Wsan B-C. PERMIAN CORALS of BOLIVIA
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Wsan b-C. fyo i J. Paleont., 64(1), 1990, pp. 60-78 Copyright © 1990, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/90/0064-0060S03.00 PERMIAN CORALS OF BOLIVIA EDWARD C. WILSON Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California 90007 ABSTRACT—Permian corals of Bolivia are confined to the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian, Leonardian) Copacabana Limestone. The coral fauna of the formation in the Lake Titicaca to the central altiplano areas of the Department of La Paz consists of two solitary rugose coral species, two colonial rugose coral species (one each of fasciculate and cerioid), and two tabulate coral species. New taxa are Stylastraea branisai n. sp., Durhaminapandolfi n. sp., Michelinia escobari n. sp., and Cladochonus carrascoi n. sp. Lophophyllidium striatum (d'Orbigny, 1839), based on Bolivian specimens, is redescribed, a lectotype designated, and the range extended to North America. Although the fauna is small, its taxonomic composition shows clear affinity with faunas of similar age northward through South and Central America to Mexico and the USA Texas-Oklahoma-Midcontinent region. The Bolivian fauna thus is confirmed as belonging to the Cyathaxonid Coral Province, which is restricted to the above areas. A species of Durhamina previously erected for Guatemalan specimens occurs in the Copacabana Limestone of Peru and strengthens the province assignment of the formation. INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS WORK HE PRIMARY purpose of this study is to report the diversity Previous work on the coral fauna of the Copacabana Lime- T and stratigraphic distribution of the stony corals of the stone of Bolivia is slight. D'Orbigny (1839, 1842b) erected the Lower Permian Copacabana Formation, Department of La Paz, only coral species based on Bolivian Permian specimens, Tur- Bolivia. Eleven sections were measured and intensively sampled binolia striata, from Yaurichambi. Branisa (1965) figured eight from the Puerto Carabuco area on the east-central shore of Lake taxa from Ancoraimes, Apillapampa, Colquencha-Vilaque, Titicaca southwards for about 150 km to the Colquencha area Yaurichambi, and Zudanez, referring them to IClinophyllum of the central altiplano (Figures 1, 2). Primary collecting em- sp., Favosites sp., Lithostrotionella sp., ?Lophophyllidium sp., phasis was on corals but representative collections of other me- Lophophyllidium sp. B, Macgeea cf. M. solitaria, Michelinia sp., gain vertebrates and of fusulinids also were obtained. The results and Soshkineophyllum sp. Maeda, Yamagiwa, and Branisa (1973) provide a detailed sampling of the corals from the formation in described and figured three solitary corals from the Colquencha this area and a reconnaissance collection of other fossils. Except area as Caninia sp. indet., Lophophyllidium cf. L. spinosum, as noted, the specimens are deposited in the Natural History and Stereostylusl sp. indet. Yamagiwa, Maeda, Torrez, and Ur- Museum of Los Angeles County, Invertebrate Paleontology Sec- dininea (1974) described and figured a transverse section of tion. Lophophyllidium sp. indet. from "Parquipujio," in the village Field work was undertaken between August 4 and September of San Pedro, west side of the Straits of Tiquina. Yamagiwa, 9,1985, and August 4 and September 16,1986. Part of the latter Mukumoto, and Urdininea (1983) described and figured the interval was devoted to investigation of the formation in Peru. ontogeny of Stereostylusl sp. from the Colquencha area. None WILSON-PERMIAN CORALS OF BOLIVIA 61 FIGURE 1—Locations (numbered circles) of stratigraphic sections measured in the Copacabana Limestone for this study: 1, Cerro Quimsa Phekhena section; 2, Matilde section; 3, Ancoraimes section; 4, Cerro Pucara section; 5, Yampupata section; 6, Cerro Cabiltosirca section; 7, Cuyavi section; 8, 9, Yaurichambi sections; 10, Colquencha section. 62 JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY, V. 64, NO. 1, 1990 of these papers supplied detailed locality or stratigraphic infor- hill in the area has this combination of characters. Cerro Hiscka mation. The specimens of Branisa (1965) apparently are lost (L. Khatawi is therefore considered here to be the locality collected Branisa, personal commun.). by d'Orbigny. The Copacabana Limestone extends northward from Bolivia Sakagami (1986) identified one of the much lower hills at the into Peru. Several authors have reported on the corals in the northern edge of the community as the d'Orbigny locality. It is formation there. Douglas (1920), Boit (1940), and Lisson and too low, exposes no upper formational contact, and therefore Boit (1942) listed several taxa from Viscachani, Cerro de Pasco, cannot be the d'Orbigny locality. and Vilcambamba, respectively, all perhaps from the