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The Crisis and Collapse of the Roman

The Crisis and Collapse of the Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Crisis and Collapse of the Roman Empire

The capture of by the Source: Karl Bryullo, Zdobycie Rzymu przez Wandalów, between 1833 and 1836, Tretyakov Gallery, licencja: CC 0.

Link to the lesson

You will learn

to define the causes of the crisis of the Roman Empire in the third century CE; telling who was and what he did to end the crisis; to describe when was the Roman Empire divided into the East and ; to define what was the and how did it influence the collapse of the ; to define at what point in the Antiquity ended and the started.

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Nagranie abstraktu

The period of “Roman Peace”, ushered in by , brought the Empire peace and prosperity. Halfway through the second century CE the Roman Empire reached the peak of its power and greatness. The provinces thrived, undergoing the process of , i.e. the spread of Roman models and customs. It was, however, not an easy task to maintain peace and power in such a large area. In order to keep the borders safe, the construction of the border fortification system, known as the was undertaken. Its most widely‐known portion – the over 120 kilometer‐long ’s Wall – is still present in Britain. That notwithstanding, the Empire was facing ever greater inner problems. The of Emperor Augustus Source: Augustus Bevilacqua, Glyptothek, Munich, licencja: Especially in the third century, the state’s CC 0. wellbeing was marred by numerous civil wars, usurpations, and an economic crisis. The situation was exacerbated by power struggles, joined by the legion commanders and the ever more often. Those problems resulted in the need to make changes that would restore Rome’s might.

Relative peace was brought by the rule of the Emperor Diocletian at the turn of the third century. Despite his absolutist ambitions (the Emperor demanded, for example, to be worshipped as a god) he was well aware that such a large area could not be efficiently ruled by one person. A move that was meant to save Rome was the introduction of a new system of rule – the collaborative rule of four – two of them of the superior rank of Augustus, and two of the inferior rank – the Caesars. This system was called . Every ruler oversaw a different part of the Empire, and it was established that the Emperors of the superior rank would pass their power onto the Caesars after 20 years, and those would in turn choose their successors. The military power of the Empire was increased as well by increasing the legions’ numbers, strengthening the borders, fortifying the and enacting fiscal and administrative reform. That notwithstanding, the of Rome lost its significance, especially when in 330 CE the Emperor founded the opulent city named after himself – . It quickly became the main capital of the Empire, heralding its looming division. The empire was divided in 395 CE, in accordance with the will of Theodosius the Great – at the moment of his death. The Roman Empire became permanently divided into the Western Empire with its capital in , and the Eastern Empire with its capital in Constantinople.

By the end of the fourth century, the Empire experienced a period of migration, later known as the Migration Period. The Empire’s borders started experiencing an influx of numerous barbaric peoples. The Germanic entered the area of , sacking and burning the city of Rome in 410 CE. Subsequent Germanic tribes settled in and Spain (initially as allies), the Vandals seized part of North . This led to the loss Genseric captures Rome in 455 Source: Karl Briullov, Genzeryk zdobywa Rzym w 455 roku, of control of the emperors over the key licencja: CC 0. provinces of the Roman Empire. Unfortunately, the Empire’s worst moments were only yet to come. At the beginning of the fifth century , the ruler of the Asian , together with the tribes subject to him, attacked Gaul. In the great battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, he was stopped by the united forces of and the inhabiting the Empire’s territory. The peace, however, did not last long, and Rome was still threatened by the Vandals, who, led by Genseric, sacked the city again in 455. Since then, the power in the Western Empire was effectively held by the Germanic leaders, which in turn led to the deposition of the young Emperor, Augustulus, in 476. This event is considered the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire and became the point in history that marked the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Exercise 1

In the text, mark the changes introduced by Dioclean in the system of rule, as well as their causes:

causes of changes introduced changes

Valerius Dioclean [...] was an exceponal man, though not without vices. He was the first to introduce the exquisite, purple silk robes woven with gold thread, and shoes studded with precious gems. He was the first Emperor since and Domian to demand to be called lord and god, as well as divine honors during greengs. [...] Those vices seemed, however, to be outweighed by his virtues; even though he demanded to be called lord, he was the father of his subjects [...].

