Thai Endemic Plants: Species Diversity, Habitats, and Risk of Extinction Status

Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012

Sutida Maneeanakekul1 Duangchai Sookchaloem1, *

ABSTRACT

Endemic plant species are the plant species occurring naturally within one country. They are easily threatened due to specific habitat requirements. Several endemic species have become extinct before being discovered. For this reason, information on endemic species diversity, conservation status, and habitat are necessary for conservation planning in the future. According to previous studies on floras of Thailand, there were 826 species from 318 genera in 74 families of plants reported as endemic to Thailand. They consisted of 577 species, 206 genera, 51 families of Dicotyledons, 219 species, 90 genera, 11 families of monocotyledons, 22 species, 20 genera, 11 families of ferns, and 6 species, 1 genus, 1 family of gymnosperms. Six status levels of extinction risk following IUCN categories and criteria (version before 1994, 1994 and 2001) were reported among Thai endemic species. There were 406 species classified as Rare status, 243 species in Vulnerable status (VU), 99 species as Endangered status (EN), 73 species as Not Evaluated status (NE), 3 species as Least Concern status (LC), and 2 species as Near Threatened status (NT). In highly threatened statuses (EN and VU status), Orchidaceae was the richest family (80 species) followed by Gesneriaceae (45 species), Araceae (15 species), Begoniaceae (15 species) and Zingiberaceae (15 species). Mostly of these families were found in montane forests (93 species) and limestone mountains (90 species). All highly threatened plants were priority groups requiring substantial and urgent actions to improve their statuses and protect their habitats. Intensive studies on population structure, ecological needs, physiology, and other autecology aspects are necessary to increase effective managements in the future.

Key words: Thai endemic plants, risk of extinction, status, species diversity E-mail: [email protected]

1 Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart university * Corresponding author 2 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

INTRODUCTION

Thailand is one of the most flora richest countries, containing about 10,000 species and 1,900 genera of vascular plants, of which 10 percent are endemic species. They are usually found in restricted geographic areas or under limited environmental conditions, such as isolated islands, dry limestone areas, or mountainous areas (Santisuk, 2005). Endemic plants are the species that occur naturally within one country (IUCN, 2010). Because of the requirements of a specific habitat and microclimate, they are easily threatened (Santisuk, 2005). Important factors threatening plant species are continuous habitat destruction and overexploitation. Some plant species are popular as ornamental plants, such as those found in the Orchidaceae and Cycadaceae family, etc. Several endemic species, especially those classified as vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered plants, have already become extinct before being discovered. Consequently, basic information on endemic species diversity, together with habitats, and their risk of extinction status levels are important databases for Thailand. A knowledge of these endemic plants is very helpful for monitoring and conservation planning in the future.

Species diversity of endemic plants in Thailand According to previous reports on floras of Thailand, there were 826 species from 318 genera in 74 families reported as endemic plants to Thailand. They were divided into four groups: ferns, gymnosperms, monocotyledons and dicotyledons, by evolutional level. Numbers of each group were as shown below. Endemic ferns comprised 22 species from 20 genera in 11 families. There were 5 species of Dryopteridaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki,1988), 4 species of Parkeriaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988), 2 species of Lomariopsidaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988), and 1 species each Aspleniaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Grammitidaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki,1988), Athyriaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Dryopteridaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988; Santisuk et al., 2006 ), Lomariopsidaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Pteridaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Thelypteridaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988) and Vittariaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006). Endemic gymnosperms comprised 6 species from Cycas genus in Cycadaceae family (Santisuk et al., 2006). Endemic monocotyledons comprised 219 species from 90 genera in 11 families. Orchidaceae family had the highest number of species with 89 endemic species (Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008; Kurzweil, 2009). There were 39 species of Araceae (Santisuk et al., 2006; Sookchaloem, 1995, 1997), 29 species of Zingiberaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma et al., 2008), 21 species of Cyperaceae (Simpson and Koyama, 1998; Santisuk et al., 2006), 13 species of Palmae (Santisuk et al., Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 3

2006), 12 species of Gramineae (Santisuk et al., 2006), 8 species of Dioscoreaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006; Winlkin and Thapyai, 2009), and 5 species of Smilacaceae reported as endemic plants (Santisuk et al., 2006). The families Amaryllidaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Eriocaulaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Lowiaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006) had only 1 endemic species each. Endemic dicotyledons comprised 579 species from 206 genera in 51 families. The Rubiaceae family had the highest number of endemic species. Species numbers in each family are reported in Table 1.

