DOCSLIB.ORG

2017 Kintail T Msres

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2017 Kintail T Msres Bangor University MASTERS BY RESEARCH The innovations of radical Islam Kintail, Tessa Award date: 2017 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 Tessa Kintail The innovations of radical Islam Thesis submitted for the degree of MARes School of Philosophy and Religion Bangor University / Prifysgol Bangor September 2017 2 Summary Islam’s leading contemporary teachers have refuted the theological principles of extremist thinking. Radicalisation experiences are increasingly heard and explored. However, a gap in countering Islamic extremism exists, which this study seeks to identify and address. Requiring authority from the texts for their actions, radical ideologues alter classical ideas to contextualise violent interpretations. This is not an organic religious evolution or adaptation of meaning to address cultural crisis, but the selective goal-based reduction and revision of God’s message. This study identifies those changes in meaning, and asks whether these are changes to religious matters, or forms of social innovation unacceptable to Islam. It uses a range of methodologies to triangulate factors of innovation found in academic typologies with an assessment of innovation in changes to key concepts and an analysis of the perspectives of Muslims. An investigation of radicalism includes an attempted chronology, and a distillation of the key concepts that are important to radical and extremist thinking. After an exploration of relevant theories of innovation and of religious innovation, consideration is given to the usage and dimensions of bidah. This produces a working definition by which to assess the acceptability of key concepts. To add to these assessments, a survey of Muslim perspectives shows that respondents whose practice of Islam was more frequent preferred greater literalism, and the majority of those who preferred literalism indicated radical ideologies to be prohibited bidah. Participants’ wide range of views resulted in few significant correlations: this diversity reflects the typology mapping: radical ideologies are considered both as innovations and as not innovative at all. The study also reflected a range of understanding of bidah. In concluding, I offer suggestions for practical application. These include emphasising the Qur’an over ahadith, re-examining Qur’anic abrogations and interpretations, and a potential way to assess new interpretations. Number of words excluding footnotes, bibliography and Declaration: 49,735 3 4 The innovations of radical Islam Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 3 The innovations of radical Islam ......................................................................................................... 5 Figures ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 6 Notes ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Declaration and Consent ..................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................11 2 Describing radical Islam ................................................................................................................19 3 The development of radical ideologies ........................................................................................71 4 Types of innovation ....................................................................................................................105 5 Muslim views on religious innovation in Islam ..........................................................................139 6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................163 7 Appendices .................................................................................................................................175 8 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................219 Figures 2.5 A Mapping of all identified themes ........................................................................................... 50 2.5 B Mapping comparison: fundamentalist and traditional themes ............................................. 51 2.5 C Mapping comparison: Salafism and traditional themes ........................................................ 52 2.5 D Mapping comparison: radical and traditional themes ........................................................... 53 2.5 E Mapping comparison: fundamentalist and radical themes ................................................... 54 2.5 F Mapping comparison: fundamentalist and Muslim Brotherhood themes............................. 57 2.5 G Mapping comparison: radical and Muslim Brotherhood themes .......................................... 58 2.5 H Mapping comparison: radical and Salafism themes .............................................................. 60 2.5 I Mapping comparison: radical and ‘knowledge area’ of all other themes combined ............. 61 2.5 J Mapping progressive innovation ............................................................................................. 62 2.5 K Mapping regressive innovation .............................................................................................. 63 2.5 L Mapping comparison: radical theme and types of innovation ............................................... 64 2.5 M Mapping comparison: fundamentalist theme and types of innovation ............................... 65 2.5 N Mapping comparison: Salafism and Wahhab themes and types of innovation .................... 66 2.5 O Mapping comparison: types of Salafism and types of innovation ......................................... 67 2.5 P Mapping comparison: traditional theme and types of innovation ........................................ 68 3.2 Influences on radicalism – a concept-based analysis ................................................................ 88 4.1 Summary of concepts as bidah or as innovation in religious matters .................................... 138 5.3 Distribution of religiosity scores ............................................................................................. 143 5.5 A Those who practice five times a day: radical ideologies best described as ......................... 153 5.5 B Those who feel a literal reading is preferable: radical ideologies best described as ........... 