultative that thepublicandanystakeholdersare keptinformedabouttheresponse. Themessaging During aplantpestemergency, theAffectedisresponsible stategovernment forensuring planthealthaustralia.com.au/subscribe. biosecurity through thewebsitephau.com.au,socialmediaande-newsletterTendrils PHA aggregates biosecuritynewsandraisesawareness oftheimportanceplant tools includingindustrymagazinesand,increasingly, biosecurityofficers ontheground. pests andimproving thepracticesoftheirproducers. Theyuseavarietyofcommunication role. Plantindustriesalsoworktomitigaterisksthrough heightenedawareness aboutplant industry bodiesandtheFarmBiosecurityprogram,playingasupporting withgovernments Information forproducers andothersalongthesupplychainisgenerallycommunicatedby disseminateinformationaboutbiosecurityintheirregions.governments protection, requirements international andpre-border initiatives,whilestateandterritory T PLANT BIOSECURITYCOMMUNICATION he Australian Government isprimarilyresponsiblehe AustralianGovernment formessagesaboutnationalborder

Table 53.Current PHAbiosecuritymanualsforproducers ofvariousindustries during plantpestincursions. in real time,providing digitalrepresentations ofpeststatusaround thecountry, including presence orabsenceofexoticandestablishedpestsaround Australia.Mapsare generated AUSPestCheck isanewsystemdevelopedbyPHAforhostingsurveillancedataonthe Australians toparticipateinimproving biosecurity. Apps includingFarmBiosecurityandMyPestGuideReportermakeiteasierforeveryday biosecurity informationforeaseofaccessatbiosecurityportal.org.au. The BiosecurityPortal,developedbyPHAin2014,bringstogetherasuiteofonline Orchard Biosecurity ManualfortheSummerfruitIndustry Orchard Biosecurity ManualfortheMangoIndustry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheCherryIndustry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAvocado Industry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAppleandPearIndustry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAlmondIndustry Farm BiosecurityManualfortheOrganicGrainsIndustry AdelaidePlainsVegetableFarm BiosecurityManualfortheNorthern Growers Farm BiosecurityManualfortheCottonIndustry Farm BiosecurityManualfortheBananaIndustry Biosecurity ManualfortheViticulture Industry Biosecurity ManualforSugarcane Producers Industry Biosecurity ManualforthePlantationTimber Biosecurity ManualforthePapayaIndustry Biosecurity ManualfortheNurseryProduction Industry Biosecurity ManualforGrainProducers Biosecurity ManualforCitrusProducers Biosecurity ManualforBeekeepers Biosecurity InductionManualforBundabergHorticulturalFarms Manual Version 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.1 1.0

157 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 158 Image courtesy of QDAF Chapter 4 Responding to plant pest incursions 160

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS pests willenterthecountry. Passengerarrivalsandimports available atplanthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd. through capitalisation.Forthefulllistofdefinitions,refer toclause1oftheEPPRD Defined termsundertheEPPRDare usedthroughout thischapter, identified not includeweeds. excludes GeneticallyModi edOrganisms.TheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlantPestdoes Products orBees,providedthatitisdiscrete,identi ableandgenetically stablebut strain ofinvertebratepestorpathogeninjurioustoPlantHealth,Unprocessed Plant This chapterusestheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlantPest: any newdetectionisdealtwithswiftly, providing thebest Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, including Even withahighlyeffective biosecuritysystem,including binding agreement between governments and industries binding agreementandindustries betweengovernments As a result, Australia has mechanisms in place to rapidly As aresult, Australiahasmechanismsinplacetorapidly when detectedinAustralia.Theagreement ensures that are increasing withtimeand,togethernaturalentry The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed is the legally The EmergencyPlantPestResponseDeedisthelegally strong border controls, there isstillariskthatnewplant that sets out how Emergency Plant Pests are dealt with that setsouthowEmergencyPlantPestsare dealtwith pathways such as wind and water currents, the risk of pathways suchaswindandwatercurrents, theriskof and effectively respond toplantpestsminimiseany chance ofcontaininganderadicatingthepest. exotic pest incursions is ever present. exotic pestincursionsiseverpresent. any species, biotype or any species,biotypeor negative impacts.

part inthesedecision-making groups. Parties thatare likelytobeAffected bytheEPP. OnlyEPPRDsignatoriescantake anactive actions. Thesecommitteesare madeupofrepresentatives from andIndustry government decisions onresponses toEPPs.Instead,formalcommittees are assembledtoagree The termsoftheEPPRDensure thatnosinglePartyisexclusively responsible formaking relative publicandprivatebenefitsoferadication. andIndustryParties willshare how government thecosts,basedonanassessmentof Parties’ roles inthedecision makingandoperationalprocesses oftheEPPresponse and EPP, andtoprovide certaintyonthemanagementandfundingofthatresponse. Itspecifies The EPPRDisdesignedtoensure arapidandeffective response tothedetectionofan honey beeindustrywouldalsoaffect plantindustriesthatbenefitfrom pollination. Parties. HoneybeesandtheirpestsalsofallundertheEPPRD,since apestaffecting the the determinationthatitmeetsoneofabovecriteriaandthisis approved byRelevant A PlantPestisnotformallydesignatedtobeanEPPuntiltheCategorisation Group makes • • • • EPP criteria: response actionmaycommenceifitisreasonably believed tomeetoneofthefollowing in schedule13oftheEPPRD.Ifthere isanIncidentofuncategorisedPlantPestthe For apesttobecovered bytheEPPRD,itmustbeanEPP, withcategorisedEPPslisted eradication responses toEmergencyPlantPests(EPP). The EPPRD,ofwhichPHAisthecustodian,coversmanagementandfunding and33plantindustrypeakbodies. allstateandterritorygovernments, Government, The EPPRDisaformal,legallybindingagreement betweenPHA,theAustralian Response Deed 4.1 of regional andnationalimportance. economic impactsuchthatanemergencyresponse isrequired toprevent anincident and hasbeendetectedoutsidethedefinedarea andislikelytohaveanadverse measures, thatisnotnativetoAustraliaorunderanationalinstrumentofmanagement, A PlantPestrestricted toadefinedarea ofAustraliathrough theuseofregulatory Pest. A seriousPlantPestofunknownoruncertainoriginwhichmaybeanentirely newPlant nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. investigative methods,andcouldhaveanadverseeconomicimpactregionally and A variantformofanestablishedPlantPestwhichcanbedistinguishedbyappropriate nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. A knownexoticPlantPestthatcouldhaveanadverseeconomicimpactregionally and The Emergency Plant Pest The EmergencyPlantPest

Parties, aneconomicexpertandindependentChairfrom PHA. Industry Parties,relevant andIndustry technicalexpertsnominatedbygovernment Each CategorisationGroup comprisesnominatedrepresentatives from theAffected recognised. to thecategoryrecommended bytheCategorisationGroup inorder forittobe formally Cost Sharingcategoriesare showninTable 54.RelevantPartiesmustagree unanimously byAffected the EPPandassignsCostSharingsplitthatwillbeborne Parties.Thefour Party willpay. Eachcategoryisbasedonthepublic versusprivatebenefitoferadication applying theprovisions ofthe EPPRD,includingtheproportion ofcoststhateachAffected The CategorisationGroup is assembledtodetermineacategoryforthepurposesof CATEGORISATION GROUP be convenedbytheCCEPPasrequired toprovide adviceonspecifictechnicalmatters. technical adviceneededfortheNMGtomakedecisions.AScientificAdvisoryPanelmay The CCEPPisresponsible forassessingthegrounds foreradicationandproviding the PHAandeach AffectedAustralian Government, IndustryParty. and territoryChiefPlantHealthManagers,nominatedrepresentatives from the The committeeiscomprisedoftheAustralianChiefPlantProtection Officer, allstate NMG, theCCEPPisformedwhenanEPPdetectedorsuspectedtobepresent. that makesrecommendations totheNMGonresponses toEPPincursions.Aswiththe The ConsultativeCommitteeonEmergencyPlantPests(CCEPP)isatechnicalcommittee PLANT PESTS CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEEONEMERGENCY matters bytheConsultativeCommitteeonEmergencyPlantPests(CCEPP). that eradicationistechnicallyfeasibleandcostbeneficial.TheNMGadvisedontechnical The NMGisresponsible forapproving aResponsePlan,includingthebudget,ifitisagreed and IndustryPartiesAffectedall stateandterritorygovernments bytheEPP. detection ofanEPPandconsistsrepresentatives from PHA,theAustralianGovernment, response toanEPPincursionundertheEPPRD.Thegroup isformedinresponse tothe The NationalManagementGroup (NMG)isresponsible formakingthekeydecisionsina NATIONAL MANAGEMENTGROUP

Table 54.EPPcategoriesandtheassociatedAffected PartyCostSharingsplits • • These are EPPs,whichifnoteradicated,would: and80percentbyAffected would befunded20percentbygovernments IndustryParties. The eradicationofCategory4EPPswouldmainly, ifnotwholly, haveprivatebenefitsand • EPPs, whichifnoteradicated,would: and50 percentbyAffectedfunded 50percentbygovernments Industry Parties.Theseare The eradicationofCategory3EPPswouldhavemoderatepublicbenefitsandbe • • which ifnoteradicated,would: and20percentbyAffected80 percentbygovernments IndustryParties.Theseare EPPs, The eradicationofCategory2EPPswouldhavehighpublicbenefitsandsobefunded plants, and/orisamajornuisance,ifnothealthrisktohumans. to whatextent,andinanycasetheincursionprimarilyaffects nativefloraand/oramenity almost impossibletoproperly determinewhichCropping Sectorsbenefitfrom eradicationand flora, andthere is considerableuncertaintyastotherelative impactsonCrops. Inshort,itis This categoryalsocoverssituationswhere theEPPhasawiderangeofhosts,includingnative • • • • funded.Theseare100 percentgovernment EPPswhich,ifnoteradicated,would: The eradicationofCategory1EPPswouldhaveveryhighpublicbenefitsandbe economies. generally there wouldbenosignificanttradeissuesthat affect nationalandregional costs ofproduction, extracontrol costs,ornuisancecosts;and The Affected Cropping Sectorswouldbeadverselyaffected primarilythrough additional have littleornopubliccostimplicationsandimpactsonnatural ecosystems. though moderatetradeimplicationsand/ornationalandregional economicimplications. affect publicamenities,householdsortheenvironment, and/orcouldhavesignificant, costs aswell(thatis,moderatepublicbenefitsfrom eradication).TheEPPcouldadversely primarily harmtheAffected Cropping Sectors,butthere wouldalsobesomesignificantpublic would benefitsignificantlyfrom eradication. impose majorcostsontheAffected Cropping SectorssuchthattheCropping Sectors flow oneffects through theeconomy;and economic impactsonregions andthenationaleconomy, through largetradelosseswith environmental values and/oreffects onhouseholds; orindirectly through verysevere cause significantpubliclosseseitherdirectly through seriouslossofamenity, and/or have relatively littleimpactoncommercial Crops. cause significantdamagetoamenityflora;and potentially affect humanhealthorcauseamajornuisancetohumans;and/or cause majorenvironmental damagetonaturalecosystems;and/or Category 2 Category 4 Category 3 Category 1

161 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 162

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS simulation-exercises. which canbefoundonthePHAwebsiteplanthealthaustralia.com.au/ exotic pestresponse inAustralia,Haryanaactivitiesproduced 25recommendations In additiontoaconsiderableboostinunderstandingtheeffects ofasignificant a grainsstandstill,mighthaveontheiroperations. industries tookparttoconsidertheeffectsbuntresponse, thataKarnal including animal industrieswere also involved.Thechickenmeat,egg,porkandstockfeed the grainsindustryandsupplychainwere thekeyplayers,butintensive response In all,20organisationstookpartinHaryana.Government agencies, production areas andeffective publicinformation. surveillance planning,diagnosticprocesses, theabilitytotracebackgrain states. Themainareas ofoperationtestedwere interstate movementconditions, In total,ninefunctionalanddiscussionactivitieswere delivered across five buntinthewheatsupplychain. on asimulatedincursionofKarnal Exercise HaryanawasfundedbyGrainProducers Australia, withallactivitiesbased to makeanyreal eradicationresponse fasterandmore effective. PHA andpartnerstookpartintheactivitiestorehearse forsuchanevent,inorder access toexportmarkets. it wouldreduce thequalityofAustraliangrainandthreaten pest elsewhere intheworld.ShoulditmaketoAustralia, bunt,causedbythefungusTilletia indica,isaserious Karnal readiness foraseriousexoticpestofthegrainsindustry. under thebannerofExercise Haryanatoimprove Australia’s Beginning inlate2015,PHAfacilitatedaseriesofactivities for anexoticpestofgrains Exercise Haryanaimproves readiness Surveillance of cersenteringsample collectiondataduringExerciseHaryana Surveillance

available onlineatplanthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan. Parties endorsedanumberofnewandrevised supportingdocuments,allofwhichare make accesstoinformationeasierintrainingandemergencyresponse situations.In2016 PLANTPLAN issupportedbyseveraldocumentsproviding detailonspecifictopicsto Response PhasetomanagementoftheEPPoutsideEPPRD. management ofanEPPfrom seekingtoachieveeradicationundertheEmergency certain circumstances anditsaimistheundertakingofactivitiesfortransitioning PLANTPLAN followingapproval byallEPPRDParties.ThisPhasemaybeinitiatedunder In 2016aTransition toManagementPhasewasincorporatedintotheEPPRDand PHA managesthecontinueddevelopmentofPLANTPLANonbehalfEPPRDParties. updated eachyeartoincorporatethefindingsofIncidentdebriefsandsimulationexercises. each ofthesephases.ItincorporatesbestpracticeinEPPresponses andisfurther as wellthekeyroles andresponsibilities Partiesduring ofindustry andgovernment outlining thephasesofanincursion(investigationandalert,operationalstanddown), It provides nationallyconsistentguidelinesforresponse procedures undertheEPPRD, the EPPRDaspartofschedule5andisendorsedbyallsignatories. responding toaPlantPestIncidentinaccordance with theEPPRD.PLANTPLANunderpins PLANTPLAN istheagreed technicalresponseandindustriesin planused bygovernments 4.2 a considerablecontributiontoAustralia’s preparedness forseriousplantpestrisks. inAustralia.Theseplansmake that havebeendevelopedbyindustriesandgovernments Table 55provides alistingofcontingencyplansforover110plantpestsandpestgroups developed quickly. information containedinacontingencyplanallowsaneffective ResponsePlantobe best strategiesforsurveillance,control anddestruction.Intheeventofanincursion together tocollateinformationaboutadesignatedpestorgroup andtodevisethe posed byparticularexoticpestthreats. Before anyincursionoccurs,expertsare brought Contingency planningisapre-emptive preparedness initiativethatassessesthe risks CONTINGENCY PLANNING PLANTPLAN

* Table 55.Contingencyplans ThisspecieshasbeensynonymisedwithBactroceradorsalis Aphis fabae,Haplothripstriticiand Anoplophora chinensis Alternaria triticina Alternaria humicola Agrotis segetum denticornis, ChromatomyiafusculaandC.nigra Agromyza ambigua,A.megalopsis,Cerodontha Acarapis woodi Pest scientificname Ceratocystis ulmi Cephus pygmeus Cephus cinctusand Cantareus apertus Ca. L.asiaticus,DiaphorinacitriandTrioza erytreae Candidatus Ca. L.asiaticus,DiaphorinacitriandTrioza erytreae Candidatus Ca Candidatus Burkholderia glumae Braula coeca Bipolaris spicifera(now (Begomovirus) virus (Crinivirus)andTomato yellowleafcurlvirus chlorosis virus(Crinivirus),Lettuceinfectiousyellows Beet pseudo-yellowsvirus(Closterovirus), Diodiavein Barley stripemosaicvirus(Hordeivirus) species , Bactrocera tryoni andCeratitiscapitata Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera papayae*,B.tryoni solanacearum Bactericera cockerelliand Atherigona soccata L. asiaticus,DiaphorinacitriandTrioza erytreae L. americanus, Liberibacter africanus,Ca.L.americanus, Liberibacter africanus,Ca.L.americanus, Liberibacter africanus,Ca.L.americanus and exotic fruit fly Ceratitis capitataandexoticfruitfly Thaumatotibia leucotreta Curvularia spicifera) Curvularia Liberibacter Candidatus Liberibacter Schizaphis graminum Ceratitis capitata

