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T REPRO N DU LA C The International Journal of Reproductive Biology 7(2) pp.120-127, 2015 P T I F V O E

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DOI 10.14787/ijprb.2015 7.2.120-127 T

Pollination Biology of woodsonii Maas ()

P. Aswathi, K. Aswani & M. Sabu*

Taxonomy Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala - 673 635,

*e-mail: [email protected]

Received : 09.10.2014; Revised: 14.01.2015; Accepted & Published online: 15.02.2015

ABSTRACT

Costus woodsonii is a perennial herb, belongs to the family Costaceae under the order . Inflorescence terminal, flowers emerge one at a time from bright coloured bracts of inflorescence, flowers throughout the year. Anthesis occurs between 05:00–06:00 and the average life span of individual flower is 1 day. Anther dehiscence occurs between 03:00 and 03:30 through longitudinal slit. Flowers offer both nectar and pollen to visitors. Nectar secreted both in bract and flower. Pollen grains are polyporate and remains as viable still after 13 hours after anther dehiscence. Percentage of pollen viability is high at 07:00. High percentages of pollen grains are fertile (89.7 ± 0.8%) on the day of anthesis. In vitro pollen germination is found maximum in 1% of sucrose solution. Stigma becomes more receptive at 06:00 and stigma loss its receptivity after 15:00. Nectarinia asiatica, N. zeylonica are the main pollinators. Autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy were carried out, to check whether the species is self compatible or not. Fruit set on self pollinated flowers, revealed that C. woodsonii is self compatible.

Keywords: Pollination biology, Costus woodsonii, Nectarinia asiatica, Nectarinia zeylonica.

INTRODUCTION characterized and distinguished from relatives such as (true ) by its spiralling stems and often Pollination, a basic force for gene recombination called spiral . It is widespread through tropical in flowering plays a key role in plant breeding and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas programmes. In angiosperms the pollination mechanism (Specht & Stevenson 2006). There are 106 species of is typically developed in three phases; release of pollen Costus and some important ones are: C. barbatus, from anthers, transfer of pollen from anther to stigma ( of ), Costus and finally successful placement of the pollen on the speciosus (crape ginger) and numerous other species receptive stigma surface, followed by germination of have been called Costus over the years, but are now regarded as members of other genera e.g. pollen grains which begins the next phase of , , , , fertilization. Each of three phases shows great diversity , , , and (Faegri & Van der Pijl 1980, Bhattacharya & Mandal . The Crape Ginger (Costus speciosus) is 2004). also a source of diosgenin, a compound used for the Costaceae is one of the most easily recognizable commercial production of various steroids, such as groups within the Zingiberales. Costus is a group of progesterone. In Trinidad and Tobago, a mix of Costus perennial herbaceous plants of the family Costaceae scaber juice and crushed berries is described by Linnaeus (1753) as a . Costus is often used to treat dogs bitten by snakes (Aweke 2007). 2015 Pollination biology of Costus woodsonii-Aswathi et al. 121

