INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 201

Theclinae of Rondonia, Brazil: Strymon Hiibner, with descriptions of new species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) George T. Austin Nevada State Museum and Historical Society, 700 Twin Lakes Drive, Las Vegas, Nevada 89107 and Kurt Johnson Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024

Abstract: Twenty-two species of Strymon are known from the vicinity of Cacaulandia in Rondonia, Brazil, of which 14 are new species. These belong to 5 species groups: the "oreala" group [StlYlllOn megarus (Godart)]; the "ziba" group [StlYlllOn ziba (Hewitson), Stlymon thulia (Hewitson), Stlymon spl:natus new species, Strymon latamaculus new species, StlYlllOn pallidulus new species, Stlymon tholus new species]; "valentina" group [StrY11lon rotundum new species]; "crossoea" group [Strymon crossoea (Hewitson), Strymon crambusa (Hewitson), Stlymon ger11lana new species, Strymon novasignum new species, Stlymon clavus new species, Strymon implexus new species, Strymon in11lirum new species, StlYlllOn incanus new species, Strymon faunaUa (Hewitson), Strymon halos new species, Strymon conspergus new species, Stlymon bazochii (Godart), Strymon diagonalis new species]; and "eu.rytu.lu.s" group [Stlymon bu.bastu.s (Stoll)]. Tentative subgroups of species are suggested for the "crossoea" group as they occur in Rondonia. A neotype is designated for Tmolu.s basilides and the name synonymized with Strymon megaru.s. The "basilides" group of Johnson et al. (1990) is renamed the "ziba" group. Based on lectotype designations and superficial and genital differences, S. ziba and S. thu.lia are elevated to specific status.

I{ey words: Brazil, hairstreaks, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Stlymon, Theclinae, tropical.

Introduction bia (LeCrom and Johnson 1997). This new species group scheme, defined here by combinations of This continues a series of papers on the Thecli­ wing and genitalic characters of both sexes, has nae (I..Iepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the vicinity of been badly needed to embrace the increased diver­ Cacaulfmdia in central Rondonia, Brazil (Austin sity now recognized in Strymon and can serve as a and Johnson 1995, 1996). This region is partially baseline for consistency in future studies of the disturbed typical lowland tropical rainforest with a genus. Johnson and Kroenlein (199:3) have referred strikingly seasonal climate (Austin and Johnson to the entire worldwidn monophyletic group, of 1995, Austin et aZ., ms) where about 4000 ha have which Strymon is a part, as the infratribe "Stry­ been studied since 1989 (Emmel 1989, Emmel and monina", and we will use this term in discussion as Austin 1990). The butterfly fauna of over 1700 appropriate. Consistent with the above studies, we recorded species (Austin ms) is richest et aZ., the use D FW ID HW and VFW IVHW for dorsal fore- and known. In this paper we discuss the genus Strymon hindwing and ventral fore- and hindwing, respec­ Hubner. tively, For well known species, we incorporate This investigation reemphasizes the importance ranges ofFW length from the larger samples treat­ of careful study oflarge local samples in elaborating ed by Johnson et aZ. (1990). We refer to the usually the diversity of Neotropical faunas of Eumaeini. prominent cluster of androconial (= pheromonal) Central Rondonia is particularly rich in Strymon scales on the male DFW of some Strymon species as species, well above that known for other local the "brand" consistent with long-term common Neotropical regions which represent a range of usage and Eliot (197:3). Numbers associated with areas sampled and ecological and topographical types and other specimens refer to genitalia vial diversity. numbers. Type localities are considered to be the Methods and Materials locality of capture of the holotype. Wing characters of Strymon are extremely di­ We treat previously described and new species vergent. In fact, Johnson and Kroenlein (199:3) using specie's groups modified after those erected called special attention to species that would not be by Johnson et aZ. (1990) and conforming to those in readily associated with the genus except by genita­ a forthcoming treatment ofthe Strymon of Colom- lia. Dorsal surfaces range from brightly iridescent 202 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

blue to concolorous gray or brown, brands on males members of the "crossoea' group which morphology occur differently, and ventral wing markings in­ shows to be far more diverse than anticipated) or clude lineate and spotted bands as well as cryptic peculiar ventral wing patterns (as shown by S. patterns. Thus, genitalia are particularly impor­ bazochii or S. crambusa which might be of unclear tant in recognizing and distinguishing members of phy logenetic affinity without reference to morphol­ the genus. In the taxonomic entries, the phrase ogy). "typical of the genus" refers to the genital habitus Male genitalia of S'trymon are characterized by of S'trymondescribedin Johnson etal. (1990, 1992a) their long and narrowly tapered valvae, but do not and Johnson and Salazar E. (1993). We have found usually show obvious differentiating features as the female genitalia of S'trymon to be particularly seen on the genitalia of females. Such features as diagnostic in defining species groups and often to length and robustness of the valvae; orientation, have the most useful characters for distinguishing length, and shape of the saccus; shape of the vincu­ taxa. The form of the ductus bursae and itsjuncture lum; and length and shape of the aedeagus are with the corpus bursae are especially instructive. useful characters. These are often difficult to inter­ Although most groups ofTheclinae have a relative­ pret without comparative material. In the present ly straight ductal tube, the ductus bursae of all paper, consistent with cited prior treatments of examine.d S'trymon exhibits some modification to­ S'trymon, male genitalia are illustrated both ven­ wards its anterior end. We describe and categorize trally and laterally. The ventral view assesses the several configurations of the ductus bursae of overall genital symmetry (which varies between the S'trymon treated here to standardize descrip­ S'trymon species groups) along with valval shape tion and facilitate discussion of these structures as (wh ich is distinctly sculptured in some groups). The follows: lateral view emphasizes differences in dorsal shape 1) deflexed (Figs. 51-56; also Figs. 14, 15 in of the vinculum where brush organs attach in many Johnson et al. 1990): The ductus bursae curves species. Since characters offemales are more obvi­ slightly to moderately ventrad and then dorsad ous than those of males and more useful in distin­ before the cervix bursae. On many such species, the guishing species, this sex is designated as the ductus is also twisted (up to a half turn) at or near holotype of new species in many instances. the deflexion. All species examined with a deflexed Males and females of a species were associated ductus bursae also have a prominently scI erotized largely by the near identity of their ventral pat­ hood-like structure at the cervix bursae. terns. Due to the many superficially similar species 2) sigmoidal (Figs. 57 -59; also Fig. 17 in Johnson of S'trymon encountered, this method, however, et al. 1990): The ductus bursae is twisted with may not be infallable. Whenever there was doubt prominent curves both laterad and ventrad and on the correct association of the sexes, we used only appearing "S" -shaped in both lateral and ventral one sex as types to avoid potential future taxonomic views. problems. In these cases, specimens of the pre­ 3) horizontally looped (Figs. 60-66;.also Figs. sumed opposite sex are listed as additional materi­ 16,18 in Johnson etaL 1990): The ductus bursae is al. Collections of pairs in copula and rearing series curved back on itself in a horizontal plane parallel from individual females will eventually allow un­ to the venter of the abdomen and appears as a loop equ ivocal association of males and females. in ventr'al view and as an extreme sigmoidal in In our study of the S'trymon of Rondonia, we lateral view. have been further guided by results of a companion 4) vertically looped (Fig. 67; also Fig. 27 in study by us involving elaboration of all new Neotro­ Johnson et al. 1990): The ductus bursae is curved pical S'tryrnon species noted in collections surveyed back on itselfin a vertical plane parallel to the sides or supplied by other (~uratorsor field workers. This of the abdomen and appears as a loop in lateral view parallel effort has pruvided significant insight into and as an extreme sigmoidal in ventral view. the consistency of characters among various as­ Other useful characters of the female genitalia semblages of S'trymon and the geographic distribu­ include modification of the cervix bursae, modifica­ tions of such characters. It has also given us confi­ tion of the caudal end on the corpus bursae, and the dence in the validity of describing as species enti­ shape of the lamellae, especially in ventral view. ties which, despite appearing similar in a general These characters have shown particular utility in array of superficial eharacters, exhibit distinctive differentiating S'trymon species which show either genitalia in both sexes, unique secondary sexual complex orbiculate wing patterns (as in some of the characters, and consisten tly occurring unique char- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 203 acters among various details of the dorsal and complicated the confusion. This issue needs to be ventral wing patterns. In this regard, we are partic­ addressed once again in conjunction with our stud­ ularly grateful to workers who have called our ies of Strymon from Rondonia. Through the courte­ attention to biological data paralleling such distinc­ sy of rare book archivists at the AMNH library, we tions. Such biological distinctions lead us to believe were able to examine an original edition of Geyer that it is more likely than not that entities so [1837] including an original hand-colored plate of defined will prove, in the long run, to represent T. basilides and compare this to type specimens of reproductively distinct species. two putative synonyms (Bridges 1988): Thecla ziba Voucher specimens from this study are to be Hewitson 1868 and Thecla thulia Hewitson 1868. deposited as follows: primary types and other spec­ Our resolution of this problem, based upon designa­ imens - Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade tion of a neotype for T. basilides and lectotypes of T. Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (UFPC); ziba and T. thulia follows below in our discussions paratypes and other material - American Muse­ of the "oreala" and "ziba" groups of Strymon. um of Natural History (AMNH), The Natural His­ tory Museum (London) (NHM), and the Nevada uoreala" group State Museum (NSM). Strymon megarus (Godart) Strymon Hubner Fig. 1 Strymon is one of the largest of the Eumaeini Polyommatus megarus Godart [1824]. genera, with some 50 Neotropical species critically Tmolus basilides Geyer [1837], new synonymy, neotype examined and now associated (Schwartz and Miller designated below. 1985, Johnson and Matusik 1988, Johnson et al. 1990, Smith et al. 1991, Johnson and Salazar E. Strymon megarus: Johnson et al. 1990. 1993, Johnson and Kroenlein 1993). Fortunately Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size (11-14.5 mm); for the purposes of the present paper, much of the male dorsum black with prominent bright blue type material for Neotropical Strymon and the basad on FW and on posterior half of HW; FW with closely allied Eiseliana Ajmat de Toledo and Heoda relatively prominent black brand; HW with 2 tails; Johnson, Miller, and Herrera has been reviewed female gray without blue; venter of both sexes tan (Johnson et al. 1990, 1992a, 1992b; Johnson and with prominent postmedian and postbasal orbicu­ Salazar E. 1993; Johnson and Kroenlein 1993, and lar macules on HW. Morphology. Male and female studies in progress involving the present authors). genitalia illustrated by Johnson et al. (1990); fe­ Twenty-two species of Strymon were encountered male distinguished from superficially similar "ziba" in central Rondonia of which fourteen represented group species by the vertically looped ductus bur­ undescribed species. Herein, we review this fauna sae without cervical hood. and describe the new taxa. Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. This spe­ cies was discussed and illustrated by Johnson et al. Tmolus basilides and associated taxa (1990). This is the only relatively large species of The identity of Tmolus basilides Geyer [1837] Strymon encountered in central Rondonia with has been a long-standing nemesis to students of prominent blue on both the DFW and DHW. The Neotropical Eumaeini. The type is not known to be single male known from the area is virtually iden­ extant, and the original editions of Hiibner's 1832- tical to that illustrated by Johnson et al. (1990). The 1837 "Zutrage zur Sammlunge exotischer Schmet­ female, without blue, superficially resembles fe­ terlinge" (in which the description attributed to males of the following "ziba" group, but is recogniz­ Geyer appears, with a hand-colored illustration) able by the looped ductus bursae and lack of a are difficult to locate. Johnson et al. (1990) pointed hooded cervix bursae. Types. Type information for out that a diverse assemblage of phenotypes had S. megarus was presented by Johnson et al. (1990) been included with the name. They attempted to and Johnson (1991), but, as noted above, the iden­ resolve this with the identification of a species from tity of Tmolus basil ides had historically remained Argentina with a hooded cervix bursae as Tmolus unresolved. The type of T. basilides (and indeed basil ides and defined a species group with similar much of the material representing Geyer's smaller morphology as the "basilides" group. Our studies butterfly taxa) is considered lost (Miller and Brown indicated that this was incorrect and only further 1981, P. Ackery, in litt. to the present authors, 204 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

