J. Jpn. Bot. 91: 133–140 (2016)

The Genus Caulokaempferia () in Part 1: Two New Species from South Myanmar

a a b Supatthra Sangnark , Sittichoke Prasarn , Boonmee Phokham , a c,d, Pornpimon Wongsuwan and Chayan Picheansoonthon *

aTraditional Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269, Nakhon Sawan Road, Amphoe Mueang Maha Sarakham, 44000 ; bDepartment of Pharmacy Technique, Sirindhorn College of Public Health Chonburi, Amphoe Mueang Chon Buri, 20000 THAILAND; cAcademy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Suea Pa, Sriayuthaya Road, Khet Dusit, Bangkok, 10300 THAILAND; dCollege of Alternative Medicine, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, 39/1, Ratchadaphisek Road, Khwaeng Chantarakasem, Khet Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 THAILAND *Corresponding author: [email protected]

(Accepted on December 21, 2015)

Two new species, Caulokaempferia kayinensis Picheans. & Sangnark and C. monensis Picheans. & Sangnark (Zingiberaceae), are described. This is the first report of the genus from Myanmar. The sessile inflorescence of C. kayinensis, hidden in the uppermost two leaf sheaths, is unique among the yellow-flowered group of the genus. The long ligule, ovate bract, and the bract-formation on inflorescence are characteristic of C. monensis. Full descriptions, together with ink line-drawings with water-color and photographic illustrations, of these new taxa are given.

Key words: Caulokaempferia, Caulokaempferia kayinensis, Caulokaempferia monensis, Kayin State, Mon State, south Myanmar, Zingiberaceae.

The genus Caulokaempferia (Zingiberaceae) L. as pointed out by Govaerts (2004), in his was established by K. Larsen (1964). Recently, ‘World Checklist of Database however, Veldkamp and Mood rejected the in ACCESS: 1-54382’. This made the argument name Caulokaempferia K. Larsen claiming that given by Mood et al. (2014) incorrect. Thus, it is a superfluous name for Monolophus‘ Wall.’, the generic name Caulokaempferia K. Larsen is believing that the validation of the generic maintained (Picheansoonthon 2016). name ‘Monolophus’ was done by Wallich in The genus Caulokaempferia K. Larsen his 1832 Numerical List (Mood et al. 2014). In (Zingiberaceae) comprises about 25 species fact, the generic name ‘Monolophus’ had been distributed from northeast India (Sikkim and validated in 1830, by Delafosse, Guillemin and Meghalaya), , South , northern Kuhn in ‘Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Vietnam, Laos and Thailand (Intharapichai Géologie’ based on Kaempferia elegans Wall. 2015). Although K. Larsen mentioned the Accordingly, the name Monolophus Delafosse, presence of C. secunda (Wall.) K. Larsen in Guill. & J. Kuhn is synonymous to Kaempferia Moulmein (south Myanmar; Larsen 1964), there

