DOCSLIB.ORG

Ibn Sīnā's Thought on The" Perfect Man": the Role of the Faculties of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ibn Sīnā's Thought on The National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic SerJices Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wclhngton Ottawa. OntarIO Ot13Wa (OntJ,no) K1A QN4 K1A ON4 ,-........ /.... ~-..:, .. "." ............. OU'/,I<' M't,!,,'"'''''''''''' NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec· l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Sorne pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. ,- Canada • IBN SiNÀ'S THOUGHT ON THE "PERFECT MAN": THE ROLE OF THE FACULTIES OF THE SOUL by Arba'iyah Yusuf A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Reseach McGiII University, Montreal, in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Institute of Islamic Studies McGiII University Montreal 1994 National Ubrary Bibl;o!hèque nationale of Canada du Car!ada ••• Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliog raphic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 39S Welli!19tOlI Slreer 395. rue Welhngton Ottawa. Or.lario Ottawa (Ont.no) K1i-.0N4 K1AON4 THE AUTHOR HAS GRANTED AN ::"AUTEUR A ACCORDE UNE LICENCE IRREVOCABLE NON-EXCLUSIVE IRREVOCABLE ET NON EXCLUSIVE LICENCE ALLOWING THE NATIONAL PERMETTANT A LA BIBLIOTrlEQUE LIBRARY OF CANADA TO NATIONALE DU CANADA DE REPRODUCE, LOAN, DISTRIBUTE OR REPRODUIRE, PRETER, DISTRIBUER SELL COPIES OF ffiS/HER THESIS BY OU VENDRE DES COPIES DE SA ANY MEANS AND IN ANY FORM OR THESE DE QUELQUE MANIERE ET FORMAT, MAKING TffiS THESIS SOUS QUELQUE FORME QUE CE SOIT AVAILABLE TO lNTERESTED POUR METTRE DES EXEMPLAIRES DE PERSONS. CETTE THESE ALA DISPOSmON DES PERSONNE INTERESSEES. THE AUTHORRETAlNS OWNERSmP L'AUTEUR CONSERVE LA PROPRIETE OF THE COPYRIGHT IN ffiSIHER DU DROIT D'AUTEUR QUI PROTEGE THESIS. NEITHER THE THESIS NOR SA THESE. NI LA THESE NI DES SUBSTANTIAL EXTRACTS FROM IT EXTRAITS SUBSTANTIELS DE CELLE­ MAY BE PRlNTED OR OTHERWISE CI NE DOIVENT ETRE IMPRIMES OU REPRODUCED WlTHOUT ffiSIHER AUTREMENT REPRODUITS SANS SON PERMISSION. AUTORISATION. ISBN 0-315-99952-7 Canad;I • ABSTRACT AUTHOR : Arba'iyah Yusuf TITLE OF THESIS : Ibn Sïna's thought on the "Perfect Man": the role of the faculties of the soul DEPARTMENT : Institute of Islarnic Studies, McGiII University DEGREE : Master of Arts (M.A.) This thesis is a study ofIbn Sïna's concept ofthe Perfect Man, which is studied here with reference to the role of the faculties of the soul. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to Ibn S""ma's life and his intellectual background. Chapter II studies Ibn Sïna's views on hurnan existence, the human body and the hurnan soul. In the • section dealing with the the hurnan soul, the faculties of the soul are elaborated at length. Chapter m discusses Ibn S""ma's concept of the Perfect Man, a person who has reached the highest position which corresponds to the acquired intellect. This chapter a1so discusses Ibn S""ma's view of the role of the faculties of the soul in anaining to the position of perfection. • i Résumé • Auteur : Arba'iyah Yusuf Titre de Thesis : "La Pensée d'Ibn Sïna à Propos de l'homme parfait: Le rôle des Facultés de l'âme Division : Institut des Études Islamiques l'Université McGill Licence : Maitrise en Arts CeTte thèse fait une étude ~u concept de l'homme parfait chez Ibn Sïnà, \' isant en particulier le role des facultés de l'âme. Le premier chapitre comprend une brève introduction à la vie d'Ibn Sïna et de son milieu intellectuel. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on expose les théories de Ibn Sina sur l'existence humaine, sur le corps humain ainsi que sur l'âme. Un interêt pa.rticulier, est porté àl'étude des facultes de l'âme. Dans le chapitre trois, en première partie,la conception de Ibn Sïna de l'homme parfait, celui qui a a~eint le niv~u suprême, donc le niveau de l'intellect acquis. est discuté _ En seconde partie, on discute le rôle des facultés de l'âme ainsi que leur importance, dans l'aTteinte de la perfection. .. • TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .ii DEDICATION iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv INTRODUCTION: 1 CHAPTER 1 : IBN SÏNA: HIS LiFE AND INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND ....4 A. Ibn Sïna's Life 5 B. Ibn Sïna's Intellectual Background 11 1. Youth and education 11 2. His Works 19 CHAPTER Il : IBN SINA'S NOTION OF THE HUMAN BEING 28 A. Human e.xistence 28 B. The elements of I:uman beings 36 • 1. Body 37 2. The soul 39 CHAPTER III : IBN SINA'S CONCEPT OF THE "PERFECT MAN" 54 A. The idea ofthe Perfect Man 54 B. The role ofthe facul:ies ofthe soul in attaining the level of perfection 64 CONCLUSION 75 APPENDIX 77 BIBLiOGRAPHY 82 • Il • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis has taken me one year to write. and has reached completion with the help of my certain people. 