ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 Publication Date: 24 June 2021 System Operations Committee

Report rendered 28 June 2021 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

Executive Summary

The HVDC links are important components for a stable op- The most utilised electricity market connection was the one eration of the Nordic and Baltic power system while sup- between Finland and Sweden (FI–SE3, HVDC links Fenno- porting the commercial power trade in the European energy Skan 1 and 2), with 85 % of the technical capacity being used markets. Furthermore, the HVDC links can provide other for transmission, as shown in Table ES.1. No other market important functions like voltage and emergency power sup- connection reached such a high utilisation percentage, and port to the HVAC grid. Hence, the advantages of keeping only seven of the thirteen market connections showed a util- the HVDC links in operation as much as possible are indis- isation percentage of more than 60 %. However, the utili- putable. The ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailabil- sation percentage of all HVDC links in 2020 was still at its ity Statistics 2020 report aims to provide an overview of the all-time highest value since 2012. The market connections Nordic and Baltic HVDC links as well as a detailed view of with most unavailability were the ones between Denmark each individual link. The executive summary concludes the and Netherlands (DK1–NL, HVDC link COBRAcable) and most important parts of the report into one chapter. Denmark and Germany (DK2–DE, HVDC link Kontek), with 29 % and 30 % of the total capacity being unavailable due to Overview outages and limitations, respectively. In 2020, 58.8 TWh of electric energy was transmitted through Table ES.1: Annual utilisation rate of HVDC links per bidding zone. the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links, which is approximately 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 DK1–DK2 45% 54% 58% 70% 78% 64% 63% 58% 71% 62 % of the total technical capacity (Emax) and correlates well 80% 51% with the percentage utilisation from previous years. Never- DK1–NL DK2–DE 70% 70% 73% 75% 67% 66% 53% 69% 47% theless, the transmitted energy and unavailable technical ca- FI–EE 59% 55% 41% 57% 42% 29% 37% 47% 75% pacity is showing a slight increasing trend after a significant FI–SE3 54% 53% 76% 76% 78% 70% 72% 81% 85% drop in 2012 and 2013, as seen in Figure ES.1. LT–PL 34% 47% 54% 61% 58% % Tecnhical capacity not used NO2–DK1 68% 61% 55% 54% 61% 54% 53% 46% 62% Annual utilisation of all HVDC links % Transmission NO2–NL 89% 72% 90% 94% 72% 83% 68% 61% 77% % Unavailable technical capacity 69 TWh 69 TWh 75 TWh 80 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 90 TWh 95 TWh RU–FI 34% 36% 25% 29% 46% 50% 67% 61% 23% 100% ) Eₘₐₓ

ₓ SE3–DK1 56% 40% 49% 49% 59% 52% 53% 50% 57% ₐ

ₘ 24% E

( 31% SE4–DE 60% 32% 47% 31% 43% 46% 33% 36% 55% 33% 37% 35% 35% 35% 33% y 80% 40% t i