When Gaul experienced disorder at the hands of and bandits, i.e. the so-called , who looted the country and began to harass the cies, Dioclean named a dear friend of his, , a man of modest educaon, yet a good and skilled soldier, Emperor. Revered as a god aerwards, Maximian assumed the sobriquet of “Herculius”, similar to how Dioclean assumed that of “Jovius” [...]. Since their contemporaries, the Persians, harassed the Eastern provinces cruelly, and Africa was being raided by the Mauretanian tribes, with Egypt experiencing the rise of a new usurper, he selected helpers called the Caesars: Constanus and , and united them with himself by way of affinity. Aer having ended their previous marriages, the former received the stepdaughter of , and the laer – the daughter of Dioclean. Their motherland was Illiricum, and despite their modest educaon, they were well- versed in the tough condions of the military and countryside life, rendering them perfect rulers of the country. [...] as the numerous wars put a strain on the state, they divided it into four parts, and thus Constanus received the area of Gaul past the , Herculius took Africa and Italy, Galerius got the Illiricum all the way unl the Ponne Strait, and the rest (i.e. the East) was taken by Dioclean himself. [...]

Source: Aureliusz Wiktor, O cezarach [in:] S. Sprawski, G. Chomicki, Starożytność. Teksty źródłowe, komentarze i zagadnienia do historii w szkole średniej , Kraków 1999, s. 273-274. Exercise 2

Look at the map and carry out the exercise.

Using the map as reference, match the provinces to the tetrarch they were ruled by.

Britain, , Thrace, , Gaul, Italy, , Egypt

Dioclean

Galerius Maximian

Constanus

Exercise 3

Mark the reforms thanks to which the crisis of the third century ended.

The introduction of tetrarchy. Agrarian reform. Tax reform. Abolition of the . Declaring war on the barbarians. Administrative reform.

Exercise 4

Indicate the Emperor that divided the Empire.

Theodosius the Great Augustus Constantine the Great Diocletian Exercise 5

Using the map, determine which tribes seled on the Roman territory. List them below.

Indicate the year that marked the division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western Empires.

395. 378. 330. 386.

Task 1

Read the meline and explain how the collapse of the Roman Empire happened.

Source: JN Sylvestre, domena publiczna. Exercise 6

Look at the map and do the exercise below.

Using the map and the knowledge obtained in class as reference, fill in the gaps.

tetrarchy, Vandals, Huns, Western, Anquity, , 395, reforms, Dioclean, Migraon Period, Constannople, crisis, Eastern

In the third century, the Roman Empire found itself in ...... For some me the Emperor, ...... , brought a stop to the state’s difficules by enacng numerous ...... He also introduced ...... , or the system of collaborave rule of four emperors, each of whom was responsible for a different part of the empire. In the fourth century, the raids of the barbaric tribes launched the ...... The ...... ravaged Gaul and Hispania, then seled in . The ...... came to from Middle Asia, aacking the northern provinces of the Empire. The barbarians’ aacks led to the division of the state in ...... into the ...... Empire with its capital in Ravenna and the ...... Empire with its capital in ...... In 476 the Germanic leader ...... sacked Rome and deposed the last Emperor, . This date has been assumed as the turning point that marked the end of ......

Keywords

Cesarstwo, Tetrarchia, Prowincja Glossary

Usurper

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Nagranie słówka: Usurper

Uzurpator – władca, który w bezprawny i samowolny sposób zagarnął pełnię władzy lub prawa do niej.

Empire

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Nagranie słówka: Empire

Cesarstwo – forma ustroju państwa – monarchii – w której panujący obdarzony jest tytułem cezara. Cesarstwo rzymskie zostało zapoczątkowane przez Oktawiana Augusta.

Principate

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Nagranie słówka:

Pryncypat – forma rządów w Cesarstwie Rzymskim wprowadzona przez Oktawiana Augusta, polegająca na koncentracji władzy w rękach jednej osoby przy zachowaniu pozorów ustroju republiki.

Tetrarchy

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Nagranie słówka: Tetrarchy

Tetrarchia – dosłownie rządy czterech, wprowadzony przez cesarza Dioklecjana system rządów polegający na równoczesnym panowaniu czterech władców – dwóch wyższej rangi – augustów oraz dwóch niższej – cezarów.

Migraon Period

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Nagranie słówka: Migration Period

Wielka wędrówka ludów – migracja plemion barbarzyńskich na tereny Cesarstwa Rzymskiego w okresie od IV do VI w. Doprowadziła do licznych zmian etnicznych w Europie przyczyniając się do upadku cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego.