1995). Determination of the identity of T. basilides genitalia. Thus those specimens are not of the and designation of a neotype is crucial to Strymon "ziba" group (see below), but of the "oreaZa" or other taxonomy for at least three reasons: (1) previous species group. The species consiclered to be S. views of it have proven incorrect vis-a-vis its orig­ basilides by Johnson et aL (1990) is obviously not of inal description, (2) a number of superficially sim­ this concept, bu t was an undescribed species of the ilar phenotypes have historically been associated "ziba" group. In the interest of resolving as quickly with the name, and (:3) these phenotypes actually as possible matters involving the misidentification represent a number of distinctive species each of Strymon basilides, this problem pertaining to the requiring either proper association with historical Argentinefauna is being treated simultaneously by names or descriptions as new species. Johnson et aZ. Johnson et al. (in press). (1990) considered T. basiZides to be one of the Previously in common usage, the name T. ba- species with a deflexed ductus bursae and a hooded silides was widely used for any entity with both cervix bursae, including one such phenotype from sexes gray or gray-brown above and with macules Argentina. Examination of the figures of T. basil- occurring across the postbasal area of the ventral ides accompanying its original description (which hindwing. This generalization not only led to a illustrated a male) indicated an insect virtually number of species (of both the "zibd' and the "ore- identicai with Strymon megarus. Specimens match­ ala" groups) being misidentified as T. basilides but ing this phenotype were found among the holdings apparen tly accounts for the frequen t misspelling of of the American Museum of Natural History and this latter name as "basalides" (as in "postbasal' the genitalia of both sexes are as shown for S. [emphasis ours])(Bridges 1988, see also comments megarus by Johnson et al. (1990). We thus desig­ by Robbins and Aiello 1982). nate a male in the collection of the American Distribution in study area. A single male Museum of Natural History as the neotype of Tmo- (GTA #585:3) was taken on 18 September 1994 at lus basilides Geyer [18:37]. This specimen has the Linha ColO, 5 km S of Cacaulandia. following labels: "Rolandia, IV 48" [Brazil: Parana; Rolandia, colI. Mahler]. An appropriate label will be "ziba" group added to its pin. TmoZus basilides Geyer [18:37] Our studies showed that Tmolus basilides thus falls into synonymy with 8. megarus. Hewitson 18G8, does not refer to a species with a The name Strymon basilides has been used in hooded cervix bursae (see above under "oreala" numerous regional works (e.g., Lamas 198:3, de la group). The "basilides" group of Johnson et al. Maza Johnson Emmel and et aZ. 1989, et al. 1990, is therefore renamed here as the Austin and numerous others). These designa­ (1990) "zibd' 1990, group after the apparently first named species with tions must be viewed as suspect until specimens a hoocled cervix bursae; this character readily dis­ upon which the determinations were based are tinguishes the group. The species of this group lack critically examined. Anyone or more of a number of dorsal structural color, but their ventral wing pat­ superficially similar (or dissimilar) sp'ecies may tern resembles that of the group. have been involved. Similarly, the identifications of "oreaZa" those butterflies feeding as larvae on various mono­ cots (e.g., Robbins and Aiello 1982 and several Strymon ziba (Hewitson), revised status citations therein) remain unknown. Robbins and Figs. 2, :3, :38, 51 Aiello (1982) recognized the existence of sibling species of 8. "basilides" and their material from Thecla ziba Hewitson 1868. TL: unknown; lectotype fe­ Panama was attributed to a species "clearly" with male in NHM designated here, labeled "Hewitson "a close relationship with melinus Hbn." based on ColI. / 79-69/ The-cia ziba 4.", "ziba", "thulia", "R. behavior and genital morphology of both sexes. 1953/N.H. B./ 1076", "Type", "B.M. TYPE/No. Rh. This indicates a species having a looped or sigmoi­ 1028." dal ductus bursae and no "hood" on the female

Figs. 1-12 (facing page). Strymon "oreala" and Strymon "ziba" groups. All from Brazil: Rond5nia; vicinity ofCacaulandia, dorsal surface on left and ventral surface on right. Fig. 1. Strymon megarus, male, 18 Sept. 1994; Fig. 2. Strymoll dba, male, 20 Nov. 1995; Fig. 3. S. ziba, female, 25 Apr. 1995; Fig. 4. Strymon thlllia, female, 1G Nov. 1991; Fig. 5. Strymonspinatlls, male, 17 Apr. 1995; Fig. G. Strymon spinatlls, holotype female; Fig. 7. Strymon latamueulus, male, 1 May 1995; Fig. 8. Strymon latamacullls, holotypefemale; Fig. 9. Strymon pallidlllus, male, 15 Nov. 1991; Fig. 10. Strymollpallidnlus, holotypefemale; Fig. 11. Strymontholus, male, 3 Mar. 1994; Fig. 12. Strymon tlwlus, holotype female. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 205

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Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size (ma]e FW ules vaguely darker than ground color outlined length = 12.9 mm [11.6-13.7, N = 4], female FW proximad and distad with white; postbasal orbs base ofSc+R in mid discal cell (occasion­ length = 14.0 mm [13.0-15.8, N = 7], sample from near 1 and Rondonia, Brazil, FW length oflectotype = 15 mm) ally doubled), black with vague deep red-orange with 2 HW tails and little sexual dimorphism aside distad and nearly completely encircled with white. from size and absence of brand on female (females Female. Similar to male, no brand, somewhat paler with broader and more rounded wings than males). gray, bright orange "thecla-spot" larger, wings Wing upper surface dark gray on both sexes, male broader and more rounded; venter slightly paler FW with large black (2.5 mm) oblong brand. HW gray, markings similar. Male Genitalia. Overall with small (male) or medium -sized (female) orange gen ital capsule relatively slen der for gen us, gradu­ "thecla-spot". Ventral surface medium gray-tan, ally expanding caudad from broad parabolic saccus crossed on HW with postbasal and postmedian of moderate length; vinculum angled as typical of series of orange orb-like macules; very similar to "ziba" group; valvae relatively short and slender other species of "zibd' group, ventral ground color with ellipitical bilobes and thinly tapered, some­ somewhat darker with VHW submarginal pale what inwardly recurvate caudal extensions only macules distinctly contrasting, best distinguished slightly longer than bilobes, aedeagus short (only by female genitalia (see below). Morphology. Male about 20% longer than genital capsule), stouter genital capsule slender, angled; saccus broad; val­ than usually seen in other groups of Strymon, vae short; aedeagus stout, relatively short; female caecum arched and comprising nearly 113 aedeagus genitalia with slender and twisted ductus bursae length, shaft straight with robust cornuti in termi­ def1exed before robust hood at cervix bursae. nal 114. Female Genitalia. Ductus bursae moder­ Description. Male. FW termen slightly con­ ately def1exed, rather robust caudad, very thin at vex; dorsal color dark gray; FW uni(orm except for def1exion, tubular, and elongate, prominently twist­ large (2.5 mm), oblong, and prominent black brand; ed (ca. 90°) before recurvate cephalad after which HW with small "thecla-spot" crescent-shaped dull joining centro-ventral surface of robust sclerotized orange macule over vague black macule; vague hood, hood exceeding 113 length of rest of genital blue-white submarginal macules in M2 and/or M3 capsule, broadest cephalad, narrowing gradually and CuA?; anal angle red-brown margined proxi­ caudad before curving ventrad to narrow caudal mad with white; white marginal line from Ms or projection, lamellae prominent, ellipitical, pointed caudad, and separated by wide central fissure; CuAj to 2A; tail at CuA2 very long, that at CuAj much shorter. Venter gray-tan; FW with veryvague­ corpus bursae bulbous with pair of moderately­ ly darker marginal and somewhat more prominent sized signa typical of genus; apophysis papillae submarginal macules, latter vaguely edged proxi­ anales elongate, extending anteriorly to beyond mad and distad with white; postmedian band tri­ mid-point of cervix bursae hood. partite (white distad, black, orange; orange as Remarks. Characters and Affinities. Thecla broad as white and black combined), extending to ziba has either been considered synonymous with CuA, as variously offset bars; vague (or absent) S. basilides (e.g., Bridges 1988) or as a name in chevron-shaped mark in CuA2; HW with similarly­ common usage for several phenotypes of gray Neo­ colored postmedian band, orange redder, anterior 4 tropical Strymon with red orbicular ventral mac­ macules orb-like, first especially broad, more or ules (e.g., Lamas et al. 1981). As discussed fully less in straight line, postmedian line becoming above (under S. TnegarlJ,s), S. basilides refers to a irregular posteriorly; "thecla-spot" bright reel-or­ phenotype with dorsal blue and a cervix bursae ange with triangular black pupil, reel-orange mar­ without a hood. The 8. basilides of Johnson et al. gined proximad with orange; anal angle red-or­ (1990) is not TmollJ,s basilides Hewitson, bu t refers ange divided by white slash, margin with relatively to a species of the "zibd' group with a hooded female large black circular macule; submargin with mac- cervix bursae. Types. Material from Rondonia (upon

Figs. 13-26 (facing page). Strymon "ualentina" and Strymon "crossoec( groups. All from Brazil: Eondonia; vicinity ofCacaulanclia, dorsal surface on left and ventral surface on right. Fig. 13. Strymon rotundum, holot)1)e female; Fig. 14. StrYlllon crossoea, male, 20 Oct. 1989; Fig. 15. StrYlllon crossoea, female, 27 Oct. 1990; Fig. 16. StrYlllon cnunbusa, male, 3 Nov. 1989; Fig. 17. Strymon germcma, holotype female; Fig. 18. Strymon nouasignum, male, 5 Oct. 1994; Fig. 19. Strymon lIouasigmulI, holot)1Je female; Fig. 20. Strymonclau/J,s, male, 22 Nov. 1991; Fig. 21. Strymon clavus, holotype female; Fig. 22. Strymoll implexus, male, 31 Aug. 1993; Fig. 23. Strymon implexus, holotype female; Fig. 24. Strymon inminun, male, 5 Aug. 1993; Fig. 25. Strymon inlldrum, holot)1)e female; Fig. 26. Strymon incanu8, holot)1)e female. 208 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI which the above detailed description is based) is and short valvae; females differ by more slender virtually identical in wing characters (photograph ductus bursae and less robust cervix bursae. examined) and genitalic characters (slide exam­ Description. Male. FW termen slightly con­ ined) with the type of Thecla ziba. The above vex; dorsal color dark gray; FW uniform except for designated lectotype in the NHM has the following large (2.5 mm) and prominent black brand; HW additional label added: Lectotype / 7hecla ziba with small "thecla-spot" crescent-shaped orange Hewitson / designated by / Austin and ,Johnson macule over oval black macule; vague blue-white 1995. submarginal macules in M2, M3, and CuA2; anal Distribution in study area. This is one of the angle red-orange; white marginal line from M3 to commoner species of in the vicinity of 2A; tail CUA2 very long, CuA much 8trymon at that at l Cacaulandia, with records from April, May, and shorter. Venter gray-tan; FW with vaguely darker early July to late November (GTA #4982, 5054, submarginal macules, these vaguely edged distad 5055,5057-5061,5064,5236, 5997-5999,6211). and proximad with whitish; postmedian band tri­ partite (white distad, black, orange; orange very Strymon thulia (Hewitson), revised status broad), macules quadrate especially anteriorly, ex­ Figs. 4, 39, 52 tending to CuA2 as offset bars; vague mark in CUA2 anteriorly; HW with similarly-colored postmedian Hewitson 1868. TL: Amazons; lectotype Thecla thulia band, anterior 4 macules orb-like, first offset distad, female in NHM designated here, labeled "Godman­ line irregular posteriorly; "thecla-spot" small, red­ Salvin / ColI. 1912-23/ B.C.A. Lep. Rhop. / Thecla / orange and orange with oval black pupil; anal angle basilides / Geyer", "Amazons / W. Bates", "ziba", H. red-orange divided by white slash, margin with "R 1953 / N. 1078", TYPE / No. Rh. H. B. / "B.M. black circular macule; submargin with macules 1078", "Type", "B". very vaguely darker than ground color outlined Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size (female FW proximad (broadly) and distad (narrowly) with whit­ length = 12.7 mm; male FW length = 14.5 mm, ish; postbasal orbs n ear base ofSc+ Rl' mid discal cell sample from Ecuador; FW length of lectotype fe­ (doubled), and base of CuA2 forming curved line, male = 13.5 mm) and prominently tailed; similar to orange with some marginal black and encircled other "zibd' group species; dorsal ground dark vaguely with white. Female. Similar to male, no gray; male FW with prominent, large black brand; brand, slightly paler gray, wings broader and more HW with small "thecla-spot", orange over vague rounded; venter as on male, postbasal macules only black macule; vague blue-white submarginal mac­ at costa and one in discal cell. Male Genitalia. ules on either side of "thecla-spot"; ventral ground Overall genital capsule relatively broad; vinculum gray-tan; wings with tripartite postmedian lines, strongly angled in both ventral and lateral views; that on FW as quadrate macules, that ·on HW as saccus short and broad, nearly symmetrical; valvae broad, subquadrate macules anteriorly; 2-4 post­ broad laterad, relatively short and slender with basal orange macules. The anterior macules on the ellipitical bilobes and thinly tapered caudal exten­ VHW are more prominent and orbicular on 8. ziba. sions about same length ofbilobes in ventral view; Overall 'wing pattern on 8. thulia might be con­ aedeagus stout, of medium length (about l.4x gen­ fused with that of the Argentine endemic 8trymon ital capsule length), caecum slightly arched and diaguita (Hayward) from black and white photo­ :30% aedeagus length, shaft recurved at caudal end, graphs or by those unfamiliar with the latter first­ robust corn uti in terminal 114. Female Genitalia. hand. The taxa are easily distinguished by the Ductus bursae prominently deflexed, rather short genitalia an d 8. diaguita is ven trally of a far "brown­ and slender, prominently twisted (ca. 90°) before er" habitus than any of its northern congeners (see deeply recurvate cephalad, joining centro-ventral Remarks). Morphology. Genital capsule of male surface of robust sclerotized hood; hood in horizon­ rather robust, vinculum strongly angled in ventral tal plane, of about equal width throughout, narrow­ and lateral views, saccus short and broad, valvae ing abruptly caudad with pointed and upcurved relatively short for "zibd' group, but broad in later­ caudal projection at attachment of ductus semina­ al view; female genitalia with hood less robust than lis; lamellae broader than ductus bursae, ellipitical, on 8. ziba and in horizontal plane, ductus bursae and separated by narrow central fissure; corpus relatively short, prominently twisted. The male is bursae bulbous with pair of moderately-sized signa distinguished from 8. ziba and the superficially typical of genus; apophysis papillae anales short, similar 8. diaguita by strongly angulate vinculum not extending anteriorly to mid-point of hood. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 209

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Figs. 27-37. Strymon "crossoea" and Strymon "eurytulus" groups. All from Brazil: Rondonia; vicinity ofCacaulandia, dorsal surface on left and ventral surface on right. Fig. 27. Strymon fmwalia, male, 26 Oct. 1990: Fig. 28. Strymon faunalia, female, 21 Oct. 1989; rig. 29. Strymon halos, holotype male; Fig. 30. Strymon halos, female, 12 Nov. 1991; Fig. 31. Strymon conspergus, holotype male; Fig. 32. Strymon cOllspergus, female, 15 July 1994; Fig. 33. Strymoll bazochii, male, 3 July 1994; Fig. 34. St.rymoll bazochii, female, 4 Apr. 1993; Fig. 35. Strymon diagollalis, holotype male; Fig. 36. Strymon diagonalis, female, 16June 1994; Fig. 37 . .:;trymoll bubastus, female, 2 Nov. 1989. 210 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

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Figs. 38-43. Male genitalia of Strymon "ziba" group including lateral view of genital capsule with valva detatched and aedeagus removed, ventral view of genital capsule with aedeagus removed, and lateral view of aedeagus. Fig. 38. Strymonziba, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA#505"4); Fig. 39. Strymon thulia, Ecuador, Pichincha (GTA#4799); Fig. 40. Strymon spinatus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #600 1); Fig. 41. Strymon latamaculus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #6000); Fig. 42. Strymon pallidulus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #6089); Fig. 43. Strymon tholus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #6002).

Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. This spe­ of Strymon (Johnson et al. 1990) and not northern cies with quadrate postmedian macules on the FW congeners. In north and central Argentina, S. is reminiscent, particularly in black and white diaguita is primarily found in warm temperate photographs, of S. diaguitaknown from Argentina. grasslands and adjacent disturbed areas and is not The genitalia of both sexes, however, are very generally associated with the scattered (and gener­ different (male of S. thulia with a prominently ally more northern) tropical and subtropical habi­ angled vinculum and short valvae, female with a tats of that region. twisted and slender ductus bursae). The junior Thecla thulia has languished in synonymy author (who has collected S, diaguita in numbers) with S, basilides (e,g., Bridges 1988) or, with the would have not considered these species similar. recognition thatS. basilidesis blue, then S. ziba. S. The overall character of the ventral colors of S. thulia is superficially similar to S. ziba with its diaguita is brown and, in more pallid or worn gray dorsum and orbicular ventral markings. It individuals, confusion might result with members differs from S. ziba in its smaller size, more angu­ of the temperate South American "eremica' group lar (less rounded) wing shape, and finer and more INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 211

50

Figs. 44-50. Male genitalia of Strymon "crossoea" group including lateral view of genital capsule with valva detatched and aedeagus removed, ventral view of genital capsule with aedeagus ~emoved,and lateral view of aedeagus. Fig. 44. Strymon novasignum, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #5994); Fig. 45. Strymon clavus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #GOOG);Fig. 4G. Strymon implexns, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #5991); Fig. 47. StrYlllon inlllirum, Brazil: Rondonia (GT A#GO 12); Fig. 48. Strymon halos Brazil: Rondonia (GT A#48G7, holotype); Fig. 49. StrYlllon conspergus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #G01G, holotype); Fig. 50. Strymon diagonalis, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #4991, paratype). quadrate postmedian ventral macules. The above has the following additional label added: Lectotype detailed description is based upon 2 males and a / Thecla thulia Hewitson / designated by / Austin female from Ecuador: Pichincha Province. The and Johnson 1995. female is virtually identical in both wing charac­ Distribution in study area. A female taken ters (photograph examined) and genitalic charac­ at Fazenda Rancho Grmide on 16 November 1991 ters (slide examined) of the lectotype of S. thulia. lacks an abdomen, but superficially more closely Types. The above designated lectotype in the NHM resembles the type and other material of S. thulia 212 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

, = ...... ~.' ". . 54 '. ' ....•'~ " ... :::< '.",..,.~:"- :,"

~it;;;;;:~ 55 / Si:{:J;;{~~

Figs. 51-56. Female genitalia of Strymon "ziba" group including lateral view of genital capsule, lateral and ventral views oflamella and ductus bursae, and lateral view of papillae and apophysis. Fig. 51. Strymon ziba, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #5060); Fig. 52. Strymon thulia, Ecuador: Pichincha (GTA #4800); Fig. 53. Strymon spin at us, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #4989, holotype); Fig. 54. Strymon latamaculus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA#5056, holotype); Fig. 55. Strymonpallidulus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA#5272, holotype); Fig. 56. Strymon tholus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA#5062, holotype). than any other known species and is so included side of" th ecla -spot"; v en tral ground gray -tan; wings until additional material becomes available. with thin tripartite postmedian lines, that on HW as orb-like macule costad; 3 blackish postbasal Strymon spinatus, new species macules with vague Oi'ange. Slightly larger in size Figs. 5, 6, 40, 53 than S. ziba and of that general phenotype; differs from all known species of the group by the Diagnosis. Wings. Large in size (FW length "ziba" very thin postmedian band macules of both wings holotype female=15.5 mm, male FW length=14.0 with only the anteriormost macule of the HW orbic­ mm) and prominently tailed; dorsal ground gray; ular in shape. Morphology. Male genitalia similar to male FW with prominent, large black brand; HW other group species, differing by the caudal exten­ prominen t" thecla -spot" , orange over black macule; "ziba" sions of the valvae being somewhat more serrate on their vague blue-white submarginal macules on either INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 213

57

64 i 61 \.

63

Figs. 57-64. Female genitalia of Strymon "valentina" and Strymon "crossoea" groups including lateral view of genital capsule, ventral view oflamella and ductus bursae, and lateral view of papillae and apophysis. Fig. 57. Strymon rotundum, Brazil: Rondonia (GT A #4962, holotype); Fig. 58. Strymongermana, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA#4987, holotype); Fig. 59. Strymoncestri, Costa Rica: Limon Province (GTA #4996); Fig. 60. Strymon novasignu.m, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #4869, paratype); Fig. 61. Strymon clavus, Brazil: Rondonia (GT A #4870, holotype); Fig. 62. Strymon implexus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA#4984. holotype); Fig. 63. Strymoninmirum, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #6685, holotype); Fig. 64. Strymon incanus, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #4985, holotype). 214 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

Figs. 65-67. Female genitalia of StrYlIlon "crossoea" group including lateral view of genital capsule, ventral view oflamella and ductus bursae, and lateral view of papillae and apophysis. Fig. 65. StrYlIlon halos, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #4868, paratype); Fig. 66. StrYlIlon conspergus, Bolivia: Provo Sud Yungas (GTA # 7181); Fig. 67. StrYlIlon diagonalis, Brazil: Rondonia (GTA #5255, paratype). outer edges. Female genitalia with ductus bursae deflexed ule orb-like, line then thin as on FW becoming and a very robust hood before cervix bursae beyond which irregular posteriorly; "thecla-spot" orange with tri­ is a scI erotized, spinate plate on the dorsmn of the corpus angular black pupil; anal angle red-orange divided bursae, a character nearly unique in the gelius (see Re­ by white slash, margin with small black circular marks). macule; submargin with macules vaguely darker Description. Male. As female (following), sin­ than ground color outlined proximad and distad gle example worn, but with less broadly rounded with white; postbasal orbs near base ofSc+ R) and in wings, large (3 mm) and prominent brand; narrow­ mid discal cell, black with vague deep red-orange er "thecla-spot". Female. Wings broad; FW term en and nearly completely encircled with white. Male slightly convex; dorsal color medium gray; FW Genitalia. Genital capsule slender as characteristic uniform; HW with prominent "thecla-spot" cres­ of "zibd' group; saccus relatively narrow, parabolic; cent-shaped orange macule over distinct black vinculum angled, but somewhat less so than on S. macule; vague blue-white submarginal macules in ziba and S. thulia; valvae slender, somewhat elon­ , ; M2 Ms' and CuA2 anal angle red-orange; white gate, bilobes ellipitical, caudal extensions thin, marginal line from Ms to 2A; tail at CuA2 very long, tapered, serrate on outer edges; aedeagus rather that at CuA! much shorter. Venter gray-tan; FW long (about 1. 5x genital capsule length), caudal end with vaguely darker submarginal macules, these slightly curved, caecum slightly arched, about 113 vaguely edged proximad and distad with white; aedeagus length, cornuti robust. Female Genitalia. postmedian band tripartite (white distad, black, Ductus bursae deflexed, robust, tubular, and elon­ orange; orange as broad as white and black com­ gate, prominently twisted (ca. 90°) before recurvate bined), extending to CuA2 as offset bars; HW with cep halad after which joining cen tro-ven tral surface similarly-colored postmedian band, anterior mac- of robust sclerotized hood, hood exceeding 113length INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 215 of rest of genital capsule, broadest cephalad, nar­ Similar to S. ziba, S. thulia, and S. spinatus, but rowing gradually caudad before curving ventrad to larger than S. ziba and S. thulia; postmedian of narrow caudal projection, lamellae prominent, el­ both wings broader, anterior postmedian macules lipitical, pointed caudad, and separated by wide of HW particularly broad and richly colored. Mor­ central fissure; corpus bursae bulbous with pair of phology. Male genital capsule slender as typical of moderately-sized signa typical of genus, dorsal group, vinculum prominently angled in lateral surface of bursae between cervix bursae and posi­ view, valvae similar to S. ziba and S. thulia, but tion of signa with narrow, ribbed, sclerotizedplate, bilobes more gradually narrowing to caudal exten­ ribs extending cephalad as short spines; apophysis sions, aedeagus robust with sculptured caudal end. papillae anales elongate, extending anteriorly to Female genitalia with ductus bursae strongly de­ near mid-point of cervix bursae hood. flexed and with a moderately robust hood before Type. Holotypefemale, Brazil, Rondonia, Lin­ cervix bursae, hood similar to, but more elongate ha 10, 5 km S of Cacaulandia, 5 April 1994, leg. O. than, that of S. ziba and ductus bursae more Gomes (GTA#4989). Depositedat UFPC. Addition­ robust. al material, 1 male, same location as holotype, 17 Description. Male. FW termen slightly con­ April 1995 (GTA #G001). vex; dorsal color dark gray; FW uniform except for Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. Our as­ large (2.5 mm) black brand; HW with small "thecla­ signmen t of S. spinatus to the "zibd' group is based spot" crescent-shaped orange macule over black upon the clear affinities of the genitalia: the lack of macule; faint blue-white submarginal macules in , , , ; a looped or sigmoidal ductal configuration and M I M2 M3 and CuA2 anal angle red-orange mar­ presence of a hooded cervix bursae on the female. gined proximad with white; white marginal line from M2 to tail CuA long, CuA Also, as typical of the group (as the "basilides" 2A; at 2 that at j group) defined by Johnson etal. (1980), S. spinatus shorter. Venter pale gray-brown; FW with darker lacks structural color and shows, in the VHW gray marginal (fain t) and submarginal (more prom­ maculation, orb-like elements in the postmedian inent) macules, latter vaguely edged proximad band and postbasally. The female genitalia, while with white; postmedian band macular, tripartite typical in overall form to members of the "zibd' (white distad, black, red-brown; red-brown broader ; group with a deflexed ductus and a prominent than white and black combined), extending to CuA2 hood, possesses a sclerotized spinate innovation at HW with similarly -colored postm edian ban d, an te­ the dorso-caudal surface of the corpus bursae not rior 4 macules orb-like, more or less in straight line, seen heretofore in Strymon except for a species of these also margined proximad with black and white, the "crossoed' group described as new below. line becoming narrow and irregular posteriorly; The species is similar to sympatric S. ziba and "thecla-spot" red-orange with triangular black pu­ S. thulia, but is immediately distinguished by the pil, red-orange margined proximad with yellow­ thin (except for the anteriormost macule) postme­ orange; anal angle red-orange distad divided by dian line on the VHW. white slash from yellow-orange proximad, margin Etymology. The species is named for the with black circular macule; submargin with mac­ spinate plate on the dorsum of the corpus bursae. ules darker gray than ground color vaguely out­ lined proximad and distad with white; postbasal new species Strymon latamacullls, orbs near base of Sc+ R j and mid discal cell of same Figs. 7, 8, 41, 54 color as postmedian orbs. Female. Similar to male; wings more rounded; no brand; "thecla-spot" larg­ Diagnosis. Wings. Large in size (holotype er; whitish submarginal macules somewhat more female FW length = 15.2 mm, paratype females = prominent; venter slightly paler and grayer; 2 15.0, 15.6 mm; male FW length = 14.0, 14.7 mm) specimens with chevron-shaped macule in FW cell and prominently tailed; dorsal ground dark gray; ; CuA2 orb near base of Sc+Rj doubled on one spec­ male FW with prominent, large black brand; HW imen. Male Genitalia. Genital capsule slender; with relatively small "thecla-spot", orange over saccus triangular gradually expanding to vincu­ black macule; blue-white submarginal macules on lum; vinculum not proni:Jlently angled in ventral either side of "thecla-spot"; ventral ground gray; view, but prominently so in lateral view; valvae wings with tripartite postmedian lines, thaton HW relatively short with ellipitical bilobes, narrowing represented by orb-like macules anteriorly; 2 to :3 gradually to tapered caudal extensions; aedeagus blackish postbasal macules with vague orange. robust (about l.4x genital capsule length), shaft 216 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

curved especially caudad to sculptured terminus, and/or yellower; orbs on VHW less broad and much caecum slightly arched, 29% of aedeagus length, paler than on S. latam.a.culus; grayer and with cOl'nuti robust. Female Genitalia. Ductus bursae broader postmedian lines than S. spinatus. Mor­ deflexed, rather robust, tubular, and elongate, phology. Male genitalia most similar to those of S. slightly twisted before recurvate cephalad after latamaculus, saccus less triangular, caudal exten­ which j oinin g cen tro-v en tral su rface of robus t scle­ sions of valvae thinner, aedeagus less curved and rotized hood, hood exceeding 118 length of rest of sculptured caudad. Female genitalia with ductus genital capsule, broad throughout, narrowing bursae thin, weakly deflexed and with hood at caudad before narrow caudal projection, lamellae cervix bursae more elongate and less broad than prominent, elongate, rectangular, and separated seen on any other "zibd' group species. by central fissure; corpus bursae bulbous with pair Description. Male. FW termen nearly straight; of moderately-sized signa typical of gen us; apophy­ dorsal color medium gray; FW uniform except for sis papillae anales very elongate, extending anteri­ prominent large (8.5 mm) black brand; HW with orly well beyond mid point of cervix bursae hood. large "thecla-spot" crescent-shaped pale orange Types. Holotypefemale, Brazil, Rondonia, Lin­ macule over black macule; anal angle yellow-or­ ha C-20, 7 km E ofB-65, Fazenda R.ancho Grande, ange margined proximad with white; white mar­ 20 Aug. 1998, leg. G. T. Austin (GTA #5056). ginalline from Ms to 2A; tail at CuA2 very long, that Deposited at UFPC. Paratype females, Brazil, CuA much shorter. Venter very pale gray; FW at l Rondonia, Linha ColO, 5 km S of Cacaulfmdia, 22 with vaguely darker gray submarginal macules; Sept. 1994 (GTA#5271); Linha C-20, 10 km E ofB- postmedian band tripartite (white distad, black, 65, lot 18, 15 Aug. 1998 (GTA #506:3). Additional orange; orange as broad as white and black com­ material, 1 male, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 11 Nov. bined), extending to CuA2 as slightly offset bars; 1991 (GTA#5895); 1 male, Linha C-10, 5 km S of HW with similarly-colored postmedian band, or­ Cacauhlndia, 1 May 1995 (GTA #6000). ange somewhat redder, anterior macule orb-like, Remarks. Characters and Affinities. This is next :3 as relatively broad bars, line becoming yet another species which lacks a looped or sigmoi­ irregular posteriorly; "thecla-spot" orange with oval dal ductal configuration and has a hooded cervix black pupil, orange margined proximad with yel­ bursae on the female. The overall structure of the low; anal angle orange divided by white slash, genital capsule of the male, including the angled margin with relatively large black circular macule; (in lateral view) vinculum, simple valvae, and sub margin with macules darker gray than ground general aspect of the vinculum and aedeagus is color outlined proximad and distad with white; common to the group. Also, as typical of the small postbasal orbs base ofSc+R in mid "zibd' near l and group defined by

