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Domestication and Survival of Selected Medicinal Trees and Shrubs in Chapereria Division West Pokot County Kenya
Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports 3(2): 1-17, 2019; Article no.AJARR.46516 Domestication and Survival of Selected Medicinal Trees and Shrubs in Chapereria Division West Pokot County Kenya Peris Nyambura Maina 1* and Ms Brexidis Mandila 1 1Department of Agroforestry, University of Kabianga, P.O.Box 2030 – 20200, Kericho, Kenya. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJARR/2019/v3i230082 Editor(s): (1) Nadia Sabry El-Sayed El-Gohary, Associate Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Javier Rodríguez Villanueva, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. (2) Paul Kweku Tandoh, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/46516 Received 23 October 2018 Accepted 16 January 2019 Original Research Article Published 08 February 2019 ABSTRACT Depletion of medicinal plant species as a result of over over-extraction in their natural habitats will have detrimental effects on the livelihood of the locals that herbal medicine is part and parcel of their health systems. Though domestication is the best strategy to conserve medicinal tree and shrub species, most medicinal trees and shrubs have remained undomesticated due to low survival rates and inadequate information on the best strategies to improve survival rates. This study was designated to determine the domestication level and survival rates of selected medicinal tree and shrub species in the semi-arid regions of Chepareria division. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. -
United States Department of Agriculture
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INVENTORY No. 79 Washington, D. C. T Issued March, 1927 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED BY THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN PLANT INTRO- DUCTION, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, DURING THE PERIOD FROM APRIL 1 TO JUNE 30,1924 (S. P. I. NOS. 58931 TO 60956) CONTENTS Page Introductory statement 1 Inventory 3 Index of common and scientific names _ 74 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT During the period covered by this, the seventy-ninth, Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, the actual number of introductions was much greater than for any similar period in the past. This was due largely to the fact that there were four agricultural exploring expeditions in the field in the latter part of 1923 and early in 1924, and the combined efforts of these in obtaining plant material were unusually successful. Working as a collaborator of this office, under the direction of the National Geographic Society of Washington, D. C, Joseph L. Rock continued to carry on botanical explorations in the Province of Yunnan, southwestern China, from which region he has sent so much of interest during the preceding few years. The collections made by Mr. Rock, which arrived in Washington in the spring of 1924, were generally similar to those made previously in the same region, except that a remarkable series of rhododendrons, numbering nearly 500 different species, many as yet unidentified, was included. Many of these rhododendrons, as well as the primroses, delphiniums, gentians, and barberries obtained by Mr. Rock, promise to be valuable ornamentals for parts of the United States with climatic conditions generally similar to those of Yunnan. -
Traditional Medicinal Plants in Two Urban Areas in Kenya (Thika and Nairobi): Diversity of Traded Species and Conservation Concerns Grace N
Traditional Medicinal Plants in Two Urban Areas in Kenya (Thika and Nairobi): Diversity of traded species and conservation concerns Grace N. Njoroge Research Abstract In Kenya there is a paucity of data on diversity, level of de- The use and commercialization of Non-timber forest prod- mand and conservation concerns of commercialized tra- ucts which include medicinal plants has been found to be ditional medicinal plant species. A market study was un- an important livelihood strategy in developing countries dertaken in two urban areas of Central Kenya to identify where rural people are economically vulnerable (Belcher species considered to be particularly important in trade as & Schreckenberg 2007, Schackleton et al. 2009). This well as those thought to be scarce. The most common- brings about improvement of incomes and living stan- ly traded species include: Aloe secundiflora Engl, Urtica dards (Mbuvi & Boon 2008, Sunderland & Ndoye 2004). massaica Mildbr., Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm, Me- In the trade with Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm., for ex- lia volkensii Gürke and Strychnos henningsii Gilg. Aloe ample, significant improvement of village revenues has secundiflora, P. africana and Strychnos henningsii were been documented in some countries such as Madagas- found to be species in the markets but in short supply. car (Cunnigham et al. 1997). Plants used as medicines The supply chain in this area also includes plant species in traditional societies on the other hand, are still relevant already known to be rare such as Carissa edulis (Forssk.) as sources of natural medicines as well as raw materials Vahl and Warburgia ugandensis Sprague. Most of the for new drug discovery (Bussmann 2002, Flaster 1996, suppliers are rural herbalists (who harvest from the wild), Fyhrquiet et al. -
