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Bandits in the Roman Empire BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE i ii BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Myth and reality Thomas Grünewald Translated by John Drinkwater iii First published 1999 by Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany First published in English 2004 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 1999 Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz Translation © 2004 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-39054-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-66994-0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–32744–X (Print Edition) iv CONTENTS Translator’s foreword vi Author’s preface to the original German edition vii Bibliography ix Introduction 1 1 Real bandits 14 2 Guerrilla leaders as latrones 33 3 Leaders of slave revolts as latrones 57 4 Politicians and pretenders as latrones 72 5 Leistai in Judaea 91 6 Imperial challengers: Bulla Felix and Maternus 110 7 Avengers in dynastic conflicts 137 8 Conclusion 161 Notes 167 Index 224 v TRANSLATOR’S FOREWORD I was prompted to undertake this translation by events at a conference organised by the International Centre for the History of Slavery (ICHOS) at the University of Nottingham in 2001. In discussion stimulated by a paper delivered by Professor Heinz Heinen, at the time director-designate of the Research Group on Ancient Slavery at the Mainz Academy of Sciences and Literature, Germany, it emerged that English-speaking students of international social history were not fully ex- ploiting important German publications in their field, mainly because of the difficulties of reading these in the original. It occurred to me that this could be overcome by translating such publications, and that a very useful start could be made with Thomas Grünewald’s Räuber, Rebellen, Rivalen, Rächer (1999) which provides an admirable introduction to the challenges involved in assessing the evidence for those living – or, perceived to be living – at the edge of society in the Roman world. I am grateful to Heinz Heinen for taking up my proposal and presenting it to the Mainz Academy, and to Richard Stoneman for commissioning the translation on the part of Routledge. I owe particular thanks to Thomas Grünewald for his promptness and enthusiasm in reading and correcting my draft chapters as they were produced, at a time when he was under particular professional pressure. Any faults that remain are mine, not his. ICHOS was conceived by Thomas Wiedemann, Professor of Latin at the University of Nottingham, who died tragically young just before the 2001 meeting. The loss of Professor Wiedemann was a great blow to Classical scholarship. In the short time in which I was his colleague I learned an enorm- ous amount from him and, with the permission of the author, dedicate this translation to his memory. ICHOS continues, as the Institute for the Study of Slavery, under the direction of Professor Geary, to whom all enquiries respecting its activities should be addressed: [email protected]. John Drinkwater Nottingham, September 2003 vi AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL GERMAN EDITION Räuber, Rebellen, Rivalen, Rächer This work was successfully submitted as a Habilitationsdissertation to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the Gerhard-Mercator University, Duis- burg, during Winter Semester 1997/98. The text has been slightly revised for publication in order to accommodate comments made by examiners. Numerous colleagues and friends have helped towards the completion of my ‘bandit studies’, and I would like to thank them warmly here. In pride of place is Leonhard Schumacher, Mainz, who has actively supported me through- out my professional career and taken great interest in my progress. During his time at Duisburg he encouraged me in my pursuit of Roman latrones and did much to further my work through his many references to sources and publications and his frequent discussions with me on methodological issues. His successor in the chair of Ancient History at Duisburg, Rupprecht Ziegler, took a keen interest in my dissertation as it neared its completion and likewise helped me in any way he could. I owe further thanks to Leonhard Schumacher and Rupprecht Ziegler, together with Peter Herz, Regensburg, for their examiners’ reports. These, through their searching criticism, have helped to remove a number of imprecisions in the content of my text. I owe deep thanks to Heinz Bellen, Mainz, for his keen interest in the pro- gress of my research, and for enabling me to publish its results in the series ‘Forschungen zur Antiken Sklaverei’. I extend this thanks to members of the Research Group on Ancient Slavery at the Mainz Academy of Sciences and Literature, working under