20 near Rio Pardo taken in October and November crossoea and S. faunaZia. FW not produced as on S. (GTA#5988, 6015, 8001). crossoea and pattern elements more distinct; FW squared-off as also seen on the smaller S. faunalia, Strymon crambusa (Hewitson) but wing shorter and postmedian orbs larger. Espe­ Fig. 16 cially resembles Strymon cestri (Reakirt) of Central America (see Remarks). Morphology. Ductus bur­ Thecla cral7lbusa Hewitson 1874. The holotype of this sae with sigmoidal configu ration, very similar to S. name was elaborated by 10hnson et al. (1990). cestri differing in spade shape of lamellae (much Diagnosis. Wings. Dorsally brown species of broader throughout on S. cestri). medium size (FW length = 10.5-12.5 mm) with Description. Male. Unknown. Female. Dorsal irregular wing margins and a single thickened HW ground concolorous dark brown except dusted with tail; little sexual dimorphism except for black (1-1.5 pale blue scales at wing bases and distad on poste­ mm) circular brand on male FW. Widespread, but rior third of DHW, HW with very short and some­ , never common, some color differences appear to what thickened tail at terminus of vein CuA2 correlate climate: dorsally brown (xeric) in cell CuA with large black dot with light submargin l and , or dark brown (mesic). Ventrad, the HW shows a vague dot in CuA2 no orange at anal lobe. VFW tan highly mottled pattern of "block-like" brown patch­ becoming grayer distad, postmedian band (costa to es over ground; xerophiles have these ele­ cell CuA ) narrowly white distad, blackish basad, paler l ments paler, particularly in a white patch median paler gray band distad; submargins and margins of in HW cell Sc+R , mesophiles (as in Rondonia) are each cell with vague blocks of dark gray-brown, l darker brown with brown patches most fully filling more diminutive at margin. VHW tan, postbasal the HW basal disc. with large brown orb base ofSc+R and in area near l Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. The most mid discal cell, undulate postmedian band com­ recent treatment of this species in South America posed of series of dark brown orbs, inside this at end was by Johnson et aZ. (1990). These authors placed of discal cell is a paler brown bar, all darker ele­ S. crwnbusa in the "crossoea" group of Strymon. ments thinly margined distad and proximad with Dissection of a male and female in the Rondonian white; limbal area mottled gray and white, large samples showed no significant variation from the black "thecla-spot" marginad in cell CuA!, anal lobe species elsewhere in South America. Recent exam­ narrowly black. Female Genitalia. Ductus bursae ination of S. crambusa samples at the NHM re­ of moderate width with sigmoidal configuration of vealed additional Amazon Basin material of the anterior ductus, posterior ductus relatively short species with the darker wing facies as seen in (less than 6x diameter of sigmoidal portion); lamel­ Rondonia. This further strengthens the view that lae spade-shaped, sharply pointed caudad; corpus Rondonian specimens do not warrant taxonomic bursae with pair of curvate signa; papillae anales distinction from S. crambusa. Type. Johnson et al. typical of genus, apophysis long, extending cephal­ (1990) identified the holotype male of this species. ad well beyond cervix bursae. Distribution in study area. A male and Type. Holotype female, Brazil, Rondonia, Lin­ female are from Fazenda Rancho Grande, 180 m, ha ColO, 5 km S of Cacaulandia, 24 January 1994, both taken on :3 November 1989; another female is leg. O. Gomes (GTA#4987). Deposited at UFPC. from second growth on Linha C-10, 5 km S of Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. Our first Cacaulandia and taken on 4 September 199:3 (GTA thought, upon seeing the holotype of S. germana #5987,7182, 718:3). with its elongate FW having a squared-off apex and the ventral orbicular pattern, was that it was Stry- Strymon germana, new species moll, cestri(Reakirt [1867]), but lacking the blue of Figs. 17, 58 Central American populations (we noted above that was browner in Rondonia than in Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size (holotype S. crossoea more xeric areas). Female in Central female FW length = 12.2 mm) and with very short S. cestri America has extensive pale blue on the posterior and thickened tail, dorsal ground nearly concolor­ half of the DHW, this variably extending to the ous brown, but with dusting of pale b-Iue scales DFW. The ground color is also darker, more black­ especially on HW, "thecla-spot" large and promi­ ish than on The "thecla-spot" on both nent, ventral pattern of black, brown, and gray. S. germana. the dorsum and venter is much larger and more Venter with postmedian line and other macules as prominent on S' germana, and S. cestri lacks all relatively large orbs suggestive of such taxa as S. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 221 trace of a tail and the ventral pattern appears more Strymon novasig,.w.m, new species mottled. The overall form of the female genitalia of Figs. 18, 19, 44, 60 8. germana, with its sigmoidal ductus, is nearly identical to that of 8. cestri (Fig. 59), but the Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size [female FW lamellae are triangular and sharply pointed on 8. length = 1:3.1 mm (10.0-14.5 mm, N = 9, types), male germana, but parabolic and blunt-ended on 8. ces- FW length = 1:3.1, 1:3.6, 1:3.7 mm] and prominently tri (this same general configuration also occurs in tailed, with concolorous brown dorsal ground and the Central American species 8trymon yojoa [Rea­ ventral pattern of black, brown, and g~ay.In size kirtJ). It will be in teresting to obtain a male of 8. and pattern suggestive of 8. mulucha. Like 8. germana to see if the species has the marked sexual mulucha. showing succinct white discal slash in dimorphism of 8. cestn:. VFW discal celL but, unlike 8. mulucha, VHW The known distribution of 8. cestri is from postmedian band comprised of concise brownish southern United States through Costa Rica (Opler black elements, more like tailless 8. crossoea (see and Malikal 1992). Numerous groups of Theclinae above), but particularly continuous toward the cos­ well-known from Central America have recently ta. 8. mulucha shows disjunctive dull suffusive been shown to have South American sister species, patches in the postmedian band; 8. crossoea shows although, in many cases, as yet poorly known. concise patches in postmedian and postbasal bands Constan tino et oL (199:3) described Atlides browni and both sexes generally with silvery blue on the from Colombia, noting the single known specimen DHW. Morphology. Male genitalia with capsule as the sister species of the Cen tral American Atlides rather robust like 8. crossoea, but saccus elongate carpasia (Hewitson). Subsequently, A. browni was and asymmetrical as on 8. crambusa, bilobes not collected in larger series (AMNI-I) and, in fact, was shouldered, but tapering gradually to thinly point­ well-known to other Colombian workers not collab­ ed caudal extensions. Compared to many of the orating on the original description (C. Callaghan, "crossoea" group (Johnson et oL 1990, figs. 20-27), pers. comm. to Johnson 1994). Johnson and Amaril- female genitalia with ductus bursae horizontally 10 (1997) treated 2 species, one described as new, of looped, as typical of several new species herein, but the "brown Cyanophrys" (Antephrys Johnson, Eisele, previously not seen in the "crossoea" group except for the superficially distinct Chilean 8. and MacPherson 199:3), a group represented by :3 peristictos far more well-known species in Central America. Johnson, Eisele, and MacPherson (see Remarks); Johnson and Kruse (1997) described the first South differing from all known 8lrymon species by the American sister species of Cyanophrys miserabilis corpus bursae showing extremely enlarged and Clench, the latter, like 8. cestri, noted in the liter­ distally located signa which "balloon" the corpus ature as distributed from Mexico to Costa Rica. In bursae in the vicinity of the ductus seminalis (see a near reverse situation, Johnson and Kruse (1997) Remarks below). Otherwise similar to 8. mulucha, also described a Central American sister species of but with loop nearer to cervix bursae and horizon­ Cyanophrys detesta Clench, a species known only tal rather than vertical. from Colombia. It is obvious that sampling error Description. Male. Forewing with rather has played a role in the lack of such discoveries pointed apex, termen very slightly convex, distinct hitherto. Also, as with 8. cestri and 8. germana, it black brand (2 mm) in FW discal cell; dorsal ground is apparent that such Central America/South Amer­ nearly concolorous dark brown, but with relatively ican species disjunctions reflect the tectonic history prominent gray overscaling on posterior HW, HW of the Panamanian isthmus where there have been with prominent tail at terminus of vein CuA two separate disjunctions and rebuildings (late submargins in cells CuA) and Cu~with distin~~ , Mesozoic and Pliocene). Type. It is unknown if a black dots, less prominent dot in M3 small macule type of Thecla cestri (Reakirt) exists and, if so, of orange at anal lobe, HW with prominent white where (Miller and Brown 1981) and thus it remains fringe. VFW gray-brown. postmedian band (costa to critically identify the taxon. The species is, to cell CuA) slightly offset anteriorly, white distad, however, well known and illustrated (Scott 1986, blackish basad with a few orange scales anteriorly, Opler and Malikal 1992). paler gray band distad; submargins and margins of Etymology. The name means "having the same each cell with blocks of dark gray-brown, more parents" and refers to the possible sister species diminutive at margins; gray-brown ground of disc relationship with 8. cestri. broken by white mark at apex of discal cell. VHW with mottled gray and white ground basad, post- 222 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

basal area with succinct dark gray-brown orbs; looking species for the seminal study of Strymon in median areas with distinct white, this nearly in­ Argentina. Several of the new "crossoed' group variably with a dark macule within discal cell; taxa from Hondonia show the ductal spiral of the prominent and undulate postmedian band (com­ female genitalia in the horizontal plane. This trait prised of nearly continuous blackish brown ele­ was previously known in the "crossoea" group only ments edged thinly with white distad and with for Chilean S. peristictos (Johnson et al. 1990: fig. orange scales basad); limbal area mottled gray and 27) and was generally rare in Strymon previously white, darker gray costad, showing small black examined. Among the new Hondonian species, and "thecla-spot" marginad in cell CuA capped with compared to all shows a I Slrymon, S. novasignzun very pale orange, anal lobe black with vague orange unique configuration of the corpus bursae, an en­ basad and along vein 2A. Female. Similar to male; larged signa forming a "balloon" closely adjacent to wings somewhat broader and more rounded; no the point of attachment of the cervix bursae. As brand. Male Genitalia. Genital capsule broad; sac­ discussed further below, previous studen ts of Slry- cus long, broad, asymmetrical; vinculum angled in mon have noted the frequency of autapomorphies lateral view; valvae slender, bilobes ellipitical, not occurring at the cervix bursae. 1n a variety of shouldered, gradually narrowing to thinly pointed species, authors have noted "cap-", "fan-", or "cupo­ caudal extensions; aedeagus slender (1.4x genital la-like" structures at the cervix bursae, near or capsule length), slightly sinuate, caecum 24% of surrounding the point of attachment of the ductus aedeagus length. Female Genitalia. Showing spiral seminalis. The innovation in S. novasignum is ductus bursae configuration typical of genus, but unique in that it appears on the corpus bursae, horizon tally looped. Ductus posterior of loop elon­ behind and detached from the cervix bursae itself. gate (exceeding 8x diameter of loop), loop closely Most interestingly, another new Hondonian species proximate to cervix bursae. Cervix bursae with described immediately below shows a very differ­ slight dorsal hood, as typical of many Strymon, but ent innovation at this location, a large signa-like differing from all by having extremely large sig­ component (separate and distinct from the 2 signa moid-shaped signa directly anterior to cervix bur­ common to the corpus bursae in the genus) forming sae so as to "balloon" the corpus bursae before the a "dome" over the distal end of the cervix bursae. emanation of the ductus seminalis (however, not Etymology. The name is derived by adding the showing any additional component surrounding prefix "nova" (unusual) to "signum", and refers to the distal end of the corpus bursae as on the species unique size and location of the signa in this species. to be described next); papillae anales typical of genus, apophysis extending anterior to the ductal Strymon clavus, new species loop. Figs. 20, 21, 45, 61 Types. Holotypefemale, Brazil, I{ondonia, Lin­ Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size (holotype ha ColO, 5 km S of Cacaulfmdia, 20 August 1994, female FW length = 1:3.0 mm; male FW length = O. Gomes (GTA #6019). Deposited at UFPC. leg. 12.7 mm) and tailed, with dark gray-brown dorsal Paratype females, 62 km S of Ariquemes, Linha C- ground and distinct gray submarginal scaling on 20,7 km ofB-65, Fazenda Hancho Grande, 4Nov. E HW, ventral pattern of black, brown, and gray and 1990 (GTA#4869); Linha ColO, 5 km S ofCacaulan­ a VFW white discal slash as on several species dia, 15 Feb. 1994 (GTA#4986); 17 Mar. 1994 (GTA similar to S. mulucha. Ventral color paler than #4988); 7Sept. 199:3 (GTA#6008); 2July 1994 (GTA preceding species and at once distinguished from #6212); 11 July 1995 (GTA #6266); 2 Aug. 1994 other species with this general morphotype by the (GTA #60 lO); 4Aug. 199:3 (GTA#599:3). Additional more distinct gray on the DHW. Morphology. Male material, males, same location as holotype, 5 Oct. genitalia with capsule slender; prominently angled 1994 (GTA #5065); :3 Aug. 199:3 (GTA #5994); :31 in ventral and lateral views; saccus broad, long, and Aug. 199:3 (GTA #6007). slightly asymmetrical; and caudal extensions of Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. Johnson valvae very thin. The female shows a unique large (1990) defined the group by a et al. "crossoed' "signa"-like sclerotized element atop the cervix shared overall ventral wing pattern, clearly shown bursae in addition to the 2 elongate lateral signa by all the new species of that group described typical of the genus in the corpus bursae. herein. Those authors stated that the group might Description. Male. Forewing apex pointed, not be monophyletic (see also group discussion termen slightly convex; dorsal ground concolorous below), but did serve to cluster numerous similar- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 223