c SE4–LT 44% 51% 50% 63% 76% a p a c

SE4–PL 52% 34% 61% 67% 56% 62% 66% 62% 72% l 60% a c i

n Grand Total 57% 50% 56% 58% 57% 56% 57% 58% 62%

h 62% c

e 58% t 40% 57% 57%

l 50% 56% 58% 57% 56% a t o t

f The most significant unavailabilities in 2020 occurred for

o 20%

% Baltic Cable, COBRAcable, Kontek, Konti-Skan 2, NorNed 14% 0% 10% 10% 7% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% and Skagerrak 1–4. Baltic Cable had 1 more severe distur- 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 bance outage, which was caused by a fault on the DC sub- Figure ES.1: The annual utilisation of all HVDC links since 2012. marine cable, probably cut by an anchor of a boat, and lasted Technical capacity not used is the amount of energy that has nei- 29 days. The limitations on Baltic Cable were mainly due ther been transmitted nor been unavailable due to limitations or to maintenance in the AC grid. COBRAcable’s unavailabil- outages. ity was mainly due to a disturbance outage caused by a sub- The total number of disturbance outages registered was 51, marine cable fault in September and lasted until 8 January preventing 4.1 TWh of potential energy transmission, or 2021. Kontek had a fault on the land cable on the German 4.3 % of the total technical capacity (Emax). Maintenance out- side, which resulted in 94 days of further unplanned main- ages amounted to 4.8 TWh, or 5.0 % of the total technical ca- tenance shortly after the 18 day long annual maintenance in pacity (Emax), and limitations reduced the transmission ca- September. Konti-Skan 2 (and 1) limitations where mainly pacity by 4.0 TWh (4.2 % of the total technical HVDC trans- due to maintenances on the AC-grid on both the Danish and mission capacity). The amount of unavailable technical ca- Swedish side. The disturbance outage on Konti-Skan 2 was pacity compared to the total technical capacity (Emax) has due to a fault in the smoothing reactor. increased by approximately 1 % per year since 2015 and was NorNed’s planned maintenance outages and limitations in 2020 at its highest point since 2012, as can be seen from were due to AC filters problems in Holland. The limitations Figure ES.1. The increasing trend is visible in all unavailabil- were also due to the AC filters. Both Skagerrak 1 and 2 had a ity categories except other outages. The unavailable techni- long disturbance outage caused by a cable fault due to (dif- cal capacity includes disturbance outages, limitations, un- ferent) ships. Skagerrak 4 had an additional planned mainte- planned and planned maintenance outages and other out- nance outage from May to July to cut cable samples for tests ages.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | i European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

and investigations. Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been limited mission as in 2012 when approximately 59 % of the technical due to “careful operation” since the Skagerrak 4 cable faults capacity (Emax) was utilised. The remarkable increase also in December 2019. In 2020, the north direction (DK1→NO2) applies to EstLink 2, where 85 % of the technical capacity was prioritised until March, after which the south direction (Emax) was utilised as transmission. EstLink 2’s utilisation (NO2→DK1) was prioritised. The effect of these incidents can was the second highest of all HVDC links in this report in be seen in Figure ES.2. 