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Thai Endemic Plants: Species Diversity, Habitats, and Risk of Extinction Status

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Thai Endemic Plants: Species Diversity, Habitats, and Risk of Extinction Status Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 Thai Endemic Plants: Species Diversity, Habitats, and Risk of Extinction Status Sutida Maneeanakekul1 Duangchai Sookchaloem1, * ABSTRACT Endemic plant species are the plant species occurring naturally within one country. They are easily threatened due to specific habitat requirements. Several endemic species have become extinct before being discovered. For this reason, information on endemic species diversity, conservation status, and habitat are necessary for conservation planning in the future. According to previous studies on floras of Thailand, there were 826 species from 318 genera in 74 families of plants reported as endemic to Thailand. They consisted of 577 species, 206 genera, 51 families of Dicotyledons, 219 species, 90 genera, 11 families of monocotyledons, 22 species, 20 genera, 11 families of ferns, and 6 species, 1 genus, 1 family of gymnosperms. Six status levels of extinction risk following IUCN categories and criteria (version before 1994, 1994 and 2001) were reported among Thai endemic species. There were 406 species classified as Rare status, 243 species in Vulnerable status (VU), 99 species as Endangered status (EN), 73 species as Not Evaluated status (NE), 3 species as Least Concern status (LC), and 2 species as Near Threatened status (NT). In highly threatened statuses (EN and VU status), Orchidaceae was the richest family (80 species) followed by Gesneriaceae (45 species), Araceae (15 species), Begoniaceae (15 species) and Zingiberaceae (15 species). Mostly of these families were found in montane forests (93 species) and limestone mountains (90 species). All highly threatened plants were priority groups requiring substantial and urgent actions to improve their statuses and protect their habitats. Intensive studies on population structure, ecological needs, physiology, and other autecology aspects are necessary to increase effective managements in the future. Key words: Thai endemic plants, risk of extinction, status, species diversity E-mail: [email protected] 1 Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart university * Corresponding author 2 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem INTRODUCTION Thailand is one of the most flora richest countries, containing about 10,000 species and 1,900 genera of vascular plants, of which 10 percent are endemic species. They are usually found in restricted geographic areas or under limited environmental conditions, such as isolated islands, dry limestone areas, or mountainous areas (Santisuk, 2005). Endemic plants are the species that occur naturally within one country (IUCN, 2010). Because of the requirements of a specific habitat and microclimate, they are easily threatened (Santisuk, 2005). Important factors threatening plant species are continuous habitat destruction and overexploitation. Some plant species are popular as ornamental plants, such as those found in the Orchidaceae and Cycadaceae family, etc. Several endemic species, especially those classified as vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered plants, have already become extinct before being discovered. Consequently, basic information on endemic species diversity, together with habitats, and their risk of extinction status levels are important databases for Thailand. A knowledge of these endemic plants is very helpful for monitoring and conservation planning in the future. Species diversity of endemic plants in Thailand According to previous reports on floras of Thailand, there were 826 species from 318 genera in 74 families reported as endemic plants to Thailand. They were divided into four groups: ferns, gymnosperms, monocotyledons and dicotyledons, by evolutional level. Numbers of each group were as shown below. Endemic ferns comprised 22 species from 20 genera in 11 families. There were 5 species of Dryopteridaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki,1988), 4 species of Parkeriaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988), 2 species of Lomariopsidaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988), and 1 species each Aspleniaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Grammitidaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki,1988), Athyriaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Dryopteridaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988; Santisuk et al., 2006 ), Lomariopsidaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Pteridaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Thelypteridaceae (Tagawa and Iwatsuki, 1988) and Vittariaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006). Endemic gymnosperms comprised 6 species from Cycas genus in Cycadaceae family (Santisuk et al., 2006). Endemic monocotyledons comprised 219 species from 90 genera in 11 families. Orchidaceae family had the highest number of species with 89 endemic species (Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008; Kurzweil, 2009). There were 39 species of Araceae (Santisuk et al., 2006; Sookchaloem, 1995, 1997), 29 species of Zingiberaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma et al., 2008), 21 species of Cyperaceae (Simpson and Koyama, 1998; Santisuk et al., 2006), 13 species of Palmae (Santisuk et al., Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 3 2006), 12 species of Gramineae (Santisuk et al., 2006), 8 species of Dioscoreaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006; Winlkin and Thapyai, 2009), and 5 species of Smilacaceae reported as endemic plants (Santisuk et al., 2006). The families Amaryllidaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Eriocaulaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006), Lowiaceae (Santisuk et al., 2006) had only 1 endemic species each. Endemic dicotyledons comprised 579 species from 206 genera in 51 families. The Rubiaceae family had the highest number of endemic species. Species numbers in each family are reported in Table 1. Table 1 Species numbers in dicotyledon families and references Family Number of References Species Rubiaceae 63 Santisuk et al., 2006; Chamchumroon, 2006; Pooma, 2008 Euphorbiaceae 56 Santisuk et al., 2006; Chayamarit and Welzen, 2007 Gesneriaceae 50 Pooma et al., 2005; Santisuk et al., 2006 Aristolochiaceae 28 Phuphathanaphong, 1987, 2006; Santisuk et al., 2006 Cucurbitaceae 27 Santisuk et al., 2006; De Wilde and Duyfjes, 2008 Scrophulariaceae 25 Yamazaki, 1992; Pooma et al., 2005; Santisuk et al., 2006 Leguminosae 24 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008; Wilmot-Dear, 2008 Begoniaceae 23 Santisuk et al., 2006 Myrtaceae 23 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Balsaminaceae 21 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Myrsinaceae 19 Larsen and Hu, 1996 Labiatae 16 Santisuk et al., 2006; Leeratiwong et al.,2009 Sapotaceae 13 Santisuk et al., 2006 Apocynaceae 11 Middleton, 1999; Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Ebenaceae 11 Phengklai, 1981; Santisuk et al., 2006 Oleaceae 11 Santisuk et al., 2006 Gentianaceae 10 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Lauraceae 10 Santisuk et al., 2006 Convolvulaceae 9 Santisuk et al., 2006; Staples: 2010 4 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem Table 1 (Continue) Family Number of References Species Menispermaceae 8 Santisuk et al., 2006 Fagaceae 8 PhengKlai (2006), Santisuk et al., 2006 Annonaceae 7 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Araliaceae, 7 Santisuk et al., 2006 Myristicaceae, Primulaceae Sterculiaceae 7 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008; Phengklai, 2001 Melastomataceae 6 Renner et al., 2001; Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Magnoliaceae 5 Pooma, 2008; Nooteboom and Chalermglin: 2009 Acanthaceae, 5 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Ranunculaceae Capparaceae 4 Santisuk et al., 2006 Celastraceae 4 Hou et al.,( 2010) Ericaceae, Tiliaceae 4 Santisuk et al., 2006 Combretaceae, 3 Santisuk et al., 2006 Compositae, Theaceae, Umbelliferae, Malpigiaceae Amaranthaceae, 2 Santisuk et al., 2006 Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae, Symplocaceae, Thymelaeaceae Vitaceae 2 Trias-Blasi et al., 2009 Acer, Moraceae 1 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008 Anacardiaceae 1 Santisuk et al., 2006; Pooma, 2008, Chayamarit, 2010 Passifloraceae 1 Wilde and Duyfjes(2010) Journal of Tropical Plants Research 5 : 1-19. 2012 5 Table 1 (Continue) Family Number of References Species Campanulaceae, 1 Santisuk et al., 2006 Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Geraniaceae, Loganiaceae, Orobanchaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Melanthiaceae, Xyridaceae Loranthaceae, 1 Pooma, 2008 Proportions of endemic plants in each group are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Proportion of endemic species in each group Endemic plant species in Thailand can be divided into 19 groups based on habit types as follows: 22 species of fern (F), 12 species of grass (G), 71 species of epiphytic orchid (EO), 2 species of Saprophytic orchid (SapO), 21 species of terrestrial orchid (TerO ), 2 species of aquatic herb (AqH), 272 species of herb (H), 21 species of herbaceous climber (HC), 1 species of parasitic herb (PaH), 1 species of saprophytic herb (SapH), 2 species of climbing palm (CP), 14 species of palm (P), 131 species of shrub (S), 3 species of epiphytic shrub (ES), 9 species of scandent shrub 6 Sutida Maneeanakekul and Duangchai Sookchaloem (ScanS), 69 species of shrubby tree habit (ST), 9 species of shrub/shrubby tree (S/ST), 69 species of shrubby tree habit (ST), and 81 species of tree habit (T). Habitats of endemic plant species From literature reviews, endemic species were found in13 habitat types. Tropical rain forest was the habitat with the richest species number (270 plant species). This was followed by dry evergreen forest (233 species), montane forest (230 species), limestone mountains (183 species) mixed deciduous forest (160 species), deciduous dipterocarp forest (55 species), pine forest (43 species), swamp areas and marshy areas (13 species), along river banks (8 species), bamboo forests (6 species), savanna (6 species), open areas (6 species) and cultivated
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