DOCSLIB.ORG

Methodology of the Coastal Erosion Map (For Different Climate Change Scenar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Methodology of the Coastal Erosion Map (For Different Climate Change Scenar SOUTH-EAST FINLAND – RUSSIA ENPI CBC 2007 – 2013 Climate Proof Living Environment (CliPLivE) Geological and Environmental Risks in St. Petersburg. Practical Recommendations for Climate Change Adaptation Olga Tomilina, Julia Menshova, Galina Savenkova, Igor Bogatyrev, Daria Ryabchuk, Dmitry Frank-Kamenetsky, Artem Pavlovsky St. Petersburg 2014 This Programme is co-funded by the European Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland SOUTH-EAST FINLAND – RUSSIA ENPI CBC 2007 – 2013 Climate Proof Living Environment (CliPLivE) State Geological Unitary Company «Mineral» Committee for Nature Use, Environmental Protection and Ecological Safety of St.Petersburg City Administration A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute Geological and Environmental Risks in St. Petersburg. Practical Recommendations for Climate Change Adaptation Olga Tomilina, Julia Menshova, Galina Savenkova, Igor Bogatyrev, Daria Ryabchuk, Dmitry Frank-Kamenetsky, Artem Pavlovsky St. Petersburg 2014 This Project is co-funded by the European Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland SOUTH-EAST FINLAND - RUSSIA ENPI CBC 2007 – 2013 Climate Proof Living Environment (CliPLivE) Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1. Description of the study area ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1. Geography, nature and climate .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Social and economic characteristics ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Characteristics of observed and projected climate change on the territory of St.Petersburg ....................................................................... 6 2.1. Climate characteristics of Saint Petersburg ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Forecast of climatic variables changes for Saint Petersburg .............................................................................................................................18 3. Identifying hazards and estimating potential risks in the study area .....................................................................................................................10 3.1. Methodological approach for the geological and environmental risk assessment .................................................................................14 3.2. Assessment of the potential risks caused by the climate-independent hazardous natural processes ......................................... 4 3.2.1. Reliable layer depth .....................................................................................................................................................................................................17 3.2.2. Biogenic Gas Formation .............................................................................................................................................................................................172 3.2.3 Head water impact ........................................................................................................................................................................................................20 3.2.4. Karst Processes ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................22 3.2.5. Neotectonic Areas .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23 3.2.6. Palaeovalleys Impact ...................................................................................................................................................................................................23 3.2.7. Radon Hazard ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................23 3.2.8. Surface Slope ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................27 3.3. Assessment of the potential risks caused by the climate-dependent hazardous natural processes .............................................. 7 3.3.1. Coastal erosion ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................29 3.3.2. Surface Water Flooding ..............................................................................................................................................................................................293 3.3.3. Ground water flooding ...............................................................................................................................................................................................44 3.4. Integrated natural risk assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................42 4. Practical recommendations on climate change adaptation measures for St.Petersburg area ....................................................................58 4.1. Climate change impact on sectors and assets of St.Petersburg municipal economy .............................................................................51 4.1.1. Engineering and transport networks, transport ............................................................................................................................................51 4.1.2. Construction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 4.1.3. Urban planning and land tenure ............................................................................................................................................................................52 4.1.4. Economic consequences ............................................................................................................................................................................................53 4.1.5. Public health ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 4.2. Practical recommendations for climate change adaptation and stages of recommendations implementation .......................56 4.2.1. Practical recommendations .....................................................................................................................................................................................57 4.2.2. Stages of Recommendations implementation ................................................................................................................................................. 