Provinces

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Nagranie słówka: Provinces

Prowincja – jednostka administracyjna w starożytnym Rzymie utworzona na podbitym terenie, poza Italią. Zarządzana była przez namiestników.

Limes

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Nagranie słówka: Limes

Limes – umocnienia i fortyfikacje na granicach cesarstwa rzymskiego. Lesson plan (Polish)

Temat: Kryzys i upadek cesarstwa rzymskiego

Adresat

Uczniowie klasy V szkoły podstawowej

Podstawa programowa

I. Cywilizacje starożytne. Uczeń:

2. lokalizuje w czasie i przestrzeni (…) cywilizacje starożytnego (…) Rzymu; 3. charakteryzuje strukturę społeczeństwa w (…) Rzymie; 4. umiejscawia w czasie i zna różne systemy sprawowania władzy oraz organizację społeczeństwa w (…) Rzymie.

Ogólny cel kształcenia

Uczniowie poznają przyczyny upadku Cesarstwa Rzymskiego.

Kompetencje kluczowe

porozumiewanie się w językach obcych; kompetencje informatyczne; umiejętność uczenia się.

Kryteria sukcesu Uczeń nauczy się:

definiować jakie były przyczyny kryzysu cesarstwa rzymskiego w III w. n.e.;; opowiadać kim był Dioklecjan i co zrobił dla zażegnania kryzysu; opisywać kiedy doszło do podziału na cesarstwo wschodnio- i zachodniorzymskie; charakteryzować czym była wielka wędrówka ludów i jaki miała wpływ na upadek cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego; definiować kiedy kończy się starożytność a zaczyna średniowiecze.

Metody/techniki kształcenia

podające pogadanka. aktywizujące dyskusja. programowane z użyciem komputera; z użyciem e‐podręcznika. praktyczne ćwiczeń przedmiotowych.

Formy pracy

praca indywidualna; praca w parach; praca w grupach; praca całego zespołu klasowego.

Środki dydaktyczne

e‐podręcznik; zeszyt i kredki lub pisaki; tablica interaktywna, tablety/komputery.

Przebieg lekcji

Przed lekcją

1. Uczniowie powinni wiedzieć, dlaczego doszło do zmiany ustroju z monarchii na republikę, kto i kiedy wprowadził pryncypat i czym on się charakteryzował.

Faza wstępna

1. Prowadzący lekcję podaje temat lekcji, określa cel zajęć i wspólnie z uczniami ustala kryteria sukcesu. 2. Nauczyciel, zaczynając zajęcia, pyta uczniów, jakie formy władzy były obecne w starożytnym Rzymie do II w. n.e. oraz czym się one charakteryzowały. Uczniowie powinni wymienić i opisać monarchię, republikę i cesarstwo (pryncypat).