Copaca- REGIONAL GEOLOGY bana Limestone. Finks (1953), in an unpublished M.A. thesis, described and figured the corals in the collections of the Amer- The Andes in Bolivia are divided geomorphically into the ican Museum of Natural History from the upper Paleozoic of volcanic Cordillera Occidental on the west, the sedimentary basin known as the altiplano in the center, and the largely Pa- Peru. He reported 10 species in the Copacabana Limestone, all leozoic sedimentary Cordillera Oriental on the east. Exposures indicating a northward extension of the Bolivian fauna described of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, including the Copacabana here. Rangel (1976) figured a fasciculate corallum from Peru Limestone, also crop out as hills in the altiplano, around Lake that may be from the Copacabana Limestone. Yamagiwa and Titicaca, and in the western foothills of the Cordillera Oriental. Rangel (1978) first mentioned Durhamina? andensis from the The complex geology of the Bolivian Andes has been treated Chaparra area of south coastal Peru and later described and extensively in the monographic studies of Ahlfeld (1946), New- figured the species (Yamagiwa and Rangel, 1979), indicating a ell (1949), and Ahlfeld and Branisa (1960). Wolfcampian age for it. The Chaparra beds are about 250 km west of the Copacabana Limestone outcrop band and perhaps STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS represent a different formation. The geology of the area is only The Paleozoic rocks on the altiplano are exposed in discon- sketchily known. The small collection of corals from the Cha- tinuous bands that strike generally northwest-southeast. They parra area in the Museo de Historia Natural at Lima contains are divided into irregular thrust sheets accompanied by folding fasciculate corals very unlike those in the Copacabana Lime- and faulting. In the upper Paleozoic, thick and widespread beds stone of Bolivia. of marine Devonian shales are overlain by nonmarine Carbon- The upper Paleozoic Peruvian corals of Meyer (1914) and in iferous sandstones that in turn are overlain by Permian lime- the lists of Harrison (1942, 1943) apparently are from the Mid- stones and volcanics. The Permian limestones constitute the dle Pennsylvanian Tarma Group. Copacabana Limestone, named for prominent exposures on the Few workers have considered the Permian corals from else- Copacabana Peninsula in southern Lake Titicaca. where in South America. Probable Permian corals from Brazil The contact of the Copacabana Limestone with the underlying were reported by Derby (1894) in annotated lists suggesting to Carboniferous Gondwana Series sandstones is an angular un- this author a similarity to the Copacabana Limestone fauna. conformity in all the measured sections where it was exposed. Scrutton (1971) described and figured taxa similar to those in It is best seen near Yaurichambi on the east side of Cerro Jacha the Copacabana Limestone from the Lower Permian (in part) Khatawi. The contact of the Copacabana Limestone with the Palmarito Formation of Venezuela. Hoover (1981) listed two overlying formations is variable. On the east-central shore of solitary corals and a tabulate coral also from the Palmarito Lake Titicaca, it appears to be conformably overlain by the Formation of Venezuela. Tiquina Sandstone or in fault contact with the Cretaceous beds. The top of the formation is folded along the Copacabana Pen- D'ORBIGNY'S LOCALITY AT YAURICHAMBI insula, and a contact with the Tiguina Sandstone is not observ- Rock drumlins formed largely of the Copacabana Limestone able there. The type locality for the formation unfortunately is occur in two areas near the community of Yaurichambi, De- on the peninsula on the western shore of the straits of Tiquina, partment of La Paz: 1) at the northern side of the community a badly faulted area which is the western limb of the syncline, as two very low mounds that are rather sparsely fossiliferous the axis of which is filled by the straits. The eastern limb of the and expose neither the upper nor the lower formational contacts; syncline forms the eastern shore of the straits and is a sparsely and 2) about two km north of the community at a much larger, fossiliferous, purple-colored, tuffaceous formation (Tiquina twin-peaked hill named Cerro Jacha Khatawi that exposes both Sandstone) containing the Permian marine bivalve Aviculopin- the upper and lower formational contacts. na, a genus also present in the Yaurichambi and Cerro Cabil- D'Orbigny (1842a, 1844, 1847) mentioned this area in several tosirca sections of the Copacabana Limestone. This syncline of the volumes of Voyages dans I'Amerique meridionale. Be- apparently extends along strike southwards beneath the lake, cause it is the type locality for several of his species, including reappearing at the island (sometimes peninsula) of Cumana, a coral, it is important. Two