Exotic sap-suckingpests beetle Citrus longicorn Leaf blightofwheat Leaf spotoffieldpea Turnip moth Cereal leafminers Tracheal mite Pest commonname Dutch elmdisease European wheatstemsawfly Wheat stemsawflyandfalsecodling moth Green snail Huanglongbing andvectors Huanglongbing andvectors Huanglongbing andvectors Panicle blight Braula fly Leaf blotchofcereals Whitefly transmittedviruses Barley stripemosaicvirus Fruit flies Queensland fruitflyandMediterranean fruit fly Papaya fruitfly, QueenslandfruitflyandMediterranean Zebra chipcomplex Sorghum shootfly 09PHA PHA 2015 PHA 2009 DAWR 2009 PHA 2009 PHA 2011 2009 2012 Year 01DEDJTR PHA PHA 2001 2008 DEDJTR 2015 2012–13 2015 PHA 2009 PHA 2013 PHA 2008 2012 2009 PHA PHA 2011 DPIPWE 2009 bi-annually Updated 2013 bi-annually PHA Updated 2011 2008 PHA Location ofdocument Hort Innovation, PHA National – citrus and nursery National –citrusandnursery Hort Innovation,PHA Hort Innovation QDAF, NGIA PIRSA National–vegetableandpotato PIRSA Hort Innovation,PHA National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –honeybeeindustry Scope State National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry State National –riceindustry National –honeybeeindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry industries industries (underreview) National –citrusandnursery National –production nurseries State State industries

163 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 164

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS Table 55.Contingencyplans(continued) Chortoicetes terminifera Diatraea Deanolis sublimbalis Daktulosphaira vitifolii parasitica Cryphonectria Colletotrichum truncatum(lentilstrain) Tomato spottedwiltvirus(Tospovirus) Pelargonium owerbreakvirus(Carmovirus)and Impatiens necroticringspotvirus(Tospovirus), stemnecrosisvirus(Tospovirus),Chrysanthemum L. huidobrensis,sativaeandtrifolii L.cicerina, Chromatomyia horticola,Liriomyzabryoniae, Chilo Chilo partellus Ceutorhynchus assimilisandDasineurabrassicae Pest scientificname Globodera rostochiensis Globodera pallida Gibberella fujikuroi Gibberella fujikuroi Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.conglutinans lentis Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.ciceris,F. oxysporumf.sp. Fulmekiola serrata Eurogaster integriceps Fire blight Eumetopina avipes Erwinia papayae Erwinia amylovora(anditsimpactonhoneybees) Erwinia amylovora Erwinia amylovora Eoreuma loftini Eldana saccharina Echinothrips americanus buqueti Dorysthenes Diuraphis noxia spp. and F. oxysporum f.sp.lupini spp.

Plague locust Red-banded mangocaterpillar Grape phylloxera Chestnut blight Lentil anthracnose Thrips-transmitted viruses Agromyzid leafminers Spotted stemborers Cabbage seedpodweevilandBrassicapodmidge Pest commonname Potato cystnematode Potato cystnematode Bakanae Bakanae Fusarium wiltofcanola Fusarium wiltofchickpea,lentilandlupin Oriental sugarcane thrips Sunn pest Island sugarcane planthopper Bacterial crown rot Fire blight Fire blight Mexican riceborer African sugarcane mothborer Poinsettia thrips Sugarcane stemborer longhorn Russian wheataphid Sugarcane borer Sugarcane stemborer 00PIRSA 2010 08PHA DEDJTR 2008 PHA bi-annually Updated 2010 2008 PHA PHA 2011 2008 PHA DAWR 2009 2011 Year 02DEDJTR DPIPWE PHA 2002 2001 PHA 2008 PHA 2005 SRA 2007 PHA 2009 SRA 2009 PHA 2008 2009 2011 DEDJTR SRA 2007 SRA 2002 PHA 2008 SRA 2008 PHA 2010 SRA 2009 2012 2008 SRA 2008 04DPIPWE 2004 PIRSA Location ofdocument NSW DPI National–appleandpearindustry Hort Innovation,PHA State State State –chestnutindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry State –viticulture industry Scope National State National –riceindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –papayaindustry State National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –production nuseries National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –riceindustry State –honeybeeindustry Table 55.Contingencyplans(continued) and Chromatomyiahorticola L.huidobrensis,sativa,trifolii Liriomyza bryoniae, Hylotrupes bajulus Hylotrupes bajulus Homalodisca vitripennis Heterodera ciceri,H.glycinesandzeae Heterodera carotae Heterodera avenae,H.latiponsand lipjevi Helicoverpa zea Harpophora maydisandPlasmoparahalstedii Halyomorpha halys Pest scientificname Potato spindletuber viroid Pomacea canaliculata (Potyvirus) Plum poxvirus(Potyvirus)andTobacco etchvirus Phytophthora ramorum Phyllophaga spp. Phakopsora euvitis Peronosclerospora philippinensisandP. sorghi Paracoccus marginatus Nysius huttoni Meromyza americanaandM.saltatrix Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Maize dwarfmosaicvirus(Potyvirus) Magnaporthe grisea Magnaporthe grisea Lymantria dispar Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Lissachatina fulica(Achatinafulica) Liriomyza huidobrensis European houseborer European houseborer Glassy wingedsharpshooter Exotic nematodesofgrains Carrot cystnematode Cereal cystnematodes earworm Corn pathogensofgrains Exotic soilborne Brown marmoratedstinkbug Pest commonname Potato spindletuber viroid (PSTVd) Golden applesnail Aphid-transmitted viruses Sudden oakdeath May beetle Grapevine leafrust Downy mildewofmaizeandsorghum Papaya mealybug Wheat bug Wheat stemmaggots Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Rice blast Rice blast Gypsy moth(AsianandEuropean strains) Asian gypsymoth,mothcomplex Tarnished plantbug Rice waterweevil Rice waterweevil Giant Africanlandsnail Serpentine leafminer Agromyzid leafminers 01QDAF DAFWA PHA 2011 PHA 2006 2009 PHA 2013 PHA 2008 PHA 2012 PHA 2009 2013 2016 Year 021 DEDJTR PHA PHA 2012–13 PHA 2008 PHA 2011 QDAF 2010 PHA 2008 PHA 2006 PHA 2009 PHA 2011 PHA 2008 2009 PHA 2008 PHA 2005 2011 PHA 2008 2005 PHA 2009 PHA 2002 2011 NGIA 2008 PHA 2005 2015 2009 2008 AW,Hr noainNational–vegetableindustry DAFWA, HortInnovation Location ofdocument QDAF, HortInnovation DAFWA, PHA National–riceindustry DAFWA, NSWDPI DAWR, NSWDPI NSW DPI State State National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry Not specifictoparticularindustry Scope State –eradication plan National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National National –grainsindustry National –papayaindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National –production nurseries National –riceindustry legumes vegetables, National –ornamentals, National –production nurseries National National –grainsindustry National National –riceindustry

165 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 166

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS Table 55.Contingencyplans(continued) Xylella fastidiosa X. translucenspv. Xanthomonas translucenspv. Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Wasmannia auropunctata Verticillium longisporum Venturia inaequalis Varroa destructorandV. jacobsoni Various Ustilago scitaminea Uromyces pisiandU.viciae-fabae Uredo rangelii Uredo rangelii Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae Trogoderma granarium Tilletia indica Tilletia indica Tilletia indica Tilletia contraversa Tilletia barclayana Thekopsora minima Solenopsis invicta Solenopsis invicta Sitona Sitobion avenae Sesamia spp. Scirpophaga Red cloverveinmosaicvirus(Carlavirus) Pyrenophora teresf.sp. Puccinia striiformisf.sp.hordei Puccinia psidiisensulato Puccinia graminisf.sp.tritici(pathotypeUg99) Psila rosae Pest scientificname spp. complex, spp. undulosa especially S.lineatus translucensand

Pierce’s disease Bacterial leafstreak Citrus canker Electric ant Verticillium wiltofcanola Apple scabfungus Varroa mites Tramp ant Sugarcane smut Field peaandlentilrust Myrtle rust Myrtle rust Tropilaelaps mites Khapra beetle bunt Karnal bunt Karnal bunt Karnal Dwarf buntofwheat smutofrice Kernel Blueberry rust Red importedfire ant Red importedfire ant Pea leafweevils Wheat aphid Sugarcane andmaizeborers Top borers Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Net formofnetblotch Barley striperust Eucalyptus rust Stem rustofwheat Carrot rustfly Pest commonname 02 01DEDJTR,PHA PHA QDAF 2002, 2011 2011 PHA 2006 DAFWA 2013 DEDJTR 2011 DEDJTR 1992 SRA 2015 PHA 2015 PIRSA 1997 2009 DEDJTR PHA 2015 2012–13 PHA 2012 2005 2005 draft 2013–14 PHA 2006 DEDJTR 2007 2008 2014 2013 PHA 2013 SRA 2005 SRA 2009 PHA 2008 PHA 2008 2008 PHA 2009 PHA 2010 2009 2009 2009 Year QDAF, TACC DAFWA, PHA National–grainsindustry PIRSA DAFWA, NSWDPI DAFWA, PHA QDAF, TACC QDAF, NBC DAFWA, PHA NSW DPI,PHA National–vegetableindustry DAFWA, HortInnovation Location ofdocument nurseries National –viticulture andproduction National –grainsindustry State –citrusindustry National –grainsindustry State National –honeybeeindustry National –production nurseries National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry State State National –honeybeeindustry National –grainsindustry National –riceindustry State National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry State National National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry Scope experience andtraining. by jurisdictions,allowingpeopleto achieveformalqualificationsbasedontheirwork Safety Training Package.Thesealignwiththeemergencyresponse role trainingdelivered Three qualificationshavebeen developedandnationallyendorsedaspartofthePublic Biosecurity emergencyresponse qualifications Biosecurity. Agreement (NBEPEG) andsupportsdeliveryofschedule7theIntergovernmental on The TSTGreports totheNationalBiosecurityEmergencyPreparedness ExpertGroup emergency trainingisconsistentwithcontemporarymanagement practices. advice andsupporttothoseundertakingdelivery. TheTSTGalsoensures that biosecurity the TSTGidentifiesrisks,gapsandduplicationinbiosecurityemergency training,andprovides emergency preparedness, response andinitialrecovery arrangements.Initsnationalcapacity, is askills-basedworkinggroup thatguidestrainingtoenhanceAustralia’s biosecurity The NationalBiosecurityEmergencyPreparedness Training SpecialistTask Group (TSTG) Biosecurity EmergencyTraining Working Group and incursions.Evaluationactivitiesare undertakenbyallstakeholders,includingPHA. integrity ofresponse systems inAustralia,isregular evaluationofbothsimulatedresponses Also criticalforeffective emergencyplantpestresponses andtheongoingrelevance and any identifiedgapsinskillsorcapacity. available tomembersoftheNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetworkaddress members oftheplantbiosecuritysystem.Forexample,pestdiagnostictrainingis In additiontoemergencyresponse training,arangeofskills-basedtrainingisoffered to through tocompletequalifications. Training isoffered inavarietyofforms,from shortpresentations courses, ande-learning andpeakplantindustrybodies. stateandterritory governments Australian Government, Delivery ofthisspecialisttraininginemergencyresponses isprovided byPHA,the officers carryingoutfieldactivities. from membersofthenationaldecisionmakingcommitteesthrough tothesurveillance levels ofaresponse, includingrepresentatives fromand bothindustryandgovernment, people whounderstandtheirrole aheadoftime.Trained personnelare required atall For anEmergencyPlantPestresponse toworkeffectively there mustbeenough TRAINING ANDEVALUATION

and that lessons learn fromand thatlessonslearn evaluations are effectively shared across the biosecurity sectors. working group thatensures bestpracticeisappliedtoallprocesses andsystems nationally, debriefs. TheEvaluationandLessonsManagementSpecialistTask Group isaskills-based EPPRD undertakecontinualevaluationofitsperformance,including specificresponse To maintaintheongoingrelevance andintegrityoftheEPPRD,PHAsignatoriesto Evaluation activities Institute, Lilydale. Students canalsocompleteaBachelorofBiosecurityScienceon campusatBoxHill Masters ofFoodSecurity. Certificate ofBiosecurity, GraduateDiplomaofBiosecurity, MastersofBiosecurityor of QueenslandandtheUniversityAdelaide.Studentscanundertake aGraduate including CharlesDarwinUniversity, LaTrobe University, Murdoch University, theUniversity Online trainingextendstopostgraduatestudiesatseveraluniversitiesacross Australia Plant BiosecurityProgram and canbeaccessedthrough planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt. (Biosecurity On-LineTraining). AccesstoBOLT isopentoallplantbiosecuritystakeholders sessions andsimulationexercises, whichareplatformBOLT supportedbythee-learning The NationalEPPTraining Program isdelivered through acombinationofface-to-face ensuring thatmemberscanfulfiltheirroles andobligationsasEPPRDParties. stakeholders. TheaimistohighlightthekeyelementsofEPPRDandPLANTPLAN, representatives,training toindustryandgovernment growers andotherbiosecurity PHA conductstheNationalEPPTraining Program onbehalfofitsmembers,delivering National EPPTraining Program • • • Qualifications availableare: biosecurity emergencyresponse trainingacross thecountrymeetsdesired standard. other emergencyresponse areas, suchaspoliceandfirefighters. Thesystemensures that These qualificationsputbiosecurityresponse personnelonthesamefootingasthosein PUA52412 –DiplomaofPublicSafety(BiosecurityResponseManagement). PUA42912 –CertificateIVinPublicSafety(BiosecurityResponseLeadership) PUA33112 –CertificateIIIinPublicSafety(BiosecurityResponseOperations)

167 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 168 Chapter 5 Research, development and extension Industry and government combine resources to allow a significant investment in Australian plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E). The term extension refers to communicating research and development outcomes, allowing uptake of the newly developed knowledge, process or product.

The research on pests and how to manage them is undertaken by research institutions across Australia including CSIRO, Research and Development Corporations, Cooperative Research Centres, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities, plant CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION industries, PHA and private organisations.

The science takes many forms. It covers the topics of pest management, crop improvement, surveillance, diagnostics, and the basic biology of pests and crops. It involves the full range of crops grown in Australia as well as honey bees. The pests investigated include insects, bacteria, fungi, viral diseases, weeds and other invertebrates. Some projects are conducted in the field, some in laboratories, and others including policy research or risk modelling is computer based.

The data in this chapter provide an overview of all plant and bee biosecurity RD&E in Australia during 2016.

Dr Sarah Collins, nematologist, in a sterile working environment in the Plant Pathology Laboratory. Image courtesy of Western Australian Agricultural Authority, DAFWA 170 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy

Plant biosecurity RD&E is conducted by dozens of research organisations across Australia, including universities, governments, botanic gardens, museums, plant industries, PHA and other private organisations. Until recently, there has been no overarching framework coordinating the research that is done. PHA devised the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy in 2013 in collaboration with stakeholders around Australia, under the National Primary Industries RD&E Framework. The strategy was developed to guide plant biosecurity research to increase efficiency and effectiveness and enhance collaboration. It was developed along with other sector specific and cross sector strategies being implemented by the Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee (AGSOC). The objective of the strategy is to enable effective management of economic, environmental and social risks posed by pests that may enter, emerge, establish or spread within Australia, by strengthening biosecurity research, development and extension for Australia’s plant RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION industries and those dependent on them. Since 2014, an Implementation Committee comprised of a broad group of stakeholders has been bringing the strategy to life. The Committee includes representatives from the

Australian Government, state governments, PHA, Hort Innovation, and the following CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION research organisations: Council of Rural Research and Development Corporations, GRDC, CSIRO and PBCRC. The Committee is chaired by PHA, and receives administrative support from PHA to drive the agenda and to host workshops focusing on particular biosecurity issues. The committee reports to the AGSOC Research and Innovation Committe and is funded by Horticulture Innovation, the Victoria Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Dairy Australia, Grains Research and Development Corporation, Meat and Livestock Australia, Sugar Researach Australia, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Wine Australia and Forest and Wood Products Australia.

A forestry scientist lifts seedling out of an experiment tray. Image courtesy of CSIRO 171 5.2 Australian Government RD&E

The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity related RD&E activities. This occurs predominantly through the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources but also through the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, the Department of Environment and Energy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND STATUTORY AUTHORITIES Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research aciar.gov.au The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative RD&E, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. Its mission is to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of developing countries and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships.