2017 BIOPROSPECTING for EFFECTIVE ANTIBIOTICS from SELECTED KENYAN MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST FOUR CLINICAL Salmonella ISOLATES PE
BIOPROSPECTING FOR EFFECTIVE ANTIBIOTICS FROM SELECTED KENYAN MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST FOUR CLINICAL Salmonella ISOLATES 2017 PETER OGOTI MOSE DOCTOR OF PHILISOPHY PhD (Biochemistry) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017 MOSE P.O. Bioprospecting for Effective Antibiotics from Selected Kenyan Medicinal Plants against four Clinical Salmonella Isolates Peter Ogoti Mose A thesis submitted in fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2017 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signature………………………………………………Date…………………………. Mose Peter Ogoti This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors: Signature………………………………………………Date…………………………. Prof. Esther Magiri, JKUAT, Kenya Signature……………………………………………...Date…………………………. Prof. Gabriel Magoma, JKUAT, Kenya Signature………………………………………………Date…………………………. Prof. Daniel Kariuki, JKUAT, Kenya Signature………………………………………………Date…………………………. Dr. Christine Bii, KEMRI, Kenya ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my beloved wife and children for their support and prayers. iii ACKNOWLEGEMENT I am grateful to the almighty God for giving me life and strength to overcome challenges. I appreciate the cordial assistance rendered by my supervisors, Prof. Esther Magiri, Prof. Gabriel Magoma, Prof. Daniel Kariuki, all from the department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and Dr. Christine Bii, Centre of Microbiology Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute for their keen guidance, supervision and persistent support throughout the course of research and writing up of thesis. I would also like to thank the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst for their financial support, Centre of Microbiology Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute for providing clinical Salmonella isolates and microbiology laboratory. -
Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu Community on Livestock Tick Prevention and Control
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140 (2012) 298–324 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, western Kenya a,b,∗ c d e b,f Wycliffe Wanzala , Willem Takken , Wolfgang R. Mukabana , Achola O. Pala , Ahmed Hassanali a School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, South Eastern University College (A Constituent College of the University of Nairobi), P.O. Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya b Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Department (BCED), International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100 GPO, Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya c Wageningen University and Research Centre, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands d School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya e Technology Transfer Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box, 30772-00100 GPO, Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya f School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: To date, nomadic communities in Africa have been the primary focus Received 24 August 2011 of ethnoveterinary research. The Bukusu of western Kenya have an interesting history, with nomadic Received in revised form lifestyle in the past before settling down to either arable or mixed arable/pastoral farming systems. 14 December 2011 Their collective and accumulative ethnoveterinary knowledge is likely to be just as rich and worth Accepted 13 January 2012 documenting. -
Descriptions of the Plant Types
APPENDIX A Descriptions of the plant types The plant life forms employed in the model are listed, with examples, in the main text (Table 2). They are described in this appendix in more detail, including environmental relations, physiognomic characters, prototypic and other characteristic taxa, and relevant literature. A list of the forms, with physiognomic characters, is included. Sources of vegetation data relevant to particular life forms are cited with the respective forms in the text of the appendix. General references, especially descriptions of regional vegetation, are listed by region at the end of the appendix. Plant form Plant size Leaf size Leaf (Stem) structure Trees (Broad-leaved) Evergreen I. Tropical Rainforest Trees (lowland. montane) tall, med. large-med. cor. 2. Tropical Evergreen Microphyll Trees medium small cor. 3. Tropical Evergreen Sclerophyll Trees med.-tall medium seier. 4. Temperate Broad-Evergreen Trees a. Warm-Temperate Evergreen med.-small med.-small seier. b. Mediterranean Evergreen med.-small small seier. c. Temperate Broad-Leaved Rainforest medium med.-Iarge scler. Deciduous 5. Raingreen Broad-Leaved Trees a. Monsoon mesomorphic (lowland. montane) medium med.-small mal. b. Woodland xeromorphic small-med. small mal. 6. Summergreen Broad-Leaved Trees a. typical-temperate mesophyllous medium medium mal. b. cool-summer microphyllous medium small mal. Trees (Narrow and needle-leaved) Evergreen 7. Tropical Linear-Leaved Trees tall-med. large cor. 8. Tropical Xeric Needle-Trees medium small-dwarf cor.-scler. 9. Temperate Rainforest Needle-Trees tall large-med. cor. 10. Temperate Needle-Leaved Trees a. Heliophilic Large-Needled medium large cor. b. Mediterranean med.-tall med.-dwarf cor.-scler. -