Costus woodsonii Maas (Costaceae) is a herb, also stigma touch by insects, frequency of visit were commonly known as red button ginger. The bright recorded. Different breeding system such as open coloured inflorescence attracts birds and insects. Plants pollination, apomixis, autogamy, geitonogamy and are generally 12 m tall, thick, broad leaves are spirally xenogamy were tested in field. The percentage of seed arranged around the stem. Each stem produces a single germination is calculated by sowing seeds in soil. inflorescence at its apex. Generally, one day one flower is produced per inflorescence (rarely, two are produced). RESULTS & DISCUSSION The present work is the first comprehensive study on the Plant—C. woodsonii is a perennial herb with simple pollination biology of C. woodsonii Maas. Floral leaves spirally arranged around the stem. phenology, pollination biology and breeding system Inflorescence is terminal, egg-shaped and cylindrical were studied in C. woodsonii grown under ex situ (Fig. 3A). condition. Phenology—C. woodsonii was found flowering MATERIALS & METHODS throughout the year at Botanical Garden, University of Calicut, Kerala. It produced single flower/inforescence The present study was carried out on C. woodsonii per day and rarely two, which is common in Costus sp. plants grown in Calicut University Botanical Garden (Maas 1977, Kay & Schemske 2003). Flowers are less (CUBG), Kerala, India. Flowering phenology was closed; anthesis occurs between 05:00-06:00. Life span observed during March-September. Flower morphology of an individual flower is one day. Anthers dehisce was recorded in the field as well as in the laboratory with between 03:00-03:30 (Table 1). the help of a stereomicroscope (Leica ). Anthesis and anther dehiscence was observed in the field Floral biology—Flowers are tubular, orange to orange- using hand lens. The nectar volume was determind using red in colour. Flowers emerge one at a time from shiny micropipettes (10µl) and also measured the red, tightly overlapping floral bracts. The flowers almost concentration of nectar using calibrated hand remained closed. There is a single anther/flower, stigma refractometer (Bausch & Lomb). Number of crescent-shaped with ciliated margins. Nectar secreted pollen/anther/flower and pollen-ovule ratio was by both bract and flower. In the flowers, nectar secretion determined by the method after Cruden (1977). Presence was highest in the morning hours and at 06:00 it was of starch, lipids and proteins in the pollen grains was 36±1.6µl. The concentration of sugars was maximum (32±2.3%) at 14:00 (Fig. 1). tested by I2KI, black and Coomassie brilliant blue R respectively. Pollen viability was assessed by the The flowers of the ginger group are highly modified method after Hauser & Morrison (1964) using TTC (2, 3, as compared to those of the banana group, with number 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) solution. In vitro of fertile stamen is reduced to one ( & pollen germination and pollen tube elongation was Costaceae) or one half (Marantaceae & Cannaceae). In observed in different solutions such as sucrose, Costaceae and basal Zingiberaceae, the petals are Brewbaker & Kweck’s (1963) medium, CaCO3, KNO3, reduced and the existing five sterile stamens boric acid and MgSO4. Presence of proteins on the (androecium) developed petaloid structures, fusing in surface of stigma was tested by coomassie brilliant blue various ways to form a prominent “labellum” that R method after Heslsop-Harrison et al. (1974). Stigma dominates the floral display (Kirchoff 1988 a, b, Specht receptivity was tested by the method after Mattsson et et al. 2001). According to them, the flowers of the al. (1974) using a solution of α-naphthyl acetate, 0.15 M Costaceae are generally large and showy with a large phosphate buffer, 10% sucrose and fast blue B. Esterase delicate labellum formed by the fusion of five sterile activity appeared pinkish/reddish. staminodes which dominates the floral ensemble The number of floral visitors, visiting time, foraging (Kirchoff 1988b). The labellum and the overall floral nature, foraging hour, time spent in each flower was structure attract insects and birds which are rewarded recorded by direct observation, from 05:30 to 18:30 and with nectar produced by septal glands at the top of the 122 The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 7(2) pp.120-127, 2015 July, 7 (2)

Table 1— “Floral characters of Costus woodsonii” Sl. No. Floral Character Observation 1. Flowering period Year round 2. Flower type Zygomorphic, bisexual 3. Flower colour Red-orange 4. Odour Absent 5. Nectar amount 36 ± 1.6µl 6. Nectar concentration 32 ± 2.3% 7. Anthesis time 05:00 – 06:00 8. Anther dehiscence time 03:00 – 03:30 9. Anther dehiscence mode Through longitudinal slit 10. No. of anther per flower 1 11. Mean no. of pollen grains/ flower 18905 ± 2013 12. Mean no. of ovules per flower 25.4 ± 0.5 13. Pollen-Ovule ratio 744:1 14. Pollen size 130 ± 3µm 15. Pollen shape Spherical 16. Pollen type Polyporate 17. Pollen fertility (%) 89.6 ± 1.1 18. Pollen viability (%) 68.1 ± 3.7 19. Stigma type Dry 20. Flower closing time After 17:00 21. Stigma receptivity (maximum) 06:00 22. Fruit type Capsule

nectar volume (µl)

nectar concentration (%)