7 4.2.3. Monitoring and implementation risks ................................................................................................................................................................596 5. The best practices of climate change adaptation implemented in Europe ...........................................................................................................60 6. Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61 References .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64 5 3 SOUTH-EAST FINLAND - RUSSIA ENPI CBC 2007 – 2013 Climate Proof Living Environment (CliPLivE) Introduction CliPLivE (Climate Proof Living Environment) project was carried out in framework of the South-East Finland – Russia ENPI CBC 2007-2013 Programme. (http://www.southeastfinrusnpi.fi/). The aim of this Programme was to promote cross-border co-operation across the Finnish-Russian border between South Karelia, South Savo, Kymenlaakso, Uusima, St.Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. It was co-funded by the European Union from the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Artificial Beach As a Means for Sea Coast Protection from Storm Surges (By the Example of the Eastern Gulf of Finland)
    AN ARTIFICIAL BEACH AS A MEANS FOR SEA COAST PROTECTION FROM STORM SURGES (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE EASTERN GULF OF FINLAND) Leontyev, I.O., P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia Akivis, T.M. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia [email protected] A model of an artificial beach is suggested for protection of coasts under erosion due to intense storm surges. It is shown that the coarser beach sand results in decrease of the beach width and growth of nourishment volume. At the same time relative material loss due to long-shore sediment transport diminishes too. The model has been applied to three sections of the coasts of Kurortny district of S.-Petersburg (eastern part of the Gulf of Finland). It recommends medium sand for the beaches construction. Modeling of extreme storms effect shows only minor deformations for designed beach profiles. For the beaches more than 1 km long even in 30-50 years more than a half of the initial beach volume conserves without additional nourishment. Key words: sand coast, artificial beach, beach profile, sediment flux, Gulf of Finland. I. INTRODUCTION Artificial beaches are widely applicable in the coastal protection practice for minimizing storm effect [1], [2]. Actual Russian recommendations for calculation of beach profiles [3] are related to coasts with no sea level changes. But there are a lot of coasts with dynamics governed by high storm surges. One of the examples is the coast of Kurortny district of S.-Petersburg in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Violations of the Rights of Stateless Persons and Foreign Citizens in Light of the ECHR Judgment in “Kim V
    m e m o r i a Anti-Discrimination Centre l The ward in a Temporary Foreign National Detention Center (SITDFN). Krasnoye Selo (Saint Petersburg) Photo by ADC Memorial VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHTS OF STATELESS PERSONS AND FOREIGN CITIZENS in Light of the ECHR Judgment in “Kim v. Russia” Human Rights Report 2016 The Anti-discrimination Centre Memorial has spent many years defending the rights of people suffering form discrimination, and in particupar the rights of migrants and representatives of vulnerable minorities. This report describes negative impact of non-implementation of the ECHR judgement in “Kim v. Russia” (2014) on the situation of stateless persons and foreigners detained for months and years in “specialized institutions for the temporary detention” (SITDFN) in order «to guarantee the expultion». No access to legal aid, no judicial control of the term and soundness of deprivation of freedom, no legal opportunities of expulsion in case of stateless persons, inhuman conditions of detention in SITDFN – all this makes the life in “specialized institutions” a cruel punishment for people who did not commit any crimes. The problem of stateless persons and migrants in irregular situation is important not only for Russia and ex-Soviet countries, but for contemporary Europe as well; the ECHR judgement in “Kim v. Russia” should be taken into account by the countries who are members of the Council of Europe and the European Union. ADC Memorial is thankful to Viktor Nigmatulin, a detainee of SITDFN in Kemerovo (Siberis), for the materials provided for the report. TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary . 3 Preface STATELESSNESS AS A RESULT OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION .
    [Show full text]
  • Apm 2006 Book of Abstracts
    XXXIV Summer School – Conference “Advanced Problems in Mechanics” June 25 – July 1, 2006, St. Petersburg (Repino), Russia APM 2006 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS http://www.apm.ruweb.net GENERAL INFORMATION APM 2006 is the thirty four in a series of annual summer schools held by Russian Academy of Sciences. The Summer school “Advanced Problems in Mechanics 2006” is organized by the Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPME RAS) under the patronage of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).The main purpose of the meeting is to gather specialists from different branches of mechanics to provide a platform for cross-fertilisation of ideas. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL The first Summer School was organized by Ya.G. Panovko and his colleagues in 1971. In the early years the main focus of the School was on nonlinear oscillations of mechanical systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom. The School specialized in this way because at that time in Russia (USSR) there were held regular National Meetings on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and also there were many conferences on mechanics with a more particular specialization. After 1985 many conferences and schools on mechanics in Russia were terminated due to financial problems. In 1994 the Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences restarted the Summer School. The traditional name of “Summer School” has been kept, but the topics covered by the School have been much widened, and the School has been transformed into an international conference. The topics of the conference cover now all fields of mechanics and associated into interdisciplinary problems.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download
    INDOOR AIR Q~ALITY IN MUSEUMS AND HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN ST. PETERSBURG AND IN NORTH-WEST REGION OF RUSSIA V.D.Korkin Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture by name I.Repi& Russia ABSTRACT This presentation deals with the problem of achieving stable microclimate in old buddmgs of St Petersburg - such as churches, museums and palaces. Characteristic traits of such buildings are rather thick envelops which as a rule accumulate large quantities of heat or cold. The majority of these buildings are equipped only with central water heating and are naturally ventilated. Experimental study of microclimate in buildings of this kind proves that during cold season (with average temperature -10”C)the relative humidity there will be about 30-35% and less. In summer time temperature background does not rise above 22-24°C whereas the relative humidity sometimes can rise up to 75-80Y0. Eventually we should like to note that climate parameters of St Petersburg can be taken as a characteristic for entire Norten-West of Russia. Inserting into such buildings air conditioning systems (provided with cooling plants and devices for automatic control) does not aways give positive results. With consideration of climate features of the region and peculiarities of the buildings we worked out system which helps to maintain stable microclimate, special attention to thermrd inertia of walls included. This decision will give an oppotiunity to reduce a load on heating system at any rate to 15-20%. It will also give the chance for adiabatic humidity control in winter which is nessessary for the humidity control.
    [Show full text]
  • 49 Since 1961 BALTICA Volume 31 Number 1 June 2018: 49–62
    since 1961 BALTICA Volume 31 Number 1 June 2018: 49–62 https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2018.31.05 Coastal dynamics of the eastern Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea: toward a quantitative assessment Alexander Sergeev, Daria Ryabchuk, Vladimir Zhamoida, Igor Leont’yev, Alexander Kolesov, Olga Kovaleva, Kaarel Orviku Sergeev, A., Ryabchuk, D., Zhamoida, V., Leont’yev, I., Kolesov, A., Kovaleva, O., Orviku, K., 2018. Coastal dynam- ics of the eastern Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea: toward a quantitative assessment. Baltica, 31 (1), 49–62. Vilnius. ISSN 0067-3064. Manuscript submitted 28 March 2018 / Accepted 21 May 2018 / Published online 28 June 2018 © Baltica 2018 Abstract The easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland is characterized by intense coastal processes dominated by wave erosion. Reliable prediction of the coastal zone development, as