—133— 134 植物研究雑誌 第 91 巻 第 3 号 2016 年 6 月

Fig. 1. Caulokaempferia kayinensis Picheans. & Sangnark. A. Habit. B. Leaf base, showing ligule (front view). C. Inflorescence, showing a flower, leaf sheaths, bract, and bracteoles. D, E. Bract (E. with leaf-like appendage). F. Bracteoles. G. Calyx tube and ovary. H. Dorsal corolla lobe. I, J. Lateral corolla lobes. K, L. Lateral staminodes. M. Labellum. N, O. Anthers and anther crests (N. rear view, O. front view). P. Ovary and stylodes. Q. Infructescence, showing uppermost leaf sheath, bracts, and fruits. R. Fruit. S. Seeds. Drawn by Chalermchoke Boonchit. June 2016 The Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 91 No. 3 135 is so far no solid evidence to confirm his claim. a bract. Bract none or 1 (if the third cincinnus Moreover, biogeographically this Meghalayan present); ovate, 3.8–8 × 0.9–1.5 cm, glabrous, taxon is unlikely to reach as far as south greenish, apex acute-acuminate, or with leaf-like Myanmar. appendage. Bracteoles membranous, lanceolate- In this report, two new species of oblong, 8–15 × 2–4 mm, apex acute, glabrous, Caulokaempferia K. Larsen from south greenish. Calyx tubular, 1.2–1.5 cm × 3–4 Myanmar are described, with full description mm, glabrous, split 2–3 mm down one side, and illustrations. These two taxa, one from apex bifid. Corolla tube 3.2–4 cm × 1–2 mm, Kayin and the other from Mon states in south whitish; dorsal corolla lobe oblong, 1.1–1.4 cm Myanmar, mark the first scientific evidence of × 3–6 mm, white, apex hooded produced into a this generic distribution in Myanmar. ca. 1 mm thorn-like point; lateral corolla lobes lanceolate, 1.1–1.4 cm × 3–4 mm, white, apex Taxonomic treatment acute. Lateral staminodes obovate, 1.2–1.8 cm 1. Caulokaempferia kayinensis Picheans. & × 6–11 mm, yellow, apex obtuse. Labellum Sangnark, sp. nov. [Figs. 1–2] orbicular, 1.2–2.6 × 2–3.2 cm, distal part This new species is similar to 2-lobed with crenate apex, yellow. Stamen 1; Caulokaempferia limiana, but differs in the filament very short, ca. 1 mm; anther 2–3 mm following characters: (1) fewer numbers of long; anther crest suborbicurlar, 4–5 × 5–6 mm, leaves (4–5 vs. 7–9) with shorter ligule (1–2 mm yellow. Pistil 1; style insert between anther sacs vs. 4–7 mm); (2) sessile inflorescence with 1–3 stylodial glands 2, ca. 1 mm long; ovary 2–5 × cincinni, the lower two cincinni hidden in the 1–2 mm, glabrous. Fruits fleshy capsule, ovoid- two uppermost leaf sheaths; (3) bract 0–1, and cylindrical to cylindrical, greenish, 1.3–1.4 cm × (4) bract ovate (if the third cincinnus present) 5–6 mm. Seeds numerous, crowned with whitish with acute-acuminate apex or with leaf-like arillode. appendage. Phenology: Flowering July–August, fruiting Type: MYANMAR. Kayin State, Hpa-an August–September. Township, Swegabin Hills, altitude 152 m, 3 Distribution: Myanmar, Kayin State, Hpa-an August 2014, C. Picheansoonthon 030814-1 Township, Swegabin Mountain, common in this (BK–holotype!) mountain range. Lithophytic perennial herb, tufted, slender, Ecology: This new species grows on moist with short rhizome; root fibrous, some forming sandstone rocks nearby the waterfall under the longish storage tubers. Pseudostems 8.1–17.4 shade of seasonal rain forest or dry evergreen cm, with 2 bladeless sheaths, some with reduced forest, at an altitude of 15–200 m. lamina. Leaves 4–5, petiole 1–5 mm; ligule Note: This new species can be easily membranous, 1–2 mm long, apex irregularly distinguished from other yellow-flowered lobed; leaf blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, the species of Caulokaempferia by its unique sessile largest one, 2.3–10.2 × 1.5–3.6 cm, base cuneate inflorescence with 1–3 cincinni of 2–4 flowers or rounded, apex acute to caudate, margin each. The lower 1–2 cincinni is/are ebracteate undulate, both sides glabrous, upper surface and hidden in the two uppermost leaf sheaths. deep green to brownish green, lower surface The uppermost (the third) cincinnus, if present, light green. Inflorescence terminal, sessile, 1–3 projects out of the two uppermost leaf sheaths cincinni of 2–4 flowers each; the first cincinnus and is enclosed in a bract, some of which have a hidden in the uppermost leaf sheath; the second leaf-like appendage. This character is found for one (if present) hidden in the two uppermost the first time in the genus. leaf sheaths; the third cincinnus (if present) in Molecular study of this new taxon 136 植物研究雑誌 第 91 巻 第 3 号 2016 年 6 月

Fig. 2. Caulokaempferia kayinensis Picheans. & Sangnark. A, B. in its type location. C. Flower in oblique view showing different view of anther sacs and anther crests. D. Detail of a flower (top view), showing labellum, lateral staminodes, and anther crest. E. Infructescence showing fruits. F. Fruits and seeds. Photographed by Pornpimon Wongsuwan (A–B) and Chayan Picheansoonthon (C–F). supports that Caulokaempferia kayinensis is a This new species is similar to phylogenetically distinct taxon, and close to C. Caulokaempferia jirawongsei, but differs in the picheansoonthonii Phokham & Prasarn and C. following characters: (1) ligule longer (0.9–2.4 limiana Mokkamul & Picheans. The result will cm vs. 0.6–1 cm) and hairy on the lower half, be presented in a forthcoming publication. (2) leaves sessile, (3) bracts sparsely hairy on the lower half, (4) calyx tube hairy with bifid apex, 2. Caulokaempferia monensis Picheans. & (5) ovary sparsely hairy, and (6) fruits smaller Sangnark, sp. nov. [Figs. 3–4] (0.8–1.5 cm × 4–5 mm vs. 7–8 × 4–5 mm) and June 2016 The Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 91 No. 3 137

