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RABBINIC KNOWLEDGE of BLACK AFRICA (Sifre Deut. 320)
1 [The following essay was published in the Jewish Studies Quarterly 5 (1998) 318-28. The essay appears here substantially as published but with some additions indicated in this color .]. RABBINIC KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK AFRICA (Sifre Deut. 320) David M. Goldenberg While the biblical corpus contains references to the people and practices of black Africa (e.g. Isa 18:1-2), little such information is found in the rabbinic corpus. To a degree this may be due to the different genre of literature represented by the rabbinic texts. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that black Africa and its peoples would be entirely unknown to the Palestinian Rabbis of the early centuries. An indication of such knowledge is, I believe, found imbedded in a midrashic text of the third century. Deut 32:21 describes the punishment God has decided to inflict on Israel for her disloyalty to him: “I will incense them with a no-folk ( be-lo < >am ); I will vex them with a nation of fools ( be-goy nabal ).” A tannaitic commentary to the verse states: ואני אקניאם בלא עם : אל תהי קורא בלא עם אלא בלוי עם אלו הבאים מתוך האומות ומלכיות ומוציאים אותם מתוך בתיהם דבר אחר אלו הבאים מברבריא וממרטניא ומהלכים ערומים בשוק “And I will incense them with a be-lo < >am .” Do not read bl < >m, but blwy >m, this refers to those who come from among the nations and kingdoms and expel them [the Jews] from their homes. Another interpretation: This refers to those who come from barbaria and mr ãny <, who go about naked in the market place. -
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ON THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE ROMAN TROOPS FROM THE DODECASCHOENOS IN AD 298: MANY QUESTIONS AND FEW ANSWERS — THE PROBLEMS IN PERSPECTIVE B Hendrickx (University of Johannesburg) In 298 Diocletian withdrew the Roman troops from the Dodecaschoenos, thereby — according to Procopius — making a treaty with the Nobadai and the Blemmyes and creating a buffer zone to be filled and administered by the Nubians. In this article I examine with which people(s) or groups the Romans fought at the Nubian limiton at the end of the 3 rd century AD and made peace, which was the former and later status of this ‘buffer zone’, and finally when and why was the balance, realized in AD 298, disturbed. There remain more questions than answers to the problems. This article discusses the different viewpoints and theories concerning the Roman withdrawal in the framework of the Meroitic Kingdom and the existing relationship with different tribes. This will lead to a more ‘refined’ understanding and assessment of the problematic of this historically complicated situation, and thus narrowing the problems, while proposing some solutions for some specific questions. 1. Introduction In AD 298 Diocletian withdrew the Roman troops from the Dodecaschoenos — according to Procopius (De bellis 1.19.27-37) making a treaty with the Nobadai and the Blemmyes.1 His testimonium can be supplemented by that of Olympiadoros (AD 423) and a number of inscriptions and graffiti, most of them to be found in the Fontes (1998). The theme has attracted much attention and produced a variety of proposed and supposed solutions. Procopius gives the following reasons for the withdrawal of the Romans from the Dodecaschoenus: (a) the arable land was extremely narrow, there were rocks everywhere and the tribute coming from the region was not valuable, (b) the 1 The Blemmyes are considered to belong to the Beja tribe or are synonymous with the latter. -
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Late Antiquity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8tq0h18g Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Ruffini, Giovanni Publication Date 2018-04-28 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LATE ANTIQUITY اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﺮ Giovanni Ruffini EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford WOLFRAM GRAJETZKI Area Editor Time and History University College London JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Ruffini, 2018, Late Antiquity. UEE. Full Citation: Ruffini, Giovanni, 2018, Late Antiquity. In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002kd2bn 15615 Version 1, April 2018 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002kd2bn LATE ANTIQUITY اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﺮ Giovanni Ruffini Spätantike Antiquité tardive Late antique Egypt ran from the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian (284-305 CE) to the Arab conquest of Egypt (641 CE). During this period, Egypt was part of the eastern Roman Empire and was ruled from Constantinople from the founding of that city in the 320s CE. Culturally, Egypt’s elite were part of the wider Roman world, sharing in its classical education. However, several developments marked Egypt’s distinctiveness in this period. These developments included the flourishing of literature in Coptic, the final written form of the native language, and the creation and rapid growth of several forms of monastic Christianity. These developments accompanied the expansion of Christianity throughout the countryside and a parallel decline in the public role of native religious practices. -