well as effective strategy for coastal protection, demands a quantitative assessment of beach transformation and volume of sediment loss as a result of extreme storms. The main goal of this study based on results of terrestrial laser scanning was to establish volumes of eroded, transported, and redeposited sand during storm surge events that occurred between 2012 and 2017, and to verify a mathematical model of beach profile changes within key areas located in the Ku- rortny District of St. Petersburg (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea), where the longest set of levelling and terrestrial laser scanning was conducted. The resulting detailed 3D GIS models of coastal relief, based on high-resolution geodesic surveys, produced a highly reliable database of beachface transformation under the extreme storm impact and quantitative assessment of erosion volumes and sediment loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Nord Stream 2
    ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES FOR THE RUSSIAN SECTION Nord Stream 2 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES FOR THE RUSSIAN SECTION Document number W-PE-MSC-LFR-REP-837-RALTEREN-06 Rev. Date Description 01 2016-07-26 02 2016-11-09 03 2016-11-05 04 2016-12-21 05 2017-03-29 06 2017-04-04 FRECOM LLC 1 W-PE-MSC-LFR-REP-837-RALTEREN-06 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES FOR THE RUSSIAN SECTION Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 5 2 Introduction 6 2.1 Project History 6 2.2 Objectives of the Report 7 2.3 Technical characteristics of the proposed pipeline system 8 2.3.1 Construction 10 2.3.2 Operational aspects 10 2.3.3 Decommissioning 10 2.4 Regulatory basis for the alternative assessment 11 2.5 Methodology of the Assessment of Alternatives 12 3 Stage 1. Bundling of Nord Stream 2 with the Nord Stream pipeline system 14 3.1 Inland routing 14 3.2 Construction of a compressor station 15 3.3 Pipeline landfall 15 4 Stage 2. Selecting areas on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland 17 4.1 Section 1: Saint Petersburg – Sosnovy Bor 17 4.1.1 Dense residential development along the coastline 18 4.1.2 Historical and cultural sites of global importance 19 4.1.3 Saint Petersburg flood defences 19 4.1.4 Presence of special conservation areas 21 4.1.5 Complex coastal geological conditions 22 4.1.6 Proximity to navigation channels 23 4.1.7 Conclusion on the feasibility of using Section 1 24 4.2 Section 2: Sosnovy Bor - Ust-Luga 24 4.2.1 Coastal development 25 4.2.2 The Leningrad nuclear power plant and associated complex of hazardous processes and facilities 25 4.2.3 Existing and proposed SCAs and IBAs 26 4.2.4 Restricted areas offshore 29 4.2.5 Complex coastal geological conditions 29 4.2.6 Proximity to the port of Ust-Luga and its shipping routes 30 4.2.7 Conclusion on the feasibility of using Section 2 30 4.3 Section 3 Ust-Luga - Russian-Estonian border 30 4.3.1 Presence of special conservation areas 31 4.3.2 Conclusion on the feasibility of using Section 3 34 4.4 Conclusions of Stage 2 34 5 Stage 3.
    [Show full text]
  • List of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for St
    List of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region № Units Addresses п\п 1 Admiralteysky District of Saint 190013, Saint Petersburg Vereyskaya Street, 39 Petersburg 2 Vasileostrovsky District of Saint 199106, Saint Petersburg, Vasilyevsky Island, 19th Line, 12a Petersburg 3 Vyborgsky District of Saint 194156, Saint Petersburg, Prospekt Parkhomenko, 18 Petersburg 4 Kalininsky District of Saint 195297, Saint Petersburg, Bryantseva Street, 15 Petersburg 5 Kirovsky District of Saint 198152, Saint Petersburg, Avtovskaya Street, 22 Petersburg 6 Kolpinsky District of Saint 198152, Saint Petersburg, Kolpino, Pavlovskaya Street, 1 Petersburg 7 Krasnogvardeisky District of 195027, Saint Petersburg, Bolsheokhtinsky Prospekt, 11/1 Saint Petersburg 8 Krasnoselsky District of Saint 198329, Saint Petersburg, Tambasova Street, 4 Petersburg 9 Kurortny District of Saint 197706, Saint Petersburg, Sestroretsk, Primorskoe Highway, Petersburg 280 10 Kronshtadtsky District of Saint 197760, Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt, Lenina Prospekt, 20 Petersburg 11 Moskovsky District of Saint 196135, Saint Petersburg, Tipanova Street, 3 Petersburg 12 Nevsky District of Saint 192171, Saint Petersburg, Sedova Street, 86 Petersburg 13 Petrogradsky District of Saint 197022, Saint Petersburg, Grota Street, 1/3 Petersburg 14 Petrodvortsovy District of Saint 198516, Saint Petersburg, Peterhof, Petersburg Konnogrenaderskaya Street., 1 15 Primorsky District of Saint 197374 Saint Petersburg, Yakhtennaya Street, 7/2