Fig. 3. Caulokaempferia monensis Picheans. & Sangnark. A. Habit. B. Root. C, D. Leaf bases, showing ligules (front and side view). E. Inflorescence, showing side view of bract arrangement. F. Inflorescence, the lowest bract removed, showing flowering buds and bracts. G. Bract. H. Bracteole. I. Flower, showing ovary, calyx tube, corolla tube, staminodes and labellum. J. Calyx tube and ovary. K. Dorsal corolla lobe. L, M. Lateral corolla lobes. N, O. Lateral staminodes. P. Labellum. Q, R. Anthers and anther crests (Q. rear view, R. front view). S. Ovary and stylodes. T. Fruit with persistent calyx. U. Seeds. Drawn by Chalermchoke Boonchit. 138 植物研究雑誌 第 91 巻 第 3 号 2016 年 6 月

Fig. 4. Caulokaempferia monensis Picheans. & Sangnark. A. Plants in its type location. B. habit, showing leaves, inflorescence, and a close-up of ligule. C. Inflorescence showing a flower in oblique view and side view of bracts. D. Inflorescence showing top view of bracts arrangement and sparsely hairy axis. E. Detailed of a bract, subtend a flower and two young fruits and closed-up views of anther crests. F. Sparsely hairy fruit and seeds. Photographed by Chayan Picheansoonthon. sparsely hairy. short rhizome; root fibrous, some forming Ty p e : MYANMAR . Mon State, longish storage tubers. Pseudostem 9.2–28.2 Mawlamyine (Moulmein), Myine Tharyan cm high, with 3–4 bladeless sheaths, some with Town, Shwe Hinndhar, altitude 152 m, 7 reduced lamina. Leaves 4–6, sessile; ligule September 2014, C. Picheansoonthon 070914-1 membranous, hairy on the lower half, 0.9–2.4 (BK–holotype!) cm long, apex acute; leaf blades lanceolate, Lithophytic perennial herb, slender, with the largest one, 9.1–18.4 × 2.2–4.1 cm, base June 2016 The Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 91 No. 3 139 cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate, margin The flowers of C. secunda are pinkish-violet to undulate, both sides glabrous. Inflorescence purple, while those of this new taxon, including terminal, 6.7–11.2 cm long, (2–)3–7 cincinni all species in the ‘C. bracteata complex’, are of 3–8 flowers each. Bract green, lanceolate- yellow. ovate, sparsely hairy on the lower half, 2.2–4.3 Molecular study of all members of the × 0.8–2 cm, apex acute to mucronate. Bracteoles genus by the third author (BP) supports that C. membranous, triangular, sparsely hairy, ca. 5 × monensis is a distinct taxon, and belongs to the 5 mm, apex acute. Calyx tubular, 0.8–1.1 cm ‘C. bracteata clade’. The result of which will be × 3–4 mm, hairy, split downward 2–3 mm on presented in a forthcoming publication. one side, apex bifid. Corolla tube 2.7–3.9 cm × 1–2 mm, yellow; dorsal corolla lobe oblong, This research is a part of the five-year project 0.8–1.2 cm × 3–5 mm, yellowish, apex hooded ‘Studies on fundamental botanical knowledge produced into a ca. 1 mm thorn-like point; lateral and DNA fingerprints of the Thai medicinal corolla lobes lanceolate, 0.8–1.1 cm × 3–4 wan’, financially supported by the Thai mm, yellowish, apex acute. Lateral staminodes Traditional Medical Knowledge Fund of the patent, broadly obovate, 1.3–1.9 × 0.6–1.2 cm, Ministry of Public Health. The authors would yellow, apex obtuse or slightly emarginate. like to thank members of our research group: Mr. Labellum broadly obovate to suborbicular with Supakorn Thongmeemar for field assistance and pubescent clawed base, 1.8–2.9 × 1.6–2.9 cm, Mr. Chalermchoke Boonchit for the beautiful median lobe emarginate at apex, yellow. Stamen ink line-drawing with water color of these new 1; filament very short, ca. 1 mm; anther 2–3 mm species. long; anther crest suborbicurlar, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, yellow. Pistil 1; style inserted between anther Literature Cited sacs; stigma cup shaped with ciliate margin; Delafosse G., Guillemin J. B. A. and Kuhn J. 1830a. Monolophus Delafosse, Guill. & J. Kuhn. Bull. Sci. stylodial glands 2, ca. 1 mm long; ovary 2–4 × Nat. Géol. 23: 31. 1–2 mm, sparsely hairy. Fruits fleshy capsule, Delafosse G., Guillemin J. B. A. and Kuhn J. 1830b. oblong to obovate, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, green. Seeds Kaempferia elegans. Bull. Sci. Nat. Géol. 22: 69. numerous, cylindrical to obovoid, 1–1.5 × 1 Govaerts R. 2004. World Checklist of Monocotyledons mm, hirsute, crowned with whitish arillode. Database in ACCESS: 1–54382. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Phenology: Flowering July–September, Intharapichai K. 2015. The medicinal plants genus fruiting August–October. Caulokaempferia K. Larsen (Zingiberaceae) in India, Distribution: Myanmar, Mon State, China and Vietnam. Master thesis. 42 pp. The Graduate Mawlamyine (Moulmien), Myine Tharyan School, Mahasarakham University, Thailand. Intharapichai K., Phokham B., Wongsuwan P. and Town, Shwe Hinndhar, common in Tenghyo Picheansoonthon C. 2014. The genus Caulokaempferia Range in Mon State. (Zingiberaceae) in Vietnam. J. Jpn. Bot. 89(3):129– Ecology: This new species grows on moist 136. sandstone rocks under the shade of seasonal rain Larsen K. 1964. Studies on Zingiberaceae IV. forest or dry evergreen forest, at an altitude of Caulokaempferia, a new genus. Bot. Tidsskr. 60: 165– 179. 50–200 m. Mood J. D., Veldkamp J. F., Dey S. and Prince L. M. Note: The plant form and the bract formation 2014. Nomenclatural changes in Zingiberaceae: on inflorescences of this new species is similar Caulokaempferia is a superfluous name for to those of Caulokaempferia secunda (Wall.) Monolophus and Jirawongsea is reduced to Boesenbergia. Gard. Bull. Singapore 66(2): 215–231. K. Larsen and members of the ‘C. bracteata Phokham B., Intharapichai K., Wongsuwan P. and complex’ (Picheansoonthon and Mokkamul Picheansoonthon C. 2015a. Caulokaempferia 2004, Picheansoonthon and Koonterm 2008). pubescens (Zingiberaceae) – A new species from 140 植物研究雑誌 第 91 巻 第 3 号 2016 年 6 月