Table 1 Species numbers in dicotyledon families and references Family Number of References Species Rubiaceae 63 Santisuk et al., 2006; Chamchumroon, 2006; Pooma, 2008 Euphorbiaceae 56 Santisuk et al., 2006; Chayamarit and Welzen, 2007 Gesneriaceae 50 Pooma et al., 2005; Santisuk et al., 2006 Aristolochiaceae 28 Phuphathanaphong, 1987, 2006; Santisuk et al., 2006 Cucurbitaceae 27 Santisuk et al., 2006; De Wilde and Duyfjes, 2008 Scrophulariaceae 25 Yamazaki, 1992; Pooma et al., 2005; Santisuk et al., 2006 Leguminosae 24 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008; Wilmot-Dear, 2008 Begoniaceae 23 Santisuk et al., 2006 Myrtaceae 23 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Balsaminaceae 21 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Myrsinaceae 19 Larsen and Hu, 1996 Labiatae 16 Santisuk et al., 2006; Leeratiwong et al.,2009 Sapotaceae 13 Santisuk et al., 2006 Apocynaceae 11 Middleton, 1999; Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Ebenaceae 11 Phengklai, 1981; Santisuk et al., 2006 Oleaceae 11 Santisuk et al., 2006 Gentianaceae 10 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Lauraceae 10 Santisuk et al., 2006 Convolvulaceae 9 Santisuk et al., 2006; Staples: 2010

4 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

Table 1 (Continue)

Family Number of References Species Menispermaceae 8 Santisuk et al., 2006 Fagaceae 8 PhengKlai (2006), Santisuk et al., 2006 Annonaceae 7 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Araliaceae, 7 Santisuk et al., 2006 Myristicaceae, Primulaceae Sterculiaceae 7 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008; Phengklai, 2001 Melastomataceae 6 Renner et al., 2001; Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Magnoliaceae 5 Pooma, 2008; Nooteboom and Chalermglin: 2009 Acanthaceae, 5 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Ranunculaceae Capparaceae 4 Santisuk et al., 2006 Celastraceae 4 Hou et al.,( 2010) Ericaceae, Tiliaceae 4 Santisuk et al., 2006 Combretaceae, 3 Santisuk et al., 2006 Compositae, Theaceae, Umbelliferae, Malpigiaceae Amaranthaceae, 2 Santisuk et al., 2006 Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae, Symplocaceae, Thymelaeaceae Vitaceae 2 Trias-Blasi et al., 2009 Acer, Moraceae 1 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Anacardiaceae 1 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008, Chayamarit, 2010 Passifloraceae 1 Wilde and Duyfjes(2010)

Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 5

Table 1 (Continue)

Family Number of References Species Campanulaceae, 1 Santisuk et al., 2006 Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Geraniaceae, Loganiaceae, Orobanchaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Melanthiaceae, Xyridaceae Loranthaceae, 1 Pooma, 2008

Proportions of endemic plants in each group are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Proportion of endemic species in each group

Endemic plant species in Thailand can be divided into 19 groups based on habit types as follows: 22 species of fern (F), 12 species of grass (G), 71 species of epiphytic orchid (EO), 2 species of Saprophytic orchid (SapO), 21 species of terrestrial orchid (TerO ), 2 species of aquatic herb (AqH), 272 species of herb (H), 21 species of herbaceous climber (HC), 1 species of parasitic herb (PaH), 1 species of saprophytic herb (SapH), 2 species of climbing palm (CP), 14 species of palm (P), 131 species of shrub (S), 3 species of epiphytic shrub (ES), 9 species of scandent shrub 6 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

(ScanS), 69 species of shrubby tree habit (ST), 9 species of shrub/shrubby tree (S/ST), 69 species of shrubby tree habit (ST), and 81 species of tree habit (T).

Habitats of endemic plant species From literature reviews, endemic species were found in13 habitat types. Tropical rain forest was the habitat with the richest species number (270 plant species). This was followed by dry evergreen forest (233 species), montane forest (230 species), limestone mountains (183 species) mixed deciduous forest (160 species), deciduous dipterocarp forest (55 species), pine forest (43 species), swamp areas and marshy areas (13 species), along river banks (8 species), bamboo forests (6 species), savanna (6 species), open areas (6 species) and cultivated areas (3 species). Several species were found in more than 1 habitat causing species numbers in habitat parts to be more than the species diversity. Proportions of endemic species in each habitat are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Proportions of endemic species numbers in each habitat