1 would like to thank Dr. Eric Onnsby. who supervised this thesis. made useful comments on earlier drafts. helpful references. and prov;ded much encouragement 1would like to thank also Dr. Sajida Alvi. my academic advisor. for her help and encouragement My thanks are also due to Dr. Abdul Aziz Sachedina with whom 1 flfSt discussed my thesis proposai. 1 wish to thank the staff of the Islamic Studies library for their help in locating and obtaining the source material for me. 1 should also like to take this opportunity to record my gratitude to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA] and the McGill-lndonesia IAIN Project for making it possible for me to study at McGill University. 1 am also grateful to my friends particularly, Devi Yanti, Nanang Tahqiq and Abdul Muhayya for their unswerving help and support 1 wish to thank Mu~ammad Qasim Zaman and Richard McGregor for editing this thesis. and Oliver l:Ianif Gilsenan for proof reading it Finally, 1 am extremely grateful to my relatives in Indonesia, whose support has enableci me to complete my studies abroad. e- iii • The thesis is dedicaled for who are in the spirit of seeking the knowledge iv • INTRODUCTION In his article "Avicenna: Introduction" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Muhsin Mahdi observes: The generally accepted view that Islamic philosophic tradition established by F"ariibI (d. 339/950) came to an end with Ibn Rushd (Averroes, fl 520­ 95/1126-98) has becn challenged by scholars who have pointed to the continuity of that tradition in the East, principally ir. Iran, to the present day. In order to understand the point at issue, one must begin with Avicenna. as a disciple of F"arabI, which in many ways he was, but <sIso as a thinker who attempted to redefine the course of Islanùc philosophy and channel it into new directions. For to.the extent that the post-AveiToistic tradition remained philosophic, it move<! in the directions charted for it by Avicenna in the investigation of both theoretical and practical sciences.' Ibn S"ma was one of the greatest Muslim philosophers. A polymath, his work encompasses a variety of subjects, which include logic, cosmology, metaphysics, psychology, and medicine.2 In his philosophical writings, inter aUa, Ibn S'ina discusses the question of human perfection, the highest and the most ideal positicn a human being can attain to. Ibn S"ma elaborates on this question through his idea of the faculties of the soul, lM. Mahdi, "Avicenna: Introduction: Encyclopaedia lranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater (London & New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1989), Vol. m, 66. 2Sayyed Hossein Nasr, Three Muslim Sages: Avicenna. Suhrawardi and Ibn 'Arabi (New York: Caravan Books, 1964),23. 1 • 2 dividing the soul into: the vegetative, the animal, and me rational.3 Through the faculties of the rational soul, human beings are able to attain to the various stages oÏ the intellect, viz. potential intellect, intellect in habitu, intellect in actu, and acquired intellect The highest position is marked by the attainment of the acquired intellect, which signifies that perfection is the highest form available for a human being to reach. Ibn Sïna speaks of the people who are able to attain to the highest level of perfection in the context of his discussion of prophethood and sufism'. This discussion will be the focus of my investigation. The study will primarily be based on the following three works of Ibn Sïna: [1] Ishiirüt wa al· Tanbfhiit, [2] Al-Najüt, and [3] Fazlur Rahman's edition of Avicenna's Psychology. This thesis is divided iilto three parts. The fll'st part will comprise a discussion of Ibn Sïna's life and his intellectual background. The second part discusses Ibn Sïna's concept of the human being: human existence, and the elements of a human being.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Curriculum & Syllabi
    School of Islamic Studies B.A. ISLAMIC STUDIES ENGLISH MEDIUM – EVENING PROGRAMME Duration: Seven Semesters CURRICULUM & SYLLABI 1 SEMESTER I Course S.No. Name of the Course L T P C Code Foundation Courses: 1 ISB1121 Arabic Language & Tajweed 4 0 0 4 2 ISB1122 Communicative English 3 0 0 3 Core Courses: 3 ISB1123 Quran Meaning Word by word: Al Baqara 3 0 0 3 4 ISB1124 Moral & Ethics - Guidance of Prophet (PBUH) 3 0 0 3 Allied Courses: 5 ISB1125 Biography of Prophet (PBUH) & Caliphate 3 0 0 3 Total: 16 SEMESTER II Course S.No. Name of the Course L T P C Code Foundation Courses: 1 ISB1231 Arabic Language & Grammar 4 0 0 4 2 ISB1232 English Language 3 0 0 3 Core Courses: Quran Meaning Word by word: Ala Imran – An 3 ISB1233 3 0 0 3 Nisa 4 ISB1234 Hadeeth - Teachings of Prophet 3 0 0 3 5 ISB1235 Islamic Fiqh - Ibaadath 3 0 0 3 Total: 16 2 SEMESTER III Course S.No. Name of the Course L T P C Code Foundation Courses: 1 ISB2121 Functional Arabic & Grammar 4 0 0 4 Core Courses: Quran Meaning Word by word: Al Maidah – Al 2 ISB2122 3 0 0 3 A’raf 3 ISB2123 Tafseer: At Tawbah & Yousuf 3 0 0 3 4 ISB2124 Islamic Doctrine - Aqeedah 3 0 0 3 5 ISB2125 Islamic Fiqh – Zakath & Hajj 3 0 0 3 Total: 16 SEMESTER IV Course S.No. Name of the Course L T P C Code Foundation Courses: 1 ISB2231 Advanced Arabic 4 0 0 4 Core Courses: 2 ISB2232 Tafseer: Selected Chapters 3 0 0 3 3 ISB2233 Hadith: Abu Dawood 3 0 0 3 4 ISB2234 Principles of Jurisprudence - Adillah 3 0 0 3 Allied Courses: 5 ISB2235 Islamic History - Umayyad Period 3 0 0 3 3 Total: 16 SEMESTER V Course S.No.