2020, while at the same time reaching its all-time high value Unavailability percentage for each HVDC link in 2020 since its commissioning in 2014. The technical capacity not used was 40 % of the technical capacity (Emax) for EstLink 1 Baltic Cable 18.7% and 12 % for EstLink 2. COBRAcable 29.3% 3.0% EstLink 1 Unavailable technical capacity (EU) due to outages and limi- EstLink 2 2.5% tations reached approximately 3 % for both EstLink 1 and 2. Fenno-Skan 1 1.6% Fenno-Skan 2 0.5% Also, approximately 3 % of all operating hours were affected Kontek 30.0% by outages or limitations for both EstLink 1 and EstLink 2, Konti-Skan 1 14.0% which means that nearly all of the outages and limitations Konti-Skan 2 19.2% reduced the transmission capacity by 100 % when they oc- LitPol Link 8.6% curred. NordBalt 5.5% NorNed 16.9% Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 Skagerrak 1 33.9% Skagerrak 2 44.2% The use of Fenno-Skan 1 continued to be very high in 2020, Skagerrak 3 17.1% with 97 % of the technical capacity (Emax) being utilised Skagerrak 4 17.3% for transmission. On the other hand, the utilisation rate of Storebaelt 0.3% Fenno-Skan 2 was 78 % of the maximum technical capacity SwePol 12.8% Vyborg Link 11.5% (Emax) leaving approximately 21 % of the technical capacity Grand Total 13.5% unused (ETCNU). The technical capacity not used (ETCNU) of 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Fenno-Skan 2 increased slightly (by 1 percentage point) compared to 2019 (20 %), but was still only approximately half of % of total technical capacity (Eₘₐₓ) the respective values in 2017 (40 %) and 2018 (39 %). Fenno- Figure ES.2: Percentage of unavailable technical capacity due to limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned mainte- Skan 1 was the most utilised HVDC link in 2020 in this report, nance and other outages for each link in 2020. and Fenno-Skan 2 was the third most utilised HVDC link. Almost all of the transmitted energy of Fenno-Skan 1 and Individual HVDC links 2 was transmitted from Sweden to Finland (SE3→FI) via Fenno-Skan 1 and 2. Both links had 4 planned maintenance Baltic Cable outages each, and Fenno-Skan 1 had 3 minor disturbance Baltic Cable had in 2020 its highest utilisation percentage of outages. The average number of outages since 2017 is lower 55 % of the maximum technical capacity (Emax) since 2013. than the corresponding value for 2012–2016. Totally, below However, a fifth of the maximum technical capacity was un- 1 % of the maximum technical capacity was unavailable (EU) available. The unavailability was mainly due to one distur- due to outages and limitations in 2020. bance outage (DC submarine cable fault, probably cut by an Kontek anchor of a boat) and limitations due to maintenance in the AC grid. The amount of unavailable capacity due to limi- After a good year in 2019, when Kontek had an available tech- tations decreased from 24 % of the total technical capacity nical capacity (EA) of 97 % and transmitted (ET) approximately 69 % of its maximum technical capacity (E ), 2020 (Emax) in 2019 to 8 % in 2020. max did not meet expectations as the unavailable technical ca- COBRAcable pacity (EU) reached an all-time high of 30 % of the maximum COBRAcable was commissioned in late 2019, thereby mak- technical capacity since 2012. ing the year 2020 its first fully operational year. The year Everything looked good until after the annual maintenance started excellently with 89 % of the maximum technical in September, after which an unfortunate land cable fault (E ) capacity being utilised in January. Unfortunately, a max on the German side resulted in 94 days of further unplanned submarine cable fault in September took the link offline until maintenance. 2020 is not the first time Kontek has had cable 8 January 2021 and resulted in approximately 27 % of unavail- faults resulting in a significant amount of unavailable techni- able technical capacity. cal capacity. In 2017, a cable fault resulted in approximately EstLink 1 and 2 12 % of the maximum technical capacity being unavailable, The use of EstLink 1 in 2020 has increased remarkably com- and in 2018 a land cable oil leak caused approximately 23 % pared to previous years, with nearly 57 % of the maximum of unavailable capacity. technical capacity (Emax) being transmitted between Finland and Estonia (FI–EE), and is close to the same level of trans-