dark gray-brown except submargin on posterior 11 leg. O. Gomes (GT A #4870). Deposited at UFPC. 2 ofHW with prominent gray; HW with prominent Paratype female, 62 km S of Ariquemes, Linha C- tail at terminus of vein CuA2, submargins of cells 20, 7 km E of B-65, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 2G CuA] and CuA2 with black dots prominently con­ Aug. 1992. Additional material, male, same loca­ trasting with surrounding gray, submargin in cell tion as paratype, 22 Nov. 1991 (GTA #G006). Ms with vague black macule, anal angle with small Remarks. Characters and Affinities. Remarks orange macule. Venter with complex pattern of under S. novasignwn described immediately above black, brown, and gray; FW ground relatively pale pertain here. As noted therein, the signum-like gray-brown basad, postmedian band (costa to cell sclerotization covering the clistal portion of the CuA]) slightly offset anteriorly, white distad, black corpus bursae in S. clavus is unlike anything seen proximad, vague orange proximad of black, pale heretofore in Stryrnon except on S. spinatus de­ gray distad of band with submargin and margin of scribed above. This innovation on S. clavus has the each cell also marked with a small chevron of gray­ spinate ribs directed caudad whereas these extend black; discal area of brown FW ground mark~dwith cephalad on S. spinatus. prominent white slash across apex of discal cell. Etymology. The Latin "clavus" means "spike" HW with mottled pattern of white , gray, andbrown, and refers to the unique structure on the distal end marked most prominently by postmedian band of of the corpus bursae in females of this species. brownish black bars, edged rather vaguely distad with white, most prominent at end of discal cell and Strymon implexus, new species with Sc+R] element slightly displaced basad, a few Figs. 22, 2:3, 4G, 62 orange scales on proximal edge of band especially at Diagnosis. Wings. Medium in size (female FW end of discal cell; median white area rather diffuse; length = 1:3.2 mm [12.0- H.O, N =6, types]; male FW postbasal area more or less distinctly brown; limbal length = 1:3.8, 14.9 mm) and prominently tailed, area mottled white, "thecla-spot" submarginad in with concolorous relatively pale gray-brown dorsal cell CuA] black-centered with slight corona of yel­ ground and ventral pattern of brown and gray. In low-orange; base of anal lobe with prominent black size and pattern suggestive of patch and bright orange along vein 2A, paler or­ S. nwlucha, S. cla- and Like these species show­ ange along anal margin. Female. Similar to male vus, S. novasignurn. ing white discal slash across VFW discal cell, but with more rounded wings; no brand. Male Genita­ this is less succinct; unlike and lia. Genital capsule rather slender, sides more or S. rnulucha S. novasignzun with paler ventral ground, but brown­ less parallel on anterior 112 in ventral view; saccus er (not as gray) as VHW postmedian band long, broad, triangular, somewhat asymmetrical; S. clavus; of dark gray-brown elements, these not strongly vinculum prominently angled in ventral and later­ contrasting as on , and al views; valvae with ellipitical bilobes, not shoul­ S. mulucha, S. no vas ignzun Morphology. Male genitalia similar to dered, but narrowing abruptly to very thin caudal S. clavus. S. with broad genital capsule; saccus extensions; aedeagus thin (l.4x genital capsule novasignum shorter, broader, and less asymmetrical; vinculum length), nearly straight except for slight bend at less angulate; and valvae longer. Female genitalia caudal end, caecum 24% of aedeagus length. Fe­ generally similar to 2 preceding species with ductus male Genitalia. Showing spiral ductus bursae con­ bursae horizontally looped, but with no special figuration typical of genus, but with plane of loop innovations of the signa, lamellae more robust than horizontal. Ductus posterior of loop elongate (8x on any of the similar taxa above and below. diameter of loop), loop closely proximate to cervix Description. Male. FW apex somewhat round­ bursae. Differing from all known congeners except ed, termen convex, dorsal ground nearly con color­ of the group by a large "signa"­ S'. spina'('us "zibd' ous dark brown, slightl? paler towards tornus of like sclerotized element atop the cervix bursae HW, FW with relatively distinct black brand (2 closely adjacent to elongate, narrow, and sigmoid­ mm) in discal cell; HW with prominent tail at shaped signa which together "balloon" the corpus terminus of vein CuA ) submargins in cells CuA] bursae before the emanation of the ductus semina­ 2 and CuA2 with distinct black dot, small vague lis. Papillae anales typical of genus, but robust, macule of dull orange at anal lobe, HW with mostly apophysis extending anterior to the ductal spiral. white fringe. VFW pale brown, postmedian band Types. Holotype female, Brazil, Rondonia, 67 (costa to cell CuA]) strongly offset anteriorly, white km S of Ariquemes, Linha C-10, 5 km S of Ca­ distad, brown basad with a few orange scales ante- caulfmdia, Station 19, forest, 19 September 199:3, 224 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI riorly, paler gray band distad; submargins and ferring to the complex of similar species within the margins of each cell with blocks of dark gray­ "crossoea" group of Strymon. brown, more diminutive at margins; gray-brown ground of disc broken by white mark at apex of Strymon inmirum, new species discal cell. VHW with mottled gray and white Figs. 24, 25, 47, 63 ground, postbasal area pale brown, median area Wings. Small in size (holotype fe­ relatively heavily white scaled, this diffuse, post­ Diagnosis. male FW length 10.5 mm, paratype females median band undulate, not particularly sharp and = = 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.3 mm; male FW length 11.0 contrasting, composed of somewhat disjunct dark = mm) and prominently tailed, with nearly concolor­ gray-brown elements edged thinly with white dis­ ous brown dorsal ground and ventral pattern of tad and a few orange scales basad; limbal area gray, black, brown, and gray. Aside from S. and mottled with much white, darker gray costad, faunalia related species, it is the smallest known "crossoea" showing small black "thecla-spot" marginad in cell group species. Venter similar to preceding 3 spe­ CuA! capped faintly with pale orange, anal lobe cies, but generally darker and browner than S. black with orange basad and vague pale orange clavus and S. implexus and about the color of S. along anal margin. Female. Similar to male; wings novasignum, differing from the latter by the less broader and more rounded; no brand. Male Genita­ distinctly defined white median area on the VHW, lia. Genital capsule broad; saccus rather long, broad­ especially on the male. Morphology. Male genitalia ly triangular, slightly asymmetrical; vinculum with capsule slender; saccus broad, weakly asym­ weakly angulate; valvae slender, bilobes ellipitical, metrical; vinculum prominently angulate, but less not shouldered, gradually tapering to thin and so than on S. clavus; and caudal extensions of pointed caudal extensions; aedeagus slender (1.5x valvae long and thin throughout. Female genitalia genital capsule length), shaft slightly curved, cau­ similar to other new "crossoea" group species de­ dal end more abruptly curved, caecum 24% aedea­ scribed above with loop of ductus bursae horizontal, gus length. Female Genitalia. Ductus bursae very most similar in form to S. novasignum, but with slender, with simple, tight, evenly curved horizon­ smaller signa not expanding corpus bursae caudad tal loop at cephalad end, ductus elongate (about 7x and S. implexus, but with broader loop and less diameter ofloop); lamellae very broad comprising quadrate lamellae. less than 114 ductal length, quadrate caudad; cor­ Description. Male. FW relatively short, apex pus bursae with pair of moderately-sized signa; pointed, termen slightly convex, indistinct black papillae anales elongate, but otherwise typical of brand (1.5 mm) in FW dis cal cell; dorsal ground genus, apophysis long, extending to cervix bursae. concolorous dark gray-brown except paler with Types. Holotype female, Brazil, Rondonia, Lin­ gray over scaling on tornal quarter ofHW, HW with ha C-10, 5 km S of Cacaulandia, 18 June 1994, leg. prominent tail at terminus of vein CuAz' sub mar­ O. Gomes (GTA #4984). Deposited at UFPC. gins in cells CuA! and CuAz with distinct black dots, females, location, 18 1994 , Paratype same July less pronounced dot in M3 a few bright orange (GTA#4983); 26 Sept. 1993 (GTA#5996); Linha C- scales at anal lobe, HW with fringe largely white. 20, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 15 Nov. 1990 (GTA VFW gray-brown, postmedian band (costa to cell #5995); 18 Nov. 1995 (GTA #6265); 30 Oct. 1990 CuA!) slightly offset anteriorly, white distad, black­ (GTA #6009). Additional material, males, same ish basad with a few indistinct orange scales ante­ location as holotype, 31 Aug. 1993 (GTA #5992); riorly, paler gray band distad; submargins and Fazenda Rancho Grande, 8 Nov. 1989 (GTA#5991). margins of each cell with blocks of dark gray-brown, Remarks. Characters and Affinities. This spe­ more diminutive at margins; gray-brown ground of cies is another which shows a horizontally looped disc broken by white mark at apex of discal cell. ductus bursae. It differs from the 2 preceding VHW with mottled gray and white ground, median species with this configuration in having no unique area prominently whitish, postmedian band undu­ late (but somewhat less so on many similar innovations of the signa. The rounded FW shape than species), comprised of nearly continuous blackish contrasts with those of and S. novasignum S. brown elements edged about equally with white which have rather pointed FW apices. The clavus distad; limbal area mottled gray and white, darker pale, washed out appearing venter distinguishes it gray costad, showing very prominent black "thecla­ from S. novasignum. spot" marginad in cell CuA! capped narrowly with Etymology. The name means "involved", re- orange, anal lobe black with indistinct orange along INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 225

vein 2A and anal margin. Female. Similar to male; white discal slash on the VFW, but having the wings broader and more rounded; no brand; dots on VHW pattern fainter. Morphology. Differs from DHW margin larger, more distinct; VHW median similar congeners by the very short ductus bursae white area more diffuse; one individual with orange horizontally looped immediately adjacent to cervix basad of VHW postmedian band. Male Genitalia. bursae. Genital capsule slender; saccus broad, triangular, Description. Male. Unknown. Female. Dor­ slightly asymmetrical; vinculum prominently an­ sal ground concolorous brown, HW with prominent tail terminus of vein CuA , submargins in cells gulate; valvae long with broadly ovate bilobes and at 2 long and thin caudal extensions; aedeagus thin CuA) and CuA2 with black dot, vague orange at (l.4x genital capsule length), straight, caecum 24% anal lobe. VFW pale gray-brown, postmedian band aedeagus length. Female Genitalia. Ductus bursae (costa to cell CuA) white distad, blackish basad, slender, horizontally looped, loop open and evenly vaguely paler gray band distad; submargins and curved, ductus posterior to loop elongate (about 7x margins of each cell with blocks of dark gray­ diameter of loop); lamellae nearly quadrate, of brown, more diminutive atmargins, nowhere prom­ almost equal width throughout and blunt-ended, inent; elisc with white mark at apex of discal cell. separated by central fissure; cervix bursae with VHW with mottled gray and white ground, basal moderate lateral sclerotization forming bursae into area wh itish, vaguely divided into proximal and a sac at base of ductus seminalis; corpus bursae distal portions by gray ground, postmedian band with pair of curved signa of moderate size; papillae undulate, composed of disjunct blackish brown anales robust, but otherwise typical of genus, apo­ elements edged vaguely with white distad; limbal physis long extending beyond cervix bursae. area pale gray with white overscaling, darker gray Types. Holotype female, Brazil, Hondonia, costad, showing small bi;lck "thecla-spot" margin­ Fazenda Hancho Grande, rd C-20, 7 km S of B-65, ad in cell CuA) capped with a few orange scales, 62 km S of Ariquemes, leg. J. P. Brock, Deposited at anal lobe with similar orange. Female Genitalia. UFPC. Paratype females, same location as holo­ Ductus bursae with horizontally looped configura­ type, 8 Nov. 1885 (GTA #6268); 8 Nov. 1880 (GTA tion, loop robust, proximate to cervix bursae, duc­ #6011); Linha ColO, 5 km S of Cacaulfmdia, 28 July tus posterior very short (less than 5x diameter of 1885 (GTA #6267); 21 Aug. 188:3 (GTA #601:3). loop); lamella parabolic, rather sharply inclined Additional material, male, Linha 10, 5 km S of from ductus in terminal 1/:3; corpus bursae with Cacaulfmdia, 5 Aug. 188:3 (GTA #6012). pair of typical moderate-sized signa, papillae an ales Remarks. Characters and Affinities. This is with apophysis long, extending well cephalad of another species of a common morphotype in central cervix bursae. Hondonia with a white discal slash on the VFW, Type. Holotype female, Brazil, Hondonia, Lin­ mottled aspect on the VHW, and female genitalia ha ColO, 5 km S ofCacaulanclia, 21 February 1894, with a horizontally looped ductus bursae. It is most leg. O. Gomes (GTA #4885). Deposited at UFPC. similar to S. nouasignwn, but is notably smaller, Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. S. inca- lacks the dark macule in the median white area of nus is similar in size and pattern to S. inmirwn, but the Vl-IW, has a somewhat stouter loop in the is distinguished by its paler aspect, the vague Vl-IW ductus bursae, and the signa does not expand the pattern and the distinct genitalia with the very corpus bursae caudad. S. implexns is paler, with a short ductus bursae with its loop immediately more diffuse ventral pattern. adjacent to the cervix bursae. Etymology. This is one of several similar spe­ Etymology. The name means "quite gray" and cies occurring in Hondonia without a single out­ refers to the ventral aspect of this species. standing character; the name means unremark­ able. Strymon faunalia (Hewitson) Figs. 27, 28 Strymon incanlls, new species Figs. 26, 64 Thecla faunalia Hewitson 1868. Johnson et al. (1990) discussed the type of this name. Diagnosis. Wings. Small in size (holotype fe­ Diagnosis. Wings. Historically, this brown male FW length 11.0 mm) and prominently tailed, = species has stood out by its small size (FW length with concolorous brown dorsal ground and ventral = 8.1)-10.5 mm). However, several other recently de­ pattern of black, brown, and gray. In size and scribed Strymon are small (Johnson et al. 1890, pattern comparable with S. inmirnm and having a 226 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