154 5.7 A Disagreeing that innovation in worship is forbidden: radical ideologies best described as 160 5 Acknowledgements Firstly and always, to my family: I am thankful to have you in my life and for your interest in everything I do. Thank you so much for the discussions, questions, proof- reading and encouragement you have given me throughout this project. Farhaan Wali – sincere thanks for your feedback and your guidance, and for giving me the space to explore my ideas. I am grateful to the three interviewees: thank you for your insights, for sharing your experiences, and for your generosity of spirit. I keep you in my thoughts. I appreciate the input of all of the survey respondents: thank you. Notes Arabic terms are provided to aid definition of the English phrases used to represent them. On the first use of an Arabic word, I have italicised it to show its origin. However, to avoid over-emphasis, this italicisation is discontinued where these terms occur frequently throughout the text or are also commonly used in English; examples include jihad, Qur’an and Shariah. I have retained the spelling of the Arabic used in quotes and excerpts of the texts except where this might create confusion. 6 10 1 Introduction Extremes occur in all religions, political persuasions and lifestyles. One particular range of extremist views is used to justify terrorism against both Muslims and non- Muslims. These views take a radical and selective view of the faith from which they claim legitimacy. Their reductions of the texts admit only a part of God’s revelation. Islamic radicalism is not homogenous, but such groups and ideologies share identifiable characteristics and origins. I want to understand why these views occur, their basis in the texts and traditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Jihadi Threat: ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and Beyond
    THE JIHADI THREAT ISIS, AL QAEDA, AND BEYOND The Jihadi Threat ISIS, al- Qaeda, and Beyond Robin Wright William McCants United States Institute of Peace Brookings Institution Woodrow Wilson Center Garrett Nada J. M. Berger United States Institute of Peace International Centre for Counter- Terrorism Jacob Olidort The Hague Washington Institute for Near East Policy William Braniff Alexander Thurston START Consortium, University of Mary land Georgetown University Cole Bunzel Clinton Watts Prince ton University Foreign Policy Research Institute Daniel Byman Frederic Wehrey Brookings Institution and Georgetown University Car ne gie Endowment for International Peace Jennifer Cafarella Craig Whiteside Institute for the Study of War Naval War College Harleen Gambhir Graeme Wood Institute for the Study of War Yale University Daveed Gartenstein- Ross Aaron Y. Zelin Foundation for the Defense of Democracies Washington Institute for Near East Policy Hassan Hassan Katherine Zimmerman Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy American Enterprise Institute Charles Lister Middle East Institute Making Peace Possible December 2016/January 2017 CONTENTS Source: Image by Peter Hermes Furian, www . iStockphoto. com. The West failed to predict the emergence of al- Qaeda in new forms across the Middle East and North Africa. It was blindsided by the ISIS sweep across Syria and Iraq, which at least temporarily changed the map of the Middle East. Both movements have skillfully continued to evolve and proliferate— and surprise. What’s next? Twenty experts from think tanks and universities across the United States explore the world’s deadliest movements, their strate- gies, the future scenarios, and policy considerations. This report reflects their analy sis and diverse views.
    [Show full text]
  • I Am a Salafi : a Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis
    The Hashemite Kingdom Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2014/5/2464) 251.541 Mohammad Abu Rumman I Am A Salafi A Study of The Actual And Imagined Identities of Salafis / by Mohammad Abu Rumman Amman:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2014 Deposit No.:2014/5/2464 Descriptors://Islamic Groups//Islamic Movement Published in 2014 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website: www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung or the editor. Translation: Dr. Hassan Barari Editing: Amy Henderson Cover: YADONIA Group Printing: Economic Printing Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-41-5 2nd Edition 2017 2 I AM A SALAFI A Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis by Mohammad Abu Rumman 3 4 Dedication To my parents Hoping that this modest endeavor will be a reward for your efforts and dedication 5 Table of Contents DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ 5 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Marcin Styszyński PRESENT TRENDS AMONG JIHADISTS
    XI: 2014 nr 3 Marcin Styszyński PRESENT TRENDS AMONG JIHADISTS AFTER THE ARAB SPRING Post-revolutionary environment The Arab Spring created three main trends in current political Islam. The fi rst fi eld concerns offi cial Muslim parties declaring implementation of some Islamic values in legal, constitutional and social life. They resign from violence and accept politi- cal dialogue and mechanisms such as free elections, referendum or parliamentary activities. The second factor refl ects Salafi preaching and radical ideas preserving conservative traditions from the period of the Prophet Mohammad. Salafi groups are focused on their theological teaching, charity work and popularization of moral values among societies. The third category concerns jihadist organizations that dec- lare violence and fi ght against authorities and societies. They refer to the concept of takfīr (excommunication), which considers the state and the society as a sinful and atheistic group supporting immoral and corrupted governments. Moreover, the idea of takfīr is close to Al-Qaeda activities regarding violent renaissance of historic caliphate and implementation of strict sharia rules. Al-Qaeda also adapts defensive and off ensive sense of jihad to modern political context related to Western policy in the Muslim world. The victory of the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafi groups in parliamentary elections in Egypt and Tunisia in 2011, the presidency of Mohammad Mursi as 26 MARCIN STYSZYŃSKI well as control of main regions in Libya and Syria by extremist militias increased infl uences of radical Islam in post-revolutionary countries.1 However, after three years of the transition process Arab societies have changed their attitude to the crucial values of the Arab revolution such as democra- cy, freedom, liberalism or fi ght against authoritarianism.