ii | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

Konti-Skan 1 and 2 The percentage of hours affected by a limitation is remark- The combined utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 (SE3–DK1) ably high for NorNed, with 39 % of all hours being at least was 57 % of the total technical capacity (Emax), which is an partially limited in 2020. A high percentage of hours affected, increase by 7 percentage points compared to 2019. The util- along with a low percentage of limited technical capacity isation rate of the links in 2020 is at its highest since 2016. (ELim), means that the limitations are lower than the rated capacity of the HVDC link. Konti-Skan 1 and 2 have been utilised equally during the years since 2012, with the only exceptions being disturbance Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 and maintenance outages that affect only the other link. The Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have had a notable part of their exception in 2020 was a 20-day disturbance outage on Konti- transmission capabilities reduced by disturbance outages, Skan 2 due to a fault in the smoothing reactor. The inci- planned maintenance outages and limitations since 2017, dent resulted in 5.6 % of Konti-Skan 2’s technical capacity and 2020 was no exception. In 2020, Skagerrak 1 had 1 ma- being unavailable, which also roughly equals the difference jor disturbance outage caused by a cable fault due to a ship between the utilisation percentages of the links. and lasted 88 days. Skagerrak 2 also had 1 major disturbance The percentage of hours affected by a limitation is remark- outage also caused by a cable fault due to a ship and lasted ably high for Konti-Skan 1 and 2, with 33 % of all hours being 123 days. While Skagerrak 3 and 4 had no major disturbance at least partially limited in 2020 for Konti-Skan 1 and 30 % for outages, Skagerrak 4 did have an additional planned main- Konti-Skan 2. A high percentage of hours affected, along with tenance outage from May to July to cut cable samples for tests and investigations. The limitations on Skagerrak 1, 2, a low percentage of limited technical capacity (ELim), means that the limitations put into effect are of small magnitude. 3 and 4 were mainly due to maintenances and restrictions on the maximum allowed electrode currents, which were put LitPol Link in place because of the Skagerrak 4 cable faults in 2019. The 2020 was the first year since 2016, when LitPol Link’s utili- condition of the Skagerrak cables should be monitored in the sation percentage did not increase, instead decreasing from future. 61 % of the maximum technical capacity (E ) in 2019 to max Storebaelt 58 % in 2020. Additionally, the unavailable technical capac- Storebaelt available capacity is continuing to be high at ap- ity (EU) has increased from 4 % in 2019 to 9 % in 2020. The increase is due to a longer annual maintenance compared proximately 99.7 % of the technical capacity (Emax), which is to previous years, which lasted 23 days starting from late also the highest of all HVDC links in this report in 2020. How- September. ever, its utilisation percentage is showing a slight decrease since 2016, when it was 77 % of the technical capacity. In The percentage of hours affected by a limitation is remark- 2020, 71 % of the technical capacity was transmitted through ably high for LitPol Link, with 39 % of all hours being at least the link. partially limited in 2020. A high percentage of hours affected, along with a low percentage of limited technical capacity SwePol (ELim), means that the limitations put into effect are of small SwePol transmitted 72 % of its technical capacity (Emax), magnitude. which is approximately 10 percentage points more than in 2019 and also an all-time high since 2012. The available ca- NordBalt pacity was lower than normally due to one 19-day long dis- NordBalt had yet again its best year of transmission since turbance outage and planned limitations originating from 2016, with 75 % of the technical capacity (Emax) being trans- the AC grid. The disturbance outage was caused by a fire in mitted between Sweden and Lithuania (SE4–LT). Further- the AC-filter on the Polish side in January. more, outages and limitations caused an all-time low of unavailable technical capacity since 2016, being about 5 % of Vyborg Link the technical capacity (Emax) in 2020. As a result, also the The annual utilisation of Vyborg Link decreased from 61% technical capacity not used (ETCNU) reached an all-time low of the total technical capacity (Emax) in 2019 to 23 % in of 18 %, while it usually is around 30 %. 2020, which is also the lowest utilisation percentage since 2012. The utilisation of Vyborg Link is highly market depen- NorNed dent, with the Nordic and Russian market prices determin- The utilisation (ET) of NorNed during 2020 was approxi- ing whether it or other HVDC links are used to transmit elec- mately 77 % of the maximum technical capacity (Emax). The tricity to Finland. technical capacity not used was 6 % of the maximum technical capacity, which is an all-time low since 2015. However, Vyborg Link planned maintenances where mainly annual the only thing stopping NorNed reaching its full potential maintenances, which lasted 31 days in July and 44 days dur- was limitations due AC filter problems in Netherlands. The ing August–September. Normally, maintenance work on Vy- filter problems resulted in 16 % of the technical capacity be- borg Link causes only limitations because the 350 MW units ing limited and therefore unavailable for transmission. are not worked on simultaneously.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | iii European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

Executive Summary i 5.3.9 Konti-Skan 2 ...... 31 Overview ...... i 5.3.10 LitPol Link ...... 33 Individual HVDC links ...... ii 5.3.11 NordBalt ...... 35 5.3.12 NorNed ...... 37 Table of Contents iv 5.3.13 Skagerrak 1 ...... 39 List of Figures v 5.3.14 Skagerrak 2 ...... 41 5.3.15 Skagerrak 3 ...... 43 List of Tables vii 5.3.16 Skagerrak 4 ...... 45 5.3.17 Storebaelt ...... 47 1 Introduction and background 1 5.3.18 SwePol ...... 49 5.3.19 Vyborg Link 51 2 Scope 2 ...... 2.1 Contact persons ...... 2 References 54 3 Methods, definitions and calculations 3 Appendices 55 4 Technical details of the HVDC links 4 A Schematic presentation of HVDC links 56 5 Results 6 5.1 Overview of 2020 ...... 6 B DISTAC origin of event classification 57 5.2 Overview of years 2012–2020 ...... 10 C Contact persons 58 5.3 Individual presentations of each HVDC link . 14 5.3.1 Baltic Cable 15 ...... D Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability 5.3.2 COBRAcable ...... 17 for all HVDC links 59 5.3.3 EstLink 1 ...... 19 5.3.4 EstLink 2 ...... 21 E Additional figures 61 5.3.5 Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 23 E.1 Annual utilisation per type of HVDC converter 61 5.3.6 Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 25 E.2 Additional figures with percentages of hours 5.3.7 Kontek ...... 27 unavailable ...... 62 5.3.8 Konti-Skan 1 ...... 29 E.3 Additional figures with origin of event .... 65