ACIAR’s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop protection, horticulture, agricultural systems, economics and management, crop improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market driven adaptive research, soil management and crop nutrition.

Australian Research Council

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION arc.gov.au The Australian Research Council (ARC) is an independent agency within the Australian Government’s Education and Training portfolio. The ARC administers the National Competitive Grants Program and Excellence in Research for Australia, and provides advice to the Minister on research matters. The ARC plays a leading role in supporting and developing Australian research to benefit Australia across the full range of research disciplines with outcomes in the commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, health and societal fields.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation csiro.au The CSIRO is Australia's preeminent scientific organisation and plays a crucial role in the Australian innovation system. It is one of the largest and most diverse research organisations in the world ranked in the top one per cent in 15 of 22 research fields, with over 5,000 experts holding more than 1,800 patents. CSIRO creates value for customers through innovation that delivers positive impacts for Australia. CSIRO feeds into the plant biosecurity system via its Health and Biosecurity, and Agriculture and Food business units together with its National Research Collections. CSIRO's successes include: • Developing solutions to reduce the impact of invasive pests and diseases in plants. • Delivering counter measures to detect, control and mitigate biosecurity threats. • Designing integrated strategies to manage invasive pests in agriculture. • Developing knowledge and tools around rigorous risk analysis protocols. • Delivering biological control for many exotic weeds that are found in production landscapes and the wider environment.

172 Image courtesy of CSIRO COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS CRCs are formed through a collaboration of businesses, the community, government Research and development corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers organisations and researchers. Essential participants within a CRC must include at least to establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries one Australian end user (from either the private, public or community sector) and one with the innovation and productivity tools needed to compete in global markets. In 2016, Australian higher education institution (or a research institution affiliated with a university). 15 rural RDCs covered most Australian agricultural industries, with seven focusing on plant The CRC program is an Australian Government funded initiative. production.

The Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC) is the key plant biosecurity CRC. RDCs provide funding and support to research providers including state governments, universities, CSIRO industry associations and research organisations in the private sector. Plant Biosecurity CRC RDCs of particular relevance to Australia’s plant industries are described in this section. pbcrc.com.au They include a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. The The PBCRC undertakes research to develop and deploy scientific knowledge, tools, industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian Government resources and capacity to safeguard Australia, its plant industries and regional communities that lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing levy funds as well from the economic, environmental and social consequences of damaging invasive plant as reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government. pests and diseases.

PBCRC’s objectives are achieved through its four research programs – Early Warning, Cotton Research and Development Corporation Effective Detection and Response, Safeguarding Trade and Secure Future – with education crdc.com.au and delivery embedded throughout the programs. The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) was established in 1990 and is a partnership between the Australian Government and the Australian cotton industry. Areas of expertise within PBCRC include plant biosecurity risk, pest pathway analysis, CRDC’s purpose is to invest in RD&E projects that support the performance of the cotton incursion impact management, insect resistance, plant health policy, economic analysis, industry, helping to increase both productivity and profitability. modelling and agricultural engineering. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION The cotton industry has always placed great emphasis on the value of its RD&E and the PBCRC is a collaborative venture with 27 government, industry and research participants results speak for themselves. Over the past 10 years alone, RD&E has helped cotton from: the Department of Agiculture and Water Resources; the Bio-Protection Research growers reduce their pesticide use by 87 per cent, and increase their water use efficiency Centre New Zealand; CAB International; CBH Group; Charles Darwin University; CSIRO; by 40 per cent. Thanks to RD&E, Australian cotton growers are now growing more cotton the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia; the Department of Economic on less land and with less impact upon the environment. Biosecurity is a key focus of Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria; GrainCorp Operations Limited; the CRDC’s investment. Grains Research and Development Corporation; Hort Innovation; Kansas State University; La Trobe University; Murdoch University; Museum Victoria; the NSW Department of Primary Industries; the Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Indonesia; Vinehealth Forest and Wood Products Australia Australia; Plant and Food Research New Zealand; PHA; the Queensland Department of fwpa.com.au Agriculture and Fisheries; the Queensland University of Technology; the South Australian Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) is an industry service company that provides Research and Development Institute; the University of Adelaide; the University of a national integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce Queensland; the University of Western Australia; and Viterra Ltd. the impediments to their supply. Owned by industry, FWPA is committed to helping industry grow through targeted RD&E investments, generic promotion and other services as PBCRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in China, requested by members. Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand, United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam, and has international linkages with east African nations These services include direct and collaborative investment in RD&E to provide innovative including Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, solutions for the industry and promotion of the industry’s products, services and values. Zambia and Zimbabwe. PBCRC commenced its six-year term on 1 July 2012, following FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability on from the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, which began and international competitiveness of forest and wood products. FWPA is funded by private operating in November 2005. companies and government agencies within the Australian forest and wood products sector, except for pulp and paper manufacturers.

173 Grains Research and Development Corporation Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation grdc.com.au rirdc.gov.au The GRDC is a corporate Commonwealth entity established to plan and invest in RD&E The purpose of the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation is to increase, for the Australian grains industry. The GRDC’s aim is to create enduring profit for Australian through research and development, knowledge and understanding that foster innovative, grain growers. GRDC’s activities drive the discovery, development and delivery of world adaptive and valuable rural industries. class innovation to the benefit of grain growers, the grains industry value chain and the The Corporation invests in biosecurity research, development and extension activities, including: wider community. • incursion risk analysis GRDC’s primary source of income is through a levy on grain growers, which is matched • biosecurity planning (up to a specified limit) by the Australian Government. • pest management GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical • weed management cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $13 billion a year in farm production. • resistance breeding The GRDC investment scheme ‘Protecting Your Crop’ is identified as part of the GRDC’s • adoption of knowledge. five year RD&E plan. This five year plan targets genetic, cultural management and pesticide options for root and foliar crop diseases; increased farmer awareness and adoption of Sugar Research Australia invertebrate and weed integrated management practices; and biosecurity and stewardship sugarresearch.com.au of genetic and pesticide technologies. SRA was launched in August 2013 bringing together the assets of BSES Limited and the Sugar RDC. SRA invests in and manages a portfolio of RD&E projects that drive the Wine Australia productivity, profitability and sustainability of its levy payers and the Australian sugarcane wineaustralia.com/research industry.

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Wine Australia supports a competitive wine sector by investing in RD&E, marketing, In its role as the industry services body, SRA is entitled to receive the statutory levies paid by disseminating knowledge, encouraging adoption and protecting the reputation of Australian growers and milling businesses, and matching funds from the Australian Government. SRA’s wine. Wine Australia’s revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with own team of in-house researchers conducts research in the areas of plant breeding, trait contributions matched by the Australian Government. Wine Australia collaborates with key development, biosecurity and farming systems. stakeholders to coordinate and direct investments to best address the RD&E priorities of the wine industry. The SRA Breeding Program and SRA Biosecurity Program collaborate to breed disease and pest-resistant crop varieties and support quarantine and disease-free seed cane programs. Cooperating with government departments to prevent entry of these pests Horticulture Innovation Australia (Hort Innovation) and to prepare for possible incursions is also a high priority. horticulture.com.au Hort Innovation is a not-for-profit, grower-owned RDC for Australia’s $9.5 billion horticulture industry. It invests more than $100 million in research, development and marketing programs annually.

Hort Innovation’s key functions include: • Providing leadership to and promoting the development of the Australian horticulture sector. • Increasing the productivity, farm gate profitability and global competitiveness of the horticultural industries by investing grower levies and Australian government contributions in RD&E. • Marketing funds, programs and services. • Providing information, services and products related to project outcomes. • Promoting the interests of horticultural industries overseas including the export of Australian horticultural products.

174 5.3 State and territory government RD&E Shining a LAMP on bacteria in the field Most of Australia’s state and territory departments of agriculture have dedicated RD&E While new molecular technologies are a significant step forward for diagnosing divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority plant disease, in the event of plant pest incursion, speed of identification is vital. for that jurisdiction. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s A faster diagnosis can mean the difference between eradication of a disease or its agricultural RD&E. A smaller proportion of projects are undertaken by botanic gardens in establishment. some states. As well as research projects done to meet state and territory government needs, projects are often commissioned by commercial clients. To help biosecurity officers in just such an event, Plant Biosecurity CRC researchers have developed user-friendly protocols to detect a number of bacterial plant pests in the field using LAMP technology (loop-mediated isothermal amplification).

LAMP uses constant temperature and pathogen-specific primers to amplify the genetic data in a sample collected in the field, creating specific DNA patterns that can be used to rapidly identify a plant pest.

LAMP is robust and sensitive, takes about 30 minutes, and is easily done with portable equipment on a folding table or even a tailgate.

The practicality of the system was demonstrated at the 2016 PBCRC Science Exchange when researchers on the LAMP project took many delegates through the in-field test for Pseudomonas syringae on field peas. Most tests were completed during lunch breaks and showed a high degree of accuracy. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION The benefits of smart surveillance tools that can be used in the field are significant. Decisions can be made at the site of discovery within an hour, rather than submitting all samples to a central laboratory for more conventional diagnosis.

Alison Mackie looking at an apple infected with brown rot (Monilinia fructicola), which is exotic to Australia. Image courtesy of Western Australian Agricultural Authority, DAFWA

5.4 University and private research institution RD&E

Many universities across Australia provide biosecurity research and education services for the community, often in partnership with other organisations. Research is funded by governments, industry, and by domestic or international sources often in partnership arrangements.

Private research institutions commonly collaborate with universities to provide research facilities Instead of a laboratory, LAMP allows samples to be tested for particular bacterial infections in the back of a car. and services in specific subject areas. They contribute specialist knowledge and research skills Image courtesy of Plant Biosecurity CRC in areas of significance to the Australian community and plant production industries.

175 Bacteria Other Weed

Fungi Other invertebrate

Insect Other pathogen

Multiple Unknown

Nematode Virus

5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2016 CommunicationFigure 89. RD&E and awareness projects by pest type Market access support Risk analysis and modelling Crop improvement Multiple Surveillance 2% Bacteria In 2016, a substantial amount of RD&E that benefits plant biosecurity occurred across Diagnostics Other 20% Fungi System approaches Australia. A wider range of research organisations contributed to this edition of the National 31% Plant Biosecurity Status Report, increasing the number of projects presented here over Insect Pest basic biology Training and awareness previous years. And with projects containing larger budgets, this category was expanded Emergency response or eradication 30% Multiple Multiple broadacre crops Other crops Urban Cottonto reflect this change. Research organisations and funders have reported more than 650 2% Nematode projects that directly support the development and enhancement of the national plant Host basic biology Pest management Multiple horticulture crops Vegetables 0% Other Forestrybiosecurity system. Other broadacre crops Host or Pest Identi cation Prevention1% Other invertebrate Table 55 gives a completeNatural environment listing of plant biosecurity related research projects that were Fruit Other horticultural crops active during 2016. RD&E projects are presented by affected crop type, pest type, Information management Research2% centre orOther committee pathogen biosecurity area, research type and project size in FiguresPollinators 88-92. 1% Unknown Grains Nursery crops Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian plant 4% Virus Nuts Sugarcane Multipleproduction industries and the natural environment, with a similar distribution to the RD&E 8% Weed projects captured in the 2015 edition of this report. The highest proportion of projects were categorised as pest management.

Figure 88. RD&E projects by crop type Figure 90. RD&E projects by biosecurity area CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 5% Cotton 5% Communication & awareness 1% Forestry 11% Crop improvement 9% Fruit 6% Diagnostics 26% Grains 2% Emergency response or eradication 20% Multiple 5% Host basic biology <1% Multiple broadacre crops 2% Host or pest identification

10% Multiple horticulture crops 1% Information management 5% Natural environment 4% Market access support <1% Nursery crops 6% Multiple 1% Nuts 1% Other 3% Other crops 8% Pest basic biology 1% Other broadacre crops 27% Pest management 6% Other horticulture crops 2% Prevention 2% Pollinators 1% Research centre or committee 6% Sugarcane 6% Risk analysis and modelling <1% Urban 7% Surveillance 5% Vegetables 2% System approaches 176 4% Training and awareness Field-based (ecology)Field-based (other)Laboratory-basedLaboratory-based (molecular)Multiple (non-molecular)Other Policy or o ce-based Figure 91. RD&E projects by research type or location RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION PROJECTS

CROP PAGE 6% Field based (ecology) Broadacre crops 178 Cotton 178 8% Field based (other) Grains 178–83 19% Laboratory based Sugarcane 184 (molecular) Other 185 6% Laboratory based Multiple 185 (non-molecular) Forestry 185 42% Multiple Horticulture 185 19% Policy or office-based Fruit 185–7 Nuts 187 Vegetables 187–8 Other 188 Multiple 189–91 Multiple crops 191–5 Natural environment 195–6 Unknown $1-$20,000 $20,001-$100,000$100,001-$250,000$250,001- $500,000$500,001-$1,000,000$1,000-001-$5,000,000$5,000,001+Nursery crops 197 Figure 92. RD&E projects by project size Other crops 197 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Pollinators 197–8 Urban 198

<1% Unknown <1% $1-$20,000 22% $20,001-$100,000 18% $100,001-$250,000 19% $250,001-$500,000 15% $500,001-$1,000,000 24% $1,000,001-$5,000,000 2% $5,000,001+

177 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Cotton Microbial tools for advancing the management of University of New CRDC soil and seedling health in cotton production England Australian cotton production and best practice QDAF CRDC systems (PhD) web documentaries Molecular genetic methods to detect neonicotinoid NSW DPI CRDC Conventional insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI resistance in cotton aphid Crop Protection Development Specialist QDAF CRDC, QDAF Molecular vegetative compatibility grouping NSW DPI CRDC Developing the weed control threshold (PhD) NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Monitoring to manage resistance to Bt toxins CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO Development of eco-friendly alternatives for crop University of ARC Multiple host use and gene-flow in green vegetable University of CRDC pest management Queensland bug relative to cotton crop (PhD) Queensland Disease of cotton XI NSW DPI CRDC National cotton extension development and CRDC CRDC Economic risk assessment of resistance CSIRO CRDC delivery – stewardship of biotechnologies management strategies for Bt cotton Professor of soil biology University of New CRDC Enhancing integrated pest management in cotton CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO England systems Regional weed management workshops for Independent CRDC Establishing southern cotton – integrated pest NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI growers and advisors Consultant management Australia Network Evolution of viral diversity and virus ecology in the Queensland CRDC Silverleaf whitefly resistance monitoring QDAF CRDC, QDAF CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION management of resistance to biopesticides (PhD) University of Surveillance and monitoring for endemic and QDAF CRDC, QDAF Technology exotic virus diseases of cotton Fusarium wilt management in cotton QDAF CRDC, QDAF Surveillance for exotic cotton viruses – multiple QDAF CRDC Hard to control weeds in northern farming systems NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI targets in and nearby Australia – understanding key processes to improve control Sustainable resistance management of mites, NSW DPI CRDC methods aphids and mirids in Australian cotton Helicoverpa punctigera in inland Australia – what University of New CRDC, University The sustainable chemical control and resistance NSW DPI CRDC has changed? England of New England management of aphids, mites and mirids in Host plant relationships of green mirids – is University of CRDC Australian cotton alternative control possible? (PhD) Queensland Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts – exploring University of CRDC Identification of beneficials attacking silverleaf CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO interactions for control whitefly transmitted cotton Queensland, QDAF whitefly and green vegetable bug viruses Investigating the risk of mycotoxin contamination NSW DPI CRDC Broadacre – Grains in Australian cotton production systems Accelerating the utilisation and deployment of University of GRDC Management of mirids, stinkbugs and Solenopsis QDAF CRDC, QDAF durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust in barley Sydney mealybug ACRCP3 durable genes University of GRDC Management options enhancing beneficial CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO Sydney microbial functions in cotton soils ACRCP3 molecular genetics CSIRO GRDC Managing Bt resistance and induced tolerance in CSIRO CRDC ACRCP3 national breeding support University of GRDC Bollgard III using refuge crops Sydney Managing Bt resistance, Helicoverpa punctigera CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO ACRCP3 rust surveillance University of GRDC movements and cotton planting windows Sydney