Johnson and Kroenlein 199:3, this paper). Contrast­ attachment of brush organs to vinculum (see Re­ ing with these species and other Strymon known marks). Female ductus bursae of moderate length from Rondonia, S. fannalia shows a single short and cervix bursae with no specialized sclerotiza­ HW tail and, on the venter, an entire (usually very tions surrounding distal end of corpus bursae (see orderly). postbasal band of suffusive brown orbs Remarks). paralleled distad by an orderly postmedian band of Description. Male. Dorsal color dark gray­ disjunct suffusive brown orbs, elements of which brown, FW with broad (1.5 mm) suffusive black appear more prominently "edged" distally and ba­ brand across distal one-half of discal cell, HW with , sally with white and black rather than concentri­ black macules in cells euA j and CuA2 the latter cally circled as on 8. thins (Geyer) and a new usually faint. VFW with pale gray-brown ground species described below. from wing base to apical submargin, latter area Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. We find crossed by 5 or more darker brown and nearly no differences between typical 8. fawwlia as diag­ quadrate macules from costa, margins thereafter nosed and illustrated by Johnson et al. (1990) and slightly suffused darker gray-brown with a few macules continuing along submargin to cell CuA . specimens from Rondonia. Type. Johnson et al. 2 (1990:1:3-14, fig. 2:3) clarified the type of Thecla HW with mottled pattern of white and gray domi­ fannalia Hewitson and treated typical 8. fannalia nated by large white-ringed gray-brown orb post­ from the Argentine fauna. basal along the costa, prominent postmedian band Distribution in study area. Rondonia records of well-defined orbs (pronounced cost ad and distad are from several locales near Cacauhlndia in Sep­ of discal cell, more diminutive thereafter to anal tember and October (GTA#5989, 5990, 6014). margin), and prominent gray-black "thecla-spot" appearing somewhat elliptic in shape over light tan Strymon halos, new species limbal ground, narrowly capped with very pale Figs. 29, :30, 48, 65 orange. Other than these emphatic elements, re­ maining HW ground color showing some mottling Diagnosis. Wings. Small in size (male FW with darker tan marks across the postbasal area, length = 10.5, 1O.8mm;femaleFWlength=9.2mm) along margin towards apex, and between "thecla­ and relatively short-tailed; dorsal ground con color­ spot" and anal lobe. There is no prominent black ous dark gray-brown, ventral pattern of black, mark at the base of the anallobeas on the preceding brown, and gray, male with FW showing diffuse species. Female. Similar to male except for lack of black brand, both sexes with prominent submar­ dark FW brand and wings more rounded. Male ginal black macules on DHW on either side of tail. Genitalia. Generally typical of genus and most In size and pattern requiring comparison to 2 other similar to genitalia illustrated for S. mnlncha and smallStrymon, 8. fawwlia and 8. thins. 8. halos (Johnson 1990: figs. 22, 2:3) except differs markedly from 8. on the VHW with S. fannalia et al. fannalia for broad, funnel-shaped, saccus and more basal the postmedian andpostbasal bandmacules larger, and pronounced dorsal apodeme at point of attach­ more prominent, extremely lunulate, and encom­ ment of the brush organs (see Remarks). Female passed by crisp "halos", the costal orb of the postbas­ Genitalia. Ductus bursae with horizontally looped al band usually the largest and most prominent and configuration. Ductus posterior of loop moderately the FW postmedian band broader and comprised of long (6x diameter of loop), loop comparatively dis­ quadrate elements and more distinctly defined. 8. tant from cervix bursae (about:3x diameter ofloop); shows an entire postbasal band of suffu­ fannalia cervix bursae without notable sclerotal elements sive brown lunulate elements; its postmedian HW (see Remarks), area surrounding emanation of band is comparatively more disjunct and with ele­ ductus seminalis entirely membranous; corpus ments smaller and more distally- and basally-edged bursae with 2 narrow and pencilate signa located at and not concentrically circled. Although the VHW about midpoint of sac; papillae anales typical of pattern of also somewhat resembles the S. halos gen us, apophysis not particularly elongate, extend­ tailess species (FW length = 10.0-12.5 mm, 8. thins ing cephalad nearly to cervix bursae. see "Types" under Remarks below), this latter spe­ Types. Holotype male, Brazil, Rondonia, 62 cies is bright silvery to pewter blue across the entire km S of Ariquemes off B-65, vicinity Fazenda Ran­ HW. Morphology. Male genital valvae elongate, cho Grande, 180 m, 25 October 1989, G. T. tapered; saccus elongate, funnel-shaped (0.5x length leg. Austin (GTA#4867). Deposited at UFPC. Paratypes, of elongate valvae); slight apodeme at point of 1 female, same location, 12 Nov. 1991 (GTA#4868); INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 227

2 males, same data as holotype; I female, same data junior author in 1994 at the NHM, are the basis for as holotype; 1 male, Linha C-I0, 5 km S of Ca­ comparisons herein. caulandia, 1 Sept. 199:3 (GTA #6017). Etymology. The Latin "halos" refers to the Remarks. Characters and Affinities. Consid­ haloedlunules of the VHW on this species. ering described species of Strymon, S. halos ap­ pears to be a sister of S. faunalia, a species with Strymon conspergus, new species which it has more in common in the genitalia than Figs. :31, :32, 49, 66 in wing pattern. Interestingly, there is a new Diagnosis. Wings. Small in size (holotype male Col~m~ianspecies of (being described by Strym.on FW length 11.2 mm, paratypes male 10.0, 1l.1, theJumor author and Colombian colleagues) which = = 11.1 mm; female = 11.2 mm from Rondonia, 12.5 i~closer in wing pattern to than S. halos S. fauna- mm from Bolivia) with distinctive short tail (ap­ but also shows an additional HW band. One lLa, pearing "fuzzy" on unworn individuals because of autapomorphy of the genitalia in the S. halos, elongation of adjacent fringe scales), dorsum near­ pronouced and basally located apodeme for anchor­ ly concolorous brown, and, like no other congener, age of the brush organs, is more like the structures the VHW is covered with numerous lunulate marks seen in larger-sized Strymon species of the "zibd' (pa~ebrown orbs encircled by black then white), and groups (Johnson 1990: figs. 14- "orea1a" et al. whIte blotches, and arcs of white chevrons such 19). Also distinctive in is the marked S. halos that hardly any underlying ground color is visible. reduction of sclerotal innovation at the cervix bur­ Pattern is most suggestive of but sae. This condition contrasts with the marked S. halos, S. halos is paler and grayer and has longer tails. Morphol­ sclerotal elements at this location in the 2 other ogy. Male gehitalia with moderately slender cap­ new species described herein and parallels a trait sule especially cephalad, vinculum distinctly an­ noted as common to all species of a high Andean gled in ventral view, saccus narrow, and valvae and austral lineage of worldwide Strymonsens.lat. with no sharp division between bilobes and caudal Johnson, Miller, and Herrera 1992 (for - Heoda extensions. Female genitalia with weak, compact, various species treatments and genitalic figures horizon tal loop adjacent to cervix bursae, terminal see Johnson 1992a, 1992b; Johnson and et ai. lamellae pointed. Miller 1992; Benyamini and Johnson 1996). S. Description. Male. FW relatively short, broad, however, shares with all the new species of halos, termen very slightly convex; FW with indistinct the group described above, the horizon­ "crossoed' black brand 0.5 mm); dorsal ground color dark tal orientation of the ductal loop. The appearance gray-brown; HW with vivid white fringe with black of various morphological parallelisms in these new at vein tips, black macules margin ad in cells CuA species of Strymon from Rondonia emphasizes the and CuA , an(~white marginal line from M3 t~ importance of ascertaining more about their geo­ 2 torn us; HW WIth short tail at terminus of vein graphic distributions. To date, most morphologi­ CuA , appearing broad on fresh specimens due to cally innovative autapomorphies reported in 2 Stry- adjacen.t elongate, dark fringe scales. VFW gray­ taxa have been from species with very remote mon brown from base to median area, postmedian band or localized distributions. Types. The location of (costa to cell CuA), narrow, white distad, blackish the type of Geyeris unknown (Bridg­ Thy reus thius basad (vague orange basad of black), gray-brown es 1988). Because of this, the species has been crescents outlined with white along the submargin confused with Godart Polyommatns bazochii and gray-.brown surrounded by vivid white along (Draudt 1919, Bridges 1988). Johnson (1991) locat­ the margms; anal margin pale gray. VHW is be­ ed and illustrated the type of P. bazochii. Strymon speckled with orbs and white marks so as to nearly occurs in Rondonia as noted in a subse­ bazochii obscure any ground color; pattern with all orbs quent entry. The need for diagnostic distinction described below basically gray-brown, surrounded above between and reinforces the S. halos T. thius by prominent halos of first black and then white, view that and are distinct T. thius P. bazochii basal area with 2 orbs; postbasal area with 4 or 5 species, as does the appearance of the apparent orb~,.apex of discal cell with 2 orbs followed by sister species being described from Colombia. Spec­ whItIsh ground and postmedian band of prominent imens of matching its original description T. thius disjunctive orbs; median area immediately adja­ (which we also examined from an original edition, cent postmedian band with white chevrons adja­ see above under and studied by the S. megarus) cent to brown orbs along the submargin; limbal 228 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI area breaking the submarginal orb pattern only males. Under surface with distinct, finely mottled, with a chevron-shaped black, capped with very pale pattern compared to congeners, HW with mottled orange "thecla-spot" marginal in cell CuAI' tornus brown and/or yellow-white markings variously co­ with minute black macule with very pale orange alescing into median aneVor postmedian bands or basad. Female. Similar to male; no brand; wings occasional transverse bars and usually a distinct broader and more rounded. Male Genitalia. Genital pale ray across mid wing. capsule relatively slender especially cephalad; sac­ Remarks. Characters and Affinities. The most cus asymmetrical, narrow, becoming gradually recent treatment of this species in South America broader to narrow cephalad end of vinculum ; vincu­ was by Johnson et al. (1990) including examination lum prominently angled especially in ventral view: of the type specimen. These authors placed this valvae very slender, bilobes narrowly ellipitical, species in the "crossoea" group. Dissection of males gradually narrowing to very thin and pointed cau­ and females of the" S'. bazochii" series from Rondonia dal extensions, no clear separation of caudal exten­ indicated 2 phenotypes were present. One showed sions from bilobes; aedeagus relatively thin (1.4x no significan t variation from the genitalia illustrat­ genital capsule length), slightly curved caudad, ed by Johnson et, al. (1990: fig. 24). The second, caecum 25% of aedeagus length. Female Genitalia. described below, differed in genital characters of Ductus bursae with horizontal loop, this compact both sexes; these were reinforced by subtle differ­ and nearly of sigmoidal configuration, loop rela­ ences on the wings. S. bazochii is generally a tively close to cervix bursae; lamella broad, caudal xerophile. Type. Johnson (1991; see also Johnson et end prominently divided and pointed, papillae al. 1990) identified the holotype male of this spe­ anales typical of genus, apophysis extending to CIes. cervix bursae. Distribution in study area. The short series Types. Holotype male, Brazil, Rondonia, Lin­ of:3 males and 1 female are all from Linha C-IO, 5 ha C-lO, 5 km S of Cacaulandia, 23 Sept: 1993, leg. km S ofCacaulandia taken in January, April, May, O. Gomes (GTA #6016). Deposited at UFPC. and July, in 1993 and 1994 (GTA #4992-4994, Paratype males, same location as holotype, 14 July 6018). 1995 (GTA #8002); 20 July 1994 (GTA #6213); 24 Sept. 1994 (GTA #5556); paratype female, same Strymon diagonalis, new species location as holotype, 15 July 1994 (GTA #6214). Figs. 35, :36, 50, 67 Additional material, female, BOLIVIA, Rio Taque­ Diagnosis. Wings. Virtually identical to sym­ sta Uma near Puente Villa, Provo Sud Yungas, patric S. bazochii; relatively small in size; (male Dept. La Paz, 4500', 21 May 1989, leg. D. Matusik FW length 9.6, 11 :3, 11.8, 11.8 mm, female FW (AMNI-I, GTA#7181). = length = 10.3 mm); FW termen shorter and this Remarks. The overall habitus of this species is wing less broad; dorsal ground slightly paler, more like that of the somewhat smaller S. but the halos, brown than black; blue of HW not quite extending size and extent of the ventral macules on S. con- fully to margin, especially on male; VHW variable are immediately diagnostic. spergus and mottled with pale and dark areas, distinct pale Etymology. From a Latin word meaning "be­ diagonal area from base of costa to mid termen, and speckled", referring to the profusely orbed pattern distinct mid costal orbicular macule; VFW postme­ covering the entire VHW. dian dark macules somewhat less distinctly offset Strymon bazochii (Godart) distad at M3 than on S. bazochil:. Morphology. Figs. 33,34 Compared to S. bazochii, male genital capsule notably more slender as are valvae (in both ventral Thecla bazochii Godart [1824]. Johnson et al. (1990) and lateral views), falces, and saccus; vinculum discussed the holotype of this species. laterally tapered witlIout prominent angle of S. at cephalad end of brush organ attach­ Diagnosis. Wings. Small in size (FW length bo.zochii = ment. Female genitalia with ductus bursae show­ 9.0-13.5 mm), tailless and with marked sexual ing vertical loop configuration with dimorphism. Wing dorsum dark brown variously (S. bazochii sigmoidal ductus bursae) and much longer lamellae strewn with silvery blue on FW, generally suffused than on S. silvery blue over median to submarginal areas of bazochii. Description. Male. Of small size (9.5-12 mm); HW; male FW with black (1 mm) circular brand, FW broad at termen which curves slightly before both wings of female with much more blue than apex; HW termen convex, obviously produced in INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 229