iv | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators TABLE OF CONTENTS for Electricity

List of Figures

ES.1 Annual utilisation of all HVDC links in per- 5.29 Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 26 centages ...... i 5.30 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for ES.2 Percentage distribution of unavailable tech- Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 26 nical capacity for each HVDC link in 2020 .. ii 5.31 Annual number of outages for Fenno-Skan 2 26 5.32 Kontek availability and utilisation monthly .. 27 1.1 Map of HVDC links in this report ...... 1 5.33 Annual utilisation of Kontek ...... 28 5.34 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 3.1 The hierarchy of the availability and utilisa- Kontek ...... 28 tion categories used in the HVDC statistics . 3 5.35 Annual number of outages for Kontek .... 28 5.1 Availability and utilisation overview of each 5.36 Konti-Skan 1 availability and utilisation monthly 29 HVDC link in 2020 ...... 7 5.37 Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 ...... 30 5.2 Availability and utilisation overview per bid- 5.38 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for ding zone in 2020 ...... 8 Konti-Skan 1 ...... 30 5.3 Percentage distribution of unavailable tech- 5.39 Annual number of outages for Konti-Skan 1 . 30 nical capacity for each HVDC link in 2020 .. 9 5.40 Konti-Skan 2 availability and utilisation monthly 31 5.4 The number of outages for each HVDC link 5.41 Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 ...... 32 in 2020...... 9 5.42 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.5 Annual utilisation percentage of all HVDC links 10 Konti-Skan 2 ...... 32 5.6 Annual utilisation of all HVDC links in ter- 5.43 Annual number of outages for Konti-Skan 2 . 32 awatt hours ...... 11 5.44 LitPol Link availability and utilisation monthly 33 5.7 Percentage distribution of hours per utilisa- 5.45 Annual utilisation of LitPol Link ...... 34 tion rate ...... 11 5.46 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.8 Annual distribution of unavailable technical LitPol Link ...... 34 capacity in percentages of the maximum 5.47 Annual number of outages for LitPol Link .. 34 technical capacity for all HVDC links ..... 12 5.48 NordBalt availability and utilisation monthly . 35 5.9 Percentage of hours affected by limitations 5.49 Annual utilisation of NordBalt ...... 36 or outages for all HVDC links ...... 12 5.50 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.10 Map of HVDC links in this report ...... 14 NordBalt ...... 36 5.11 Baltic Cable availability and utilisation monthly 15 5.51 Annual number of outages for NordBalt ... 36 5.12 Annual utilisation of Baltic Cable 16 ...... 5.52 NorNed availability and utilisation monthly .. 37 5.13 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.53 Annual utilisation of NorNed ...... 38 Baltic Cable 16 ...... 5.54 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.14 Annual number of outages for Baltic Cable . 16 NorNed ...... 38 5.15 COBRAcable availability and utilisation monthly 17 5.55 Annual number of outages for NorNed .... 38 5.16 EstLink 1 availability and utilisation monthly . 19 5.56 Skagerrak 1 availability and utilisation monthly 39 5.17 Annual utilisation of EstLink 1 ...... 20 5.57 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 40 5.18 Annual percentage of unavailability for Est- ...... 5.58 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for Link 1 ...... 20 Skagerrak 1 40 5.19 Annual number of outages for EstLink 1 ... 20 ...... 5.59 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 1 40 5.20 EstLink 2 availability and utilisation monthly . 21 . 5.21 Annual utilisation of EstLink 2 ...... 22 5.60 Skagerrak 2 availability and utilisation monthly 41 5.22 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.61 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 ...... 42 EstLink 2 ...... 22 5.62 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.23 Annual number of outages for EstLink 2 ... 22 Skagerrak 2 ...... 42 5.24 Fenno-Skan 1 availability and utilisation 5.63 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 2 . 42 monthly ...... 23 5.64 Skagerrak 3 availability and utilisation monthly 43 5.25 Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 24 5.65 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 ...... 44 5.26 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.66 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 24 Skagerrak 3 ...... 44 5.27 Annual number of outages for Fenno-Skan 1 24 5.67 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 3 . 44 5.28 Fenno-Skan 2 availability and utilisation 5.68 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation monthly 45 monthly ...... 25 5.69 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 ...... 46