Doi Chiang Dao forest (limestone mountain) was found to be the richest endemic plant area, with 87 endemic species. The other areas with high numbers of endemic species were reported as follows: 59 species in Doi Suthep National Park (montane forest), 48 species in Doi Inthanon National Park, (montane forest and dry deciduous forest), 27 species in Phu Kradung National Park (deciduous dipterocarp forest, dry evergreen forest and montane forest, grass land), 21 species in Phu Luang wildlife sanctuary (montane forest and dry evergreen forest), 17 species in Khao Luang National Park (tropical rain forest and montane forest), 15 species in Khao Yai National Park (dry evergreen forest, montane forest, open area and marshy areas) and 12 species in Kaeng Krachan National Park. Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 7

Risk of extinction status in Thai endemic plants The status of Thai endemic plants were reported in Thailand Red data book in 2006. In this book, levels of status were classified using IUCN categories and criteria of threat. Only Rare status (Plants with small population size. Most are not in endangered status but there are rick to be vulnerable in the immediate future) was classified following IUCN categories and criteria before version 1994 whereas other status levels were classified using IUCN versions 1994 and 2001. The addition of Lower Risk status differentiated IUCN version 2001 from IUCN version 1994. (Santisuk et al., 2006). The category structures of IUCN version 2001 are shown in Figure 3, and the category details are explained below.

Figure 3 Category structures of IUCN 2001 Source: IUCN (2001)

Extinct (EX): The last individual in a taxon has died with no reasonable doubt. Extinct in the wild (EW): A taxon is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range.

Threatened status level is divided into three status levels:

- Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. - Endangered (EN): A taxon is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. - Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. 8 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

Threatened status level is divided into CR, EN, or VU when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the following criteria shown in Table 2

Table 2 Criteria for CR, EN and VU

Status Reduction in Geographic Population size estimated Probability of extinction level population range (extent of to number in the wild size occurrence) CR ≥80% over Estimated to be Fewer than 250 mature At least 50% within 10 the last 10 less than 100 km2 individuals and years or three years or continuing decline of at generations three least 25% within three generations years or one generation EN ≥70% over Estimated to be Fewer than 2,500 mature At least 20% within 20 the last 10 less than 5,000 individuals and years or five years or km2 continuing decline of at generations three least 20% within five generations years or two generations VU ≥50% over Estimated to be Fewer than 10,000 At least 10% within 100 the last 10 less than 20,000 mature individuals and years. years or km2 continuing decline of at three least 10% within 10 years generations or three generations

Lower Risk (LR): A taxon has been evaluated, against the criteria for any of the categories CR, EN or VU. Lower Risk is divided into three status levels:

- Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) A taxon focuses on a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation program , the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories within a period of five years. - Near Threatened (NT): A taxon has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for CR, EN or VU now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 9

- Least Concern (LC): A taxon has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN, VU or NT. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction. Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. New revisions in several flora books (from 2007 to present) also reported conservation status based on IUCN world red lists. (Chayamarit and Welzen, 2007; Boyce, 2008, 2009; De Wilde and Duyfjes, 2008, 2010; Kesonbua and Chantaranothai, 2008; Wilmot, 2008; Kurzweil, 2009; Leeratiwong et al., 2009; Nooteboom and Chalermglin, 2009; Trias – Blasi et al., 2009; Hou and Welzen, 2010; Staples, 2010). Risk of extinction status of endemic plant species can be categorized into 6 status levels: Endangered status (status in IUCN 1994 and 2001 categories), Vulnerable status (status in IUCN 1994 and 2001 categories), Near Threatened status (status in IUCN 2001), Least Concern status (status in IUCN 2001categories), Not Evaluated status (status in 2001categories), and Rare status (status in IUCN before 1994). The findings for these statuses are described in detail below.

1. Endangered status (status in IUCN 1994 and 2001 categories ) There were 99 plant species from 54 genera in 13 families reported as Endangered status. Species lists, together with their habits, are shown in Table 3, and some photographs of plants are shown in Figure 4.