Northern Thailand. Taiwania 60(2): 77–80. species of the yellow-flowered Caulokaempferia Phokham B., Prasarn S., Sangnark S. and Wongsuwan (Zingiberaceae) from northeastern Thailand. Taiwania P. 2015b. A new species of Caulokaempferia 53(3): 248–257. (Zingiberaceae) from Western Thailand. J. Jpn. Bot. Picheansoonthon C. and Mokkamul P. 2004. Two new 90(3): 153–157. Caulokaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from northeastern Picheansoonthon C. 2016. Nomenclatural controversy Thailand. Folia Malaysiana 5(2): 69–80. between Caulokaempferia and Monolophus Wallich N. 1830. Kaempferia elegans Wall. Plantae (Zingiberaceae). Folia Malaysiana 17(1): 67–74. Asiaticae Rariores. 1(2): 24, tab. 27. Treuttel & Würz, Picheansoonthon C. and Koonterm S. 2008. Three new London.

S. Sangnark a，S. Prasarn a，B. Phokham b，P. a c,d Wongsuwan ，C. Picheansoonthon ： ミ ャ ン マ ー 産 Caulokaempferia 属（ショウガ科）第 1 部：ミャンマ ー南部からの 2 新種 ショウガ科の Caulokaempferia 属には約 25 種があり， はこの属名が Monolophus Wall. (1832) に対する不要 北東インド（シッキム，メガラヤ），ブータン，南中国， 名 で あ る と し て， 廃 棄 し た (Mood et al. 2014)． し か ベトナム北部，ラオス，タイに分布する．ミャンマーか し， Monolophus 属 は 1830 年 に Delafosse ら に よ り， らはこれまで確かな記録がなかったが，本稿で同国南部 Kaempferia elegans Wall. にもとづいて適法名となった から 2 新種を記載した．これは本属がミャンマーに産 も の で あ る． つ ま り，Monolophus Delafosse, Guill. & する初めての報告となる． J. Kuhn は Kaempferia L. の異名である．したがって， C. kayinensis Picheans. & Sangnark は Kayin 州から得 Caulokaempferia K. Larsen は正名として引き続き使用す られた種で，最上部の葉鞘に隠れた無柄の花序をもつこ ることができる． となどで特徴付けられる．この形質は本属のうちで黄花 （aタイ・Mahasarakham University, をつけるグループでは特異なものである．C. monensis Traditional Medicine Research Unit， Picheans. & Sangnark は Mon 州から記載されたもので， bタイ・Sirindhorn College of Public Health Chonburi, 長い葉舌，卵形の苞，苞の形成様式などが特徴的である． Department of Pharmacy Technique， ここではこれらの 2 新種について，詳しく記載すると cタイ・The Royal Society of Thailand, ともに，彩色画と線画を示した． Academy of Science， Caulokaempferia 属は K. Larsen (1964) によって記載 dタイ・Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, された属であるが，最近になって，Veldkamp と Mood College of Alternative Medicine）