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Zingiberaceae Flora of China 24: 322–377. 2000. ZINGIBERACEAE 姜科 jiang ke Wu Delin (吴德邻 Wu Te-lin)1; Kai Larsen2 Herbs perennial, terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, aromatic, with fleshy, tuberous or non-tuberous rhizomes, often with tuber-bearing roots. Stems usually short, replaced by pseudostems formed by leaf sheaths. Leaves distichous, simple, those toward base of plant usually bladeless and reduced to sheaths; leaf sheath open; ligule usually present; petiole present or not, located between leaf blade and sheath, cushionlike in Zingiber; leaf blade suborbicular or lanceolate to narrowly strap-shaped, rolled longitudinally in bud, gla- brous or hairy, midvein prominent, lateral veins usually numerous, pinnate, parallel, margin entire. Inflorescence terminal on pseudo- stems or on separate, short, sheath-covered shoots arising from rhizomes, cylindric or fusiform, sometimes globose, lax to dense, few to many flowered, sometimes with bracteolate cincinni in bract axils and then a thyrse, sometimes a raceme or spike; bracts and bracteoles present, often conspicuous, colored. Flowers bisexual, epigynous, zygomorphic. Calyx usually tubular, thin, split on 1 side, sometimes spathelike, apex 3-toothed or -lobed. Corolla proximally tubular, distally 3-lobed; lobes varying in size and shape. Stamens or staminodes 6, in 2 whorls. Lateral 2 staminodes of outer whorl petaloid, or forming small teeth at base of labellum, or adnate to labellum, or absent. Median staminode of outer whorl always reduced. Labellum formed from lateral 2 staminodes of inner whorl. Fertile stamen median, of inner whorl; filament long or short; anther locules 2, introrse, dehiscing by slits or occasionally pores; connective often extended basally into spurs and/or apically into a crest. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed initially, 1- or 3-loculed when mature; ovules ± numerous per locule; placentation parietal, basal, or axile. Developed style 1, very thin, placed in a furrow in filament and between anther locules; stigma appearing above anther, funnelform, papillose, ± wet, margin often ciliate. Stylodes 2, reduced to nectaries at apex of ovary. Fruit a capsule, fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes berrylike. Seeds few to many, arillate; aril often lobed or lacerate. About 50 genera and 1300 species: pantropical with center of diversity in S and SE Asia, some species in America and subtropical and warm- temperate Asia; 20 genera (one endemic) and 216 species (141 endemic, four introduced) in China. Zingiberaceae subfam. Costoideae and subfam. Zingiberoideae, as treated in FRPS, are treated here as Costaceae and Zingiberaceae, respec- tively. Many new taxa of Zingiberaceae have been described from China since 1981. These are often little known and their relationships are not yet fully understood. Therefore, a taxonomic sequence of species, as given in FRPS, has been considered impractical in this account; instead, taxa are arranged in the sequence in which they appear in the keys. Some members of the Zingiberaceae yield dyes, spices, perfumes, and medicines. Various species are cultivated for their showy flowers. Wu Te-lin, Chen Sen-jen, Tsai Hsi-tao, Tong Shao-quan, Chen Pei-shan & Zhao Shi-wang. 1981. Zingiberaceae subfam. Zingiberoideae. In: Wu Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 22–148. 1a. Lateral staminodes forming small teeth at base of labellum, or adnate to labellum (forming a 3-lobed structure), or absent. 2a. Lateral staminodes adnate to labellum forming a 3-lobed structure; style extended well beyond fertile part of anther; anther connective crest elongate, wrapped around style ................................................................................. 1. Zingiber 2b. Lateral staminodes forming small teeth at base of labellum or absent; style extended just beyond fertile part of anther; anther connective crest (if present) not wrapped around style. 3a. Inflorescences terminal or lateral on pseudostems. 4a. Inflorescences lateral, breaking through leaf sheaths ............................................................................ 2. Plagiostachys 4b. Inflorescences terminal. 5a. Labellum horizontal or pendulous, broad; filament usually shorter than corolla or labellum ................. 3. Alpinia 5b. Labellum erect, narrow, or absent; filament exserted above corolla. 6a. Labellum erect, narrowly spatulate, base adnate to filament; leaf blade subsagittate or cordate at base ......................................................................................................................... 4. Pommereschea 6b. Labellum absent; filament boat-shaped, apex narrow; leaf blade rounded or acute at apex ........................................................................................................................................... 