Faza realizacyjna

1. Nauczyciel przypomina uczniom, że od czasu panowania cesarza Oktawiana Augusta w Rzymie zapanował * romana* - pokój rzymski, który pozwolił cesarstwu osiągnąć status wielkiego oraz zachować względny spokój wewnętrzny i na granicach. Niestety nie udało się uniknąć rozkładu i słabości państwa w III w., kiedy nastąpił kryzys (zwany kryzysem III w.). Był on spowodowany wkraczaniem ludów germańskich na tereny cesarstwa, słabością rządów oraz kryzysem gospodarczym i administracyjnym. 2. Nauczyciel przedstawia postać cesarza Dioklecjana, któremu udało się odbudować pozycję imperium i zatrzymać kryzys. Nauczyciel tłumaczy uczniom, czym była tetrarchia, a następnie pyta, zaczynając dyskusję, dlaczego Dioklecjan zdecydował się na taki ruch i zgodził podzielić władzą? Uczniowie wskazują przyczyny i rodzaje wprowadzonych zmian (**Ćwiczenie 1**) oraz wykonują **Ćwiczenie 2**, w którym przyporządkowują tetrarchom zarządzane przez nich ziemie. Nauczyciel upewnia się, że zadanie zostało wykonane prawidłowo, a następnie udziela informacji zwrotnej. 3. Nauczyciel mówi uczniom o pozostałych reformach Dioklecjana, które wpłynęły na zażegnanie kryzysu. Uczniowie wykonują **Ćwiczenie 3**. Nauczyciel upewnia się, że zadanie zostało poprawnie wykonane, i udziela informacji zwrotnej. 4. Niestety pod koniec IV w. imperium rzymskie chyliło się powoli ku upadkowi i nie prezentowało już jedności jak kilka wieków wcześniej. Nauczyciel wyjaśnia, dlaczego doszło do podziału Cesarstwa Rzymskiego (inny rozwój świata łacińskiego a inny greckiego, chrześcijaństwo itp.). Przyczyn można upatrywać już w decyzji Dioklecjana o podziale władzy i ustanowieniu czterech stolic‐ośrodków władzy. Uczniowie wykonują **Ćwiczenie 4** i omawiają jego rozwiązanie z nauczycielem. 5. Nauczyciel zapisuje na tablicy hasło „Wielka wędrówka ludów”, a następnie prosi, aby uczniowie wymienili skojarzenia z tym pojęciem. Następnie pyta uczniów, czym ona mogła być i do czego doprowadzić, skoro potomni nadali jej przydomek „wielka”. Zadając pytania, pamięta o takim ich formułowaniu, by miały charakter pytań kluczowych. Nauczyciel tłumaczy przełomowość tego procesu i jego wpływ na historię nie tylko cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego, ale i całej Europy. Uczniowie na podstawie mapy z **Ćwiczenia 5** wymieniają plemiona osiadłe na terenie cesarstwa. Na koniec nauczyciel upewnia się, że zadanie zostało poprawnie wykonane i udziela informacji zwrotnej. 6. Ostateczny kres istnieniu cesarstwa na Zachodzie dopełniły najazdy ludów barbarzyńskich. Nauczyciel podaje uczniom przykłady takich najazdów: Wizygoci, Ostrogoci, Wandalowie oraz zagrożenie przez Hunów. Wymienia również ich skutki: bitwa pod Adrianopolem (378 rok); złupienie Rzymu, bitwa na Polach Katalaunijskich (451 rok); powtórne złupienie Rzymu i jego ostateczny upadek (476 rok). Uczniowie zapoznają się z osią czasu w **Poleceniu 1**.

Faza podsumowująca

1. Podsumowując lekcję, uczniowie wykonują **Ćwiczenie 6** (uzupełniają krótki tekst), a następnie omawiają je razem z nauczycielem. 2. Kończąc zajęcia, nauczyciel pyta uczniów, jak myślą, dlaczego upadek cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego uważa się za datę kończącą starożytność? Co może być tego przyczyną?. 3. Nauczyciel ocenia pracę uczniów na lekcji, biorąc pod uwagę ich wkład i zaangażowanie. Może w tym celu przygotować ankietę ewaluacyjną do samooceny.

Praca domowa

1. Nauczyciel zadaje zadanie domowe dla uczniów chętnych: Poszukanie informacji o przyczynach upadku Rzymu. Od dawna budzą one kontrowersje i są bardzo zagadkowe, wszak wielkie imperium, jakim był Rzym, nie zostało podbite i pokonane przez inne mocarstwo. Co badacze uważają za przyczyny upadku cesarstwa?. W tej lekcji zostaną użyte m.in. następujące pojęcia oraz nagrania

Pojęcia

Usurper

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Nagranie słówka: Usurper

Uzurpator – władca, który w bezprawny i samowolny sposób zagarnął pełnię władzy lub prawa do niej.

Empire

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie słówka: Empire

Cesarstwo – forma ustroju państwa – monarchii – w której panujący obdarzony jest tytułem cezara. Cesarstwo rzymskie zostało zapoczątkowane przez Oktawiana Augusta.

Principate

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie słówka: Principate

Pryncypat – forma rządów w Cesarstwie Rzymskim wprowadzona przez Oktawiana Augusta, polegająca na koncentracji władzy w rękach jednej osoby przy zachowaniu pozorów ustroju republiki.

Tetrarchy

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie słówka: Tetrarchy

Tetrarchia – dosłownie rządy czterech, wprowadzony przez cesarza Dioklecjana system rządów polegający na równoczesnym panowaniu czterech władców – dwóch wyższej rangi – augustów oraz dwóch niższej – cezarów.