    [Show full text]
  • BAIS Arabic and Islamic Studies Regulations 2017 Page
    B.A.I.S. Arabic and Islamic Studies Regulations 2017 VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES VISION The department looks forward to be a pioneer in the field of Islamic Studies to promote Scholars, capable of bringing about positive change for the betterment of self, family, society and humanity on the basis of moderate approach derived from the Holy Quran and Sunnah - Tradition of the Prophet (PBUH). MISSION The department is committed: • To empower the younger generation through quality education in both revealed and scientific knowledge. • To promote competent, creative scholars in the field through scientific research. • To provide excellent ambience for language skill development and leadership qualities through various training programmes. Page | 1 B.A.I.S. Arabic and Islamic Studies Regulations 2017 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES B.A ISLAMIC STUDIES OBJECTIVES: The programme objectives covering all three years of under graduate courses are as follows: 1. To provide a broad understanding of Islam as a way of life. 2. To acquire revealed knowledge of Quran and Hadeeth (Traditions of Prophet (PBUH). 3. To develop students' ability in analyzing texts of Quran and Hadeeth as sources of Islamic Jurisprudence. 4. To train students in finding solutions for modern issues of family life and social life in the light of Quran and Hadeeth. 5. To learn basic concepts and philosophy of Major religions namely Hinduism, Christianity and Judaism about God, world life and hereafter. 6. To develop students' language skills in both Arabic and English. OUTCOME: A successful learner of this programme will be able to: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies Mcgill University, Montreal April 2012
    FAITH AND WORLD CONTEMPORARY ISMAILI SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies © 2012 Mohammad N. Miraly TO MY F ATHER AND M OTHER TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Résumé iii Acknowledgements v An Historical Note on Ismailism vii 1 Opening 1 2 The Study 15 Part I: 3 Speaking About Ismailism 24 4 The Contemporary Ismaili Historical Narrative 59 5 Ismaili Approaches to the Qur’an 103 6 The AKDN in Afghanistan: Ethos and Praxis 114 Part II: 7 Democracy, Secularism, and Social Ethics 138 8 Pluralism and Civic Culture 159 9 Knowledge and Learning 185 10 Closing: The Transnational Ismaili in Canada 202 Postscript: Wither Neutrality? 213 Appendix A: Preamble to the Constitution of the Shi`a Imami Ismaili Muslims 216 Appendix B: AKDN Organisation Chart 218 Selected Bibliography 219 ABSTRACT Contemporary Ismaili thought views the Ismaili tradition as connected to a historical past deriving from Qur’anic principles and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his heirs, the Shi`a Imams. Thus, contemporary Ismailism’s focus on liberal values like democracy, pluralism, and education are articulated as contemporary forms of eternal Qur’anic ethical principles. The current and 49th Ismaili Imam, Aga Khan IV – who claims descent from the Prophet through his daughter, Fatima, and son-in-law, `Ali – articulates the principles of liberal democratic pluralism as the best means to realize ethical Islamic living in the present day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Multiple Nature of the Islamic Da'wa
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Egdunas Racius THE MULTIPLE NATURE OF THE ISLAMIC DA‘WA ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XII, Unioninkatu 34, on the 23rd of October, 2004 at 10 o'clock ISBN 952-10-0489-4 (printed) ISBN 952-10-0490-8 (pdf) ISSN 1458-5359 Valopaino Oy Helsinki 2004 CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 Previous research on da‘wa .......................................................................... 12 The location of the present study .................................................................. 18 Part I Islamic da‘wa: the term and its sources ............................................................ 29 1. The da‘wa in the Quran and Sunna .................................................................. 31 Scope of da‘wa meanings ............................................................................. 34 Da‘wa as invitation to Islam ......................................................................... 37 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 47 2. Da‘wa versus jihad ........................................................................................... 49 Jihad in the Quran and Hadith collections ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Critique on Abdullah Yusuf Ali's Methods of Qur'anic Commentary (A