    [Show full text]
  • Taftazani, a Commentary on the Creed of Islam
    > Commentary on the Creed of Islam NUMBER XLIII OF THE RECORDS OF CIVILIZATION SOURCES AND STUDIES AUSTIN P. EVANS, Editor Commentary on the Creed of Islam Sa'd al-T)in a on the Creed of al-T)in al-T^asaji TRANSLATED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY EARL EDGAR ELDER MCML Columbia University Tress, COPYRIGHT 1950 BY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK Published in Great Britain, Canada, and India by Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press London, Toronto, and Bombay MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA RECORDS OF CIVILIZATION SOURCES AND STUDIES EDITED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Editor AUSTIN P. EVANS, PH.D. Professor of History Advisory Board DINO BIGONGIARI, Da Ponte Professor of Italian ROBERT HERNDON FIFE, L.H.D., Gebhard Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures CARLTON J. H. HAYES, LITT.D., Seth Low Professor of History ROGER SHERMAN LOOMIS, B.LITT., Professor of English ROBERT MORRISON MAcIVER, LITT.D., Lieber Professor of Political Philosophy and Sociology DAVID S. MUZZEY, PH.D., Gouverneur Morris Professor Emeritus of History JAMES T. SHOTWELL, LL.D., Bryce Professor Emeritus of the History of International Relations LYNN THORNDIKE, L.H.D., Professor of History WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN, L.H.D., Professor Emeritus of Ancient History To 0. N. E. Preface URING D, recent years there has been a revival of interest in things mediaeval. The Neo-Thomist school of philosophy is but one evidence of this. Different scholars have reminded us that the Middle Ages arc not a backwater nor a bayou having little connection with the great stream of intellectual movements in our civilized world.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Wala Wa-L-Bara and the Western Foreign Fighters of the Islamic State
    Al-Wala wa-l-Bara and the Western Foreign Fighters of the Islamic State by Hamid Durrani A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 © Hamid Durrani 2019 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. Date: April 22, 2019 Name (printed letters): Hamid Durrani Signature: i ABSTRACT Addressing the question of the Islamic State’s foreign fighters not only necessitates a thorough understanding of their state of mind or psychology, but also the firm ideological beliefs in their hearts and minds. There are many studies that focus on the earthly pursuits of the Islamic State’s Western fighters but they tend to fall short because they do not adequately address the religious aspects. As it appears, Salafi- jihadism and Wahhabism are the central philosophies of the Islamic State’s religious roots. Heavily relying on qualitative data, this study aims to unveil whether hijrah to the Caliphate or rallying to its cause at home correlates with the Islamic State’s emphasis on the distinctly Salafi and particularly Wahhabi doctrine called al-Wala wa-l-Bara. This study first explains the historical and theological contexts of the doctrine. Second, it examines the extent to which the doctrine was preached by the Islamic State to sway Muslims to support its cause.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Moderate Muslim Networks
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Building Moderate Muslim Networks Angel Rabasa Cheryl Benard Lowell H. Schwartz Peter Sickle Sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation CENTER FOR MIDDLE EAST PUBLIC POLICY The research described in this report was sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation and was conducted under the auspices of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter-Terrorism Reference Curriculum