Migraon Period

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie słówka: Migration Period

Wielka wędrówka ludów – migracja plemion barbarzyńskich na tereny Cesarstwa Rzymskiego w okresie od IV do VI w. Doprowadziła do licznych zmian etnicznych w Europie przyczyniając się do upadku cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego.

Provinces

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie słówka: Provinces

Prowincja – jednostka administracyjna w starożytnym Rzymie utworzona na podbitym terenie, poza Italią. Zarządzana była przez namiestników.

Limes

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

Nagranie słówka: Limes

Limes – umocnienia i fortyfikacje na granicach cesarstwa rzymskiego.

Teksty i nagrania

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Nagranie abstraktu

The Crisis and Collapse of the Roman Empire

The period of “Roman Peace”, ushered in by Emperor Augustus, brought the Empire peace and prosperity. Halfway through the second century CE the Roman Empire reached the peak of its power and greatness. The provinces thrived, undergoing the process of romanization, i.e. the spread of Roman models and customs. It was, however, not an easy task to maintain peace and power in such a large area. In order to keep the borders safe, the construction of the border fortification system, known as the limes was undertaken. Its most widely‐known portion – the over 120 kilometer‐long Hadrian’s Wall – is still present in Britain. That notwithstanding, the Empire was facing ever greater inner problems. Especially in the third century, the state’s wellbeing was marred by numerous civil wars, usurpations, and an economic crisis. The situation was exacerbated by power struggles, joined by the legion commanders and the Praetorian Guard ever more often. Those problems resulted in the need to make changes that would restore Rome’s might.

Relative peace was brought by the rule of the Emperor Diocletian at the turn of the third century. Despite his absolutist ambitions (the Emperor demanded, for example, to be worshipped as a god) he was well aware that such a large area could not be efficiently ruled by one person. A move that was meant to save Rome was the introduction of a new system of rule – the collaborative rule of four Emperors – two of them of the superior rank of Augustus, and two of the inferior rank – the Caesars. This system was called tetrarchy. Every ruler oversaw a different part of the Empire, and it was established that the Emperors of the superior rank would pass their power onto the Caesars after 20 years, and those would in turn choose their successors. The military power of the Empire was increased as well by increasing the legions’ numbers, strengthening the borders, fortifying the cities and enacting fiscal and administrative reform. That notwithstanding, the city of Rome lost its significance, especially when in 330 CE the Emperor Constantine the Great founded the opulent city named after himself – Constantinople. It quickly became the main capital of the Empire, heralding its looming division. The empire was divided in 395 CE, in accordance with the will of Theodosius the Great – at the moment of his death. The Roman Empire became permanently divided into the Western Empire with its capital in Ravenna, and the Eastern Empire with its capital in Constantinople.

By the end of the fourth century, the Empire experienced a period of mass migration, later known as the Migration Period. The Empire’s borders started experiencing an influx of numerous barbaric peoples. The Germanic Visigoths entered the area of Italy, sacking and burning the city of Rome in 410 CE. Subsequent Germanic tribes settled in Gaul and Spain (initially as allies), the Vandals seized part of North Africa. This led to the loss of control of the emperors over the key provinces of the Roman Empire. Unfortunately, the Empire’s worst moments were only yet to come. At the beginning of the fifth century Attila, the ruler of the Asian Huns, together with the tribes subject to him, attacked Gaul. In the great battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, he was stopped by the united forces of Roman Gaul and the barbarians inhabiting the Empire’s territory. The peace, however, did not last long, and Rome was still threatened by the Vandals, who, led by Genseric, sacked the city again in 455. Since then, the power in the Western Empire was effectively held by the Germanic leaders, which in turn led to the deposition of the young Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, in 476. This event is considered the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire and became the point in history that marked the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Lesson plan (English)

Topic: The Crisis and Collapse of the Roman Empire

Target group

5th‐grade students of elementary school

Core curriculum

I. Ancient . Pupil:

2. locates in time and space (...) the civilizations of the ancient (...) Rome; 3. characterizes the structure of society in (...) Rome; 4. situates in time and knows various systems of governance and organization of society in (...) Rome.

General aim of education

Students will learn about the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire.

Key competences

communication in foreign languages; digital competence; learning to learn.