    68 CHAPTER III THE CHARACTERISTIC OF ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI ‘S METHODS OF QUR’ANIC COMMENTARY A long time, after passing over studies from many perspectives (religious-scientific, history, politic and social) a question arouses; is Islam a stumbling block of progress of the society which lives under control of philosophical state when this religion wants to do significant attitudes as demand to socio-cultural life style which supports the advance, and in realizing conformity between Islamic doctrines and life orientation and its founder? Or in other word, do Islam and cultural life in modern civilization confront in the two different poles and thus could not be matched? The various scientific traditions in Islam world have attempted to answer it theoretically. Specifically, the orientation comes as the consequence of well intended movement- in certain territory whose amount of its citizens grows rapidly, that is India- since decades. This movement tends to be theoretical instead of being eclectic in two different majors. Ignaz Goldziher rates that it is the main 69 cause of paradoxical meaning and essence of Islam as the absence of Islamic mobilization to modern paradigm. Ethical value is finally determined to temporal-relative cases, while duties are obligated through the truth of stabled syari’ah (religious legitimacy). 1 Therefore, the Indian reformers such as Sayyid Amir Ali (1849-1928) 2, Ahmad Khan 3, Iqbal (1876-1938) 4, etc voiced the change. Sayyid Ahmad Khan viewed that the cause of Muslim backwardness in India is their reluctant to follow the world 1 Ignaz Goldziher, Madzhab Tafsir; Dari Aliran Klasih Hingga Modern, translate: Alaika Salamullah, et.al, (Yogyakarta: eLSAQ Press, 2003) p: 380 2 Sayyid Amir Ali is the founding father of National Mohammedan Association which was the association for Indian Muslim unity and was aimed to defend the interest of Muslim and to train them the politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Translation Stages of Quran Into Other Languages
    Sci.Int.(Lahore),31(4),169-170 ,2019 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 169 TRANSLATION STAGES OF QURAN INTO OTHER LANGUAGES Salam Abbood Hasan AlIraqia University ,Baghdad,Iraq [email protected] (+96407723300315) For correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Says Mohammed bin Hassan Ahadjoa Thaalbi in his book "rule of translation of the Koran": "claimed that Islam committed the Arab people and learn, and discard their tongues and prevent them from translating the Koran great, these Aelchenah ensure their response and vilification by a written (passport translation of the Qur'an) it has proved it that religion Nations that have entered in Islam need not speak Arabic, as evidenced by its survival to speak now Bolnoha, and prevent the translation of the Qur'an was originally not mentioned in the book ban is not one year and not a consensus not to measure. Keywords: Translation stages, languages 1. INTRODUCTION Marmaduke Pickthall ( in English: by Muhammad Translations of the Quran are interpretations of the Marmaduke Pickthall ) [2] highlighted his work at all that meaning of the Koran into languages other than Arabic. It translation -alta initiated in Hyderabad and supplemented has been translated into the most European, Asian and in Egypt - the meanings of the Holy Quran into English African languages. The Iranians and Persians have in cooperation with some scholars of Al - Azhar, was the already translated the Quran into Persian, their mother translation of the first translation of the meanings of the tongue and all other tongues until the African and Koran written in English Muslim, where the translations in American languages [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Pickthall's Islamic Politics
