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Studies of Urinary Schistosomiasis Amongst School Age Children in Ebonyi North Senatorial District of Ebonyi State, Nigeria

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Studies of Urinary Schistosomiasis Amongst School Age Children in Ebonyi North Senatorial District of Ebonyi State, Nigeria International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 18(3): 1-7, 2016, Article no.IJTDH.13138 ISSN: 2278–1005, NLM ID: 101632866 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Studies of Urinary Schistosomiasis amongst School Age Children in Ebonyi North Senatorial District of Ebonyi State, Nigeria S. O. Onwe 1, O. C. Ani 2*, C. A. Uhuo 2, C. S. Onwe 2 and O. O. Odikamnoro 2 1Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria. 2Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJTDH/2016/13138 Editor(s): (1) Walid El Ansari, Professor of Public Health, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom. (2) Giovanni Rezza, Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, Italy. (3) Tetsuji Yamada, Chair and Professor of Health Economics, Center for Children and Childhood Studies Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey, USA. (4) Giuseppe Murdaca, Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy. (5) Shankar Srinivasan, Department of Health Informatics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA. Reviewers: (1) Toru Watanabe, Niigata City General Hospital, Japan. (2) Mathilda Banwat, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/15752 Received 5th August 2014 Accepted 5th April 2016 Original Research Article th Published 11 August 2016 ABSTRACT The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school age children in seven primary schools in Ebonyi North Senatorial district of Ebonyi State was investigated using standard parasitological technique. Out of 525 pupils examined, 119(22.7%) were found to be excreting ova of S. haematobium in their urine, which comprised 44 females (17.5%) and 75 males (27.5%). Children between the age of 15 -16 years recorded the highest prevalence of 35.9%. Chi square test showed that the differences among the age groups are not statistically significant. The distribution of the infection was significantly high in Hill Top Primary School Amoffia Ngbo, Ohaukwu Local Government Area with the prevalence of 55.3% when compared to other locations assayed. Children whose parents were farmers recorded the highest prevalence (26.4%) when compared to those of other occupations (p<0.05). In the same vein, children that make use of quarry pit water as their main source of water supply recorded more infection than those that use _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Onwe et al.; IJTDH, 18(3): 1-7, 2016; Article no.IJTDH.13138 borehole and pipe-borne water. However, health awareness programmes, provision of portable water, mass chemotherapy as well as environmental measures that may reduce population density of snail intermediate host of S. haematobium will be useful in the control of urinary schistosomiasis in the study area. Keywords: Urinary schistosomiasis; prevalence; pupils; Ebonyi State. 1. INTRODUCTION the Niger from Wawa to Pategi and Bida, Niger [7]. Schistosoma haematobium is the causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis also called In the western region, S. haematobium is Bilharziasis. It is an important digenetic universally distributed. The highest infection trematode found in Middle East, Asia, Oceania rates are found in Ibadan, Oyo, Abeokuta and and Africa. It afflicts the poor, rural villagers, Epe area. [7] has also reported the endemic foci especially school aged children, women and in Ogoja province and around Owerri of the fishermen who lack access to safe water and Eastern region [8] states that urinary infection sanitation, and where daily activities bring due to S. haematobium is endemic all over them into direct contact with infected water Nigeria but later work by [7] has narrowed the sources. endemicity in Nigeria down to Western and Northern regions. However several works by [9,5,10,11], all indicate prevalence in the The adult organisms are found in the venous Southern and Eastern parts of Nigeria. plexuses around the urinary bladder and their released eggs traverse the wall of the bladder The health complications due to schistosomiasis causing haematuria and fibrosis of the bladder. such anaemia, UTI and nephritic syndrome have The bladder becomes calcified and there is adversely affected children of school age, increased pressure on ureters and kidneys reducing their school hours and ability to learn. otherwise known as hydronephrosis. This work therefore is aimed at determining the Inflammation of the genital due to S. prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst haematobium may contribute to the propagation children of school age in Ebonyi North Senatorial of HIV [1]. Schistosomiasis is not only endemic in District of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Nigeria but is also known to be prevalent in all countries of Africa [2]. According to estimates of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS [3], at least 200 – 300 million are infected with the disease (and another 600 million are at risk 2.1 Study Areas of infection) and endemic in 74 developing countries. Estimates suggest that 85% of all The approximate population of the State is 2.093 schistosomiasis cases are now in sub –Saharan million (Population Census, 2006). There are Africa [4]. thirteen Local Government Areas in the state which is divided into three senatorial districts: Nigeria is one of the countries known to be highly Ebonyi North, Ebonyi Central and Ebonyi South. endemic for urinary schistosomiasis with Ebonyi North is made up of four local estimated 101.28 million persons at risk and Government areas; —Abakaliki, Ohaukwu, 25.83 million infected [5]. The estimates for Ebonyi and Izzi local Government Areas. The morbidity and mortality in affected populations major inhabitants are the Ngbo and Izzi people. are high with school age children. In Nigeria, While the Izzi people occupy three Local pocket of foci of infection have been documented Government Areas of Abakaliki, Izzi and Ebonyi; in various parts of the country. In the Northern Ngbo people only occupy Ohaukwu LGA. region, S. haematobium is marked particularly by heavy infection rates. These include the territory The major economic activity of these people is extending from Katsina, Kano, Zaria and Kaduna agricultural farming like rice farming which keeps to the Western frontier, in the region of Birinin them in constant contact to water surfaces with Kebbi, Argungu and Kankiya areas [6]. In these very few people engaged in white collar jobs. area Schistosomiasis associated with haematuria The major sources of water supply to the people infection rate up to 60%-95% have been are from rivers, dams, streams, stagnant ponds, recorded. Other Northern regions include Wulgo quarry pit water, few shallow hand dug wells region of lake Chad basin, the riverine area along which are found in few rich families and 2 Onwe et al.; IJTDH, 18(3): 1-7, 2016; Article no.IJTDH.13138 boreholes provided by government in some 2.4 Microscopic Method areas. These ponds, streams, quarry pit water, dams and rivers harbor most of the snail This was done in line with [12] for Sedimentation intermediate hosts from where the effective stage technique for Schistosoma haematobium . Thus of the parasite called cercariae emerge ready for 10 ml of urine was poured into the centrifuge test transmission. tube. The urine samples were centrifuged at 1000 g rpm for 5 minutes. After centrifugation, The people are infected as they come in contact the supernatant fluid was decanted and the with water from contaminated ponds and streams sediment was mixed and a drop was placed on a during farming, fetching water, washing and clean, grease free slide. It was covered with a swimming. The mode of infection is by the cover glass and examined using x10 objective penetration/piercing of the skin by the cercaria and x40 objective of the microscope in search of infective stage. the S. haematobium ova. 2.2 Sampling Technique 2.5 ETHICAL CLEARANCE A total of 525 pupils were sampled from seven Ethical approvals were obtained on the sample primary schools namely Central School Ngbo children from the Directorate of Research and (57), Hill Top Primary School Ngbo (76), Innovation Ebonyi State University Abakaliki. Amaeffia Community Primary School Ngbo (74), Informed consent were also sort from the school Igbeagu Central School Izzi (60), Junction head teachers, teachers and their parents on Primary School Nwezenyi (61), Oguzoronweya privacy of students, informing them that samples Primary School Ozibo (97) and Okaria Nkaleke collected from them will only be used for Community Primary School (100). The children’s research to assist in their diagnosis. There was ages range between 6-17 yrs and their sex were no clash of interest among authors. also noted. The teachers and pupils were enlightened on the relevance of the study especially the public health significance. The 3. RESULTS method of urine collection was also explained to them. After this the pupils were randomly The result revealed that in a total of 525 selected. The children were given serial number pupils who were examined for Schistosoma and containers were distributed noting on the haematobium infection, 119 pupils were found to container
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