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | v European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.70 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for E.1 Annual utilisation of all LCC HVDC links ... 61 Skagerrak 4 ...... 46 E.2 Annual utilisation of all VSC HVDC links ... 61 5.71 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 4 . 46 E.3 Percentage of hours limited due to seasonal 5.72 Storebaelt availability and utilisation monthly 47 causes ...... 62 5.73 Annual utilisation of Storebaelt ...... 48 E.4 Annual percentage of hours limited, grouped 5.74 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for by limitation origin and type ...... 62 Storebaelt ...... 48 E.5 Percentage of hours each HVDC link has 5.75 Annual number of outages for Storebaelt .. 48 been limited, grouped by limitation origin 5.76 SwePol availability and utilisation monthly .. 49 and type ...... 63 5.77 Annual utilisation of SwePol ...... 50 E.6 Percentage of hours connection between 5.78 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for each bidding zone has been limited, grouped SwePol ...... 50 by limitation origin and type ...... 63 5.79 Annual number of outages for SwePol .... 50 E.7 Percentage of hours unavailable due to 5.80 Vyborg Link availability and utilisation monthly 51 planned maintenance per primary cause per 5.81 Vyborg Link availability and utilisation monthly 52 HVDC link in 2020 and the annual percent- 5.82 Annual utilisation of Vyborg Link ...... 53 age for all HVDC links combined ...... 64 5.83 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for E.8 Average annual number of disturbance out- Vyborg Link ...... 53 ages for all HVDC links, grouped by origin of 5.84 Annual number of outages for Vyborg Link . 53 event ...... 65 E.9 Annual unavailable capacity due to distur- A.1 A schematic presentation of a converter sta- bances outages for all HVDC links, dis- tion of a LCC HVDC link ...... 56 tributed by origin of event ...... 65 A.2 A schematic presentation of a converter sta- E.10 Annual unavailable capacity due to mainte- tion of a VSC HVDC link ...... 56 nance outages for all HVDC links, distributed by primary cause ...... 67 D.1 Utilisation and unavailability for each HVDC E.11 Annual unavailable capacity due to correc- link, sorted by unavailable technical capacity 59 tive maintenance outages for all HVDC links, D.2 Utilisation and unavailability for each HVDC distributed by origin of event, and the annual link, sorted by transmission ...... 60 average number of them...... 67 D.3 Utilisation and unavailability for each HVDC link, sorted by technical capacity not used .. 60

vi | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators TABLE OF CONTENTS for Electricity