Egyptian Traditional Temples in the Graeco-Roman Period
• جامعة املنيا- لكية الس ياحة والفنادق • قسم ا إلرشاد الس يايح- الفرقة الثالثة • مقرر: آ اثر مرص القدمية 5 )اجلزء اليوانين والروماين( • عنوان احملارضة: معبد الكبشة • آس تاذ املادة: د/ يرسي النشار •الربيد الالكرتوين لﻻس تفسارات: [email protected] The Temple of Kalabsha Location The ancient Egyptian temple of Kalabsha is the largest free-standing temple of Lower Egyptian Nubia located about 50 km south of Aswan and built of sandstone masonry. Date of construction While the temple was constructed in Augustus’s reign, it was never finished. The temple dates back to the Roman Emperor Augustus, 30 BC, but the colony of Talmis evidently dates back to at least the reign of Amenhotep II in 1427 - 1400 BC. Deity It was originally constructed over an earlier sanctuary of Amenhotep II. The temple was dedicated to the Nubian fertility and solar deity known as Mandulis. Mandulis was originally a Nubia deity also worshipped in Egypt. The name Mandulis is the Greek form of Merul or Melul, a non-Egyptian name. The centre of his cult was the temple of Kalabsha at Talmis. The worship of Mandulis was unknown in Egypt under the native Pharaohs. Architecture The design of the temple is classical for the Ptolemaic period, with pylon, courtyard, hypostyle hall and a three-room sanctuary. On the edge of the river is a cult terrace or quay, from which a paved causeway leads to the 34 m broad pylon, which is slightly at an angle to the axis of the temple. The pylon gateway gives entrance to an open court, which is surrounded by colonnades along three of its sides. -
Imperial Legitimacy in the Roman Empire of the Third Century: AD
Imperial Legitimacy in the Roman Empire of the Third Century: AD 193 – 337 by Matthew Kraig Shaw, B.Com., B.A. (Hons), M.Teach. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts University of Tasmania, July 2010 This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: Matthew Shaw iii This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. This thesis does not contain any material that infringes copyright. Signed: Matthew Shaw iv Abstract. Septimius Severus, according to Cassius Dio, told his sons to enrich the soldiers and look down on all other men (Cass. Dio 77.15.2). This recognised the perceived importance of the army in establishing and maintaining the legitimacy of an emperor. This thesis explores the role of the army in the legitimation of emperors. It also considers whether there were other groups, such as the Senate and people, which emperors needed to consider in order to establish and maintain their position as well as the methods they used to do so. Enriching the soldiers was not the only method used and not the only way an emperor could be successful. The rapid turn over of emperors after Septimius' death, however, suggests that legitimacy was proving difficult to maintain even though all emperors all tried to establish and maintain the legitimacy of their regime. -
Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt I ROBERT K
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF EGYPT VOLUME I Islamic Egypt, 640- I 5 I 7 EDITED BY CARL F. PETRY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE CONTENTS The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2Ru, United Kingdom http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY roorr-42rr, USA http://www.cup.org ro Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3 r66, Australia © Cambridge University Press r998 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published r998 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge List of illustrations to chapter I 3 ix List of contributors x Typeset in Sabon 9.5/r2 pt [CE] Preface xm A cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library Note on transliteration xv Maps xvi ISBN o 5 2r 4 7r 3 7 o hardback r Egypt under Roman rule: the legacy of Ancient Egypt I ROBERT K. RITNER 2 Egypt on the eve of the Muslim conquest 34 WALTER E. KAEGI 3 Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641-868 62 HUGH KENNEDY 4 Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tuliin to Kafiir, 868-969 86 THIERRY BIANQUIS 5 The Isma'ili Da'wa and the Fatimid caliphate I20 PAUL E. WALKER 6 The Fatimid state, 969-rr7r IJ I PAULA A. -
Imperium Romanum - Scenarios © 2018 Decision Games