Table 3 Species lists of endemic plants in Endangered status

Botanical names and Habit Dioscoreaceae (3 species, 1 genus): Dioscorea pseudotomentosa Prain & Burkil (H), D. kerrii Prain & Burkill (H), D. rockii Prain & Burkill (H) Orchidaceae (76 species, 37 genera): Amitostigma thailandicum Seidenf. & Thaithong (TerO), Arachnis limax Seidenf. (EO), Ascocentrum semiteretifolium Seidenf. (EO), Ascochilus nitidus Seidenf (EO). Bulbophyllum echinulus Seidenf. (EO), B. guttifilum Seidenf.(EO), B. notabilipetalum Seidenf.(EO), B. ovatilabellum Seidenf.(EO), B. pallidum Seidenf. (EO), B. reclusum Seidenf. (EO), B. shweliense W.W. Sm. (EO), B. sukhakulii Seidenf.(EO), B. unciniferum Seidenf. (EO), Cheirostylis didymacantha Seidenf. (TerO), Chiloschista extinctoriformis Seidenf. (EO), C. ramifera Seidenf. (EO), C. viridiflora Seidenf. (EO), Cleisostoma kerrii Seidenf. (EO), C. krabiense (Seidenf.) Garay (EO), Cyrtosia nana (Rolf ex Downie) Garay. (TerO), Dendrobium erosstelle Sedenf. (EO), D. garrettii Seidenf. (EO), 10 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

Table 3 (Continue)

Botanical names and Habit D. lueckelianum Fessel &Wolff (EO), D. mucronatum Seidenf. (EO), D. nanocompactum Seidenf (EO),D. parvum Seidenf. (EO), D. perpaulum Seidenf (EO), D. proteranthum Seidenf.(EO), D. umbonatum Seidenf (EO), D. ypsilon Seidenf. (EO), Didymoplexiella siamensis (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf. (EO), D. khiriwongensis Seidenf. (Tero), Epipactis flava Seidenf., (TerO), Eria latilabellis Seidenf. (EO), E. lineoligera Rchb.f. (EO), E. ochracea Rolf (EO), E. simplex Seidenf. (EO), E. wildiana Rolf ex Downie (EO), Gastrochilus minor Seidenf. (EO), G. obliguusvar. Suavis (Seidenf) Z.H. (EO), G. rutilans Seidenf. (EO), G. sutepensis (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf. & Smitinand (EO),Gastrodia fimbriata Suddee (SapO), Grosourdya callifera Seidenf. (EO), Habenaria hastata Seidenf. (TerO), H. longitheca Seidenf. (TerO), H. porphyricola Schltr. (TerO), H. siamensis Schltr. (TerO), Ione rutilans Seidenf. (EO), Ipsea thailandica Seidenf. (EO), Kingidium minus seidenf. (TerO), Lesliea mirabilis Seidenf. (EO), Luisia recurva seidenf. (EO), Nervilia cumberlegii Seidenf. & Smitinand (TerO), Oberonia dolichocaulis Seidenf. (EO), O. longirachis Seidenf. & H.A. Peders (EO), Paphiopedilum exul (Ridl.) Rolfe (TerO), P. godefroyae (God. - Leb) Stein (TerO), P.sukhakulii Schoser & Senghas (TerO), Platanthera angustilabris Seidenf. (TerO), Pomatocalpa linearifolia (Hook.f.) J.J. Sm. (EO), Rhynchogyna saccata Seidenf. & Garay (EO), Sarcoglyphis thailandica Seidenf. (EO), Sirindhornia mirabilis H.A. Pedersen & Suksathan (TerO), S. pulchella H.A. Pedersen & Suksathan (TerO), Staurochilus gibbosicalar Seidenf. (EO), S. loratus (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf (EO), Sunipia angustipetala Seidenf. (EO), S. thailandica (Seidenf. & Smitinand) P.F. Hunt (EO), Tainia ovalifolia (Ames & C. Schweinf.) Garay & W. Kittr. (TerO), T. saprophytica Seidenf. (SapO), Thrixspermum sutepense (Rolfe ex Downie) Tang & F.T. Wang (EO), Trias rosea (Ridl.) Seidenf. (EO), Trichoglottis tomentosa Seidenf. (EO), Uncifera thailandica Seidenf. & Smitinand (EO) Palmae (3 species, 3 genera): Iguanura divergens Hodel (P), Maxburretia furtadoana J. Dransf. (P), Salacca stolonifera Hodel (P) Zingiberaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Geostachys angustifolia K. Larsen (H) Apocynaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Wrightia lanceolata Kerr (S) Balsaminaceae (2 species, 1 genus): Impatiens damrongii T. Shimizu (H), I. garrettii Craib (H) Begoniaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Begonia rimarum Craib (H) Euphorbiaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Sauropus poomae Walzen & Chayamaris (S) Gentianaceae (2 species, 1 genera): Swertia calcicola Kerr (H), S. chiangdaoensis P. Suksathan (H) Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 11