middle, no tails; dorsal ground dark brown; FW elsewhere and is different yet from a third similar uniform with distinct black brand at distal end of species (undescribed) from the Yucatan region of discal cell; HW with purple-blue from M) to 2A Mexico and northern Guatemala. Our observation including all or posterior 112 of discal cell, ending of apparent diversity within "bazochii-like" Stry- short of margin which has distinct dark macules, moll. taxa comes simultaneously with a recent com­ largest in CuA); FW fringe of ground color becom­ munication to us from Dr. Matthew Cock concern­ ing whitish towards torn us; HW fringe white. Ven­ ing discovery of a distinctive sister species of S. tral ground color gray-brown; FW with postmedian bazochii in Trinidad. As with other groups of Stry- series of blackish macules, offset slightly distad at moll. already mentioned, the S. bazochii assem­ , M3 outlined distad by white line and then gray blage appears to be another harbinger of significant , band anterior to M3 diffuse submarginal white sibling species diversity. The eventual elaboration band from costa to CuA?, outer margin dark brown, of biological distinctions among species of these anal margin pale gray; VHW mottled with shades of groups of Strymon will be extremely important to brown and gray, large orbicular macule at mid our understanding of speciation in the genus with­ costa, usually distinct pale diagonal area from near in the Neotropical Realm and niche segregation base of costa' to termen, dark smudges at wing base among StrymolL species at the local level. and apically, postmedian line obvious posteriorly, Etymology. The name refers to the pale area composed of series of gray-brown lunules outlined from the costa to the termen of the VHW. distally by white, "thecla-spot" a small black dot. Female. Similar to male; no brand; broader and Discussion of "crossoea" Group more rounded wings; blue of HW less extensive. The "crossoea!' group is recognized by its pre­ Male Genitalia. Genital capsule very slender for dominently brown to gray-brown dorsum and mot­ genus; valvae slender with long, very thin, and tled VHW pattern of brown, gray, and white. sharply poin ted caudal extensions; falces thin; sac­ Johnson (1990) identified 8 species of the cus narrow, asymmetrical; vinculum tapered later­ et al. group from Argentina and additional ally, weakly angled; aedeagus thin, nearly straight. "crossoed' previously described species, S. and S. Female Genitalia. Ductus bursae with broad verti­ cestri thius mentioned above, appear to belong here. Thirteen cal loop configuration near the cervix bursae, pos­ species of this group occur in the central Rondonia terior ductus straight, narrow throughout, termi­ fauna, of which 9 are new species. The number of nating in long, broadly ovate lamellae; corpus bur­ similar sympatric species requires a more thorough sae globular with signa configu­ oftypicalStrymolL discussion than usual. ration, but much larger than usual, papillae anales As noted above, most species are very similar in long and slender, apophysis long, extending well their superficial and genital characters, but close cephalad of cervix bursae. study reveals unique combinations of characters Types. Holotype male, Brazil, Rondonia, Lin­ which readily separate them. These appear as ha C-I0, 5 km S ofCacaulandia, 5 July 1994, leg. O. various sublineages as suggested by Johnson et ai. Gomes (GTA#4990). Depositedat UFPC. Paratypes, (1990). Because of these obvious character states, same location as holotype, 1 male, 12 July 1994 we propose 4 tentative subgroups among the (GTA#496:3); 1 male, 1:3 July 1994 (GTA#4991); 1 Rondonia fauna as discussed below. In addition, a female, 16 June 1994 (GTA#5255); 1 male, Brazil: key is provided to all the Rondonia species of Rondonia; Linha C-20, 7 km of B-65, Fazenda E at the end of the general discussion. Rancho Grande, 18 Nov. 1995 (GTA #7184). Strymon The subg-roup is characterized by Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. This spe­ "crossoed' well-marked sexual diIll0rphism in wing shape cies is so similar to its sympatric congener S. (male with truncated FW apex, female with more at the Rondonia study site that it was bazochii rounded FW apex), the large macules on the VHW, originally included in the series of that species. and the hindwing has very short or no tails. This Slight variation in wing shape and color prompted group includes S. S. and dissection of the series; this indicated 2 genitalic crossoea, crambusa, S'. in Rondonia, plus 8. of Mexico and phenotypes corroborating the variation seen in the germaILa cestri Central America. The species from Rondonia are wings. One of these phenotypes matched that shown readily separated by wing pattern. for 8. bazochii illustrated by Johnson et al. (1990) The" mu,[uchd' subgroup has no striking sexual and this species appears to be widespread north­ dimorphism in wing shape, the VI-IW pattern con­ ward to Mexico. The second has not been seen from sists of a thin, black and white, and unclulate 230 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI postmedian line, usually has considerable white nently a xerophile and this may explain its appar­ ventral overscaling, and has a white mark at the ent rarity in the Rondonian study area. The female distal end of the discal cell on the VFW. Included from Rondonia matches in all respects the Johnson are S. novasignwn, S. clavus, S. implexus, S. in- et al. (1990) concept of the species. Type. The type mirwn, and S. incanus in Rondonia and at least S. of this species is yet to be located or elaborated mulucha known from elsewhere. This is a group of (Bridges 1988, Johnson et al. 1990). very similar taxa, best distinguished by a combina­ Distribution in study area. A single female tion of superficial and morphological characters from Fazenda Rancho Grande was taken on 2 seen in a series of individuals. The apparent ab­ November 1989 (GTA #5986). sence of the widely distributed S. mulucha in the Cacaulandia area is surprising, as it has been Discussion identified in samples from both north and south of Characters. The new taxa described here, this region. although recognizable (especially in series) by wing The subgroup also has no striking "faunalia" pattern characters, are typical of species sexual dimorphism in wing shape, the VHW pat­ Strymon elsewhere in showing various autapomorphic gen­ tern consists of distinctly orbicular macules, and italic characters as corroborative evidence of their the HW has relatively short tails. Species of this specificity. As noted in recent studies of subgroup in Rondonia are S. and Strymon faunalia, S. halos, (Johnson 1990, 1992a, 1992b; Johnson and all relatively easily distinguished by et aL S. conspergus, Salazar E. 199:3; Johnson and Kroenlein 199:3), the wing pattern. basic morphological ground plan of the gen us is so The subgroup is characterized by a "bazochii" simple that structural differentation appears to relatively prominent sexual dimorphism in wing occur only in innovations of the male valval and shape (females with considerably more rounded penial apparatus or the female ductus bursae and forewings than males), a VHW pattern usually cervix bursae. Three of the new species described dominated by a finely mottled pattern and a pale herein show autapomorphies in the region of the ray from the base of the costa to the mid termen, female cervix bursae, 2 with a sclerotized structure relatively intense blue on the DHW, and no tail. not resembling anything noted heretofore for the Two very similar species, and S. bazochii S. diago- genus. Numerous species of exhibiting occur in Rondonia, these may usually be Strymon naZis, extremely odd structural innovations also appear separated by wing pattern as noted in our key. to have very localized geograph ic distribu tions (e.g. , Smith, Johnson, J. Miller, and «eurytulus" group S. wnonensis Y. McKenzie [Mona Island, Puerto Rico]; S. rhoptos Strymon bubastus (Stoll) Johnson, Eisele, and MacPherson, S. golbachi Fig. :37 Johnson, Eisele, and MacPherson [both shrub­ steppe, austral South American]; S. peristictos Papilio bubastus Stoll [1780]. Types of this name have not ,Johnson, Eisele, and MacPherson [coastal dunes, been located (Johnson et al. 1990) northern Chile], and S. barbara Johnson, Eisele, Diagnosis. Wings. Small to medium in size and MacPherson [to date one quebrada in remnant (FW length = 8.5-14.0 mm), brown on dorsum and subtropical forest, Salta, Argentina]). It will there­ venter (DHW hued blue distad in some xeric sam­ fore be of interest to further elaborate the geo­ ples), HW outer margin rounded and tailless; oth­ graphic distributions of the new species from erwise readily recognized by prominent postmedi­ Rondonia. It is possible that they occur in other an band of large and disjunct blackish brown orbs Neotropical samples, but simply have not been paralleled in the postbasal area by 2 similar large recognized, a matter complicated by the aforemen­ orbs. In addition, the DHW shows a i)rominent tioned historical confusion surrounding identifica­ blackish brown orb marginad in cell CuA]. tion of S. crossoea and S. mulucha. Remarks. Characters and Mfinities. Along Research in the present study reemphasizes with S. . bazochii, S. bubastus is a familiar and the importance of morphological characters in iden­ widespread Strymon species needing little addi­ tifying Strymon species. As noted in our treatment tional elaboration here. This species, with the most of the "zibci' group, previous views of very general­ northerly distribution of "eurytulus" group mem­ ized wing patterns proved inadequate for accurate­ bers, was most recently treated by Johnson et al. ly identifying members of species groups which (1990). Strymon bubastus appears to be predomi- show either a spiral 0r deflexed ductus bursae in INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997 231 females. Components of both ductus and corpus order to accurately address diversity. For instance, bursae differ dramatically between certain species if we had abided by traditional and misleading groups, and far more precise definitions of the views of the "basilides" group (generally referring ventral wing pattern (particularly in the postbasal only to dorsally gray-brown individuals with vari­ markings) have proved necessary to give accurate ous ventral markings on the hindwing), we would external clues to the species. Such discoveries os­ not have differentiated those species with or with­ ten tatiously affect views of species diversity among out spiral ductus bursae in their females. Similarly, Strymon. the fine-grained taxonomic approach required by Diversity. Strymon is unusual among Neotro­ these discoveries, particularly among the series pical Eumaeini in having a Nearctic type species available from the study area, allowed identifica­ (Strymon melinus I-Hibner). The fact that this spe­ tion of numerous additional species in the "cros- cies has a spiral ductus bursae in the females raises soea!' group (and "mulucha!' subgroup) as well. The some question regarding the monophyly of "Stry- challenge now is to study these taxa biologically mon" in Latin America. High Andean and austral and discern what biological and/or ecological pa­ lineages of the Strymonia (Heoda Johnson, Miller rameters may further distinguish them in the field. and Herrera; Eiseliana Ajmat de Toledo) have For instance, in studies of Strymonina in Chile already been noted as autochthonous South Amer­ (Benyamini 1995), 2 entities described solely from ican entities (see, most recently, Benjamini and unique morphologies and male scent brands were

-Venter less richly colored, postmedian macules usual­ distinct, FW apex point.ed, loop of ductus bur­ ly narrower, hood at cervix bursae dome-shaped sae distant. from cervix bursae ...... inmirul/l...... tholus -Dorsum and vent.er pale, white of VHW median area 9. Ventral pat.t.ern of descret.e clark c1ot.s defining post.- diffuse, FW apex more rounded, loop of duct.us median band ...... "enrytulus" group, bnbastns bursae adjacent. to cervix bursae ...... incanns -Ventral patt.ern of dark lines or relatively vague orbs defining postmedian bands ...... Acknowledgements ...... "crossoea' group, 10 The O. H. H. Mielke V. 10. DI-IW with intense blue ...... 11 authors thank and -DHW wit.hout intense blue ...... 12 Becker for facilitating studies in Brazil. A. Al­ bright., Brock, G. Bongiolio, O. Gomes, W. Rus­ 11. Dorsal ground color brownish, wings relat.ively nar- J. row, male genital capsule slender, female duc­ sell, J. D. Turner, andA. and F. West.assist.ed in t.he tus bursae vertically looped, lamellae robust. field. T. C. Emmel assisted in numerous ways. The ...... clia.gonalis Schmitz family cont.inues t.o provide logist.ical sup­ -Dorsal ground color blackish, wings broader. male port.andcomfort.able accomodations in Brazil. P. R. genital capsule more robust, female ductus Ackery (NHM) lent slides of the genitalia of t.he bursae sigmoidal, lamellae smaller .. lwzochii types of S. ziba. and S. thulia; L. D. and J. Y. Miller 12. VI-IW with orbicular macules ...... 13 (Allyn Museum of Entomology) provided copies of