178 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Advancement of new stem genes for stem and University of GRDC Characterisation of a major quantitative trait locus University of ARC leaf rust resistance from uncultivated relatives of Adelaide on wheat chromosome 3BL responsible for Western Australia wheat Fusarium crown rot resistance An integrated approach to manage pests and QDAF, NSW DPI, PBCRC Characterisation of effector proteins from Australian National GRDC resistance to phosphine in stored grain GrainCorp necrotrophic fungal wheat pathogens University Aphid and insecticide resistance management in CESAR Consulting GRDC Chemical residues of stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC oil seed and pulse crops Pty Ltd Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance NSW DPI PBCRC Ascochyta blight of pulses – integrating Curtin University, GRDC for grains development of novel selection methods, mining Griffith University Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance NSW DPI PBCRC germplasm for resistance and pathogen for grains surveillance Comparison of biological and physiological Murdoch University Government of Iraq Assessing collections of wild chickpea relatives for University of GRDC behaviour of phosphine resistant and susceptible resistance to root-lesion nematodes Southern strains of two species of stored product insects (PhD) Queensland, CSIRO, University Components of immunity to Stagnospora Australian National GRDC of California Davis, nodurum in wheat (PhD) University University of Delivering a collaborative monitoring program with NSW DPI, QDAF, PBCRC Cukuorva (Turkey) industry to manage and facilitate trade DAFWA

Assessing the biology impacts of wheat-infecting Australian National GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Delivery and adoption of nitrogen/low oxygen and Murdoch University PBCRC Botryosphaeria spp. University nitrogen plus phosphine technology for the Australian cereal rust control program – towards University of GRDC management of grain storage pests and grain 2019 and a century of monitoring cereal rust Sydney quality pathogens in Australia Deployment of a synthetic amorphous silica PBCRC PBCRC Australian herbicide resistance initiative – phase 5 University of GRDC product for the control of grain storage pests Western Australia, Developing new diagnostic tools for Trogoderma Murdoch University Government of Iraq QDAF spp. by using solid phase micro extraction, gas Australian wheat and barley molecular marker University of GRDC chromatography/mass spec and visible near program – genetic analysis Adelaide infrared hyperspectral (PhD) Barley germplasm progression QDAF GRDC Development of gene deployment strategies – CSIRO GRDC Barley rust genetics University of AusAID using evolutionary principles to optimise the Sydney deployment of genetic resistance in crops Beneficial microbes program 2 – progressing new Flinders University GRDC Development of genetic tools for Australian barley University of GRDC microbial products for Australian grain production crops against leaf rust Sydney to commercialisation Development of rapid phenotyping and genotyping University of Peanut Company Biological control of snails CSIRO GRDC tools for selection of key agronomic and quality Southern of Australia traits in the Australian peanut breeding program Queensland, Cell wall structure and dynamics in emerging University of ARC Peanut Company fungal pathogens of crops Adelaide of Australia Cereal and pulse cultivar resistance ratings for the DEDJTR GRDC Development of tools to accelerate nematode University of GRDC southern region resistance gene deployment Adelaide, University Characterising structural variation in the canola University of ARC of Southern genome Western Australia Queensland

179 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Grains (continued) Future national invertebrate pest initative forums CSIRO GRDC – towards more sustainable pest management Diagnostic services for pulse germplasm DEDJTR GRDC, DEDJTR practices enhancement and breeding programs Genetic control of nematode species affecting University of GRDC Disease screening service (fee for service) DEDJTR Fee for services major crops – germplasm enhancement for Southern DNA marker development and their use in University of PBCRC nematode control in cereals and pulses Queensland, GRDC monitoring and eradication of phosphine Queensland Genetic control of nematode species affecting University of GRDC resistance in stored grain pests (PhD) major crops grown within the Australian farming Adelaide, University Ecology of Sitophilus and Cryptolestes species QDAF PBCRC system and quantification of the effects of rotational of Southern crops have on nematode numbers in the soil Queensland Effective control of barley yellow dwarf virus in University of GRDC wheat Tasmania Germplasm enhancement for yellow spot DEDJTR GRDC, DAFWA, resistance in wheat NSW DPI, SARDI, Effective genetic control of Septoria tritici blotch NSW DPI GRDC QDAF, University of Effective genetic control of Stagonospora DAFWA GRDC Western Australia, nodorum blotch DEDJTR Emerging foliar diseases of canola University of GRDC Get tough, get toxic and get a bodyguard – using Western Sydney Western Sydney Western Australia silicon to augment direct and indirect anti-herbivore University University, defences in cereals Australian Steel Ensuring food security – harnessing science to University of Department of Mill Services

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION protect our grain harvest from insect threats Queensland Industry, Innovation Grain crop disease management in Victoria DEDJTR GRDC, DEDJTR and Science, Australia–India Grain economic analyses for biosecurity University of PBCRC Strategic Research Western Australia Funding Grain e-surveillance project DAFWA Royalties for Evaluating chlorine dioxide (PhD) Kansas State PBCRC Regions, DAFWA University Grains farm biosecurity officer program PHA Grain Producers Evaluation of chlorine dioxide and ozone to control Kansas State PBCRC Australia Ltd stored product insects University Grain industry delivery sites PBCRC, QDAF PBCRC Expanding the Brassica germplasm base through University of GRDC Grain storage extension QDAF GRDC collaboration with China and India Melbourne Grains surveillance strategy and chemical supply PHA PBCRC Extending biosecurity preparedness and PHA GRDC, PBCRC surveillance strategies and developing a chemical Grain weeds advisory committee Rural Directions GRDC Pty Ltd supply framework for pest incursions Grains surveillance and diagnostic tools SARDI PBCRC Field trials of attract-and-kill for diamondback University of New GRDC moth England Harvest weed seed control for the southern region Southern Farming GRDC Systems Fungicide control of Rhizoctonia SARDI GRDC Herbicide tolerance screening in the northen QDAF GRDC Fungicide insensitivity in rusts NSW DPI Collaborative region – phase IV research How do effector proteins from necrotrophic fungi Australian National ARC Fungicide resistance management strategy and Curtin University GRDC cause disease in plants? University communications Identification and utilisation of novel sources of CIMMYT GRDC Fungus and rust red flour beetles – identifying the University of PBCRC resistance to crown rot and the root lesion fungal volatiles attractive to Tribolium castaneum Queensland nematodes in adapted spring and durum wheat

180 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Identifying DAWR-intercepted Cryptolestes and an CSIRO PBCRC Improving integrated weed management practice University of GRDC ‘unknown’ Cryptolestes in New South Wales and of emerging weeds in the southern and western Adelaide Queensland stored grain regions. Impact of seeding time and Pratylenchus SARDI South Australia Improving on-farm grain storage management QDAF GRDC neglectus on Rhizoctonia fungicide yield responses Grain Industry Trust through technical training Impacts of host resistance on disease-induced DEDJTR GRDC, DAFWA, Improving weed management in pulse crops SARDI GRDC yield loss for selected foliar and root diseases NSW DPI, SARDI, through herbicide tolerance – part A (including nematodes) in wheat and barley crops QDAF, University of Improving weed management in pulse crops SARDI GRDC Western Australia, through herbicide tolerance – part B DEDJTR Increasing skills in cereal rust pathology and University of Bill and Melinda Improve genetic solutions management yellow DAFWA, University GRDC genetics in the developing world Sydney Gates Foundation spot in wheat of Southern Inducing suppression of Fusarium crown rot CSIRO GRDC Queensland complexes Improved diagnostic methods for Khapra beetle DAFWA, Murdoch DAFWA Integrated genetic solutions to crown rot in wheat University of GRDC University Sydney, QDAF, Improved fungicide use for cereal rust control Foundation for GRDC CSIRO, University Arable Research of Southern Queensland Improved herbicide efficacy and longevity in University of GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION southern no-till farming systems Adelaide Integrated strategy to manage phosphine QDAF PBCRC resistance Improved management of snails and slugs SARDI GRDC Integrated weed management extension in the Independent GRDC Improved resistance to oat pathogens and abiotic SARDI GRDC northern region Consultant stress management Australia Network Improving grower surveillance management, University of GRDC Investigating the role of gamma-aminobuturic acid Australian National GRDC epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Southern in pathogenicity of fungal wheat diseases University crop disease Queensland, Investigating the utility of industry generated data DEDJTR DAWR GRDC for surveillance Improving grower surveillance, management, QDAF, University of GRDC Investigation of new control options for phosphine University of PBCRC epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Southern resistant pests of stored grain Queensland, crop disease Queensland QDAF, DEDJTR Improving grower surveillance, management, SARDI GRDC Karnal bunt preparedness project and emergency PHA Grain Producers epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage response simulation exercise Australia Ltd crop disease in South Australia Linking crop protection, weeds and native CSIRO GRDC Improving grower surveillance, management, NSW DPI GRDC vegetation management – on the ground NRM epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage action to benefit grain growers crop disease in southern NSW Maintaining a barley pre-breeding capability in QDAF GRDC Improving grower surveillance, management, DEDJTR GRDC Queensland epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Management of insecticide resistance in red legged University of GRDC crop disease in Victoria earth mite and screening new MoA chemistry Melbourne Improving integrated weed management practice University Of GRDC Management of spray drift through inversion risk DAFWA GRDC in the northern region Queensland awareness

181 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Grains (continued) National improved molecular diagnostics for GRDC, SARDI, GRDC Managing crop disease – improving chickpea NSW DPI GRDC disease management DAFWA, NSW DPI, pathogen resistance DEDJTR, University of Southern Managing crop diseases – improving crown rot University of GRDC Queensland resistance in durum Southern Queensland, NSW National monitoring program for resistance to QDAF, NSW DPI, PBCRC DPI, SARDI chemicals in stored grain pests DAFWA, Kansas State University, Managing on-farm biosecurity risk through pre-emptive Curtin University GRDC breeding – the case of rust in field pea and lentil GrainCorp, PHA Mechanisms, evolution and inheritance of University of GRDC National nematode epidemiology and GRDC, DEDJTR, GRDC, DEDJTR resistance Adelaide management program NSW DPI, SARDI, DAFWA, University Mitigating the effects of stripe rust on wheat University of ACIAR of Southern production in South Asia and eastern Africa Sydney Queensland Model of action of food grade silica dust to kill Murdoch University PBCRC stored grain insect pests National pathogen management modelling and GRDC, DAFWA, GRDC delivery of decision support Marcroft Grains Molecular markers for broadening the genetic University of ACIAR Pathology Pty Ltd, base of stem rust resistance genes effective Sydney NSW DPI, SARDI, against strain Ug99 DEDJTR, University CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Molecular markers for pulse breeding programs DEDJTR GRDC of Southern More than defence – primary roles for cyanogenic Monash University ARC Queensland, QDAF glucosides National variety trials service agreement GRDC, University GRDC National barley foliar pathogen variety initiative QDAF, Australian GRDC of Southern program National University, Queensland SARDI, DEDJTR, Network analysis of post-border pest spread (PhD) Lincoln University PBCRC DAFWA, NSW DPI, University of New fungicide technologies for crown rot SARDI GRDC Adelaide, University management of Southern New knowledge to improve the timing of pest CSIRO GRDC Queensland, management decisions in grain crops University of Tasmania New strategies for disease resistance to wheat NSW DPI Collaborative National Brassica germplasm improvement NSW DPI GRDC stripe rust research program – phase II New technology for stored grain pest Queensland GRDC National chickpea pathology program (Ascochyta Griffith University GRDC management – phase 2 University of rabiei) Technology National coordination of invertebrate pest research University of GRDC New tools and germplasm for Australian pulse and QDAF, NSW DPI GRDC and insecticide resistance management Melbourne oilseeds breeding programs to respond to National crown rot epidemiology and management NSW DPI, GRDC, DAFWA, changing virus threats program University of NSW DPI, SARDI, New tools for field grains surveillance and SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, PBCRC Southern QDAF, University of diagnostics of high priority pests DEDJTR Queensland, Western Australia, SARDI, DEDJTR, DEDJTR New uses for existing chemistry Southern Farming GRDC DAFWA Systems

182 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Nitrogen and low oxygen technology for Murdoch University PBCRC Reverse genetics for the development of wheat CSIRO GRDC management of phosphine resistant insects cultivars with improved resistance to necrotrophic pathogens Non-chemical method for stored grain (PhD) Murdoch University PBCRC Smart-trap design and deployment strategies Kansas State PBCRC Non-chemical technologies to protect grain (PhD) Kansas State PBCRC (PhD) University University Smart-use of fertilisers to minimise and manage University of GRDC Northern NSW integrated disease management NSW DPI GRDC the risk of pest infestations in growing canola Western Australia Northern pulse and grains integrated pest QDAF GRDC Strategies to provide resistance to the CSIRO GRDC management economically important fungal pathogen New Zealand rust pathotype survey NSW DPI PBCRC Rhizoctonia solani Options for improved insecticide and fungicide use University of GRDC Surveillance of herbicide resistant weeds in Charles Sturt GRDC and canopy penetration in cereals and canola Western Australia Australian grain cropping University PestFax map II national DAFWA GRDC Sustainable wheat and maize production in CIMMYT ACIAR, DFAT Afghanistan Phosphine distribution modelling (PhD) Kansas State PBCRC University, DAFWA The evolution of stripe rust virulence Australian National ARC University Pre-emptive APVMA emergency permit PHA GRDC development for grains industry The facilitation of category 25 submissions in the PHA GRDC

Australian grain industry CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Pre-emptive chickpea pre-breeding for biotic International Center GRDC stresses and germplasm enhancement for abiotic for Agricultural The role of weedy hosts in disease incidence and QDAF GRDC stresses Research in the emergence in barley Dry Areas Towards genome methylation based crop University of ARC Proof of concept for approaches designed at University of GRDC improvement Queensland increasing disease resistance to fungal pathogens Melbourne Understanding disease resistance mechanisms University of ARC of canola across the Brassicaceae Queensland Protecting stored grains against pests PBCRC ACIAR Understanding the mechanisms of dust-induced Murdoch University PBCRC Pulse breeding Australia faba bean breeding University of GRDC insect death and biological effect (PhD) Adelaide, SARDI, Use of ProFume gas fumigant in Australian grain QDAF Dow AgroSciences University of storages Sydney, NSW DPI Virus threats – new tools and germplasm for DEDJTR GRDC, DAFWA, Pulse germplasm enhancement program – DEDJTR GRDC Australian pulse and oil seeds breeding programs NSW DPI, SARDI, resistance to biotic stresses QDAF, University of Rapid introgression of crown rot resistance into University of GRDC Western Australia, hexaploid wheat Queensland DEDJTR Reducing agrochemical dependence through Kaniva District National Landcare Weed surveillance QDAF GRDC directional sowing techniques in Kaniva Landcare Programme White grain disorder in wheat SARDI GRDC Reforming an integrated Australasian cereal rust NSW DPI PBCRC Yield loss response curves for host resistance to DAFWA, QDAF GRDC surveillance system leaf, crown and root diseases in wheat and barley Registration of minor use chemicals for the grain AKC Consulting GRDC Zea mays model and Phytophthora cinnamomi Deakin University Australian industry Pty Ltd Government