Table 3 (Continue)

Botanical names and Habit Gesneriaceae (5 species, 5 genera): Aeschynanthus stenosiphonius W.T. Wang (ES), Chirita fulva Barnett (H), Kaisupeea cyanea B.L. Burtt (H), Leptoboea multiflora (C.B. Clarke) Gamble subsp. grandiflora B.L. Burtt (H), Ridleyandra kerrii A. Weber (H) Labiatae (3 species, 1 genus): Plectranthus chiangdaoensis S. Suddee (H), P. gigantifolius S. Suddee (H), P. tomemtifolius S. Suddee (H) Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae (1 species, 1 genus): Bauhinia siamensis K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen (C) Rafflesiaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Sapria ram Bänziger & B. Hansen (PaH)

Doi Inthanon National Park was found to be the area with the highest number of EN species (11 species). Following this was Doi Chiang Dao (9 species), Doi Suthep National Park and Phu Luang (4 species each). Most EN species were found in montane forest (34 species) and dry evergreen forests (29 species). Some were also found in tropical rain forest (16 species), limestone mountain (16 species), mixed deciduous forest (11 species) and deciduous dipterocarp forest (4 species).

A B C A B C

Figure 4 Endangered status plants (B) (A) Bauhinia siamensis K. Larsen & S. S. Larsen (B) Sapria ram Bänziger & B. Hansen (C) Wrightia lanceolata Kerr [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box.] (A) (B) (C) Source: Forest herbarium (2011)

12 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

2. Vulnerable status(status IUCN 1994 and 2001 categories) There were 243 species of 93 genera in 47 families reported as Vulnerable status. Gesneriaceae was the family with the highest number of VU plants, with 40 species. Photographs of some VU plants are shown in Figure 5. VU plants were found in limestone mountain (75 species), montane forest (60 species), tropical rain forest (54 species), dry evergreen forest (42 species), mixed deciduous forest (40 species), deciduous dipterocarp forest (9 species), swamp areas and marshy areas (5 species), open areas (4 species), and savanna (2 species). The species lists are shown in Table 4 (Middleton, 1999; Santisuk et al., 2006; Chayamarit and Welzen, 2007; De Wilde and Duyfjes, 2008; Wilmot-Dear, 2008; Winlkin and Thapyai. 2009).

Table 4 Species lists of endemic plants in Vulnerable status

Botanical names and Habits Aspleniaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Asplenium siamenseTagawa & K. Iwats. (F) Dryopteridaceae (2 species, 2 genera): Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K. Iwats. (F), Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K. Iwats (F) Lomariopsidaceae (2 species, 2 geneara): Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa &K. Iwats (F), Lomagramma grossoserrata Holtt (F) Parkeriaceae (3 species, 3 genera): Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K. Iwats. (F), Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K. Iwats. (F), Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K. Iwats. (F) Vittariaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Antrophyum winitii Tagawa & K. Iwats. (F) Cycadaceae (3 species, 1 genus): Cycas nongnoochiae K.D. Hill (S), C. pranburiensis S.L. Yang (S), C. tansachana K.D. Hill & S.L. Yang (H) Amaryllidaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Crinum thaianum J.schulze (H) Cyperaceae (11 species, 4 geneara): Carex cataphyllodes Nelmes (H), C. phyllocaula Nelmes (H), Fimbristylis brunneoides Kern (H), F. prabatensis D.A. Simpson (H), F. psammophila Kern (H), F. savannicola Kern (H), F. sleumeri Kern (H), F. smitinandii T.Koyama (H), F. spicigera Kern (H), Khaosokia caricoides D.A. Simpson (H), Schoenus smitinandii T.Koyama (H) Araceae (15 species, 5 genera): Aglaonema chermsiriwattanae D.Sookchaloem (H), Amorphophallus aberrans Hett. (H), A.albispathus Hett. (H), A.amygdaloides Hett.&M. Sizemore (H), A.atrorubens Hett.&M. Sizemore (H), A.obscurus Hett.&M. Sizemore (H), A.polyanthus Hett.&M. Sizemore (H), A.saururus Hett. (H), A.sizemoreae Hett. & T.C. Champ (H), A.symonianus Hett. & M.Sizemore (H), Arisaema omkotense Gusman (H), Pseudodracontium latifolium Serebryanyi (H), Typhonium albispathum Bogner (H), T.hirsutum (S. Y. Hu) J.Murata et Mayo (H),

Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 13

Table 4 (Continued)