-VHW with linear macules ...... 15 type photographs and as:~istance.S. Borkin at the 13. VHW macules large ...... conspergus Milwaukee Public Museum loaned the male of S. -VHW macules small ...... 14 pallidulus. Roscoe Thompson and Valerie Wheat. 14. VHW macules distinctly outlined in white and black, (AMNI-I Library, rare book archive) located origi­ costal macule in postbasal band usually very nal editions requested by us and arranged for us to prominent, male genitalia with distinct apo- view these. Eric Quinter (AMNH) made initial deme at brush organ attachment ...... halos contact.s for t.his arrangement. Dubi Benyamini -VHW macules less distinctly outlined, costal macule (San tiago, Chile) and Hoberto Eisele (J ujuy, Argen­ of postbasal band not prominent, male genit.a­ tina) helped "fine tune" some of our morphological lia without apodeme at brush organ attach- views of species relations by elaborating biological ment ...... faunalia distinctions among assemblages of Strymon taxa 15. FW termen distinctly angled or produced apically, studied by them in thn field. Part.icularly, Mr. no white mark in VFW discal cell ...... 16 -FW termen straight or evenly curved apically, white Benyamini has frequently benn "one step ahead of mark in VFW discal cel ...... 18 us" providing biological data indicating that more, not fewer, sympatric Strymonina often require 16. VHW macules very broad, VI-IW with distinct pale area at mid costa ...... crambusa description as distinct species. We also t.hank Mat­ -VHW macules less broad, VHW without distinct pale t.hew Cock (Commonwealth Entomological 1nsti­ area at mid costa ...... 17 tutn, Uniteel Kingdom) for communicating with us 17. FW apex produced ...... crossoea recently concerning apparent sibling spncies diver­ -FW apex angled ...... gernwna sity in the Strymon fauna of Trinidad. Philip J. 18. Generally larger in size (FW > 12 mm) ...... 19 Dn Vrins and Eric L. Quint.er rnviewed the manu­ -Generally smaller in size (FW < 12 mm) ...... 21 script and made several helpful suggestions. The 19. Female corpus bursae with dorsal spinate structure, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolviment.o Cientifico dorsum dark, venter pale, VFW postmedian e Tecnol6gico kindly issued the authorization per­ band slightly offset...... clavus mit.s from the Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia -Female corpus bursae without dorsal spinate struc­ for our studies in Hond6nia in collaboration with ture, dorsum and venter pale or dark, VFW EMBRAPNCPAC and the Universiclade Federal postmedian band prominently offset...... 20 do Parana. 20. Dorsum and venter dark, white ofVHW median area distinct. and usually with dark dot in discal cell, Literature Cited FW apex pointed, female with signa "balloon- ing" corpus bursae caudad ...... nouasignum Ackery, P. R. 1984. Systemat.ic and faunistic studies -Dorsum and venter pale, white of VHW median area on butterflies. pp. 9-21 in Vane Wright, R. l. and P. diffuse and without dark dot in discal cell, FW R. Ackery (eds.), The Biology of Butterflies. Aca­ apex more rounded, female with signa not "bal- demic Press, London, 429 pp. looning" corpus bursae ...... implexns Austin, G. T. 1993. A review of the Phanns vitreu.s 21. Dorsum and venter dark, white ofVHW median area 234 Volume 11, Nos. 3-4, September-December, 1997, INSECTA MUNDI

group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Tropi­ Brown, K S., Jr., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1968. Lepi­ cal Lepidoptera 4 (supp!. 2):21-36. doptera of the central Brazil Plateau. III. Partial list Austin, G. T. 1994. Hesperiidae of central Rondonia, for the Belo Horizonte area, showing the character Brazil: comments on Haemaetis, with description of of the southeastern "blend zone." Journal of the a new species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrgi­ Lepidopterists' Society 22: 147-157. nae). Tropical Lepidoptera 5:97-100. Constantino, L_ M., J. A. Salazar E, and K. Johnson. Austin, G. T. 1995. Hesperiidae of Rondonia, Brazil: 1993. Theorema s(;pho (Staudinger) and two unusu­ Drephalys, with descriptions of two new species al new species of Theclinae from Colombia (Lepi­ (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Tropical Lep­ doptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the idoptera 6: 123-128. Museum of Natural History, University of Wiscon­ Austin, G. T. 1996. Hesperiidae of central Rondonia, sin (Stevens Point) 41: 1-5. Brazil: three new species of NareosiltS Steinhauser. de la Maza E., R., J. de la Maza E., and A. White. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 50: 54-60. 1989. La fauna de mariposas de Mexico. Parte J. Austin, G. T., T. C. Emmel, O. H. H. Mielke, and H. Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Revista Schmitz. ms. The tropical rainforest butterfly fau­ de la Sociedad mexican a de Lepidopterologia 12:39- na of Rondonia, Brazil: current status of investiga­ 98. tions and conservation. Tropical Lepidoptera, sub­ de la Maza, J., and R. G. de la Maza. 1985. La fauna mitted for publication. de mariposas de Boca del Chajul, Chiapas, Mexico Austin, G. T., N. M. Haddad, C. Mendez, T. D. Sisk, (Rhopalocera) Parte J. Revista de la Sociedad mex­ D. D. Murphy, A. Launer, and P. R. Ehrlich. icana de Lepidopterologia 9:23-44. 1996. Preliminary annotated checklist of the but­ Draudt, M. 1919. Thecla. pp. 794-811 in Seitz, A., terflies of Tikal National Park area, Guatemala. Macrolepidoptera of the World. Alfred Kernen, Stut­ Tropical Lepidoptera 7:21-37. tgart. Vo!' 5, pp. 593-1139, vol. 5, plates 1-194. Austin, G. T., and K. Johnson. 1995. Theclinae of Ebert, H. 1969. On the frequency of butterflies in Rondonia, Brazil: Areas, with descriptions of three eastern Brazil, with a list of the butterfly fauna of new species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Tropical Pocos de Caldas, Minas Gerais. Journal of the Lepidoptera 6:31-39. Lepidopterists' Society 23 (supp!. 3): 1-48. Austin, G. T., and K Johnson. 1996. Theclinae of Eliot, J. N. 1973. The higher classification of the Lycae­ Rondonia, Brazil: iaspis, taxonomic comments and nidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. Bul­ descriptions of new species (Lepidoptera: Lycae­ letin of the British Museum Natural History (Ento­ nidae). Tropical Lepidoptera 7:45-59. mology) 28:371-505. Austin, G. T., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1993. Two new Emmel, T. C. 1989. Tte incredible butterfly diversity of nymphalid species from western Brazil (Lepidoptera: the Rondonian rain forest in Brazil: a phenomenon Nymphalidae). Tropical Lepidoptera 4: 123-126. soon to disappear. News of the Lepidopterists' Soci­ Austin, G. T., and S. R. Steinhauser. 1996. Hesperi­ ety 1989(4):53-55. idae of central Rondonia Brazil: Celaenorrhinns Emmel, T. C., and G. T. Austin. 1990. The tropical Hubner (pyrginae), with descriptions of three new rainforest butterfly fauna of Rondonia, Brazil: spe­ species and taxonomic comments. Insecta Mundi cies diversity and conservation. Tropical Lepidoptera 10:25-44. 1:1-12. Benyamini, D. 1995. Synopsis of biological studies of Johnson, K 1991. Types of Neotropical Theclinae (Ly­ the Chilean Polyommatini. Reports of the Museum caenidae) in the Museum National d'Histoire Na­ of Natural History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens turelle, Paris. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society Point) 54:43-54. 45: 142-157. Benyamini, D., and K. Johnson. 1996. Review of Johnson, K, and A. R. Amarillo S. 1997. Review of austral Heoda with a new species from Tarapaca, Antephrys with description of a new species from Chile (Lycaenidae: Eumaeini). Tropical Lepidoptera Colombia. Revista de Theclinae Colombianos. Pub­ 7: 1-8. lications de Museos Historia Natural, Universidade Berg, C. 1882. Contribuciones al estudio de 'la fauna de de Caldas, Pedag6gica Nacional & De La Salle de la Republica Argentina, outros paises Americanos. Ciencias Naturales, Bogota 1 (4): 1-16. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 14:275- Johnson, K., R. C. Eisele, and B. MacPherson. 1990. 288. The "hairstreak butterflies" (Lycaenidae, Thecli­ Bridges; C. A. 1988. Catalogue of Lycaenidae & Riod­ nae) of northwestern Argentina. II. Strymon, sensu inidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). pub!. by author, stricto. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 130:1-77. Urbana, IL. 788 pp. Johnson, K, R. C. Eisele, and B. MacPherson. 1993. Brown, K S., Jr., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1967. Lepi­ Genera of the small green hairstreak butterflies of doptera of the central Brazil Plateau. 1. Preliminary the Neotropical Realm (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, listofRhopalocera (continued): Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Theclinae). Report~of the Museum of Natural His­ Papilionidae, Hesperiidae. Journal of the Lepidop­ tory, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 39: 1- terists' Society 21:145-168. 16. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, Septelllber-Decelllber, 1997 235

Johnson, K., R. C. Eisele, B. MacPherson, and K. R. LeCrolll, J. F., and K. Johnson. 1997. Additions to the Kroenlein. in press. The "hairstreak butterflies" Strymon fauna of Colombia. Revista de Theclinae (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) of northwestern Argenti­ Colombianos. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia na. III: "Small" species of "la selva subtropical de Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Pedag6gica Nacio­ montana". Reports ofthe Museum of Natural Histo­ nal y de la Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Bogota ry, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point). 2(16):1-45. Johnson, K., and K. R. Kroenlein. 1993. Three re­ Luis Martinez, M. A., I. Vargas Fernandez, and J. markable new species of Strymon Hubner from E. Llorente Bousquets. 1991. Lepidopterafauna Brazil and Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Th­ de Oaxaca I: distribuci6n y fenologia de los Papilion­ eclinae). Reports ofthe Museum of Natural History, oidea de la Sierra de Juarez. Publicaciones especial­ University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 35:1-8. es del Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias. Johnson, K., and K. R. Kroenlein. in press. New Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico 3: 1-119. species from generic and gender "imposters" in Miller, L. D., and F. M. Brown. 1981. A catalogue/ Eumaeini (Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the checklist of the butterflies of America north of Museum of Natural History, University of Wiscon­ Mexico. Lepidopterists' Society Memoirs 2:1-280. sin (Stevens Point). Opler, P. A., and V. Malikul. 1992. A field guide to Johnson, K., and J. Kruse. 1997. Colombian species of eastern butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. tailless "Cyanophrys" sensu lato and their sister 396 pp. taxa. Revista de Theclinae Colombianos. Publica­ Robbins, R. K., and A Aiello. 1982. Foodplant and tions de Museos Historia Natural, Universidade de oviposition records for Panamanian Lycaenidae and Caldas, Pedag6gica Nacional & De La Salle de Riodinidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society Ciencias Naturales, Bogota 1(5):1-33. 36:65-75. Johnson, K., and D. Matusik. 1988. Five new species Robbins, R. K., G. Lalllas, O. H. H. Mielke, D. J. and one new subspecies of butterflies from the Harvey, and M. M. Casagrande. 1996. Taxonom­ Sierra de Baoruco of Hispaniola. Annals of the ic composition and ecological structure of the spe­ Carnegie Museum 57:221-254. cies-rich butterfly community at Pakitza, Parque Johnson, K., and L. D. Miller. 1992. Additions to the Nacional del Manu, Peru, pp. 217-252 in D. E. Chilean fauna. Reports of the Museum of Natural Wilson and A. Sandoval (eds.), Manu, The Biodiver­ History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) sity of Southeastern Peru. Smithsonian Institution, 23:5-8. Washington, D.C. Johnson, K., L. D. Miller, and J. Herrera. 1992a. Ross, G. N. 1976. An ecological study ofthe butterflies Eiseliana and Heoda, high Andean and austral ofthe Sierra de Tuxtla in Veracruz, Mexico (contin­ genera of the Neotropical Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: ued). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 15: 185- Lycaenidae). Acta entomologica chilena 17:107-146. 200. Johnson, K., L. D. Miller, and J. Herrera. 1992b. Schwartz, A, and J. Y. Miller. 1985. A new species of [Description of Heoda]. p. 5 in Johnson, K., and L. hairstreak (Lycaenidae) from Hispaniola. Bulletin D. Miller, 1992. Additions to the Chilean fauna. of the Allyn Museum 99: 1-6. Reports ofthe Museum of Natural History, Univer­ Scott, J. A. 1986. The butterflies of North America. A sity of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 23:5-8. natural history and field guide. Stanford Univ. Johnson, K., and J. A Salazar E. 1993. New species, Press, Stanford, CA. 583 pp. statuses and combinations in northern South Amer­ Slllith, D. S., K. Johnson, J. Y. Miller, and F. McK­ ican Strymon (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). enzie. 1991. A new hairstreak butterfly (Lycae­ Reports ofthe Museum of Natural History, Univer­ nidae) from Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Bulletin of sity of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 26:1-13. the Allyn Museum 134:1-9. Lalllas, G. 1983. Adiciones y correcciones a la lista de Vargas Fernandez, I., J. E. Llorente Bousquets, mariposas de la Reserva de Tambopata, Peru. Re­ and M. A. Luis Martinez. 1991. Lepidopterafauna vista de la Sociedad mexicana de Lepidopterologia de Guerrero 1: distribuci6n y fenologia de los Papil­ 8: 13-24. ionoidea de la Sierra de Atoyac. Publicaciones espe­ Lalllas, G. 1994. Appendix 12, List of butterflies from ciales del Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias. Tambopata (Explorer's Inn Reserve), pp. 162-177 in Universidad NacionalAut6noma de Mexico 2:1-127. R. B. Foster, J. L. Carr, and A. B. Forsyth (eds.), The Vargas F., I., A. Luis M., J. Llorente B., and A. D. Tambopata-Candamo Reserved Zone of southeast­ Warren. 1996. Butterflies of the state of Jalisco, ern Peru: a biological assessment. Rapid Assess­ Mexico. Journal ofthe Lepidopterists' Society 50:97- ment Program Working Papers 6:1-184. 138. Lalllas, G., R. K. Robbins, and D. J. Harvey. 1991. A preliminary survey ofthe butterfly faunas ofPakit­ za, Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru, with an esti­ mate of its species richness. Publicaciones del Mu­ seo de Historia natural UNMSM 40:1-19.