    COUNTER-TERRORISM REFERENCE CURRICULUM CTRC Academic Project Leads & Editors Dr. Sajjan M. Gohel, International Security Director Asia Pacific Foundation Visiting Teacher, London School of Economics & Political Science [email protected] & [email protected] Dr. Peter Forster, Associate Professor Penn State University [email protected] PfPC Reference Curriculum Lead Editors: Dr. David C. Emelifeonwu Senior Staff Officer, Educational Engagements Canadian Defence Academy Associate Professor Royal Military College of Canada Department of National Defence [email protected] Dr. Gary Rauchfuss Director, Records Management Training Program National Archives and Records Administration [email protected] Layout Coordinator / Distribution: Gabriella Lurwig-Gendarme NATO International Staff [email protected] Graphics & Printing — ISBN XXXX 2010-19 NATO COUNTER-TERRORISM REFERENCE CURRICULUM Published May 2020 2 FOREWORD “With guns you can kill terrorists, with education you can kill terrorism.” — Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani activist for female education and Nobel Prize laureate NATO’s counter-terrorism efforts have been at the forefront of three consecutive NATO Summits, including the recent 2019 Leaders’ Meeting in London, with the clear political imperative for the Alliance to address a persistent global threat that knows no border, nationality or religion. NATO’s determination and solidarity in fighting the evolving challenge posed by terrorism has constantly increased since the Alliance invoked its collective defence clause for the first time in response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States of America. NATO has gained much experience in countering terrorism from its missions and operations. However, NATO cannot defeat terrorism on its own. Fortunately, we do not stand alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Do Americans Go Abroad to Fight in Foreign Conflicts?
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 2018-06 WHY DO AMERICANS GO ABROAD TO FIGHT IN FOREIGN CONFLICTS? Harris, Alphonso Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/59679 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS WHY DO AMERICANS GO ABROAD TO FIGHT IN FOREIGN CONFLICTS? by Alphonso Harris June 2018 Thesis Advisor: Mohammed M. Hafez Second Reader: Daniel T. Cunningham Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Form Approved OMB REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) June 2018 Master's thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS WHY DO AMERICANS GO ABROAD TO FIGHT IN FOREIGN CONFLICTS? 6. AUTHOR(S) Alphonso Harris 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Hizbullah, Al-Qaeda, and IS. Robert Andrew Hodges
    Ideological Foundations of Jihadist Organizations: Hizbullah, al-Qaeda, and IS. Robert Andrew Hodges Thesis submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Political Science Bettina Koch Ilja Luciak Yannis Stivachtis June 27, 2017 Blacksburg, Virginia Keyword: Jihadist organization, ideology, religion, socio-political, Hizbullah, al- Qaeda, ISIS Copyright 2017, Robert Andrew Hodges Ideological Foundations of Jihadist Organizations: Hizbullah, al-Qaeda, and IS. Robert Andrew Hodges ABSTRACT This thesis explores the ideological foundations of three jihadist organizations, Hizbullah, al- Qaeda, and Islamic State (IS). All three are categorized as international terrorist organizations but their goals differ. Hizbullah seeks to alter the government within Lebanon, al-Qaeda seeks to eliminate Western influences in Muslim inhabited territories, and IS seeks to create a caliphate within a large portion of the Middle East. The similarities and differences of these three organizations will be illuminated through this examination. The primary focus of the examination focuses on their religious teachings and discourse, as this is a critical aspect of their ideologies. Through this examination, the differences in discourse coinciding with the differing goals of each organization is presented. The discourse of each organization facilitates their goals, recruitment of fighters, and explanation of their actions. Self/other identification is a commonality of all three ideologies but the identification of the other is different according to each organizations goals. This thesis will highlight this aspect and allow for further discussion of the three organizations in future research. The conclusion will allow for discussion as to who gains and maintains power and whether religion is a base or merely a tool for this power.