    [Show full text]
  • SGGEE Russia Gazetteer 201908.Xlsx
    SGGEE Russia gazetteer © 2019 Dr. Frank Stewner Page 1 of 25 27.08.2021 Menno Location according to the SGGEE guideline of October 2013 North East Village name old Village name today Abdulino (Abdulino), Abdulino, Orenburg, Russia 534125 533900 Абдулино Абдулино Abramfeld (NE in Malchevsko-Polnenskaya), Millerovo, Rostov, Russia 485951 401259 Абрамфельд Мальчевско-Полненская m Abrampolski II (lost), Davlekanovo, Bashkortostan, Russia 541256 545650 Aehrenfeld (Chakalovo), Krasny Kut, Saratov, Russia 504336 470306 Крацкое/Эренфельд Чкалово Aidarowa (Aidrowo), Pskov, Pskov, Russia 563510 300411 Айдарово Айдарово Akimowka (Akimovka), Krasnoshchyokovo, Altai Krai, Russia 513511 823519 Акимовка Акимовка Aksenowo (Aksenovo), Ust-Ishim, Omsk, Russia 574137 713030 Аксеново Аксеново Aktjubinski (Aktyubinski), Aznakayevo, Tatarstan, Russia 544855 524805 Актюбинский Актюбинский Aldan/Nesametny (Aldan), Aldan, Sakha, Russia 583637 1252250 Алдан/Незаметный Алдан Aleksanderhoeh/Aleksandrowka (Nalivnaya), Sovetsky, Saratov, Russia 511611 465220 Александерге/АлександровкаНаливная Aleksanderhoeh/Uralsk (Aleksanrovka), Sovetsky, Saratov, Russia 511558 465112 Александерге Александровка Aleksandertal (lost), Kamyshin, Volgograd, Russia 501952 452332 Александрталь Александровка m Aleksandrofeld/Masajewka (lost), Matveyev-Kurgan, Rostov, Russia 473408 390954 Александрофельд/Мазаевка - Aleksandro-Newskij (Aleksandro-Nevskiy), Andreyevsk, Omsk, Russia 540118 772405 Александро-Невский Александро-Невский Aleksandrotal (Nadezhdino), Koshki, Samara, Russia 540702
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy New Martyrs of Northern and Western Russia, Belorussia and the Baltic Introduction
    THE HOLY NEW MARTYRS OF NORTHERN AND WESTERN RUSSIA, BELORUSSIA AND THE BALTIC INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................3 1. HIEROMARTYR BARSANUPHIUS, BISHOP OF KIRILLOV ................................................5 2. HIEROMARTYR NICON, ARCHBISHOP OF VOLOGDA ....................................................9 3. HIEROMARTYR PLATO, BISHOP OF REVEL (TALLINN).................................................11 4. HIEROMARTYR EUGENE, BISHOP OF OLONETS .............................................................16 5. HIEROMARTYR BENJAMIN, METROPOLITAN OF PETROGRAD .................................17 6. HIEROMARTYR BARNABAS, ARCHBISHOP OF ARCHANGELSK ................................31 7. HIEROMARTYR JOSEPH, BISHOP OF VALDAI ..................................................................32 8. HIEROMARTYR HIEROTHEUS, BISHOP OF VELIKY USTIUG ........................................33 9. HIEROCONFESSOR EUTHYMIUS, BISHOP OF OLONETS ...............................................53 10. HIEROCONFESSOR NICHOLAS, BISHOP OF VELSK ......................................................54 11. HIEROMARTYR ANTHONY, ARCHBISHOP OF ARCHANGELSK..............................55 12. HIEROCONFESSOR MACARIUS, BISHOP OF CHEREPOVETS .....................................61 13. HIEROCONFESSOR BARSANUPHIUS, BISHOP OF KARGOPOL ..................................63 14. HIEROMARTYR JOHN, ARCHBISHOP OF RIGA..............................................................65
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency Investment Projects in Using of Gas And
    EnergyEnergyEnergy efficiencyefficiencyefficiency investmentinvestmentinvestment projectsprojectsprojects ininin usingusingusing ofofof gasgasgas andandand biofuelbiofuelbiofuel ininin regionsregionsregions ofofof RussianRussianRussian FederationFederationFederation::: experienceexperienceexperience,,, intellectualintellectualintellectual managementmanagementmanagement andandand perspectivesperspectivesperspectives It is planed to gazified all settlements in Saint-Petersburg to 2010. Total sum of investments – about $200 mln. Investments for a gasification in 2007 – about $58 mln. Social project In 2005 on the base of Regional Program of depreciated equipment replacing «PeterburgsGaz» replace 13,348 gas-stoves and 2,271 waterheaters Intelligent management system for tourist-recreation territory of Kurortny District management Tourist-recreation territory for megapolis Kurortny District Saint-Petersburg Kurortny District is a suburban area of St. Petersburg. Main towns and villages: Sestroretsk, Zelenogorsk, Gornaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Razliv, Beloostrov, Pesochny, Solnechnoe, Repino, Komarovo, Ushkovo, Serovo, Molodezhnoe, Smolyachkovo. Kurortny District located in the north-west of St. Petersburg along the Gulf of Finland as a strip width 6-8 km and 45 km in length. Area is about 28.2 thousand ha. Permanent population of Kurortny Distirict is about of 70.4 thousand people, but it increase by 2-2.5 times every summer. Tourist-recreation territory for megapolis In June 1, 2006, "Peterburgteploenergo" launched a full reconstruction of the