Imperium© 2018 DecisionRomanum Games - Scenarios 1 BX-U_ImperiumRom3-Scenarios_V4F.indd 1 10/10/18 10:38 AM # of Players No. Name Dates Period Max/Min/Opt. Page Number 1 The Gallic Revolt * Nov. 53 to Oct. 52 BC 1 2 4 2 Pompey vs. the Pirates * (1) Apr. to Oct. 67 BC 1 2 5 3 Marius vs. Sulla July 88 to Jan. 82 BC 1 4/3/3 6 4 The Great Mithridatic War June 75 to Oct. 72 BC 1 3 8 5 Crisis of the First Triumvirate Feb. 55 to Sep. 52 BC 1 6/4/5 10 6 Caesar vs. Pompey Nov. 50 to Aug. 48 BC 2 2 12 7 Caesar vs. the Sons of Pompey July 47 to May 45 BC 2 2 13 8 The Triumvirs vs. the Assassins Dec. 43 to Dec. 42 BC 2 2 15 9 Crisis of the Second Triumvirate Jan. 38 to Sep. 35 BC 2 5/3/4 16 10 Octavian vs. Antony & Cleopatra Apr. 32 to Aug. 30 BC 2 2 18 11 The Revolt of Herod Agrippa (1) AD March 45-?? 3 2 19 12 The Year of the Four Emperors AD Jan. 69 to Dec. 69 3 4/3/3 20 13 Trajan’s Conquest of Dacia * (1) AD Jan. 101 to Nov. 102 3 2 22 14 Trajan’s Parthian War (1) AD Jan. 115 to Aug. 117 3 2 23 15 Avidius Cassius vs. Pompeianus (1) AD June 175-?? 3 2 25 16 Septimius Severus vs. Pescennius Niger vs. AD Apr. 193 to Feb. -
Lecture Transcript: the Goddess Isis and the Kingdom of Meroe By
Lecture Transcript: The Goddess Isis and the Kingdom of Meroe by Solange Ashby Sunday, August 30, 2020 Louise Bertini: Hello, everyone, and good afternoon or good evening, depending on where you are joining us from, and thank you for joining our August member-only lecture with Dr. Solange Ashby titled "The Goddess Isis and the Kingdom of Meroe." I'm Dr. Louise Bertini, and I'm the Executive Director of the American Research Center in Egypt. First, some brief updates from ARCE: Our next podcast episode will be released on September 4th, featuring Dr. Nozomu Kawai of Kanazawa University titled "Tutankhamun's Court." This episode will discuss the political situation during the reign of King Tutankhamun and highlight influential officials in his court. It will also discuss the building program during his reign and the possible motives behind it. As for upcoming events, our next public lecture will be on September 13th and is titled "The Karaites in Egypt: The Preservation of Egyptian Jewish Heritage." This lecture will feature a panel of speakers including Jonathan Cohen, Ambassador of the United States of America to the Arab Republic of Egypt, Magda Haroun, head of the Egyptian Jewish Community, Dr. Yoram Meital, professor of Middle East Studies at Ben-Gurion University, as well as myself, representing ARCE, to discuss the efforts in the preservation of the historic Bassatine Cemetery in Cairo. Our next member-only lecture will be on September 20th with Dr. Jose Galan of the Spanish National Research Council in Madrid titled "A Middle Kingdom Funerary Garden in Thebes." You can find out more about our member-only and public lectures series schedule on our website, arce.org. -
Thought, Culture, and Historiography in Christian Egypt, 284-641 AD
Thought, Culture, and Historiography in Christian Egypt, 284-641 AD Thought, Culture, and Historiography in Christian Egypt, 284-641 AD Edited by Tarek M. Muhammad and Cornelia Römer Thought, Culture, and Historiography in Christian Egypt, 284-641 AD Edited by Tarek M. Muhammad and Cornelia Römer This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Tarek M. Muhammad, Cornelia Römer and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-5939-4 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-5939-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... vii I. History The Nile in the Byzantine Writings of 4th-7th Centuries AD ....................... 3 M. Z. Abdullah Egyptian Monasticism in Southern France: Monastic Diversity in the Eyes of Cassian ................................................ 23 P. Argárate Monastic Egypt by the End of the Fourth Century: An Introduction to the Historia Lausiaca .................................................. 53 P. Argárate Command Route in Egypt According to Edictum ΧΙΙΙ of Justinian and ‘Umar Ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb’s Correspondence (527-644 AD ..................... 65 E. D. Badawy Some Remarks on the Arab Conquest of Egypt from ca. 639-640 AD to ca. 645-646 AD: The Military Aspect ......................... 75 V. Christides Ad Aegypti Extrema Contendi: Egyptian Monasticism in Sulpicius Severus’ Dialogues ................................................................ 91 M. -
1 the Chronicle of John of Nikiu: Historical Writing in Post-Roman