183 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Sugarcane Management of sugarcane soldier flies SRA SRA A novel polyphasic framework to resolve the Western Sydney SRA, QDAF Managing threats from exotic borers through SRA SRA yellow canopy syndrome paradox University accurate identification Advancing yield, disease resistance and ratooning SRA SRA, QDAF Mass production of the Adelina disease to better SRA SRA by exploiting new sources of genetic variability manage greyback canegrubs from wild relatives of sugarcane Molecular assay of major soil-borne pathogens for SRA SRA Bio-prospecting for beneficial endophytes of AgResearch Ltd SRA better exploitation of commercial varieties sugarcane New approaches to identify and integrate SRA SRA Delivery of remote sensing technology to combat SRA SRA, QDAF Pachymetra resistance genes from Erianthus into canegrubs in Queensland cane fields SRA breeding program Developing cytogenetic and molecular tools to SRA SRA, QDAF New germplasm to develop more productive SRA, CSIRO SRA, QDAF, improve selection for soil-borne pathogen varieties with enhanced resistance to nematodes, CSIRO resistance in wild hybrids Pachymetra root rot and smut Development of controlled-release formulations of SRA SRA, Nufarm Pachymetra awareness project for Condong mill NSW SRA imidacloprid for canegrub control area CANEGROWERS Diagnostic laboratory for ratoon stunting disease SRA SRA Rapid detection of ratoon stunting disease CSIRO SRA, QDAF Exploiting soil microbe associations with sugar Western Sydney SRA Regenerating a soil food web capable of improving Biological Crop SRA CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION cane roots for resistance to canegrubs (PhD) University soil health and reducing losses from soil-borne Protection Pty Ltd General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA pests and pathogens of sugarcane technical advice – Tully Review of the sugarcane biosecurity plan and PHA SRA General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA development of a biosecurity manual technical advice – Woodford Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA General pest management – central Qld SRA SRA SRA breeding program – Tully General pest management – north Qld SRA SRA Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA General pest management – south Qld SRA SRA SRA breeding program – Woodford Identifying new-generation insecticides for SRA SRA, QDAF Securing Australia from Papua New Guinea SRA SRA, QDAF, canegrub control as contingency for loss of biosecurity threats Ramu-AI amenity with existing product SmutBuster – accelerated breeding of smut SRA SRA Innovative approaches to identifying the cause of SRA SRA, QDAF resistant sugarcane varieties chlorotic streak and new management strategies Soil diagnostic assay laboratory – nematodes and SRA SRA Integrated disease management of sugarcane SRA ACIAR Pachymetra root rot streak mosaic in Indonesia Solving the yellow canopy syndrome SRA SRA, QDAF International and domestic quarantine for SRA SRA Strategies to manage soil-borne fungi and mitigate CSIRO SRA sugarcane germplasm sugarcane yield decline Investigation of biotic causes of yellow canopy University of SRA Validation of LSB-PCR diagnostic for ratoon University of SRA syndrome Queensland stunting disease and characterisation of non-Lxx Southern Leaf sucrose – the link to diseases, physiological SRA SRA, QDAF strains of Leifsonia associated with sugarcane Queensland, SRA, disorders such as yellow canopy syndrome and University of the sugarcane productivity Sunshine Coast

184 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre crops – Other Horticulture – Fruit Hydrophobin proteins on the fungal frontline University of ARC A generic approach to improving spray coverage University of Wine Australia Sydney Queensland Improved subterranean clover seed production University of RIRDC Adapting integrated crop management NSW DPI ACIAR from multiple disease resistance Western Australia technologies to commercial citrus enterprises in Improving pest and disease biosecurity in the NSW DPI RIRDC Bhutan and Australia Australian rice industry Agrichemical residue monitoring program for Citrus Australia Hort Innovation Knowledge transfer and uptake of new practices Charles Darwin PBCRC Australian citrus exports – stage 2 Limited for pest management in irrigated rice University An analysis of fruitspotting in bug activity in University of Hort Innovation Molecular basis of rust infection and host plant Australian National ARC avocado crops from fruit-set to harvest Queensland resistance University An inventory of Colletotrichum species infecting QDAF Department of Potential exotic virus threats to lucerne seed University of RIRDC tropical and subtropical fruit crops in Australia Environment and production in Australia Queensland based on molecular phylogenetics Energy Rice pathogens (PhD top-up) University of PBCRC Banana plant protection program University of Hort Innovation Queensland Queensland, QDAF Rice pest and disease biosecurity II NSW DPI RIRDC Banana plant protection program (subprogram 1 NT DPIR Hort Innovation, – resistant varieties) QDAF

The co-evolution of wild rice and its pathogens, University of PBCRC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION especially Pyricularia spp. (PhD) Queensland Better understanding epidemiology of Panama QDAF QDAF, Hort Broadacre crops – Multiple disease of banana Innovation Application technology – reducing risk and Northern Territory National Landcare Biological control of yellow scale insect Aonidiella Murdoch University Government of Iraq improving efficacy when applying agricultural Farmers Programme orientalis (Newstead) (PhD) chemicals for farmers and horticulturalists Association Biosecurity TR4 extension services Australian Banana DAWR Incorporated Growers’ Council The more the merrier – investigating copy number University of ARC Breeding tools for enhanced fruit quality for the Griffith University Hort Innovation variation in Brassicas Western Australia Australian papaya industry Forestry Building a resilient mango industry in Cambodia NSW DPI ACIAR Asian gypsy moth – national surveillance program QDAF QDAF and Australia through improved production and Ethanedinitrile – a potential replacement for the Stakeholders in PBCRC supply chain practices fumigant methyl bromide for eradication of pests in Methyl Bromide Continuation of pilot systems to validate pest free DEDJTR Hort Innovation Pinus radiata export logs Reduction place of production for Queensland fruit fly in the Incorporated Yarra Valley Evaluating the costs and benefits of managing University of the Forest and Wood Data packages to support market access for SARDI Hort Innovation new and existing biosecurity threats to Australia’s Sunshine Coast Products Australia, additional citrus varieties to Japan plantation industry University of the Sunshine Coast, Desk audit of the fruit fly body of knowledge – NSW DPI PBCRC NSW DPI, Forestry identifying the gaps and strengths of past fruit fly Tasmania research Genome-wide determination of Puccinia psidii University of ARC Detection and prevention of scab disease in Asian La Trobe University PBCRC, La Trobe sensu Iato rust resistance in eucalypts Melbourne and European pears (PhD) University

185 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Fruit (continued) Integrated management of Fusarium wilt of QDAF ACIAR bananas in the Philippines and Australia Developing virus molecular diagnostics for post DEDJTR Hort Innovation entry quarantine and certification of strawberry Integrated pest and disease management – PIPs II DEDJTR Hort Innovation, runners DEDJTR Diagnosis and control of Botrytis cinerea on Murdoch University Government of Iraq Joint Florida and Australia citrus black spot University of Hort Innovation postharvest blueberry fruit (PhD) initiative Queensland Disinfestation of blueberries against Mediterranean Kalang Hort Innovation Low dose methyl bromide against fruit flies to QDAF Hort Innovation fruit fly for market access to Japan Consultancy improve market access for summerfruit Services Pty Mechanically transmitted DNA virus control of PFRNZ PBCRC Limited, Murdoch Botrytis University Mid-term review of banana bunchy top program Murdoch University Hort Innovation Effect of pre-harvest fungicides on post-harvest QDAF Hort Innovation decay in papaya Maximum residue limits risk analyses and risk AKC Consulting Hort Innovation management options for major citrus export Pty Ltd Enhancing Australia’s capability and capacity to NSW DPI PBCRC markets diagnose Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 Maximum residue limits risk analyses for major AKC Consulting Hort Innovation export markets of the pome fruit industry Pty Ltd Evaluating options for further development of QDAF ACIAR mango value chains in Java and Bali Multi-scale monitoring tools for managing QDAF Hort Innovation CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Australian tree crops – industry meets innovation Evaluation of citrus varieties NSW DPI Collaborative research National banana bunchy top virus program – The Trustee for The Hort Innovation phase 3, NSW Lagom Trading Exploring alternatives for managing Phytophthora University of Hort Innovation Trust root rot in avocado Queensland National banana bunchy top virus program – Barry Sullivan Hort Innovation Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense on banana University of Hort Innovation, phase 3, QLD Queensland Australian Banana Growers’ Council, National banana freckle eradication program NT DPIR Australian PBCRC, University Government of Queensland National citrus biosecurity surveillance strategy PHA, Citrus DAWR Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 – biosecurity and QDAF Hort Innovation Australia sustainable solutions National citrus postharvest science program SARDI Hort Innovation Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 research program University of QDAF, Hort New fruit fly systems for mangoes and market NT DPIR Hort Innovation Queensland Innovation access Host-pathogen interactions in the Venturia-Pyrus La Trobe University PFRNZ Panama disease – longitudinal analysis of CSIRO CSIRO pathosystem community wellbeing Integrated crop management strategies for papaya QDAF ACIAR Pineapple model and Phytophthora cinnamomi Deakin University Deakin University in the Phillipines and Australia Precise recognition for automated harvesting and Griffith University ARC Integrated disease management strategies for the QDAF ACIAR grading of strawberries productive, profitable and sustainable production of high quality papaya fruit in the southern Protecting Australia’s citrus industry from PHA Hort Innovation, Philippines and Australia biosecurity threats Citrus Australia Ltd

186 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Protecting Australian citrus germplasm through NSW DPI Hort Innovation Horticulture – Vegetables improved diagnostic tools Alternaria on tomato University of University of Protecting Australia’s citrus genetic material NSW DPI Collaborative Queensland Queensland research Classification of the onion rust complex and University of Hort Innovation Review of the biosecurity plan for the apple and PHA Hort Innovation development of rapid diagnostic assays Queensland pear industry Detection and management of bacterial diseases QDAF Hort Innovation Scoping herbicide impacts on banana production QDAF Hort Innovation in Australian Allium crops and soil health Developing improved crop protection options in Charles Sturt ACIAR Testing the potential of incompatible insect Western Sydney support of intensification of sweet potato University, University technique for a haplodiploid insect species, Kelly’s University production in Papua New Guinea of Southern citrus thrips, a significant citrus pest originating Queensland from Australia and invasive in New Zealand Development of an onion white root rot forecasting University of Hort Innovation model for Tasmania Tasmania The influence of soil physicochemical conditions James Cook Hort Innovation, on growth and infectivity of the banana disease- University QDAF Disinfestation of tomatoes against Mediterranean DAFWA Hort Innovation causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense fruit fly for interstate market access The leaf litter cycle of citrus black spot and University of University of Florida Evaluate volatiles from the infected insects as Murdoch University Government of Iraq improvements to current management practices Queensland indicators for diagnostic insect health (PhD)

Treatment for mites on lychee fruit after irradiation QDAF Hort Innovation Evaluation of natural product extracts for control of Murdoch University Government of Iraq CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION for improved market access vegetable pests (PhD) Horticulture – Nuts Fusarium oxysporum on ginger University of RIRDC, QDAF Queensland Biology, species, and genetic diversity of University of New Australian macadamia lace bugs (Heteroptera, Tingidae, South Wales Macadamia Society, Identification and taxonomy of economic crop University of Rural Development Ulonemia spp.) Hort Innovation diseases and their management using biological Queensland Administration approaches (Republic of Korea) Communication and adoption program for the Chestnuts Australia Hort Innovation, Improved detection and identification of La Trobe University PBCRC Australian chestnut industry Inc Chestnuts Australia xanthomonads affecting vegetable crops (PhD) Inc Improved production from well managed native Mid North National Landcare Control of Carpophilus beetle in almonds using DEDJTR Hort Innovation, grassland management in the mid north of South Grasslands Programme attract-and-kill system DEDJTR Australia Working Group Disease management in the macadamia industry University of Hort Innovation Improving productivity of fruiting solanaceous QDAF Hort Innovation, Queensland crops through area wide management of insect Bowen Gumlu Generation of residue and efficacy data for Chestnuts Australia Hort Innovation, vectored viruses in Bowen Growers’ pesticide minor-use permit applications in Inc Chestnuts Australia Association chestnuts in 2016 Inc Innovating new virus diagnostics and planting bed Australian Hort Innovation Technology transfer to pistachio growers utilising Pistachio Growers’ Hort Innovation, management in the Australian sweet potato Sweetpotato regional grower groups Association Inc Pistachio industry Growers' Growers’ Association, QDAF Association Inc Integrated crop management strategies for root University of ACIAR and tuber crops – strengthening national and Queensland regional capacities in Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Tonga

187 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Vegetables (continued) Horticulture – Other Integrated crop management to enhance NSW DPI, QDAF ACIAR A trial of Vapormate® fumigant for the Cedar Hill Flowers DAWR vegetable profitability and food security disinfestation of Australian wildflowers International acceptance of Australian solanaceous PBCRC PBCRC Adaptive area-wide management of Queensland CSIRO Hort Innovation, and cucurbit seed tests fruit fly using SIT – guidelines for efficient and RDCs, CSIRO, Management and detection of bacterial leaf spot in QDAF Hort Innovation effective pest suppression and stakeholder DAWR capsicum and chilli crops adoption Managing soil-borne diseases of onions SARDI Hort Innovation Biology and control of the systemic form of poppy University of DPIPWE, poppy downy mildew Tasmania industry Minor use permits for the onion industry Hort Innovation Onions Australia Bogia coconut syndrome in Papua New Guinea Charles Sturt ACIAR New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit fly QDAF, NSW DPI Hort Innovation and related phytoplasma syndromes – developing University, New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit NSW DPI Hort Innovation biological knowledge and a risk management University of fly I strategy Southern New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit QDAF Hort Innovation Queensland fly II Cold disinfestation verification trials for table grape DAFWA Hort Innovation Perceptions towards biosecurity threats across Charles Darwin PBCRC access to Japan Vietnamese farming communities in Australia (PhD) University Coonawarra rootstock trial Vinehealth Vinehealth Australia, Treasury Australia, Treasury CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Plant viral messenger RNA project – nexgen plants University of UniQuest (Syngenta) Queensland Wine Estates, Wine Estates, Coonawarra Coonawarra Potato virus resistance discovery project University of UniQuest Vignerons Vignerons Queensland Determining pathogenicity and methyl bromide QDAF RIRDC Review of the biosecurity plan for the vegetable PHA Hort Innovation control of ginger nematodes industry Review of the national biosecurity plan for the PHA Hort Innovation Developing a threat-specific contingency plan for SARDI, Cornell Wine Australia onion industry and development of a biosecurity the exotic pest angular leaf scorch University USA manual for onion producers Development of a risk management system for University of ARC Review of the national biosecurity plan for the PHA Hort Innovation systemic downy mildew of poppy Tasmania potato industry and development of a biosecurity Diet medicated RNAi sterile insect technology CSIRO Hort Innovation manual for potato producers Disease and pest testing technology SARDI SA Government Spongospora infection of potato roots – ecology University Of Hort Innovation epidemiology and control Tasmania Effect of sulphur dioxide and cold on survival of Agriculture Victoria Hort Innovation insects during storage of table grapes Services Pty Ltd Suppressing repression of plant defence through University of UniQuest viral micro RNA Queensland Effective management of summer root rot of parsley NSW DPI Hort Innovation Sustainable productivity improvements in Allium QDAF ACIAR Elsinoe leaf spot of tea tree NSW DPI RIRDC and solanaceous vegetable crops in Indonesia and Epidemiology, impact and management of myrtle University of PBCRC sub-tropical Australia rust in lemon myrtle plantations (PhD) Queensland Tomato potato psyllid and Liberibacter ecology PFRNZ PBCRC Evaluating and demonstrating new resistant CSIRO Wine Australia Vegetable and potato biosecurity officer program PHA AUSVEG varieties for warm irrigated regions Viruses of national importance to the vegetable QDAF Hort Innovation Genetic transformation of grapevine to test CSIRO Wine Australia industry significant abiotic stress and pest resistance genes

188 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Grapes e-surveillance project DAFWA Royalties for Scoping study – development of a biosecurity IT Vinehealth Australia Vinehealth Australia Regions, DAFWA platform for the wine industry Identification and marker-assisted selection of CSIRO Wine Australia Surveillance of South Australia for Phylloxera Vinehealth Australia Vinehealth Australia genes for reducing the susceptibility of new winegrape cultivars to fungal pathogens Sustaining vineyards through practical SARDI New Zealand management of grapevine trunk diseases Winegrowers Improved management strategies for cocoa in University of ACIAR Papua New Guinea Sydney Technical support, extension and minor use Australian Ginger RIRDC development for the ginger industry Industry Improved tissue culture production of ginger clean QDAF RIRDC Association planting material Towards elite mildew resistant selections suitable CSIRO Wine Australia Improving soil health to suppress soilborne QDAF RIRDC for industry use diseases of ginger Understanding fungicide resistance in powdery SARDI Wine Australia Improving the sustainability of cocoa production in La Trobe University ACIAR, La Trobe and downy mildew eastern Indonesia through integrated pest, disease University and soil management in an effective extension and Horticulture – Multiple policy environment Blends versus pure chemicals – understanding the Queensland PBCRC New rootstocks for Australian conditions CSIRO Australian Grape mechanisms of host fruit location by Queensland University of and Wine fruit fly (Masters) Technology Authority