Fig. 1— Nectar volume and concentration of C. woodsonii tested at regular time intervals. 2015 Pollination biology of Costus woodsonii-Aswathi et al. 123 gynoecium (Schemske 1984). The pollinators are also observed that nectar secretion patterns in C. humming birds and bees of the genera Euglossa, guanaiensis and C. pulverulentus was more or less Exaerete, Eulaena, Euplusia and Chrysantheda in the similar and there was a decline in nectar volume in the Neotropics and Xylocopa (), Lithurgus mid-morning but there was an increase just prior to (Indonesia) and Anthophora (India) in the Paleotropics noon. (Maas 1972). The ovary is inferior, trilocular with 8−10 ovules on Pollen grains are polyporate, with average diameter axile placenta in each locule. Stigma receptivity by of 130.15±3.1µm and the total pollen production/flower α-Naphthyl acetate test indicated maximum receptivity is 18905±2013. The pollen-ovule ratio is 744:1. Starch, at 06:00 h. The receptivity gradually decreased and lost lipids and proteins were present in the pollen grains. At the receptivity after 15:00. 12:00 there were 89.7±0.8% fertile pollen grains and it Pollination biology–Wind pollination was not observed does not show much more variation as time goes. Pollen viability was high in the morning hours but gradually in C. woodsonii. High amount of nectar constitute the decreased in the evening. At 07:00, 68.1±3.7% pollen primary floral reward for the visitors. Flowers and grains were viable (Figs. 2 & 3B). Sytsma & Pippen inflorescence are bright red in colour which attracts large (1985) recorded 85% and 97% pollen viability in C. number of visitors. Nectarinia asiatica, N. zeylonica, guanaiensis and Costus pulverulentus respectively. In Trigona iridipennis, Paratrichina longicornis, vitro pollen germination in 1% sucrose solution showed Anoplolepis gracilipis, Componotus parius, maximum germination and longest pollen tubes Crematogaster sp., Ariadne merione, Phoebis sennae, (538.3µm) developed in 4 hours (Fig. 3C). Addition of Moduza procris, flies and spiders are visitors of C. salts of B, Ca, K, Mg failed to effect in vitro pollen woodsonii (Table 2). Among them, N. asiatica germination. (Fig. 3D), N. zeylonica (Fig. 3E), Trigona iridipennis Nectar secretion was highest in the morning and (Fig. 3F), Crematogaster sp. (Fig. 3G), and Paratrichina their quantity and concentration decreased gradually longicornis (Fig. 3H), are the main pollinators and the and was lowest in the evening. Sytsma & Pippen (1985) others are nectar robbers. Phoebis sennae (Fig. 3I),

Pollen viability (%) Pollen fertility (%)

Fig. 2 — Pollen viability and fertility of C. woodsonii tested at regular time intervals. 124 The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 7(2) pp.120-127, 2015 July, 7 (2)

Table 2— Floral visitors of C. woodsonii Sl. Name of Visiting Foraging Foraging Time spent Stigma Frequency No. taxa with time nature hours on each touch of visit family flower 1 Nectarinia Day Nectar 0600 – 1730 5– 8 Very High zeylonica Seconds good (Male) Nectarinidae 2. Nectarinia Day Nectar 0545 – 1730 3 – 5 Very High zeylonica Seconds good (Female) Nectarinidae 3. Nectarinia Day Nectar 0630 – 1630 3 – 5 Very High asiatica Seconds good (Male) Nectarinidae 4. Trigona Day Nectar 0700 – 1800 5 – 10 Good High iridipennis Seconds Apidae 5. Crematogaster Day Nectar 0730 – 1800 1 – 3 Good High sp. Minutes Formicidae 6. Paratrichina Day Nectar 0730 – 1800 1 – 3 Good High longicornis Minutes Formicidae 7. Anoplolepis Day Nectar 0800 – 1800 1 – 3 Poor Intermediate gracilipis Minutes Formicidae 8. Ariadne Day Nectar 0700 – 1800 3 – 5 Poor High merione Seconds Hespapriidae 9. Phoebis Day Nectar 1100 – 1500 3 – 5 Poor Low sennae Seconds Hespapriidae 10. Moduza Day Nectar 1030 – 1530 3 – 5 Poor Low procris Seconds Hespapriidae 11. Fly Day Nectar 0930 – 1700 1 – 3 Poor Low Minutes 12. Spider Day Insects 0800 – 1700 – Poor Low 2015 Pollination biology of Costus woodsonii-Aswathi et al. 125

Fig. 3 — Costus woodsonii. A. Habit; B. Pollen viability – TTC test (V - Viable, NV - non-viable pollen grains); C. Germinating pollen with long tubes; D - H. Pollinators; D. Nectarinia asiatica; E. Nectarinia zeylonica; F. Trigona iridipennis; G. Crematogaster sp.; H. Paratrichina longicornis; I. Floral visitor Phoebis sennae; J. Vegetative propagation by bulbil formation; K. Seed germination. 126 The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 7(2) pp.120-127, 2015 July, 7 (2)

Modusa procris, Componotus parius, Anoplolepis LITERATURE CITED gracilipis, flies are also seen to visit C. woodsonii for the nectar secreted by extra floral nectaries. Similar Aweke G 2007 Costus afer Ker Gawl. In: Schmelzer GH observations have also been made by Schemske (1980) & Gurib-Fakim A (eds.). Prota 11(1) Medicinal plants/Plantes médicinales 1. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, and Kay & Schemske (2003). According to Specht Wageningen, Netherlands et al. (2001) in the members of the family Costaceae, certain floral parts are phylogenetically conserved, Bhattacharya A & Mandal S 2004 Pollination, pollen whereas others represent potential responses to germination and stigma receptivity in Moringa oleifera ecological or environmental factors such as pollinator Lamk. Grana 43 48-56. availability or efficiency. C. pulverulentus is visited by several pollen vectors but most effectively by both Brewbacker JL & Kwack BH 1963 The essential role of hermit and non-hermit humming birds (Sytsma & calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube Pippen 1985). growth. Am. J. Bot. 50 859-865.