Adaptations to Heterogenous Habitats: Life-History Characters of Trees and Shrubs
ADAPTATIONS TO HETEROGENOUS HABITATS: LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS OF TREES AND SHRUBS By AMY ELISE ZANNE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 To my mother, Linda Stephenson, who has always supported and encouraged me from near and afar and to the rest of my family members, especially my brother, Ben Stephenson, who wanted me to keep this short. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Colin Chapman, for his continued support and enthusiasm throughout my years as a graduate student. He was willing to follow me along the many permutations of potential research projects that quickly became more and more botanical in nature. His generosity has helped me to finish my project and keep my sanity. I would also like to thank my committee members, Walter Judd, Kaoru Kitajima, Jack Putz, and Colette St. Mary. Each has contributed greatly to my project development, research design, and dissertation write-up, both in and outside of their areas of expertise. I would especially like to thank Kaoru Kitajima for choosing to come to University of Florida precisely as I was developing my dissertation ideas. Without her presence and support, this dissertation would be a very different one. I would like to thank Ugandan field assistants and friends, Tinkasiimire Astone, Kaija Chris, Irumba Peter, and Florence Akiiki. Their friendship and knowledge carried me through many a day. Patrick Chiyo, Scot Duncan, John Paul, and Sarah Schaack greatly assisted me in species identifications and project setup. -
Traditional Ethnoveterinary Medicine in East Africa: a Manual on the Use of Medicinal Plants
Traditional ethnoveterinary medicine in East Africa: a manual on the use of medicinal plants Authors: Najma Dharani, Abiy Yenesew Ermias Aynekulu, Beatrice Tuei Ramni Jamnadass Editor: Ian K Dawson A manual on the use of medicinal plants i The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) is a non-profit research organisation whose vision is a rural transformation in the developing world resulting in a massive increase in the use of trees in rural landscapes by smallholder households for improved food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, energy provision and environmental sustainability. ICRAF’s mission is to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes. ICRAF uses its research to advance the implementation of policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment. We receive our funding from over 50 different investors, including governments, private foundations, international organisations and regional development banks. ICRAF is a CGIAR Consortium (www.cgiar.org/) Research Centre and is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. REPUBLIC OF KENYA REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK & FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT The goal of the Government of Kenya’s Ministry of Livestock Development (MOLD) is to improve the livelihoods of Kenyans through sustainable livestock practices. Part of the department’s mandate is the prevention and control of animal diseases to safeguard human health, improve animal welfare, increase livestock productivity and ensure livestock quality. The Government of Kenya seeks to increase livestock productivity through the provision of accessible inputs and services to farmers and pastoralists. Citation: Dharani N, Yenesew A, Aynekulu E, Tuei B, Jamnadass R (2015) Traditional ethnoveterinary medicine in East Africa: a manual on the use of medicinal plants. -
BIRD LIST with Holder
The BIRD FLOWER, SHRUBS, TREES, EATABLE GREENS, FRUITS Of Gibb’s Farm The abundant gardens and forest reserves of Gibb’s Farm possess an amazing array of plant and birdlife. To help the traveler discover her bounty, resident naturalists, farmers and visitors have identi!ed her vast array of life. Page1 1 BIRD LIST GIBB’S FARM is home to over 210 species of birds each season, and each year a few new ones are recorded. Avid birders are encouraged to contribute any new sightings. HERONS (Ardeidae) Black-breasted Snake-Eagle (Circaetus Black-headed Heron (Ardea melanocephal) pectoralis) Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) Brown Snake-Eagle (Circaetus cinereus) HAMERKOP (Scopidae) Crowned Hawk-Eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus) Hamerkop (Scopus umbretta) Dark Chanting-Goshawk (Melierax STORKS (Ciconidae) metabates) White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) Eurasian Buzzard (Buteo buteo) Marabou Stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) European Honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus) Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotus) IBISES & SPOONBILLS Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis) (Threskiornithidae) Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) Mountain Buzzard (Buteo oreophilus) DUCKS, GEESE & SWANS (Anatidae) Pallid Har`rier (Circus macrourus) African Black Duck (Anas sparsa) Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) Western Marsh-Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) SANDPIPERS (Palearctic -
And Threats to Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for the County