Building resilience in NT horticultural row crops Northern Territory National Landcare CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Objective measures for powdery mildew University of Australian Grape through integrated pest management Farmers Programme Adelaide and Wine Association Authority Incorporated On farm DNA surveillance for grape growers Vinehealth Australia PBCRC Cold storage of Queensland fruit fly for mass- Macquarie Hort Innovation Pests and diseases of truffles and their tree hosts Australian National RIRDC rearing programs (PhD) University in Australia University Comparative investigation of Bactrocera fruit fly Macquarie Hort Innovation Practical management of grapevine trunk diseases SARDI Australian Grape pheromones University and Wine Comparisons of new sexing strains of Queensland Macquarie International Authority fruit fly University Atomic Energy Project boundary rider Vinehealth Australia Vinehealth Agency Co- Australia, PIRSA operative Research Program Requirements for the establishment and Retallack Viticulture DAWR maintenance of Phylloxera exclusion zones Compliance and risk based sampling for University of University of horticulture exports Melbourne Melbourne, DAWR Risks and management of exotic and endemic DEDJTR Australian Grape Phylloxera and Wine Creating a novel lure and kill device for Queensland PBCRC Authority Queensland fruit fly University of Sampling strategies for Phylloxera area freedom Vinehealth PBCRC Technology, QDAF Australia, SARDI Decision intelligence determining pest natal origin NSW DPI, PBCRC Sampling strategies for sensitive, accurate and Vinehealth Australia Wine Australia, Bio-Protection cost effective detections of Phylloxera for PBCRC Research Centre quantifying area freedom status New Zealand

189 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Multiple (continued) Mediterranean fruit fly eradication from Carnarvon DAFWA Hort Innovation using area-wide management and sterile insect Dynamics of the Queensland fruit fly microbiome Macquarie Hort Innovation technique under mass-rearing (PhD) University Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, Murdoch University Government of Iraq Engaging communities in biosecurity strategies (PhD) University of PBCRC responses to lethal stressors (PhD) Western Australia Methoprene and dietary yeast as pre-release Macquarie Hort Innovation Essential market access data packages QDAF Hort Innovation supplements for Queensland fruit fly sterile insect University Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence of DAFWA Hort Innovation technique (PhD) Mediterranean fruit fly for market access Molecular basis of response to sub-lethal stresses Murdoch University PBCRC Establishment of systems to 'validate pest free DEDJTR Hort Innovation Mypolonga fruit fly monitoring – market access RDA Murraylands Hort Innovation place of production' for Queensland fruit fly in the program and Riverland Inc Yarra Valley National centre for post-harvest disinfestation Murdoch University RIRDC, Hort Establishment of the Queensland fruit fly SITplus SARDI Hort Innovation research on Mediterranean fruit fly Innovation facility in southern Australia National Fruit Fly Council PHA Hort Innovation Evaluation of mating, dispersion and migration Murdoch University Government of Iraq between different treated fruit flies by using stable National fruit fly research, development and PBCRC PBCRC isotope technology (PhD) extension plan National fruit fly strategy implementation advisory PHA Hort Innovation

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Fruit fly management incorporating SPLAT NSW DPI Hort Innovation technology group Genetic consequences of domestication in the Macquarie Hort Innovation New and improved fruit fly lures for border security Macquarie Hort Innovation Queensland fruit fly University and management University Improved larval diets for mass rearing of Macquarie Hort Innovation New in-field treatment solutions to control fruit fly Macquarie Hort Innovation Queensland fruit fly (PhD) University University Improved post-harvest market access treatment PFRNZ, QDAF, PBCRC New in-field treatment solutions to control fruit fly I QDAF Hort Innovation for horticultural commodities NSW DPI New in-field treatment solutions to control fruit fly II Applied Hort Innovation Improving efficacy of MAT to enhance area-wide Macquarie Hort Innovation Horticultural management of Queensland fruit fly University Research Pty Ltd Improving environmental health by encouraging University of DAWR Next generation national fruit fly diagnostics and PHA, Queensland PBCRC entomovectoring in horticultural crops to reduce Adelaide handbook (version 3) University of spray drift and fungicide use Technology, QDAF, DAFWA Industrial transformation training centre – ‘Centre Macquarie ARC for fruit fly biosecurity innovation’ University Nutritional immunology of Queensland fruit flies Macquarie Hort Innovation University Investigation into deployment, dispersal and Macquarie Hort Innovation transformation of fruit fly lures (PhD) University Olfactory switch as a mechanisms of Queensland Macquarie Macquarie fruit fly sexual inhibition University University Irradiation for mites and thrips NSW DPI NZ MPI Pheromone component of a multi-target approach NSW DPI, QDAF Hort Innovation Larval diets for high-productivity mass-rearing of Macquarie Hort Innovation to fruitspotting bug management Queensland fruit fly for sterile insect technique University Pheromones as potential fruit fly lures (PhD) Macquarie Macquarie Male only sterile Queensland fruit fly, SITplus SARDI Hort Innovation University University

190 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Piloting new techniques to control and eradicate DAFWA Royalties for SITplus – raising Queensland fruit fly sterile insect Macquarie Hort Innovation Mediterranean fruit fly Regions, DAFWA technology to world standard University Plant biosecurity diagnostic and surveillance Murdoch University PBCRC Social and institutional aspects of grower Charles Darwin PBCRC web-based bioinformatics toolkit participation in area-wide fruit fly management University programs in Australian horticultural industries Potential impacts of climate change on habitat Macquarie Hort Innovation (PhD) suitability for the Queensland fruit fly (PhD) University Predator-prey interactions in Queensland fruit flies Macquarie Hort Innovation SPLAT cuelure based management of Queensland SARDI Hort Innovation University fruit fly Preparedness for exotic fruit flies PHA DAWR Surveillance and management of horticultural crop NSW DPI Applied diseases Horticultural Probiotic diets to increase Queensland fruit fly Western Sydney PBCRC Technology Ltd male performance as part of the sterile insect University, NSW technique (PhD) DPI Synthesis and analysis of zingerone analogues as Macquarie Hort Innovation fruit fly attractants (PhD) University Probiotics for enhancing fruit fly sterile insect NSW DPI, Western PBCRC technique Sydney University Multiple crops Queensland fruit fly behaviour (PhD) Macquarie Hort Innovation A scientific trial to measure the in-paddock and University of DPIPWE University economic benefits of biofumigation on soil health, Tasmania and on disease pest and weed levels on a range Raspberry ketone as a pre-release supplement for Macquarie Hort Innovation of annual crops under Tasmanian conditions CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Queensland fruit fly sterile insect technology (PhD) University Advancing collaborative knowledge systems for CSIRO, Charles PBCRC Research and development of integrated crop QDAF ACIAR plant biosecurity surveillance Darwin University management for mango production in the southern Philippines and Australia Agriculture weed surveillance in the south west to DAFWA Royalties for protect industry profitability regions, DAFWA Semiochemical-mediated enhancement of sterile NSW DPI Universities male Queensland fruit fly Air inversion modelling to manage spray drift Micrometeorlogical GRDC Research and SITplus – area-wide integrated pest management NSW DPI Hort Innovation Educational using the sterile insect technique to control the Services Queensland fruit fly Anticipating, combating and exploiting the Australian National ARC SITplus – developing and optimising production of SARDI Hort Innovation evolution of pesticide resistance in Australian University a male-only, temperature-sensitive-lethal, strain of agricultural pests and disease vectors Queensland fruit fly Arabidopsis and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University DEDJTR SITplus – dietary sterilisation of male Queensland CSIRO Hort Innovation fruit fly Assessing the progress against the National Plant PBCRC DAWR Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy SITplus – improved population management PFRNZ Hort Innovation system for Queensland fruit fly Autonomous fruit fly traps CSIRO CSIRO Big data analytics for biosecurity CSIRO CSIRO SITplus – larval diets for high-productivity Macquarie Hort Innovation mass-rearing of Queensland fruit fly University Biopesticide use and insect resistance in University of ARC Australian agriculture Adelaide SITplus – Port Augusta Queensland fruit fly sterile PIRSA Hort Innovation insect technique factory pilot operation Biosecurity planning PHA DAWR

191 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple crops (continued) Design and evaluation of targeted biosecurity University of PBCRC surveillance systems Western Australia, Biosecurity risk management in Torres Strait and QDAF SBPI University of the Northern Peninsula Area Adelaide Biotic mortality factors of Australian fruit fly across Western Sydney ARC Determining the relative sensitivity and contribution Centre of University of different regions University of criteria in prioritising plant pests along the Excellence for Melbourne, DAWR Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum on Norfolk QDAF PBCRC biosecurity continuum Biosecurity Risk Island Analysis Centre for fruit fly biosecurity innovation Macquarie ARC Determining the value of surveillance in biosecurity Deloitte Access DAWR University, Western risk management Economics Sydney University Develop diagnostic keys to genera of Australian CSIRO DAWR Citizen science to surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Cerambycidae and subfamily Prioninae Collaborative planning and shared decision QDAF PBCRC Developing a response strategy for exotic stink PHA DAWR making amongst stakeholders bugs Co-management of the greater Sunraysia pest free DEDJTR Hort Innovation Developing an alternative herbicide management SRA, James Cook SRA, QDAF area for market access strategy to replace photosystem II herbicides in University Commercial development and evaluation of a University of CRDC, University the Wet Tropics area machine vision-based weed spot sprayer Southern of Southern Development of a remote pest identification PBCRC PBCRC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Queensland Queensland, SRA, system in Indonesia Hort Innovation Development of new tools and strategies for NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Comparative toxicology of a fumigant and University of ARC integrated pest management (biopesticides and gasotransmitters – testing a new model of Queensland semiochemicals) fumigant toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans Diagnosis of emerging pathogens NSW DPI Private industry Critical analyses of existing surveillance strategies DEDJTR PBCRC in horticulture industries in Australia based on Diagnostic development – Cerambycidae and CSIRO DAWR natural dispersion pathways Lamiinae CSIRO innovative technologies project – remote CSIRO DAWR Discovering the pathways and mechanisms University of ARC sensing for presence or absence underlying bio-insecticide control of the global Adelaide migratory pest diamondback moth, Plutella Curtailing exotic fungal spore incursions into University of PBCRC xylostella Australia (PhD) Western Australia DNA barcoding Echium weed NSW DPI ARC Deciphering the role of microRNAs during University of ARC pathogen attack – new concepts for disease Queensland Do informal networks represent a biosecurity risk? Murdoch University PBCRC resistance in plants (PhD) Decision making for eradication and quarantine Queensland PBCRC Ecological impact of myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) in NSW DPI, PBCRC, zones University of native and managed ecosystems (PhD) Macquarie Department of Technology, QDAF, University Environment and NSW DPI Energy Delivery of an integrated internet-based Murdoch University PBCRC Embedding GERDA into the biosecurity landscape PFRNZ PBCRC bioinformatics toolkit for plant biosecurity – uptake and legacy diagnosis and surveillance of viruses and viroids Emerging viruses in agriculture – development of a La Trobe University, IRU–Malaysian Deployment of validated genome-informed NSW DPI PBCRC network for biosecurity and biosurveillance to DEDJTR University bacterial diagnostics support food security Research Network

192 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Emerging weeds (seed-bank biology of emerging University of GRDC Identifying the biochemical and molecular bases University of ARC weeds) Adelaide of 2,4D herbicide resistance in the economically Western Australia important weed Raphanus raphanistrum (wild Enabling improved plant biosecurity practices in PBCRC ACIAR radish) Cambodia, Laos and Thailand Implementation of a multi target surveillance system Murdoch University Chevron Engagement in resilience in indigenous PFRNZ PBCRC communities Import clearance performance management Centre of University of Excellence for Melbourne, DAWR Enhanced surveillance strategies in horticultural DEDJTR PBCRC, DAWR, Biosecurity Risk industries based on knowledge of natural dispersal DEDJTR, PHA Analysis pathways – phase 2 Improved management options for cucumber NT DPIR Hort Innovation Enhancing capacity to identify and respond to high PHA DAWR green mottle mosaic virus priority exotic pests Innovative solutions to controlling agricultural weeds South Gippsland National Landcare Evolution of multiple herbicide resistance is University of ARC Landcare Network Programme widespread in Lolium rigidum in Australia Western Australia Intelligence gathering and analysis CEBRA University of Evolutionary aerial robotics CSIRO CSIRO Melbourne, DAWR Extending biosecurity preparedness and PHA PBCRC Intelligence tools for regulated goods traded via CEBRA University of surveillance strategies and developing a chemical e-commerce Melbourne, DAWR supply framework for pest incursions

Intelligent image retrieval from distorted and partial Griffith University ARC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Extending chemical usefulness ‘spray application PHA GRDC queries for rapid mobile identification of pests technologies project’ threatening food and the environment 'Farming the lower blackwood' field day Lower Blackwood National Landcare Interactions of entomopathogens and Australian Western Sydney ARC Catchment Land Programme fruit fly University Conservation District Committee Knowledge systems for surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Front line field plant pest diagnostic service for QDAF QDAF Making Green Guard® greener – enhancing the University of ARC horticultural and broadacre cropping industries efficacy of a biopesticide Sydney Future climates northern tablelands biosecurity CSIRO NSW DPI Manipulation of regulatory microRNAs to supress University of Hort Innovation insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth Queensland Genes of biosecurity importance CSIRO CSIRO Market-based incentives for biosecurity Centre of University of Global threat to agriculture from invasion CSIRO CSIRO compliance Excellence for Melbourne, DAWR Grand challenge designing aphid CSIRO University of Biosecurity Risk Melbourne Analysis Horticulture funding for the PBCRC PBCRC Hort Innovation Model imaging collaboration with Australian PBCRC PBCRC Identification of immune receptor and signalling Australian National ARC National University proteins from plants University Molecular mechanism of action of plant immune University of ARC Identification of the molecular targets on La Trobe University ARC receptors Queensland filamentous fungi that lead to specific recognition Myrtle rust genetics University of and killing by an antifungal plant defensin Sydney

193 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple (continued) Optimising surveillance protocols using unmanned Kansas State PBCRC Nanoassembling agrochemicals – a new paradigm Monash University ARC aerial systems University, QDAF in delivery for enviro-friendly crop treatment Pantry Blitz, surveillance and reporting of pantry DAFWA QDAF, DAFWA National browsing ant eradication program NT DPIR Australian pests via citizen science Government Pathway analysis of the risk of introduction of CSIRO DAWR National diagnostic capability assessment CSIRO SBQI exotic tramp ants to inform surveillance and National plant biosecurity RD&E strategy PHA, DAWR, QDAF, Hort Innovation, mitigate risks implementation committee DAFWA, DEDJTR, DEDJTR, CRDC, Pathways and risk assessment framework for high CSIRO, QDAF, PBCRC NT DPIR, DPIPWE, Dairy Australia, impact species (PRAFHIS) PFRNZ, DAFWA, PIRSA, NSW DPI, GRDC, MLA, Wine Lincoln University PBCRC, CSIRO, Australia, SRA, GRDC, Wine RIRDC, FWPA PBCRC rating system for myrtle rust NSW DPI PBCRC Australia, Hort Peptide toxins from animal venoms specifically Australian National National Health Innovation, Council targeting voltage-gated sodium channels as novel University and Medical of Rural RDCs analgesics and pesticides Research Council National surveillance system for weeds and plant PHA DAWR Pest and Disease Image Library PBCRC PBCRC pests – virtual coordination centre (AUSPestCheck) National weed biological control project DEDJTR Australian Pestpoint PBCRC PBCRC Government CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Phytophthora cinnamomi and native vegetation Deakin University Australian Department of the Government Environment and Department of the Energy, Meat and Environment and Livestock Australia, Energy, Parks DEDJTR, NSW Victoria DPI, CSIRO, QDAF Plant and associated microbiome responses to La Trobe University La Trobe University National working party on pesticide applications PHA CropLife Australia, indoleamines and potential applications in GRDC, Hort agriculture Innovation, Wine Australia, CRDC, Plant biosecurity surveillance symposium PBCRC DAWR SRA Provision of plant biosecurity capacity PBCRC ACIAR New approaches for diagnosing bacterial Kansas State PBCRC, DEDJTR development services for the sub-Saharan Africa pathovars University Pseudomonas biocontrol to protect Australia Macquarie ARC New tools for insect surveillance and eradication PFRNZ PBCRC crops University New Zealand psyllids (PhD) Lincoln University, PBCRC Psyllid microflora – implications for Liberibacter La Trobe University PBCRC University of disease surveillance and pest control (PhD) Adelaide Novel community engagement in plant biosecurity NSW DPI PBCRC Real-time plant discrimination and weed detection Edith Cowan ARC platform University Novel insecticide resistance in green peach aphid CSIRO Hort Innovation, GRDC Reduced herbicide usage through application Edith Cowan GRDC technology University Novel insecticides and synergists from endemic Western Sydney CRDC, Western and exotic flora University Sydney University Reliable identification of downy mildews University of DAWR Novel insecticides and synergists from endemic Western Sydney CRDC Queensland and exotic flora (PhD) University