The Chronicle of John of Nikiu: Historical Writing in Post-Roman Egypt Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Felege-Selam Solomon Yirga Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee David Bernhard Brakke, Advisor Anthony Kaldellis Kristina Marie Sessa 1 Copyrighted by Felege-Selam Solomon Yirga 2020 2 Abstract While there has been a great deal of work on the late seventh-century Chronicle of John, the anti-Chalcedonian Bishop of Nikiu, since its 1883 publication and French translation by Hermann Zotenberg, there have been few modern studies devoted exclusively to the author and his work. What is more, these modern studies primarily engage with the text as a source of data for the reign of Emperor Herakleios, and the Arab conquest of Egypt, meaning that modern historians often read past the author to a layer of sources beneath them. This positivist utilitarian view of the Chornicle often involves reducing John’s worldview to that of a monophysite historian and a Coptic proto-nationalist, and as such interprets the relevant data through this framework. Modern scholarship has further transposed this world view onto the author’s world, creating the impression that the Chronicle presents a narrative which reflects the development of a Coptic identity characterized primarily by hostility towards the Chalcedonian church, and the Roman state which had previously supported it. Anything in the text which challenges this view is dismissed as the product of John of Nikiu’s method of compiling sources and inverting pro-Chalcedonian and pro-Roman sentiments where they appear. -
Dodekaschoinos in Late Antiquity Ethnic Blemmyes Vs. Political Blemmyes and the Arrival of Nobades
2013 Varia Artur Obłuski Dodekaschoinos in Late Antiquity Ethnic Blemmyes vs. Political Blemmyes and the Arrival of Nobades The present paper is a voice in the ongoing discussion Archaeological sources have questioned the credibi- on ethnic and population relations in Late Antique lity of this interpretation. The opinion of the present Nubia. The approach presented here argues that author is that some elements of the culture and social ethnonym “the Blemmyes” was also used to desi- organization detected in the Dodekaschoinos have gnate the population living in the Nile Valley in the been misattributed to the Blemmyes, while they 5th century CE which ethnically was not Blemmy- should rather be considered as manifestations of an. The opinion of the present author is that some the autochthonous population inhabiting the valley elements of the archaeological culture detected in before the Blemmyes held the political sway over the Dodekaschoinos have been misattributed to the this region. Neither is there evidence for a sudden Blemmyes, while they should rather be considered and rather absolute acculturation – rejection of own as manifestations of the autochthonous population traditions and adoption of models from Egypt – of inhabiting the valley before the desert tribes took all of the Blemmyan tribes at once satisfactory. over. Blemmyan presence in the Nile Valley grew gradually from the middle of the 3rd century CE, The region of the Dodekaschoinos stretches along the as reported by more or less credible sources like Nile from Elephantine to Hiera Sykaminos (Muhar- the Latin panegyric for Constantius I, John Zona- raqa). The name derives from the Greek and means ras’ writings in Epitome historiarum, the fragment twelve schoinos, that is, about 120 km, which is of Historia Augusta concerning the liberation of the distance between the two topographical points Koptos and Ptolemais from Blemmyan hands by mentioned above. -
The Evolution of the Late Roman World
The Evolution of the Late Roman World: Relgious, Political, and Military Developments in Late Antiquity by Corry Atkinson May 2020 Director of Thesis: Frank Romer, PhD Major Department: History This thesis examines selected religious, political, and military developments of the late Roman Empire from the end of the second century through the end of the reign of Justinian I. The specific developments under consideration are the military reforms that occurred throughout the history of the Roman Empire and the growing importance of the Roman cavalry, the spread of Christianity, and the complex relationship between Christianity and politics in the late Roman world. These developments allowed the Roman Empire to transition from a concrete political entity, which ceased to exist in 476, into a set of various cultural ideals that influenced most of western Europe throughout the middle ages. The Evolution of the Late Roman World: Religious, Political, and Military Developments in Late Antiquity A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History by Corry Atkinson May, 2020 © Corry Atkinson, 2020 The Evolution of the Late Roman World: Religious, Political, and Military Developments in Late Antiquity by Corry Atkinson APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: ____________________________________________________________ Frank Romer, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ Jonathan Reid, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ______________________________________________ John Stevens, PhD CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: _______________________________________________________ Christopher Oakley, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: _______________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis director Dr. Frank Romer for working with me and providing guidance throughout the thesis process.