^^TANG [HUMANITAS ME미이 NE] (cc)_©® Origin지 Article Ethnobotanical survey and threats to medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of human diseases in Nyeri County, Kenya Loice Njeri Kamau1,,* Peter Mathiu Mbaabu1, James Mucunu Mbaria2, Peter Karuri Gathumbi3, Stephen Gitahi Kiama1 ‘Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; "Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University ofNairobi, PO. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya ABSTRACT In Kenya, traditional knowledge on herbal medicine has remained a mainstream source of maintaining wellbeing for generations in many communities. However, the knowledge has been eroded in the course of time due to sociocultural dynamics virtually advanced by Christianity and formal education especially in the Kikuyu community. The study documented current ethnobotanical knowledge and threat to the traditional knowledge on medicinal plants among the Kikuyu community. A survey was carried out in Mathira, Tetu, Kieni, Othaya, Mukurweini, and Nyeri Town constituencies. Thirty practicing herbalists were purposively sampled; 5 per constituency. Data was obtained through semi - structured questionnaires and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 80 ailments treated using 111 medicinal plant species distributed within 98 genera and 56 families were documented. Prevalent communicable diseases treated using herbal medicine included; gonorrhea (17.5%), malaria (15%), respiratory infections (12%), colds (10%) and amoebiasis (10%). Non-communicable diseases were; joint pains (11.1%), ulcers/hyperacidity (8.7%), high blood pressure (8.7%), intestinal worms (11.1%) and arthritis/gout (10%). -
A Study of the Medicinal Plants Used by the Marakwet Community in Kenya Wilson Kipkore1, Bernard Wanjohi2, Hillary Rono3 and Gabriel Kigen4*
Kipkore et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2014, 10:24 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/10/1/24 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access A study of the medicinal plants used by the Marakwet Community in Kenya Wilson Kipkore1, Bernard Wanjohi2, Hillary Rono3 and Gabriel Kigen4* Abstract Background: The medicinal plants used by herbalists in Kenya have not been well documented, despite their widespread use. The threat of complete disappearance of the knowledge on herbal medicine from factors such as deforestation, lack of proper regulation, overexploitation and sociocultural issues warrants an urgent need to document the information. The purpose of the study was to document information on medicinal plants used by herbalists in Marakwet District towards the utilization of indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge for the advancement of biomedical research and development. Methods: Semi- structured oral interviews were conducted with 112 practicing herbalists. The types of plants used were identified and the conditions treated recorded. Results: Herbal practice is still common in the district, and 111 plants were identified to have medicinal or related uses. Different herbal preparations including fruits and healing vegetables are employed in the treatment of various medical conditions. Veterinary uses and pesticides were also recorded. Conclusion: The study provides comprehensive ethnobotanical information about herbal medicine and healing methods among the Marakwet community. The identification of the active ingredients of the plants used by the herbalists may provide some useful leads for the development of new drugs. Keywords: Marakwet, Herbal medicine, Ethnobotanical, Plants, Documentation, Research Background are not effective [6]. Despite this, most of the ethnobotan- Medicinal plants have been used by humans from time ical information on herbal medicine and healing methods immemorial. -
Medicinal Plant Use and Trade Among the Samburu People in Maralal Town, Kenya
Medicinal Plant Use and Trade Among the Samburu People in Maralal Town, Kenya Lucy Wamuyu Muithui ( [email protected] ) Department of Environmental Studies, Karatina University Research Keywords: Kenya, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Market surveys, Samburu Posted Date: April 27th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-429123/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/12 Abstract Background: The Samburu people have for the longest time used traditional knowledge on medicinal plants to treat diseases both in human and livestock due to the attributed belief of how effective they are. I set out to understand medicinal plant use and trade among the Samburu community in Maralal town. The objectives of this study were to; (1) identify and document the medicinal plants traded, (2) record the medicinal uses of identied plants, (3) document the parts of the plant used and methods of preparation. Method: I conducted market surveys and held in-depth discussions with the traders on what plant parts were used and sold and where they collected and sourced their plants. I also joined collectors in the wild and collected samples for further identication. Results: From the market surveys, a total of 24 plants species from 16 families were traded. Most of the plants were collected from Kirisia Forests Reserve and the arid shrublands within Samburu County. It was noted that Myrsine africana L., Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb., Rhamnus staddo A.Rich., Salvadora persica L. and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam were the most popular species with buyers.