Botanical names and Habits T.smitinandii D. Sookchaloem et Murata Dioscoreaceae (2 species, 1 genus): Dioscorea pseudonitens Prain & Burkill (H), D. inopinata Prain & Burkill (H) Gramineae (6 species, 5 genera): Eulalia bicornuta Bor (G), E. smitinandiana Bor (G), Isachne smitinandiana A. Camus (G), Parahyparrhenia siamensis W.D. Clayton (G), Sporobolus kerrii Bor. (G), Temochloa liliana S. Dransf. (G) Orchidaceae (5 species, 5 genera): Bulbophyllum smitinandii Seidenf. & Thorut (EO), Cheirostylis thailandica Seidenf. (TerO), Cymbidium caulescens Ridl. (EO), Dendrobium friedericksianum RCHB. F. (EO), Eria brevicaulis Seidenf. (EO) Palmae (6 species, 6 genera): Calamus temii T. Evans (CP), Iguanura thalangensis C.K. Lim (P), Kerriodoxa elegans J. Dransf. (P), Licuala distans Ridl. (P), Pinanga malaiana (Mart.) Scheff. (P), Trachycarpus oreophilus Gibbons & Spanner (P) Smilacaceae (1 species, 1 genera): Smilax micro-china T. Koyama (S) Zingiberaceae (15 species, 8 genera): Amomum siamensis Craib (H), Boesenbergia acuminata P. Sirirugsa (H), B. basispicata K. Larsen ex P. Sirirugsa (H), B. siamensis (Gagnep.) Sirirugsa (H), Caulokaempferia jirawongsei Picheansoonthon & Mokkamul (H), C. khaomaenensis Picheansoonthon & Mokkamul (H), C. saksuwaniae K. Larsen (H), C. thailandica K. Larsen (H), Geostachys holttumii K. Larsen (H), G. smitinandii K. Larsen (H), Globba reflexa Craib (H), Hedychium samuiensis Wall (H), H. tomentosum Sirirugsa & Larsen (H), Kaempferia larsenii P. Sirirugsa (H), Scaphochlamys obcordata P. Sirirugsa & K. Larsen (H) Acanthaceae (1 species, 1 genera): Thumbergia colpifera B. Hansen (H) Acer (1 species, 1 genera): Acer chiangdaoense Santisuk (T) Annonaceae (4 species, 4 genera): Alphonsea siamensis Kessler (ST), Cyanthostemma siamensis Utteridge (C), Dasoclema siamensis (Craib) J. Sinclair (S), Mitrephora winitii Craib (T) Apocynaceae (7 species, 4 genera): Alstonia rupestris Kerr (S), A. curtisii King & Gamble (S), Alyxia thailandica D.J. Middleton (C), Ichnocarpus fulvus Kerr (C), I. uliginosus Kerr (C), Wrightia sirikitiae D.J. Middleton & T. santisuk (S/T) W. viridiflora Kerr (ST) Apocynaceae (7 species, 4 genera): Alstonia rupestris Kerr (S), A. curtisii King & Gamble (S), Alyxia thailandica D.J. Middleton (C), Ichnocarpus fulvus Kerr (C), I. uliginosus Kerr (C), Wrightia sirikitiae D.J. Middleton & T. santisuk (S/T) W. viridiflora Kerr (ST) Basalminaceae (2 species, 1 genus): Impatiens charanii T.Shimizu (H), I.phuluangensis T.Shimizu (H) 14 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

Table 4 (Continue)