    chapter 5 Pickthall’s Islamic Politics M.A. Sherif India in the early 1920s was in political ferment. It was also a time of fragile political consensus, bringing together Muslims, Hindus and other religious communities. For Muslims, the dominant concern was the future of Ottoman Turkey and the Caliphate. A news report published in the Urdu journal Muslim conveys the atmosphere at Bombay’s Parsi Assembly Hall one evening in April 1922, in the aftermath of the Treaty of Sèvres: When Pickthall arose to deliver his speech, the hall resounded with shouts of pleasure. He first thanked the audience and then noted that the people of Hindustan must surely be astounded by the conditions im- posed on Turkey by the Paris Peace Conference but he was not surprised. [He said] “I knew beforehand that the Paris Peace Conference would not arrive at any sensible decision […] Gallipoli and the north of the Sea of Marmara is being given to Greece even though it has no rights over these […] moreover the Angora Government will not accept these conditions. […] When I was in Paris I met Muslim representatives from all over the world. In my opinion, the Muslims of Hindustan should not have hopes that the demands of the Turkish freedom-seekers on the Khilafat will be the same as those they have presented. The reality is that Hindustan’s Muslims sided with Britain in the war against the Turks, and I too am in the same boat. I joined the battle on behalf of Britain. In the promises made to us it was clearly expressed that it would not be against the welfare of Islam and the jaziratul Arab.
    [Show full text]
  • Directive in English Translation of Qur'an
    DIRECTIVE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF QUR’AN SURAH ALBAQARAH BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI By KHAQIQOTUL JAUHARIN 200932297 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS 2014 DIRECTIVE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF QUR’AN SURAH ALBAQARAH BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI By KHAQIQOTUL JAUHARIN 200932297 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS 2014 i ii DIRECTIVE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF QUR’AN SURAH ALBAQARAH BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI SKRIPSI Presented to the University of Muria Kudus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program in English Education By KHAQIQOTUL JAUHARIN 200932297 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS 2014 iii MOTTO AND DEDICATION Motto: Seek help with patient perseverance and prayer (Q.S Albaqarah verse 153) Dream, Believe, and Make it Happen (Agnes Monica) Dedication: This skripsi is dedicated to: Her beloved parents (H. sutrisno and Hj. Sukanah), her beloved brother (Agus Susanto) and her beloved sisters (Hj Annisa and Elli Sofiatun) thanks a lot for your support, pray and blessing. Her best friends (Aiz, Titin, Aisyah, Yani, Sussy, Puput, Herlina, Pope, Siro, Nita, Titis, Chio) who always support and give spirit for the writer. iv v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah thanks to Allah SWT the Almighty for the blessing and aspirations so that the writer can complete this skripsi entitled “Directive in English Translation of Qur’an Surah Albaqarah The writer also wishes to express her deepest gratitude to those who are directly or indirectly involved in completing this skripsi, they are: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Twelver Shi'ite Islam: Conceptual and Practical Aspects
    TWELVER SHI'ITE ISLAM: CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS M. Ismail Marcinkowski* Introduction ecent political events surrounding the Iranian "nuclear crisis", as well Ras the still unsettled fate of Iraq have resulted in a renewed interest in the Shi'ite dimension of Islam among political observers. The events in mainly Shi'ite Iraq and Iran should also be of concern to policy-makers in Southeast Asia, and this is not only because of the possibility of the almost certain occurrence of "solidarity effects" among Muslims of the region in general should America go to war against Iran. According to The World Factbook, 1 published annually by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States, Islam was the second largest religion in 2005. About 15% of the world's Muslims of perhaps up to 1.5 billion are Shi'ites, the majority of them Twelvers. Twelver Shi'ites TAFHIM Online © IKIM Press today constitute the majority in Iran (c. 90%), the Republic of Azerbaijan (c. 75%), Iraq (c. 60-65%), and also in Bahrain (more than 60%), which, nevertheless, has a Sunni Head of State. In Lebanon, the Twelvers constitute more than 40%, the largest single religious group in the country. There are also large minorities in Qatar (c. 20%), Afghanistan (about 19%), Pakistan (about 20% of the total population, especially around Lahore), Dr Marcinkowski is a Visiting Research Scholar with the lnstitute of Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSS) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, as well as Visiting Affiliate at National University of Singapore (NTU). He is the author of Religion and Politics in Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharia, Homosexuality and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 37, Issue 1 2013 Article 7 Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? Sharia, Homosexuality and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World Javaid Rehman∗ Eleni Polymenopoulouy ∗Brunel Law School yBrunel Law School Copyright c 2013 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj FEATURED ARTICLE IS GREEN A PART OF THE RAINBOW? SHARIA, HOMOSEXUALITY, AND LGBT RIGHTS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD Javaid Rehman & Eleni Polymenopoulou INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 2 I. THE EVOLUTION OF FIQH ON HOMOSEXUALITY ............. 