    [Show full text]
  • Biography of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed)
    DEFENCE OF THE MUSLIM LANDS The First Obligation After Iman Biography of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed) Abdullah Yusuf Azzam was born in a village in the North of Palestine named Selat AI Harithia in Genine District in the year 1941. His father's name was Mustafa Azzam who died a year after his son was assassinated. His mother was Zakia Saleh who died one year before the Sheikh was killed. She was buried in Pabi camp. The Azzam family is a well-known family, one of its members being Sheikh Abdullah Azzam, distinguished as a child, who started making Da'wah at an early age. He was already showing signs of excellence and was recognised by his teachers while he was in elementary school. His peers knew him as a pious child. Since he was a small boy he was known for his determination and serious dispositions. Before he had even come of age, he joined the Muslim Brotherhood. Sheikh Abdullah Azzam received his early elementary and secondary school education in his village, and continued his education at the agricultural Khadorri College where he obtained a Diploma. Although he was the youngest amongst his colleagues, he was the brigbtest and most astute. After he graduated from Khadorri College, he worked as a teacher in a village named Adder in the South of Jordan. Later he joined Shariah College in Damascus University where he obtained a B.A. Degree in Shariah in 1966. After the Jews captured the West Bank in 1967, Sheikh Abdullah Azzam decided to migrate to Jordan, because he could not live under the Jewish occupation of Palestine.
    [Show full text]
  • TÉRMINO: Halal VARIANTES ORTOGRÁFICAS: TRANSCRIPCIÓN (Según Al-Qántara): Ḥalāl
    TÉRMINO: halal VARIANTES ORTOGRÁFICAS: TRANSCRIPCIÓN (según Al-Qántara): ḥalāl CAMPOS: Autoridad, Comunidad DEFINICIÓN: Categoría de la jurisprudencia islámica que designa todo lo que es lícito; se contrapone a lo haram, lo ilícito y por tanto prohibido. HALAL: La consideración de que un acto sea halal (lícito) no implica necesariamente que el individuo o la colectividad estén obligados a realizarlo, sino que se puede realizar, siempre acorde con unas normas. De ahí que lo halal vaya desde los actos de devoción individual que le son ineludibles a cada musulmán (los conocidos como “cinco pilares del islam”: la profesión de fe, la oración, el azaque, en ayuno en Ramadán y la peregrinación a La Meca) a los actos que a Dios no le son gratos pero que son lícitos, como el divorcio. En la historia del derecho islámico ha sido recurrente la tensión por hacer halal lo que no lo es, bien porque habiéndose tenido algo por haram llegado un momento se entiende de otra manera (como la música en general) bien para afrontar una realidad hasta entonces desconocida (por ejemplo el uso de nuevas tecnologías). En la actualidad, es un debate controvertido entre los juristas cómo delimitar este recurso, que puede ser utilizado en términos antitéticos. Dos ejemplos contrapuestos: a) las fetuas de los yihadistas justificando la muerte de inocentes han sido tachadas de istihlal (falso halal) por la Comisión Islámica de España; b) gracias al tahlil (hacer halal mediante una intermediación lícita lo que es ilícito), los musulmanes europeos pueden acceder a determinados créditos hipotecarios del sistema bancario internacional, sorteando así la prohibición coránica de la usura.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Radical Islam and Effectiveness of Counter-Terrorism in a Global Age Written by Zaki Mehta
    The Rise of Radical Islam and Effectiveness of Counter-Terrorism in a Global Age Written by Zaki Mehta This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. The Rise of Radical Islam and Effectiveness of Counter- Terrorism in a Global Age https://www.e-ir.info/2011/09/20/the-rise-of-radical-islam-and-effectiveness-of-counter-terrorism-in-a-global-age/ ZAKI MEHTA, SEP 20 2011 Terrorism, one may argue, has existed for as long as man himself. Regardless of its aims, terrorism has throughout time continually changed in form due to ever changing factors such as; the perpetrators, means, motivation and the victims. Subsequently so have the methods with which to counter terrorism. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century there has been a stark shift in the global perception of terrorism and its cause. As a consequence of such a shift it is fair to say that there has been a direct change in the measures taken in order to halt terrorism. This dissertation seeks to discuss the origins and rise of radical Islam as the new so called ‘terror’ and the subsequent development and transition of counter-terrorism in the post September 11th 2001 period. Specifically, this essay seeks to discuss the development of counter-terrorism in relation to the pivotal concept of radical Islam. Rightly or wrongly radical Islam is perceived as the modern day global ‘terror’ and it will be used in this dissertation in order to assess the evolution of counter-terrorism in the twenty first century.
    [Show full text]