Botanical names and Habits Begoniaceae (14 species, 1 genus): Begonia demissa Craib. (H), B. festiva Craib, B. garrettii Craib (H), B. incondita Craib (H), B. obovoidea Craib (H), B. prolixa Craib (H), B. pumila Craib (H), B. puttii Craib (H), B. rabilii Craib (H), B. saxifragifolia Craib (H), B. smithiae Geddes (H), B. socia Craib (H), B. soluta Craib (H), B. subviridis Craib (H), B. vagans Rildl. (H) Ericaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Agapetes saxicola Craib (ES) Gentianaceae (3 species, 1 genus): Gentiana arenicola Kerr (H), G. leptoclada Balf.f. & Forrest ex Forrest subsp. australis (Craib) Toyokuni (H), G. timida Kerr (H) Gesneriaceae (40 species, 10 genera): Boeica glandulosa B.L. Burtt (S) Chirita bimaculata D. Wood (H),C. elphinstonia Craib (H), C. smitinandii B.L. Burtt (H), Didymocarpus dongrakensis B.L. Burtt (H),D. epithemoides B.L. Burtt (H), D. geesinkianus B.L. Burtt (H), D. newmanii B.L. Burtt (H), D. ovatus Barnett (H), D. tristis Craib (H), Henckelia appressipilosa B.L. Burtt (H), H. filicalyx B.L. Burtt (H), H. kolokensis B.L. Burtt (H), H. porphyrea B.L. Burtt (H), Kaisupeea orthocarpa B.L. Burtt (H), Ornithoboea barbanthera B.L. Burtt (H), O. multitorta B.L. Burtt (H), O. occulta B.L. Burtt (H),O. pseudoflexuosa B.L. Burtt (H), Paraboea amplifolia Z.R. Yu & B.L. Burtt (H), P. brunnescens B.L. Burtt (H), P. chiangdaoensism Z.R. Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), P. glabra B.L. Burtt (H), P. incudicarpa B.L. Burtt (H), P. minor Barnett (H), P. multiflora (R. Br.) B.L. Burtt var. caulescens Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), P. pubicorolla .Xu & B.L. (H), P. rabilii Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), P. tarutaoensis Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), P. trachyphylla Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), P uniflora Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), P. variopila Xu & B.L. Burtt (H), Petrocosmea umbelliformis B.L. Burtt (H), Ridleyandra latisepala A. Weber (H), Trisepalum acule (Barnett) B.L. Burtt (H), T. glanduliferum (Barnett) B.L. Burtt (H), T. longipetiolatum B.L. Burtt (H), T. robustum B.L. Burtt, T. strobilaceum (Barnett) B.L. Burtt (H), T. subplanum B.L. Burtt (H) Lauraceae (2 species, 2 genera): Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm (T), Litsea kerrii Kosterm (ST) Malpighiaceae (1species, 1 genus): Hiptage monopteryx Sirirugsa (C) Melanthiaceae (1 species, 1 genus): Veratrum chiangdaoense K. Larsen (HC) Melastomataceae (1 species, 1 genus): Sonerila spectabilis Nayer (S) Menispermaceae (4 species, 1 genera): Stephania brevipes Craib (C), S.crebra Forman (C), S. siamensis Forman (C), S. tomentella Forman (C) Myrsinaceae (8 species, 2 genera): Ardisia congest Ridl. (S), A.gracillima K. Larsen & C.M. Hu (S), A.palustris K. larsen & C.M. Hu (S), A.subpilosam Fletcher (S), A.translucida Fletcher (S), A.tristis K. Larsen & C.M. Hu (S), A.undulatodentata Fletcher (S), Embelia grandifolia Fletcher (S)

Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 15

Table 4 (Continued)

Botanical names and Habits Myrtaceae (3 species, 2 genera): Cleistocalyx phengklaii P. Chantaranothai & J.Parn (ST), Syzygium craibii P.Chantaranothai& J.Parn (T), Syzygium ixoroides P.Chantaranothai& J.Parn (T) Ranunculaceae ( 1 species, 1 genus): Delphinium siamensis (Craib) Munz (H) Rubiaceae (12 species, 8 sgenera): Argostemma fragile Geddes (H), A. laxum Geddes (H), A. puffii Sridith (H), A. stellatum Craib (H), A. thaithongae Sridith (H), Galium petiolatum Gaddes (C), Mycetia ovatistipulata Fukuoka (S), Ophiorrhiza ripicola Craib (H), Ixora phuluangensis V. Chamchumroon (S), Kailarsenia lineata (Craib) Tirveng (S), Leptodermis trifida Craib (S), Fosbergia thailandica Tirveng. & Sastre (ST) Scrophulariaceae (4 species, 3 genera): Pedicularis siamense Tsoong (H), P. thailandica T. Yamaz (H), Phteirospermum parishii Hook.f. (T), Torenia ranongensis Yamazaki (H) Labiatae (2 species, 2 genera): Paravitex siamensis Fletcher (S), Platostoma fimbriatum A. J. Paton (H)

A B C

Figure 5 Vulnerable status plants (A) Caulokaempferia thailandica K. Larsen (B) Trisepalum glanduliferum (Barnett) L. B. Burtt (C) Crinum thaianum J. Schulze

Source: Forest herbarium (2011) (B) 3. Near Threatened status (status in IUCN 2001) Dioscorea stemonoides Prain & Burkill (Dioscoreaceae) and Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) were plants reported as Near Threatened status plants. Both had climber habits. B. strychnifolia Craib was found in mixed deciduous forests and limestone mountains. (Pooma, 2008; Winlkin and Thapyai. 2009)

16 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem

4. Least Concern status (status in IUCN 2001categories) There were 3 plant species reported as Least Concern status, i.e.: Dioscorea craibiana Prain & Burkill (Dioscoreaceae), Habenaria hosseusii Schltr., H. humistrata Rolfe ex Downie (Orchidaceae). Both Habenaria plants were terrestrial orchid habits while Dioscorea plant was climber habit (Kurzweil, 2009; Winlkin and Thapyai, 2009).