Criteria for success The student will learn:

to define the causes of the crisis of the Roman Empire in the third century CE;; telling who Diocletian was and what he did to stop the crisis; to describe when was the Roman Empire divided into the East and West Empires;; characterize what the great migration of peoples was and how it influenced the decline of the Roman Empire; to define what point in history the Antiquity ended and the Middle Ages started.

Methods/techniques

expository talk. activating discussion. programmed with computer; with e‐textbook. practical exercices concerned.

Forms of work

individual activity; activity in pairs; activity in groups; collective activity.

Teaching aids

e‐textbook; notebook and crayons/felt‐tip pens; interactive whiteboard, tablets/computers.

Lesson plan overview

Before classes

1. Students should know why there has been a change in the regime from a to a republic, who and when introduced the Principate and what it was characterized by.

Introduction

1. The teacher states the subject of the lesson, explains the aim of the lesson and together with students determines the success criteria to be achieved. 2. The teacher, starting the lesson, asks students what forms of power were present in until the second century AD,and what were they characterized by. Students should list and describe the monarchy, republic and empire (the Principate).

Realization

1. The teacher reminds the students that since the reign of Emperor Augustus, * * allowed the state to achieve the status of a great empire and to maintain relative internal peace and borders. Unfortunately, when crisis occurred (called the crisis of the third century), it caused weakness and dissolution. It happened due to the entry of into the empire, the weakness of the government and the economic and administrative crisis. 2. The teacher talks about Emperor Diocletian, who managed to rebuild the position of the empire and stop the crisis. The teacher explains what the Tetrarchy was, and then starts a discussion, on why Diocletian decided to make such a move and agreed to divide the power? Students indicate the reasons and types of introduced changes (** Exercise 1 **) and perform ** Exercise 2 **, in which they assign tetrarchs to the lands they managed. The teacher makes sure that the task has been carried out correctly and then provides feedback. 3. The teacher tells the students about the rest of the Diocletian reforms that have helped to overcome the crisis. Students carry out ** Exercise 3 **. The teacher makes sure that the exercise has been correctly completed and gives feedback. 4. Unfortunately, towards the end of the , the Roman Empire slowly fell into decline and did not manifest unity as it did several centuries earlier. The teacher explains the division of the Roman Empire (the development differences of and greek world, the rise of , etc.). The reasons can be found as soon as in the decision of Diocletian to divide the power and establish the four capitals. Students perform ** Exercise 4 ** and discuss it with the teacher. 5. The teacher writes down the slogan „Migration Period” on the board and asks students to list their associations with this concept. Then he asks students what they think it is. Asking the questions, the teacher remembers that they are to be formulated as the key questions. The teacher explains the impact of this process and its influence on the history of not only the Roman Empire, but also the rest of Europe. Students, analyzing the map (** Exercises 5 **), list the that tribes settled within the Empire. At the end of the exercise the teacher makes sure that the task has been correctly completed and gives feedback. 6. The definitive end of the West Empire was sealed by the invasions of peoples. The teacher gives students examples of such invasions: Visigoths, , Vandals and threats by the Huns. He also lists their consequences: the (378); the , the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451); re‐sacking of Rome and its final fall (476). Students get acquainted with the timeline in ** Task 1 **.

Summary

1. To sum up the lesson, students carry out ** Exercise 6 ** and then discuss it with the teacher. 2. At the end of the lesson, the teacher asks the students why the fall of the Roman Empire is considered to be the ending date of antiquity. What could be the reason?. 3. The teacher assesses the students' work during the lesson, taking into account their input and commitment. For this purpose, he may prepare a self‐assessment questionnaire.

Homework

1. The teacher tasks willing students with homework: Find information about the reasons for the fall of Rome. They have long been discussed and are very mysterious, after all the great Roman Empire was not conquered and defeated by another power. What do researchers consider to be the cause of the fall of the empire?. The following terms and recordings will be used during this lesson

Terms

Usurper

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Nagranie słówka: Usurper

Uzurpator – władca, który w bezprawny i samowolny sposób zagarnął pełnię władzy lub prawa do niej.

Empire

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Nagranie słówka: Empire

Cesarstwo – forma ustroju państwa – monarchii – w której panujący obdarzony jest tytułem cezara. Cesarstwo rzymskie zostało zapoczątkowane przez Oktawiana Augusta.