List of Tables

ES.1 Annual utilisation rate of all HVDC links per 5.13 LitPol monthly distribution of technical ca- bidding zone ...... i pacity (Emax) ...... 33 5.14 NordBalt monthly distribution of technical 4.1 Main properties of the HVDC links 4 ...... capacity (Emax) ...... 35 4.2 Technical details of the HVDC links ...... 5 5.15 NorNed monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 37 5.1 Annual utilisation percentage of HVDC links 5.16 Skagerrak 1 monthly distribution of techni- per bidding zone ...... 13 5.2 Annual unavailability percentage of HVDC cal capacity (Emax) ...... 39 links per bidding zone ...... 13 5.17 Skagerrak 2 monthly distribution of techni- 5.3 Annual technical capacity not used percent- cal capacity (Emax) ...... 41 age of HVDC links per bidding zone ..... 13 5.18 Skagerrak 3 monthly distribution of techni- 5.4 Baltic Cable monthly distribution of technical cal capacity (Emax) ...... 43 capacity (Emax) ...... 15 5.19 Skagerrak 4 monthly distribution of techni- 5.5 COBRAcable monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 45 cal capacity (Emax) ...... 17 5.20 Storebaelt monthly distribution of technical 5.6 EstLink 1 monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 47 capacity (Emax) ...... 19 5.21 SwePol monthly distribution of technical ca- 5.7 EstLink 2 monthly distribution of technical pacity (Emax) ...... 49 capacity (Emax) ...... 21 5.22 Vyborg Link monthly distribution of techni- 5.8 Fenno-Skan 1 monthly distribution of tech- cal capacity (Emax) ...... 51 nical capacity (Emax) ...... 23 5.23 Vyborg Link monthly distribution of techni- 5.9 Fenno-Skan 2 monthly distribution of tech- cal capacity (Emax) ...... 52 nical capacity (Emax) ...... 25 5.10 Kontek monthly distribution of technical ca- B.1 The origin of event categories and subcate- pacity (Emax) ...... 27 gories used in this report ...... 57 5.11 Konti-Skan 1 monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 29 E.1 Annual unavailable capacity due to distur- 5.12 Konti-Skan 2 monthly distribution of techni- bances outages for all HVDC links, dis- cal capacity (Emax) ...... 31 tributed by origin of event ...... 66

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | vii European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter 1. Introduction and background for Electricity

1 Introduction and background

This report presents the availability and utilisation of HVDC presented 8 HVDC links. For the statistical year 2012, the links connected to the Nordic and Baltic power system in HVAC Grid Disturbance Report and HVDC statistics were 2020, with an emphasis on disturbance outages. This in- separated into two reports, which is the format of the reports cludes an overview of availability and utilisation for the today. In present time, this report includes 19 HVDC links HVDC links, information about disturbances and unavail- connected to the Nordic and Baltic countries. ability and individual presentations of the performance of The total HVDC transmission capacity connected to the each HVDC link. Nordic and Baltic power systems in 2020 is 10.9 GW, which The first version of the HVDC statistics for utilisation and makes the annual transmission capacity 95.5 TWh. Most of unavailability was published in 2011 as an addition to the the HVDC links connect the Nordic synchronous system to Nordic Grid Disturbance and Fault Statistics 2010 [1]. At that other systems. A map of the bidding zones and each HVDC time, the report covered only the Nordic power systems and link is presented in Figure 1.1.

FI Vyborg link Fenno-Skan 1–2 NO5 Estlink 2 NO1 Estlink 1 RU

NO2 SE3 Skagerak 1–4 EE

RU Konti-Skan 1–2

LV SE4

e DK1 NordBalt

N r Storebaelt o DK2 N SwePol LT e l b a c Kontek Baltic Cable LitPol Link A R B O C BY PL DE NL

Figure 1.1: A map of the bidding zones and the 19 HVDC links included in this report.