5. Rhynchanthus 3b. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes. 7a. Inflorescence not surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of sterile bracts. 8a. Bracteoles tubular; leaves usually numerous ......................................................................................... 6. Amomum 8b. Bracteoles not tubular; leaves 1 or 2 ................................................................................................. 7. Elettariopsis 7b. Inflorescence surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of sterile bracts. 9a. Base of labellum adnate to filament to form a distinct tube above lateral staminodes and corolla lobes; corolla tube shorter than or equaling labellum ............................................................................ 8. Etlingera 1 Herbarium, Department of Taxonomy, South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People’s Republic of China. 2 Biologisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark. 9b. Base of labellum free from filament; corolla tube more than 2 × as long as labellum ..................... 9. Hornstedtia 1b. Lateral staminodes petaloid. 10a. Ovary 1-loculed, placentation parietal; anther long; labellum adnate to filament to form a slender tube above lateral staminodes and corolla lobes ......................................................................................................................... 10. Globba 10b. Ovary 3-loculed, placentation axile; anther short; labellum free from filament. 11a. Anther with 2 basal spurs. 12a. Inflorescences conical; bracts connate laterally for ca. 1/2 their length, forming basal pouches, each subtending a cincinnus of 2–7 flowers ....................................................................................... 11. Curcuma 12b. Inflorescences spikelike; bracts not connate, each subtending 1 flower. 13a. Ovary and capsule oblong, cylindric, or clavate; capsule late dehiscent; flowers purple or white, rarely yellow ...................................................................................................................... 12. Roscoea 13b. Ovary and capsule globose; capsule soon dehiscent; flowers yellow or orange ....................... 13. Cautleya 11b. Anther without basal spurs. 14a. Leaves all basal or on very short pseudostems; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems or on separate shoots arising from rhizomes. 15a. Labellum strongly concave ................................................................................................. 14. Boesenbergia 15b. Labellum not concave. 16a. Inflorescence surrounded by a campanulate involucre ............................................... 15. Stahlianthus 16b. Inflorescence without a campanulate involucre, bracts spirally arranged ................... 16. Kaempferia 14b. Leaves on conspicuous pseudostems; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems. 17a. Bracts 1–3 per inflorescence, margin basally adnate to main axis, apex with leaflike extension ............................................................................................................................. 17. Pyrgophyllum 17b. Bracts 1–10 per inflorescence, rather small or free. 18a. Filament very long (rarely very short); anther dorsifixed, apex without appendage ... 18. Hedychium 18b. Filament short; anther basifixed, apex or connective with appendage. 19a. Pedicel articulate; capsule cylindric, torulose, 12–13 cm .............................. 19. Siliquamomum 19b. Pedicel not articulate; capsule ovoid-oblong, not torulose, ca. 1 cm ........ 20. Caulokaempferia 1. ZINGIBER Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, [1545]. 1754, nom. cons. 姜属 jiang shu Rhizomes branched, tuberous, aromatic. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Leaves distichous, held in plane parallel to rhizome; petiole swollen, cushionlike; leaf blade oblong, lanceolate, or linear. Inflorescences conical, arising from rhizomes on peduncle clothed with scalelike sheaths, rarely breaking through leaf sheaths without peduncle; bracts closely imbricate, green or other color, 1-flowered, persistent; bracteoles not tubular. Calyx tubular, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube slender; central lobe white or cream, usually wider than lateral lobes. Lateral staminodes adnate to labellum, forming a 3-lobed labellum; central lobe retuse or cleft at apex. Filament short; connective with elongate appendage wrapped around style. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule; pla- centation axile. Style slender, extending beyond anther locules; stigma not expanded. Capsule dehiscent loculicidally or irregularly. Seeds black, covered by aril; aril white, margin irregularly lacerate. Between 100 and 150 species: tropical to warm-temperate Asia; 42 species (34
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