Principate

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Nagranie słówka: Principate

Pryncypat – forma rządów w Cesarstwie Rzymskim wprowadzona przez Oktawiana Augusta, polegająca na koncentracji władzy w rękach jednej osoby przy zachowaniu pozorów ustroju republiki.

Tetrarchy

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Nagranie słówka: Tetrarchy

Tetrarchia – dosłownie rządy czterech, wprowadzony przez cesarza Dioklecjana system rządów polegający na równoczesnym panowaniu czterech władców – dwóch wyższej rangi – augustów oraz dwóch niższej – cezarów.

Migraon Period

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Nagranie słówka: Migration Period

Wielka wędrówka ludów – migracja plemion barbarzyńskich na tereny Cesarstwa Rzymskiego w okresie od IV do VI w. Doprowadziła do licznych zmian etnicznych w Europie przyczyniając się do upadku cesarstwa zachodniorzymskiego.

Provinces

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Nagranie słówka: Provinces

Prowincja – jednostka administracyjna w starożytnym Rzymie utworzona na podbitym terenie, poza Italią. Zarządzana była przez namiestników.

Limes

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Nagranie słówka: Limes

Limes – umocnienia i fortyfikacje na granicach cesarstwa rzymskiego.

Texts and recordings

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Nagranie abstraktu

The Crisis and Collapse of the Roman Empire

The period of “Roman Peace”, ushered in by Emperor Augustus, brought the Empire peace and prosperity. Halfway through the second century CE the Roman Empire reached the peak of its power and greatness. The provinces thrived, undergoing the process of romanization, i.e. the spread of Roman models and customs. It was, however, not an easy task to maintain peace and power in such a large area. In order to keep the borders safe, the construction of the border fortification system, known as the limes was undertaken. Its most widely‐known portion – the over 120 kilometer‐long Hadrian’s Wall – is still present in Britain. That notwithstanding, the Empire was facing ever greater inner problems. Especially in the third century, the state’s wellbeing was marred by numerous civil wars, usurpations, and an economic crisis. The situation was exacerbated by power struggles, joined by the legion commanders and the Praetorian Guard ever more often. Those problems resulted in the need to make changes that would restore Rome’s might.

Relative peace was brought by the rule of the Emperor Diocletian at the turn of the third century. Despite his absolutist ambitions (the Emperor demanded, for example, to be worshipped as a god) he was well aware that such a large area could not be efficiently ruled by one person. A move that was meant to save Rome was the introduction of a new system of rule – the collaborative rule of four Emperors – two of them of the superior rank of Augustus, and two of the inferior rank – the Caesars. This system was called tetrarchy. Every ruler oversaw a different part of the Empire, and it was established that the Emperors of the superior rank would pass their power onto the Caesars after 20 years, and those would in turn choose their successors. The military power of the Empire was increased as well by increasing the legions’ numbers, strengthening the borders, fortifying the cities and enacting fiscal and administrative reform. That notwithstanding, the city of Rome lost its significance, especially when in 330 CE the Emperor Constantine the Great founded the opulent city named after himself – Constantinople. It quickly became the main capital of the Empire, heralding its looming division. The empire was divided in 395 CE, in accordance with the will of Theodosius the Great – at the moment of his death. The Roman Empire became permanently divided into the Western Empire with its capital in Ravenna, and the Eastern Empire with its capital in Constantinople.

By the end of the fourth century, the Empire experienced a period of mass migration, later known as the Migration Period. The Empire’s borders started experiencing an influx of numerous barbaric peoples. The Germanic Visigoths entered the area of Italy, sacking and burning the city of Rome in 410 CE. Subsequent Germanic tribes settled in Gaul and Spain (initially as allies), the Vandals seized part of North Africa. This led to the loss of control of the emperors over the key provinces of the Roman Empire. Unfortunately, the Empire’s worst moments were only yet to come. At the beginning of the fifth century Attila, the ruler of the Asian Huns, together with the tribes subject to him, attacked Gaul. In the great battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, he was stopped by the united forces of Roman Gaul and the barbarians inhabiting the Empire’s territory. The peace, however, did not last long, and Rome was still threatened by the Vandals, who, led by Genseric, sacked the city again in 455. Since then, the power in the Western Empire was effectively held by the Germanic leaders, which in turn led to the deposition of the young Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, in 476. This event is considered the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire and became the point in history that marked the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.