194 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Remote sensing for biosecurity surveillance CSIRO CSIRO What makes some genotypes invasive? CSIRO CSIRO Risk assessment for the large African hive beetle University of RIRDC Wind spread of plant viral pathogens into northern University of PBCRC Sydney Australia (PhD) Western Australia, DAFWA, CSIRO Risk maps for optimising biosecurity surveillance Centre of University of Excellence for Melbourne, DAWR, With the benefit of hindsight – a bioeconomic University of PBCRC Biosecurity Risk NZ MPI analysis of past pest incursions Western Australia Analysis Yellow crazy ant eradication in and next to the Wet James Cook Wet Tropics Roadmaps to support technology driven CSIRO DAWR Tropics World Heritage Area University Management innovation in biosecurity operations Authority Semiochemical management for occasional pests Universtity of New CRDC Natural environment of cotton and grains England A lucid key to the genera of Australian psyllids and University of Department of Social attitudes and understanding of plant health Instinct and DAWR lerp insects Adelaide Environment and surveillance Reason Energy Streamlining plant pest contingency plans DEDJTR SBPI A predictive framework for invaded communities Monash University ARC Strengthening integrated crop management University of ACIAR Application of advanced molecular tools for Murdoch University Chevron research in the Pacific islands in support of Queensland identification of non indigenous invertebrates sustainable intensification of high-value crop Assessing pollination services of honey bees in James Cook ARC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION production native ecosystems and threats posed by parasites University Structural basis of host-pathogen interactions La Trobe University ARC Biocontrol solutions for sustainable management CSIRO, DEDJTR, Australian Systematics, biodiversity and host associations of University of University of of weed impacts to agriculture NSW DPI, QDAF Government and Australian psyllids – implications for conservation Adelaide Adelaide >20 partners and biosecurity Biological control of wandering Tradescantia – CSIRO Department of The effects of damage and repair of fungal DNA University of ARC phase 2 Environment and on animal and plant diseases Melbourne Energy The role of reproductive parasites in the biology of Western Sydney Western Sydney Box gum woodland, upper Maranoa catchment Mitchell and District National Landcare invasive pest thrips (PhD) University University – managing woody regrowth and the impacts of Landcare Programme buffel grass Association TraitCapture – genomic modelling for plant Australian National ARC Incorporated phenomics under environmental stress University Changes in the ecology and control of introduced University of New Australian Antarctic Tramp ants – national approach to surveillance PBCRC DAWR non-native plants following pest herbivore England Division and management of risk eradication in the sub-Antarctic (Stellaria media) Transport risk pathways for emerging invasive University of ARC Development of a bioherbicide for control of prickly University of Meat and Livestock species Adelaide acacia Queensland, Australia, Understanding the biochemical and molecular University of ARC BioHerbicides BioHerbicides mechanisms of glyphosate and glufosinate Western Australia Australia Australia resistance in Elausine indica Development of a protocol to enable in-transit Murdoch University Chevron Unique epigenetic states in plant stem cell niches University of ARC fumigation with ethyl formate for safeguarding genome integrity Western Australia Development of Davren™ technology for control of Murdoch PBCRC Use of citizen science surveillance CSIRO PBCRC red imported fire ant University, QDAF

195 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Natural environment (continued) Multi-scale seed dispersal models for improved Monash University ARC regional weed management Development of surveillance and pre-border data Murdoch University Chevron management system Plant ecophysiology – prospecting for weed University of ARC, SA Water, control using a native parasitic plant – from Adelaide Forestry SA, Distribution of Euphorbia paralias University of University of laboratory to field implementation DEWNR SA, Wollongong Wollongong PIRSA, Nature Ecology and control methods – managing the University of New Australian Antarctic Foundation SA, invasive weed Poa annua in the Australian England Division Lirabenda sub-Antarctic Endowment Fund, Adelaide and Effectiveness of biocontrol agents for bitou bush University of University of Mount Lofty Wollongong Wollongong Ranges and South Effects of elevated atmospheric CO² on insect Western Sydney Australian Australian Murray herbivory and its regulation in a Eucalyptus University Postgraduate Darling Basin tereticornis woodland Award Natural Resources Management Empowering farmers to identify and control buffel Greening Australia National Landcare Boards grass to protect production values in native Limited Programme pastures of the southern Flinders Ranges Promoting conservation and future regeneration of Western Sydney Australian Wollemi pine through manipulation of microbial University Postgraduate Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from Murdoch University ARC communities (PhD) Award CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION infested haul roads and rehabilitated bauxite mine sites in the Eucalyptus marginata forest Psyllid resistant Leucaena to market University of Meat and Livestock Queensland Australia Evolution and function of terpenes in Eucalyptus Australian National ARC University Role of mycorrhizae in invasion University of University of Wollongong Wollongong Factors regulating population dynamics of Western Sydney Australian eucalypt psyllids in Australia (PhD) University Postgraduate Sagittaria – phase 2 DEDJTR Goulburn Murray Award Water Corporation, Goulburn Broken Genetic characteristics of buffel grass (Cenchrus University of PBCRC CMA, Coleambally ciliaris) using next generation sequencing to Queensland Irrigation support eradication strategies Cooperative, Improved awareness and best practices to deal AgForce National Landcare Murrumbidgee with fodder weeds across droughted Queensland Queensland Programme Irrigiation, Murray Industrial Union of Irrigation Employers To determine the mechanism for dieback in the Western Sydney Australian Invasion and impact – predicting the causes and University of ARC invasive tree Parkinsonia aculeata University Postgraduate consequences of plant invasions Canberra Award Linking flow, nutrients, seagrass and fish – an Monash University ARC Understanding the drivers of aquatic weed Macquarie Macquarie integrated approach to estuary management success University University Managing myrtle rust and its impact in Australia QDAF, NSW DPI PBCRC Understanding the mechanisms underpinning Macquarie Macquarie range expansion in exotic plant species University University Morphological and molecular variation in QDAF ABRS Gynaikothrips on fig trees in Australia, and generic Weed control for soil handling practices associated Charles Darwin NT DPIR revisions of Lissothrips and Strepterothrips with native ecosystem rehabilitation University

196 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects (continued)

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Nursery crops Pollinators Building the resilience and on-farm biosecurity QDAF Hort Innovation Assessing pathogen risks to honey bees and Western Sydney Western Sydney capacity of the Australian production nursery native bees in NSW (PhD) University University industry Bee health and resources PHA RIRDC, AHBIC National nursery industry biosecurity program NGIA Hort Innovation Developing the use of sensors to model bee Macquarie USDA Agricultural Understanding the evolution of fungicide University Of ARC colony dynamics and to monitor bee health University, USDA Research Service resistance for durable control of fungal pathogens Tasmania productivity and performance Agricultural in pyrethrum Research Service Other crops Development of educational videos for Australian PHA, PFRNZ DAWR, Hort A risk-return prioritisation tool for global trade CSIRO PBCRC beekeepers and growers of pollinator-reliant crops Innovation, RIRDC, inspections on honey bee biosecurity Wheen Bee Foundation, A test for Africanisation in imported honey bee University of RIRDC Capilano, semen Sydney Syngenta, Bayer, Developing a foundation for the long-term University of ACIAR AHBIC management of basal stem rot of oil palm in Queensland Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands Enhanced national bee pest surveillance program PHA Hort Innovation Development of a biosecurity plan for the PHA RIRDC External attractant trap for small hive beetle QDAF RIRDC Australian coffee Industry Healthy bee populations for horticultural pollination Western Sydney Hort Innovation CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Development of a biosecurity plan for the PHA RIRDC services University Australian truffle industry Improving honey bee diagnostics in Australia CSIRO DAWR Development of a pilot mushroom farm disease Australian Hort Innovation National bee biosecurity program PHA RIRDC monitoring scheme Mushroom Growers' National bee pest surveillance program PHA RIRDC Association Ltd National bee pest surveillance program PHA Hort Innovation Get tough, get toxic or get a bodyguard – how Western Sydney ARC Reducing impact of Nosema and viruses by CSIRO RIRDC root herbivores shape grass defences University improving honey bee nutrition Review and development of the olive industry PHA Hort Innovation Review of the biosecurity manual for beekeepers PHA Beekeepers biosecurity plan Association of the Improved disinfestation protocols for the Torres QANTAS, DAWR QANTAS, DAWR ACT, Wheen Bee Strait – QANTAS airways Foundation, Solutions and understanding African whitefly CSIRO Australian Amateur Government Beekeepers Department of Association of Education and NSW, AHBIC and Training the Victorian Apiary Industry Advisory Systematic gene silencing and relevance to plant University of ARC Committee, via biology Queensland DEDJTR Transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora-plant Australian National ARC RNA viruses of native bees University of Holsworth interactions – characterisation of plant inhibitor University Adelaide Foundation proteins targeting Phytophthora extracellular effectors

197 Table 56. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Setting directions for plant biosecurity research undertaking the body research To make the most of research dollars, research, development and extension (RD&E) needs to be strategic, collaborative and well planned. Pollinators (continued) Securing pollination for more productive agriculture University of New RIRDC In July 2016, a two-day forum brought together plant industries, regulators, policy – guidelines for effective management and England, University makers and research leaders to link the needs of plant industries and governments stakeholder adoption of Sydney, with national science and research priorities. University of Adelaide Around 90 people gathered at AgriBio in Melbourne. They heard from some high Selection and development of Australian hygienic Bee Scientific RIRDC profile figures in plant biosecurity, who provided expert views on the current RD&E honey bee lines requirements of Australia’s plant biosecurity system. Strengthening and enabling effective pollination for PHA, PFRNZ Hort Innovation Australia Presentations were followed by workshops during which participants contributed expertise on problems and solutions in plant biosecurity so that research priorities Training and surveillance for Tropilaelaps mites in CSIRO ACIAR Papua New Guinea could be aligned with the areas of greatest need. Varroa mite host switch Australian National ARC The National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Implementation Committee University sponsored the meeting. Committee Chair, Greg Fraser, who is also Executive Urban Director and CEO of PHA, said that the forum was a resounding success. Prevention and control program for west Indian QDAF QDAF drywood termite under the Biosecurity Act 2014 The forum identified areas where cross-sectoral research could benefit multiple industries which will help to maximise the benefits from investments in future CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION research.

In addition, some specific areas of activity to improve research outcomes were identified. These included establishing diagnostic expert groups for key pests, real time surveillance for high priority pests and development of preparedness plans for Xylella and other high priority pests that can affect multiple crops.

The Plant Biosecurity Priorities Forum was arranged to link plant industries and governments with science

198 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

Dr Anna Smyth collecting fungal mycelium. Image courtesy of Biosecurity Queensland, QDAF 199 200 Image courtesy of Jeff Reynolds Appendices Organisation contact details

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information Almond Board of Australia www.australianalmonds.com.au Australian Government – Department of www.dfat.gov.au +61 8 8584 7053 Foreign Affairs and Trade +61 2 6261 1111 Apple and Pear Australia Ltd www.apal.org.au Australian Ginger Industry Association www.australianginger.org.au +61 3 9329 3511 +61 429 996 161 Atlas of Living Australia www.ala.org.au Australian Honey Bee Industry Council www.honeybee.org.au +61 2 6246 4061 +61 7 5467 2265 Australasian Plant Pathology Society www.appsnet.org Australian Lychee Growers' Association www.australianlychee.com.au +61 7 4632 0467 +61 417 639 927 Australian Banana Growers’ Council www.abgc.org.au Australian Macadamia Society www.australian-macadamias.org +61 7 3278 4786 +61 1800 262 426 Australian Blueberry Growers’ Association www.abga.com.au Australian Mango Industry Association www.industry.mangoes.net.au +61 422 234 124 +61 7 3278 3755 Australian Entomological Society www.austentsoc.org.au Australian Melon Association Inc. www.melonsaustralia.org.au ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION +61 3 9895 4462 +61 413 101 646 Australian Forest Products Association www.ausfpa.com.au Australian National University Research www.services.anu.edu.au/business-units/ +61 2 6285 3833 Services research-services-division + 61 2 6125 9569 Australian Government – Australian Centre www.aciar.gov.au for International Agricultural Research +61 2 6217 0500 Australian Olive Association www.australianolives.com.au +61 8 8573 6545 Australian Government – Australian www.apvma.gov.au Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines +61 2 6210 4701 Australian Processing Tomato Research www.aptrc.asn.au Authority Council Inc. +61 3 5825 4633 Australian Government – Australian www.arc.gov.au Australian Society for Microbiology www.theasm.org.au Research Council +61 2 6287 6600 +61 1300 656 423 Australian Government – Department of www.agriculture.gov.au Australian Society of Agronomy www.agronomyaustralia.org Agriculture and Water Resources +61 2 6272 3933 Australian Sweetpotato Growers Inc. www.aspg.com.au Australian Government – Department of www.agriculture.gov.au/abares Agriculture and Water Resources, +61 2 6272 3933 Australian Table Grape Association www.australiangrapes.com.au Australian Bureau of Agricultural and +61 3 5021 5718 Resource Economics and Sciences Australian Truffle Growers' Association www.trufflegrowers.com.au Australian Government – Department of www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/ +61 402 351 025 Agriculture and Water Resources, Northern naqs Australian Walnut Industry Association www.walnut.net.au Australia Quarantine Strategy +61 1800 900 090 +61 418 664 672 Australian Government Department of www.agriculture.gov.au/market-access-trade Australian Vignerons www.australianvignerons.com.au Agriculture and Water Resources, Trade +61 1800 900 090 and Market Access Division +61 8 8133 4400 Australian Government – Department of www.environment.gov.au AUSVEG www.ausveg.com.au Environment and Energy + 61 2 6274 1111 +61 3 9882 0277

202 Resources, Territory Northern Department ofPrimaryIndustryand Jobs, Transport andResources, Victoria Department ofEconomicDevelopment, Queensland Department ofAgriculture andFisheries, Western Australia Department ofAgriculture andFood, Deakin University Council ofAustralasianWeed SocietiesInc. Corporation Cotton Research andDevelopment Cotton Australia Research Organisation Commonwealth ScientificandIndustrial Citrus Australia Chestnuts Australia Cherry Growers of Australia Charles SturtUniversity Charles DarwinUniversity Central QueenslandUniversity Canned FruitsIndustryCouncilofAustralia CANEGROWERS Avocados Australia Organisation +61 88999206 www.dpif.nt.gov.au +61 136186 www.economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au +61 132523 www.daf.qld.gov.au +61 893683333 www.agric.wa.gov.au +61352272673 www.deakin.edu.au +61 898213246 www.caws.org.au +61 267924088 www.crdc.com.au +61 296695222 www.cottonaustralia.com.au +61 1300363400 www.csiro.au +61 350236333 www.citrusaustralia.com.au +61 357511466 www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au +61 362311229 www.cherrygrowers.org.au +61 1800334733 www.csu.edu.au +61 889467766 www.cdu.edu.au +61 749309777 www.cqu.edu.au www.fgv.com.au +61 738646444 www.canegrowers.com.au +61 738466566 www.avocado.org.au For more information Monash University Macquarie University La Trobe University James CookUniversity PlantProtectionInternational Convention Horticulture Australia Hazelnut Growers ofAustralia Growcom Griffith University Corporation Grains Research andDevelopment Grain Producers Australia Forest andWood Products Australia Flinders University Edith CowanUniversity Dried FruitsAustralia Water andEnvironment, Tasmania Department ofPrimaryIndustries,Parks, South Wales Department ofPrimaryIndustries,New Regions, SouthAustralia Department ofPrimaryIndustriesand Organisation +61 399026000 www.monash.edu +61 298507111 www.mq.edu.au +61 13005287623 www.latrobe.edu.au +61 747814111 www.jcu.edu.au www.ippc.int +61 282952300 www.horticulture.com.au +61263791616 www.hazelnuts.org.au +61 736203844 www.growcom.com.au +61 737357111 www.grft.eu.au +61 261664500 www.grdc.com.au +61 262733000 www.grainproducers.com.au +61 399273200 www.fwpa.com.au +61 882013911 www.flers.eu.au +61 134328 www.ecu.edu.au +61 350235174 www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 1300368550 www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au +61 1800808095 www.dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 882260995 www.pir.sa.gov.au For more information