8 A. General Prohibition of Same-Sex Relationships According to the Primary Sources of Sharia Law? .......... 9 1. Classical Interpretations of Sharia Law ....................... 9 2. Challenging the Orthodoxy of the Sharia ................ 13 B. Sunna of the Prophet and Ahadith Reporting ................ 18 C. Evolving Sharia Principles ............................................... 23 1. A Historical Understanding of Homosexuality in Sharia Law ............................................................ 23 2. Valuing Diversity and Recognizing Homosexuality ......................................................... 25 II. REPRESSION OF LGBT INDIVIDUALS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD ................................................................ 28 A. A Cultural Reading of Islamic Domestic Laws ............... 28 B. Harsh Domestic Law Standards .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • This Is the Author's Version of a Work That Was Submitted/Accepted for Pub
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for pub- lication in the following source: Riaz, Shamreeza& Abbas, Muhammad Zaheer (2013) Diversity of interpretations regarding Qawwam in Islamic thought with spe- cial reference to Surah An-Nisa. Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research, 7. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/109448/ c 2013 Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source: http://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/eng-1- Shamreeza-Riaz-Zaheer-Abbas-12-02-13.pdf Diversity of Interpretations Regarding Qawwam in Islamic Thought with Special Reference to Surah An-Nisa Diversity of Interpretations Regarding Qawwam in Islamic Thought with Special Reference to Surah An-Nisa *Muhammad Zaheer Abbas **Shamreeza Riaz Abstract Islam has granted fundamental rights to women, however, they are not interpreted accurately in our society due to the existence of a patriarchal social setup. The root cause of denying women rights is lack of command of Islamic teachings. There are many misconceptions regarding the stance of Islam on women rights especially on men and women equal social, legal and moral status as human beings. Islam differentiates between their status, roles and responsibilities in the family system, based on equity and justice. However, the true spirit of role differentiation is misunderstood by non Muslims as well as by less educated Muslims as establishing the patriarchal system endorsing gender inequality and discrimination against women.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptions of Religion and Islam in the Aligarh Movement
    IV. (Re)constructing the Origin The critique of South Asian religions by European missionaries as well as orien- talists, and increasingly by science in the second half of the 19th century, triggered the establishment of several religious reform movements. A very common ap- proach to refuting European critique was the reconstruction of an unadulterated, original form of the respective religion, as the colonialists viewed the present state of the respective religions as decayed לּn comparison to a former golden age. We have seen this approach already in the preceding chapter on Khan’s Essays wherein the author aimed to refute Muir’s critique with reference to the inherent implications of the Quran to inherent implications of the Quran beyond its explicit commands. Khan aimed at reconstructing these implications on the basis of early Islam. The preceding chapter thus raised the question of how this golden age of early Islam is understood, which will be discussed in this chapter in detail. The two primary authors I will discuss here aim to rediscover original Islam through historical studies of its early period. I will examine how these authors position their historical reconstruction of Islam in relation to the dominant discourse of science and rationalism as a marker of European influence, and in what sense Eu- rope is perceived as an explicit or implicit telos of history. The overarching ques- tion is therefore how this positioning affects the authors’ conceptions of the recon- struction of origin. The authors under discussion will be divided roughly into two groups. The first group will be represented principally by Khwaja Altaf Husain Hali and his histor- ical poem, Madd va jaẕr-i Islām (The Flow and Ebb of Islam).
    [Show full text]