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Degradation of Russian Coastal Regions: the Case of the Gulf of Finland
    Trumbull.fm Page 1 Friday, September 11, 2009 10:01 AM Environmental Degradation of Russian Coastal Regions: The Case of the Gulf of Finland Nathaniel Trumbull and Oleg Bodrov1 Abstract: An American geographer and Russian ecologist discuss current and prospective environmental hazards precipitated by large-scale infrastructure projects on Russia’s southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The region, investigated by both authors during the course of regular field research from 1999 to 2009, is one of the best environmentally preserved coast- lines of the Baltic Sea with abundant potential greenfield sites, largely due to its closed-bor- der-zone status during the Soviet period. A favorable location for trade also places the region under intense development pressure. The authors devote particular attention to two major developments, a multifunctional port complex (which inter alia serves as a major pipeline ter- minus and oil export port) and expansion of an existing nuclear power plant. Based on exten- sive personal observations and government documents, they analyze the emerging environmental threat posed by these initiatives as well as the challenging political environ- ment that discourages public participation and local involvement in spatial planning. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O180, O290, Q280, Q530. 7 figures, 35 ref- erences. Key words: Gulf of Finland, Russia, St. Petersburg, Primorsk, Ust’-Luga port, Lenin- grad Nuclear Power Plant, Batareynaya Bay, Baltic Transportation System, oil export ports, gas pipeline terminus, aluminum production, polycrystalline silicon, nuclear waste, nature reserves, wetlands. INTRODUCTION n May 2008, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin paid a helicopter visit to the site of the Ust’- ILuga port complex, currently under construction on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland (e.g., see Kommersant, May 15, 2008, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Imaginary of Imperial St. Petersburg and Maritime Heritage of the Gulf of Finland
    humanities Article The Metropolitan Bay: Spatial Imaginary of Imperial St. Petersburg and Maritime Heritage of the Gulf of Finland Alexei Kraikovski * and Julia Lajus National Research University Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg 198099, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-812-644-5911-61412 Received: 2 December 2018; Accepted: 19 February 2019; Published: 26 February 2019 Abstract: The paper aims to discuss the multifaceted links between the marine environment of the Gulf of Finland and the representations of the large complex of cultural heritage related to the city of St. Petersburg. The paper is based on a spatial imaginary of Greater St. Petersburg as the cultural and technological unity of the city and adjacent waterscapes in the times of the Russian Empire. This concept is instrumental to see the historical links between the parts of the heritage complex that has by now disintegrated and has been separated by state borders. Keywords: Baltic; Gulf of Finland; coastal heritage; St. Petersburg; spatial imaginaries 1. Introduction The paper discusses the multifaceted links between the marine environment of the Gulf of Finland and creation, representation, and perception of the numerous vestiges of maritime heritage left behind in the city of St. Petersburg. This maritime heritage is tightly connected with the spatial imaginary of the Gulf of Finland as a space of Greater St. Petersburg, as the Gulf itself had been culturally and technologically connected to a former capital of the Russian Empire. We follow the definition of spatial imaginary as a collective or individual understanding of space produced in association with the practices of living in that space.
    [Show full text]