203 APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS Organisation contact details

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information Murdoch University www.murdoch.edu.au University of Adelaide www.adelaide.edu.au +61 8 9360 6000 +61 8 8313 4455 New South Wales State Forests www.forestrycorporation.com.au University of Canberra www.canberra.edu.au +61 1300 655 687 +61 2 6201 5111 Nursery and Garden Industry Australia www.ngia.com.au University of Melbourne www.unimelb.edu.au +61 2 8861 5100 +61 3 13 6352 Onions Australia www.onionsaustralia.org.au University of New England www.une.edu.au +61 8 8725 8862 +61 2 6773 3333 Passionfruit Australia www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au University of New South Wales www.unsw.edu.au +61 439 596 174 +61 2 9385 1000 Pistachio Growers' Association www.pgai.com.au University of Queensland www.uq.edu.au +61 428 922 576 +61 7 3365 1111 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research www.pbcrc.com.au University of Sydney www.sydney.edu.au

ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION Centre Ltd +61 2 6201 2882 +61 1800 793 864 Plant Breeding Institute, University of www.sydney.edu.au/agriculture/plant_ University of Tasmania www.utas.edu.au Sydney breeding_institute/index.shtml +61 3 6226 2999 +61 2 9351 8800 University of Western Australia www.uwa.edu.au Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 8 6488 6000 +61 2 6215 7700 University of Western Sydney www.westernsydney.edu.au Queensland University of Technology www.qut.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 +61 7 3138 2000 University of Wollongong www.uow.edu.au Raspberries and Blackberries Australia No details available +61 2 4221 3555 Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia www.rga.org.au Weeds of National Significance www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/ +61 2 6953 0433 invasive/weeds/weeds/lists/wons.html +61 3 6274 1111 Rural Industries Research and www.rirdc.gov.au Development Corporation +61 2 6271 4100 Wine Australia www.wineaustralia.com +61 8 8228 2000 Strawberries Australia www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au Wine Australia Research and Development www.research.wineaustralia.com +61 4 1291 7538 Corporation +61 8 8228 2000 Sugar Research Australia www.sugarresearch.com.au +61 7 3331 3333 Summerfruit Australia www.summerfruit.com.au +61 2 6041 6641 Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture www.utas.edu.au/tia +61 3 6226 6368 Transport Canberra and City Services, www.tccs.act.gov.au Australian Capital Territory +61 13 22 81

204 ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of D. Barbour 205 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition Appropriate Level of Protection The level of protection deemed appropriate by Emergency response The actions undertaken to eradicate an exotic pest a country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary after its detection. measure to protect human, animal and plant life or health within its territory. Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia. Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia. Biosecurity The protection of the economy, environment and High Priority Pest A pest that has been identified to have the greatest human health from the negative impacts associated potential economic impact to a particular plant APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests. industry and is listed in an Industry Biosecurity Plan or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. International Standard for An international standard adopted by the Commission Biosecurity continuum The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements Phytosanitary Measures on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the that are undertaken in pre-border, border and International Plant Protection Convention. post-border locations. National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic Border In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, identification of a pest in a manner consistent with seaports and land borders that represent the potential ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for regulated point of entry for a pest into Australia. pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, territories. taxonomic information, detection and identification. Contingency plans Management plans that outline pest specific Pre-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken before information for use in the event of an emergency goods arrive at the border. response. Post-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken inside Diagnostic protocols Protocols that describe the procedures and methods Australia's border. for the identification of a pest to a defined level. Pest Any insect, mite, snail, nematode, pathogen (disease) Diagnostics Processes and standards associated with the and weed that is injurious to a plant or plant product. accurate identification of a pest. Pest Free Area An area in which a pest does not occur as Disinfestation Post-harvest management measures focused on demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, eliminating the presence of pests within plants and where appropriate, this condition is being officially plant products. maintained. Domestic quarantine Activities designed to prevent the movement and Phytosanitary measure Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having spread of pests within Australia. the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of Emergency Plant Pest A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the regulated non-quarantine pests. Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed or which is determined by the Categorisation Group to meet Plant biosecurity The protection of plants or plant products from pests one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 that may impact on production or market access. of the EPPRD. Plant production industries All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and Emergency Plant Pest Response A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework forestry sectors. Deed for dealing with an incursion of an Emergency Plant PLANTPLAN The national contingency planning framework for the Pest. management of plant pest emergencies in Australia.

206206 Term Definition Quarantine The system of measures that are used to minimise risks associated with the entry or exit of pests. RD&E Research aimed at developing solutions for particular problems and communication (extension) to users. Regionalised pests Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine and/or management arrangements. Response Plan An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an EPP incident. APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY Risk analysis The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant production industries and economy. Surveillance Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures. Weeds of National Significance Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level.

Image courtesy of Ann Furner 207 Acronyms

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research EPP Emergency Plant Pest ACT Australian Capital Territory EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed AGSOC Agriculture Senior Officials Committee EPSD Environment, Planning and Sustainable Directorate AHA Animal Health Australia FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation

APPENDIX 3: ACRONYMS AHC Animal Health Committee FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia ALA Atlas of Living Australia GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation APPD Australian Plant Pest Database Hort Innovation Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority HPP High Priority Pest ARC Australian Research Council ICON Import Conditions Database AusAID The Australian Agency for International Development, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade IGAB WGs Inter-Governmental Agreement on Biosecurity Implementation Working Groups AHBIC Australian Honey Bee Industry Council IPPC International Plant Protection Convention BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preapredness Working Group ISPMs International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures BERT Biosecurity Emergency Response Team BETWG Biosecurity and Emergency Training Working Group LVP Local value of production BIMS Biosecurity Incident National Communication Network MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements BOLT Biosecurity Online Training NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy BRCNZ Bio-Protection Research Centre New Zealand NBC National Biosecurity Committee CCEPI Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions NBPSP National Bee Pest Surveillance Program CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests NDP National Diagnostic Protocol CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement CRC Cooperative Research Centre NFFS National Fruit Fly Strategy CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation NGIA Nursery and Garden Industry Australia CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NMG National Management Group DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network DAWR Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources NPBDS National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs Transport and Resources, NPBS National Plant Biosecurity Strategy Victoria NPSRT National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool DEE Australian Government Department of Environment and Energy DEWNR SA Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South NSW New South Wales Australia NSW DPI Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales

208208 Acronym Full name NT Northern Territory NT DPIR Department of Primary Industries and Resources, Northern Territory NZMPI New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries OGTR Office of the Gene Technology Regulator PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre PFRNZ Plant and Food Resesarch, New Zealand PHA Plant Health Australia APPENDIX 3: ACRONYMS PHC Plant Health Committee PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia QDAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland R,D&E Research, Development and Extension RDC Research and Development Corporation RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation SA South Australia SAP Scientific Advisory Panel SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute SBQI Stronger Biosecurity and Quarantine Initiative SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SRA Sugar Research Australia TACC Tramp Ant Consultative Committee TIA Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture WA Western Australia WTO World Trade Organisation

Image courtesy of the Australian Macadamia Society 209 210 Index Index

A C Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20 ABARES, 20 Canberra Agreement, 116 Department of Immigration and Border Protection, 20 Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC), 16, 17t, canned fruits, 39 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 20 INDEX 171 Categorisation Group, 161 diagnostics, 144 Agriculture Senior Officials Committee Research & cherries, 40–1 LAMP test on bacteria, 175 Innovation Committee (AGSOC R&I), 17t chestnut blight, 104, 105t National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, almonds, 32 chestnuts, 43 144 see also nut industry see also nut industry National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, apples, 33 citrus, 44–5 144 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 116 citrus biosecurity project, 156 protocols, 144, 145f, 151, 152t Asian honey bee, 104, 143 committees, 16, 17f services and laboratories, 141t, 171 AUSPestCheck, 51 CSIRO, 20, 172 see also Subcommittee on Plant Health Australian Capital Territory pest diagnostic services, 144–5, 146t Diagnostics biosecurity services, 22 communication and awareness, 157 domestic quarantine, 114f, 130 pest diagnostic services, 146t Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 17f, see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 161 and Market Access 172, 178t consultative committees, 17f dried fruit, 48 Australian Government, 18 contingency plans, 91, 162, 163t see also viticulture information systems, 157 cooperative research centres, 173 legislation, 14, 118, 120 E cotton 46–7 pest diagnostic services, 144–5, 146t education and awareness, 114f, 157, 167 research, development and extension, 173, 176f, research, development and extension, 171–4 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group, see 178t, 195t risk assessments, 124 Categorisation Group Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 173, surveillance, 137t Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 17f, 27–8, 91, 178t top 40 exotic pests, 144 104, 160–1 crop production summary, 30 Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Emergency Plant Pests, 104, 105t, 160–1 Practice, 91, 143 D emergency responses, 21, 28, 90, 104, 105t Australian Interstate Quarantine, 21 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources exports, 120, 121t Australian Plant Pest Database, 157 border activities, 18, 114f, 126 F Australian Research Council, 172, 178t exports, 120 avocados, 34–5 imports, 118 Farm biosecurity manuals, 156, 157t legislation, 14 Farm Biosecurity Program, 156 B pest diagnostic services, 141t Forest and Wood Products Australia, 173 bananas, 36, 136, 104, 105t pre-border activities, 18, 114f, 124 Forest Health and Biosecurity Subcommittee, 151 bees, see honey bees research, development and extension, 172 Forestry, see plantation forestry biological control, 132 responsibilities, 18 fruit Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT), 167 surveillance, 134–5, 137t crop production summary, 30f Biosecurity Portal, 157 top 40 exotic pests, 144 research, development and extension, 176f, training, 167 blueberries, 38 175–87t Department of Environment and Energy, 20 breeding, 91, 134 fruit fly, 24 broadacre crops legislation, 14 research, development and extension, 176f, research, development and extension, 172, 178t 178–85t

212212 Note: f = figure, t = table G International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, National Sterile Insect Technology Facility, 24 ginger, 49 111–2 natural environment Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 50, 131t, 156 international trade, 114–25 research, development and extension, 176f, grains industry, 50–2 interstate certification, 130 195–6t INDEX contingency plans, 163t natural pathways, 124 K crop production summary, 30f natural resource management regions, 100 Exercise Haryana, 162 L NCN (Biosecurity Incident National Communications research, development and extension, 171, 174, Landcare, 51, 178t Network), 157 176f, 178–83t legislation, 14, 22–4, 118, 120, 136 New South Wales surveillance, 135f, 137t lychees, 56 biosecurity services, 22 Grains Research and Development Corporation, 174 national bee pest surveillance program, 143t M pest diagnostic services, 146t grapes, see viticulture macadamias, 57 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 128t growers, 30 see also nut industry regionalised pests, 101t H mangoes, 58 surveillance programs, 137t hazelnuts, 53 manuals, 156 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 127 see also nut industry market access, 114f, 120, 121t, 130 Northern Territory High Priority Pests, 91, 92t see also Subcommittee in Domestic Quarantine biosecurity services, 22 honey bees, 54, 143 and Market Access national bee surveillance program, 143t pest diagnostic services, 147t surveillance, 143t N post-entry quarantine facilities, 128t Varroa destructor mite, 91 National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 143 horticulture regionalised pests, 101t National Biosecurity Committee, 16, 17f surveillance programs, 138t research, development and extension, 176f, National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Expert nursery industry, 60–1 185–91t Group, 17f crop production summary, 30f surveillance, 131t National Biosecurity Information Governance Expert research, development and extension, 176f, 197t Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA), 174 Group, 17f nut industry national committee structure, 16, 17f I crop production summary, 30f National Diagnostic Protocols, 151, 153t ICON (Import Conditions Database), 118 research, development and extension, 176f, 187t National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 16 identification of pests, 144, 146t see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, National Environmental Biosecurity Response import risk analysis, 114f, 118, 124 macadamias, pistachios, walnuts Agreement (NEBRA), 13, 128 imports, 118 National Four Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 109 O market access, 115 National Fruit Fly Strategy, 131 olives, 62 policy advice, 114, 118t National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, 131 on-farm biosecurity, 156 industry biosecurity planning, 130 biosecurity manuals, 156 National Management Group, 17f, 161 industry biosecurity plans, 131t biosecurity officers, 156 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 144 biosecurity planning app, 133 industry profiles, 31-87 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 144 citrus biosecurity project, 156 industry representative bodies, 30 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 16 Farm Biosecurity Program, 156 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), 13, National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 134 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 156 16, 17f National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 171 vegetable and potato biosecurity project, 156 international agreements, 111–2 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy onions, 63 International Plant Protection Convention, 112, 124 Implementation Committee, 17f, 198 orange hawkweed, 111 National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, 135

213 P Q state and territory governments passionfruit, 64–5 quarantine biosecurity services, 17f, 21–4 pears, 33, 39 facilities, 126 diagnostic services, 146t pesticide application, 26, 132 legislation, 14t, 118, 120 legislation, 15 pest management, 132 quarantine domestic program, 21, 129 regionalised pests, 100, 101t phytosanitary measures and standards, 115–6, 124 Queensland research, development and extension, 177, 178t INDEX pineapples, 66 biosecurity services, 23 surveillance programs, 135f, 137t pistachios, 67 national bee pest surveillance program, 143t stone fruit, 75 see also nut industry pest diagnostic services, 147t strawberries, 76 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market plantation forestry, 68, 155 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 128t Access, 16, 17f, 130 crop production summary, 30f regionalised pests, 102t Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, 16, research, development and extension, 176f, 185t surveillance programs, 132t 17f, 135 Plant Biosecurity Priorities Forum, 198 R Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, 16, 17f, Plant Biosecurity Program, 167 Red witchweed response plan, 109 144, 145 Plant Health Australia, 27 regional biosecurity, 128, 130 sugarcane industry 78–9 biosecurity plans and manuals, 130, 131t, 156, 157t boundaries for biosecurity, 19f research, development and extension, 176f, 184t National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, regionalised pests, 100, 101t surveillance, 134–5, 135f, 137t 167 research, development and extension, 170 honey bee, 143, 143t members, 27t Australian Government agencies, 172 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 127 pest risk mitigation, 29 programs, 135f, 137t cooperative research centres, 173 role, 27 see also National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance industry, 177 Plant Health Committee, 16, 17f Strategy National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 171 plant pests see also Subcommittee on National Plant Health overview, 176f, 177f contingency plans, 162, 163t Surveillance research and development corporations, 173–4 definition, 8, 160 Sugar Research Australia, 174 research, development and extension projects, 178t diagnostics, 144, 176f state and territory governments, 175 T emergency responses, 17f, 21, 30, 90, 104–7, 160 universities and private institutions, 175 table grapes, 81, 99 regionalised pests, 100, 101t rice, 72–3 see also viticulture surveillance, 134–5, 137t risk assessments, 90–1, 118, 124 Tasmania see also High Priority Pests Rural Industries Research and Development biosecurity services, 23 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 170, 178t Corporation, 173–4 national bee pest surveillance program, 143t PLANTPLAN, 160, 162 pest diagnostic services, 148t Russian Wheat Aphid National Technical Group, 51 pollinators post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 128t research, development and extension, 176f, 197–8t S surveillance programs, 140t post-entry quarantine, 126, 128 screening and inspection, 126 tomatoes, 71 potato, 84–5 South Australia tools, databases and networks, 157 vegetable and potato biosecurity project, 156 biosecurity services, 23 trade agreements, 115, 121t pre-emptive breeding, 134 national bee pest surveillance program, 143t training, 27, 162, 167 private consultants, 26 pest diagnostic services, 148t U processing tomatoes, 71 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 128t universities, 175 production values, 30f regionalised pests, 102t research, development and extension, 178t professional associations, 26 surveillance programs, 139t urban SPS Agreement, 115–6, 124 research, development and extension, 176f, 198t

214214 V vegetables, 84–5 research, development and extension, 176f, 187–8t vegetable and potato biosecurity project, 156 Victoria INDEX biosecurity services, 24 national bee pest surveillance program, 143t pest diagnostic services, 149t post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 128t regionalised pests, 103t surveillance programs, 140t viticulture contingency plans, 166t crop production summary, 30, 81, 87 research, development and extension, 188–9t Xylella preparedness, 99 W walnuts, 86 see also nut industry weeds eradication and containment, 109 managing weeds in Australia, 108, 110 National Four Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 109 red witchweed response plan, 109 research, development and extension, 176f, 178–96t weed prevention, 109 Weeds of National Significance, 108 Western Australia biosecurity services, 24 national bee pest surveillance program, 143t pest diagnostic services, 150t post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 128t regionalised pests, 103t surveillance programs, 141t Wine Australia, 174 wine grapes, 87, 99 see also viticulture World Trade Organization, 115

Image courtesy of Sara Bray, HV Plantations 215

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