5. Rare status (status in IUCN before 1994) There were 406 species in 179 genera of 68 familes reported as Rare status. Rubiaceae was the family with the highest species, with 40 species in 15genera. This was followed by Myrsinaceae (39 species in 3genera), Euphorbiaceae (27 species in 11genera), Myrtacea (19 species in 3 genera), Araceae (18 species in 2 genera), Zingiberaceae (13 species in 9 genera), Orchidaceae (9 species, 6 genera), Oleaceae and Cyperaceae (9 species in 2 genera), Myristicaceae (7 species in 2 genera), Palmae (6 species in 4 genera), Gramineae (6 species in 4 genera), Aristolochiaceae (6 species in 1 genera), Sterculiaceae (5 species in 3 genera), Convolvulaceae (5 species in 5 genera), Gentianaceae and Tiliaceae (4 species in 4 genera), Annonaceae (3 species in 2 genera), and Cycadaceae (3 species in 1 genera). Moreover, Apocynaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Melastomataceae, Combretaceae, and Rutaceae had 2 species in 2 genera, while Malphigiaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Symplocaceae, Begoniaceae, Fagaceae, and Primulaceae had 2 species in 1 genus. Also, Athyriaceae, Grammitidaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Lowiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Campanulaceae, Ebenaceae, Gesneriaceae, Moraceae, Capparaceae, Ericaceae, Geraniaceae, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Orobanchaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Loganiaceae had only 1 Rare species each (Phuphathanaphong, 2006; Santisuk et al., 2006; Chayamarit and Welzen, 2007; Pooma, 2008; Wilde and Duyfjes, 2008).

6. Not Evaluated status (status in 2001categories): There were 73 species from 51 genera in 31 families of Thai endemic plants having not yet been evaluated against the criteria of IUCN before 1994, IUCN 1994, and IUCN 2001.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

According to literature reviews on endemic plants, 826 species from 318 genera in 74 families were reported as endemic species to Thailand. Dicotyledon group was the richest species group. There were 577 species from 206 genera in 51 families. It was followed by monocotyledon group (219 species, 90 genera, 11 families), fern group (22 species, 20 genera,11 families) and gymnosperm group ( 6 species ,1 genus, 1 family). The richest family in dicotyledon group was Rubiaceae (63 species), while Orchidaceae was the richest family in monocotydon group. Endemic Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 17 species were enumerated based on habit types. The top three habit portions were herb habit (32%), shrub habit (15.86%) and climber habit (10%). Endemic plants were found in 13 habitat types, i.e.: tropical rain forest, dry evergreen forest, montane forest, limestone mountains, mixed deciduous forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest, pine forest, swamp areas and marshy areas, along river banks, bamboo forests, savanna, open areas and cultivated areas. Tropical rain forest was the richest habitat (270 species) followed by dry evergreen forest (233 species), montane forest (230 species) and limestone mountains (183 species). Endemic plants were classified into 6 statuses by IUCN categories and criteria. Rare status was the status with the higest number of species (406 species), followed by VU status (243 species), EN status (99 species) and NE status (73 species). For highly threatened status plants (Endangered status plants and Vulnerable status plants), Orchidaceae was the family having the highest number of species (80 species). It was followed by Gesneriaceae (45 species), Araceae (15 species), Begoniaceae (15 species), Zingiberaceae (15 species) and Cyperaceae (11 species). Most of them were found in montane forest (93 species) and limestone mountain (90 species). The high threatened status plants were priority groups requiring substantial actions to improve their status level. Consequently, future studies on distribution, size, population structure, ecological needs, physiology, and germination competition in the adult and seedling stage are necessary, especially in Orchidaceae, Gesneriaceae, Araceae, Begoniaceae, Zingiberaceae families. Additionally, montane forest and limestone mountain, especially in Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Suthep, Doi Inthanon, Phu Kradung are major for which action needs to be taken to protect highly threatened status plants.

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