Pollination of Zingiberales has been studied in Cruden RW 1977 Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative various species, especially in neotropical regions. Most indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants. species of Zingiberales have conspicuous and Evolution 31 32-46. specialized flowers providing a large amount of floral nectar and attracting nectar-feeding vertebrates such as Faegri K & Van der Pijl L 1980 The principles of birds and bats or long-tongued bees. All the species pollination ecology. – Pergamon Press, Oxford. studied in Zingiberales attract long-distance reliable pollinator (Sakai & Inoue 1999). Hauser EJP & Morrison JH 1964 The cytochemical reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as an index of pollen Breeding system−There was no apomixis, since none viability. Am. J. Bot. 51 748-752. of the emasculated and bagged flowers set fruit. Higher percent of fruit-set and seed-set was obtained by Heslop-Harrison J, Knox RB & Heslop-Harrison Y both autogamy and geitonogamy and there was 96% 1974. Pollen wall proteins: Exine-held fractions fruit-sets. There was no fruit set by cross pollination associated with the incompatibility response in (xenogamy). There was fruit set in open pollinated Cruciferae. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 44 133- flowers, but the percentage was lower than that by hand 137. pollinated flowers. These results clearly indicate that C. woodsonii is self-compatible. There was 60 % seed Kay KM & Schemske DW 2003 Pollinator Assemblages germination after 10 days when sown in moist soil (Fig. and Visitation Rates for 11 Species of Neotropical 3K). C. woodsonii can be also propagated vegetatively Costus (Costaceae). Biotropica 35 (2) 198-207. by bulbils (Fig. 3J). Kirchoff BK 1988a Inflorescence and flower Acknowledgements—We are thankful to Kerala development in Costus scaber (Costaceae). Can. J. Bot. State Council for Science & Technology and 66 339-345. Environmental (Order No. 037/SRSLS/2013/CSTE dtd. 27.05.2015) for financial support. We express our Kirchoff BK 1988b Floral ontogeny and evolution in the sincere thanks to Dr. Santhosh Sreevihar, Trust for ginger group of the Zingiberales. In: P. Leins SC Tucker Animal , Zoological Survey of India, & Endress PK (eds)“Aspects of Floral Development” Kozhikode for identifying insects. We extend our International Botanical Congress, Berlin 45-56. sincere thanks to Dr. Jayaram K. Head, Department of Botany, Calicut University, Calicut for providing Linnaeus Carl von 1753. Species Plantarum 1 2 (In necessary facilities. Latin). 2015 Pollination biology of Costus woodsonii-Aswathi et al. 127

Maas PJM 1972 Costoidea (Zingiberaceae). Flora Schemske DW 1984 Variation among floral visitors in Neotropica, Monograph No. 8. Haner, New York. pollination ability: A pre condition for mutualism specialization. Science 225 519-521. Matttson O, Knox RB, Heslop-Harrison J & Heslop- Harrison Y 1974. Protein pellicle as a probable Specht CD & Stevenson DW 2006. A new phylogeny recognition site in incompatibility reactions. Nature based generic classification of Costaceae (Zingiberales). 213 703-704. Taxon 55(1) 153–163.

Sakai S & Inoue T 1999 A new pollination system: dung- Specht CD, Kress WJ, Stevenson DW & DeSalle R 2001 beetle pollination discovered in Orchidantha inouei A Molecular Phylogeny of Costaceae (Zingiberales). (Lowiaceae, Zingiberales) in Sarawak, . Am. J. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 21(3) 333-345. Bot. 86(1) 56-61. Sytsma KJ & Pippen WR 1985 Morphology and Schemske DW 1980 The evolutionary significance of pollination biology of an intersectional Sytsma & extrafloral nectar production by Costus woodsonii pippen, hybrid of Costus (costaceae). Syst. Bot. 10 (3) (Zingiberaceae): an experimental analysis of ant 353-362. protection. J. Ecol. 68 959-967.