him. My research profited immensely from the fruitful conversations I was able to have with members of this circle about my dissertation, and from the help they gave me in respect of sources and references to publications. I was able to discuss particular points and general issues of methodology and approach with Frank Bernstein (Mainz), Helga Scholten, Barbara Fink and Eckehart Stöve (Duisburg), Anton van Hooff (Nijmegen) and my wife. These also read my draft, in whole or in part, and through their astute ques- tioning and advice helped greatly to improve its quality. Thomas Wrobel, Manfred Körfer and Sabine Miethe read the proofs and kept a sharp eye on vii BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE content and style. Thomas Wrobel and Sandra Seibel also toiled together to produce the indices. To all of them I express my deepest thanks. My colleagues in the Department of History at Duisburg, staff and students alike, encouraged my ‘bandit studies’ and helped bring my dissertation to a successful conclusion by their interest in these and by providing the friendly working environment in which I was able to pursue them. I am deeply indebted to them all and, in particular, to Dieter Geuenich, who chaired my board of examiners and who otherwise offered me much inspiration and sup- port. I thank Elisabeth Herrmann-Otto, Mainz, for her expertise in taking the book through the press. I am obliged to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for its generous contribution to the costs of publication. Thomas Grünewald Duisburg, October 1998 viii BIBLIOGRAPHY This list comprises only those works of particular importance for this study. Other publications are referred to in the footnotes, on the first occasion in each chapter in full and thereafter in abbreviated fashion with a reference to its first occurrence. Abbreviations of journal titles follow the conventions of L’Année Philologique. H. Bellen (1971) Studien zur Sklavenflucht im römischen Kaiserreich (Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei, 4), Wiesbaden. K.R. Bradley (1989) Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World 140 BC–70 BC, Bloomington, Ind. H.-J. Drexhage (1988) ‘Eigentumsdelikte im römischen Ägypten (1–3. Jh. n. Chr.). Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte’, ANRW II 10.1, 952–1004. H.-J. Drexhage (1988) ‘Einbruch, Diebstahl und Straßenraub im römischen Ägypten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse in den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten n. Chr.’, in I. Weiler (ed.), Soziale Randgruppen und Außenseiter im Altertum, Graz, 313–23. J. Ch. Dumont (1987) Servus. Rome et l’esclavage sous la République (Collection de l’École Française de Rome, 103), Paris. S.L. Dyson (1971) ‘Native Revolts in the Roman Empire’, Historia 20, 239–74. S.L. Dyson (1974) ‘Native Revolt Patterns in the Roman Empire’, ANRW II 3, 138–75. R. Guenther (1953) Das Latrocinium als eine besondere Form des Widerstands der unterdrückten Klassen und Barbaren im römischen Sklavenhalterstaat während des Prinzipats, Leipzig. P. Herz (1988) ‘Latrocinium und Viehdiebstahl. Soziale Spannungen und Strafrecht in römischer Zeit’, in I. Weiler (ed.), Soziale Randgruppen und Außenseiter im Altertum, Graz, 221–41. W. Hoben (1978) Terminologische Studien zu den Sklavenerhebungen der römischen Republik (Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei, 9), Wiesbaden. E.J. Hobsbawm (1969) Bandits, London. J.-U. Krause (1996) Gefängnisse im römischen Reich (Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien 23), Stuttgart. R. MacMullen (1967) Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the Empire, Cambridge, Mass. 1992, repr. C.E. Minor (1971) Brigand, Insurrectionist and Separatist Movements in the Later Roman Empire, diss. Washington (Seattle). ix BANDITS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Th. Pekáry (1987) ‘Seditio. Unruhen und Revolten im römischen Reich von Augustus bis Commodus’, AncSoc 18, 133–50. H. Pohl (1993) Die römische Politik und die Piraterie im östlichen Mittelmeer vom 3. bis zum 1. Jh. v. Chr., Berlin. B.D. Shaw (1984) ‘Bandits in the Roman Empire’, P&P 105, 3–52. B.D. Shaw (1991) ‘Der Bandit’, in A. Giardina (ed.), Der Mensch der römischen Antike, Frankfurt-am-Main, 337–81 = B.D. Shaw, ‘Il bandito’, in A. Giardina (ed.), L’uomo romano, Bari 1989, 337–84. B.D. Shaw (1993) ‘Tyrants, Bandits and Kings: Personal Power in Josephus’, JJS 44, 176–204. J. Sünskes Thompson (1990) Aufstände und Protestaktionen im Imperium Romanum. Die severischen Kaiser im Spannungsfeld innenpolitischer Konflikte, Bonn. F.H.M. van Campen (1978) Latrocinium, diss. Nijmegen. R. van Dam (1977) Heretics, Bandits and Bishops: Studies in the Religion and Society of Late Roman Gaul and Spain, diss.
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