The HVDC links are important components for a stable op- installation routines, and efficient fault analysis combined eration of the Nordic and Baltic power system while support- with preventive maintenance. However, planned outages ing the commercial power trade in the European energy mar- and limitations due to maintenance work are necessary but kets. Furthermore, the HVDC links can provide other impor- should be planned and conducted as efficiently as possible. tant functions like voltage and emergency power support to the HVAC grid. Hence, the advantages of keeping the HVDC Therefore, mapping the available capacity, including the rea- links in operation as much as possible are indisputable. sons for unavailability, is of vital interest for the utilisation of To achieve as much uptime as possible, the number and this infrastructure. Furthermore, the utilisation of the links length of disturbance outages must be kept at minimum. directly correlates with the commercial value of the energy This requires high-quality hardware components, thorough trade.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 1 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter 2. Scope

2 Scope

The ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics The HVDC WG of NordAM1 and the DISTAC group have to- 2020 presents a macro view of the availability and utilisation gether developed the DISTAC HVDC outage and utilization of each HVDC link, including disturbance, maintenance and data collection so that more detailed HVDC performance other outage events as well as limitations. Limitations origi- data analysis will be enabled in future. Together they also nating from maintenance work done in the AC grid are also updated the HVDC performance data collection guidelines included if they affect the power transfer of an HVDC con- according to the new features. nection. Furthermore, disturbance outages are more thor- oughly examined than other events. The scope of the ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavail- ability Statistics 2020 is different from the CIGRE HVDC 2.1 Contact persons statistics, which focuses more on outages, faults and disturbances of the HVDC links. This means that CIGRE is more Each country is represented by at least one contact person, detailed regarding what happens at the HVDC station, and responsible for the statistical information of the correspond- includes transients, commutation failures, thyristor failures ing country. The contact person can provide additional in- and so on. In general, DISTAC has the macro view and CIGRE formation concerning the HVDC availability and utilisation has the micro view. But most of the data is the same for both statistics. The relevant contact information is given in Ap- reports. pendix C.

1The five Nordic Transmission System Operators (TSOs) founded a Nordic Asset Management Forum (NordAM) in 2009 with the main goal to increase cooperation, jointly influence, build up knowledge, create networks as well as carry out agreed surveys and development tasks within the field of Asset Management. The HVDC working group was established after a very successful task force work done in 2017.

2 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter 3. Methods, definitions and calculations for Electricity

3 Methods, definitions and calculations

To compare the utilisation and availability between HVDC Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the amount of energy links, different ways of using them must be discerned and un- that has not been transmitted or been unavailable due to lim- derstood. This chapter explains the availability and utilisa- itations or outages. tion categories used to differentiate between means of utilis- The unavailable technical capacity (E ) is the part of the tech- ing HVDC links. The hierarchy of the categories is illustrated U nical capacity (E ) that could not be utilised. It has five sub- in Figure 3.1. max categories: limitations (ELim), disturbance outages (ED), unplanned maintenance (EUM), planned maintenance (EPM) and

Losses north & east, LNE other outages (E ). An outage occurs when the HVDC link is Losses, L OO Losses south & west, L SW fully disconnected from the system and the transfer capacity is reduced to zero. A limitation occurs when the capacity of the link has been reduced by between 0–100 %. Limitations Technical capacity and the outages are described in more detail below: not used, E Available TCNU Technical technical • A limitation (ELim) is a condition when the transmis- capacity, E capacity, E sion capacity of an HVDC link is limited, that is, the max A power transmission capacity of the link is less than the Transmission north & east, E Transmission, E NE rated power. The limitation is always motivated from T Transmission south & west, E SW a technical perspective, but not always concerning the link itself. The most common causes of limitations are: – faults on any HVDC link component that do not Limitations, ELim

Unavailable Disturbance outages, ED cause a total outage; technical Unplanned maintenance, E UM – faults, congestions or outages in the AC grid capacity, EU Planned maintenance, EPM

Other outages, EOO causing a limitation in the transmission capacity of the link; Figure 3.1: The hierarchy of the availability and utilisation cate- – seasonal variations on the transmission capacity gories used in the HVDC statistics. of the HVDC link.

• Disturbance outages (ED) are total outages due to a

The technical capacity (Emax) of an HVDC link is the max- fault on the HVDC link or in the AC-grid causing a imum energy that can be physically received through the total outage of the link. A disturbance outage occurs HVDC link to the converter station, excluding all HVDC link when the protection trips the link or, in rare cases, dis- losses, during a year. The technical capacity is divided into connected manually. Manual disconnection is usually two categories: available technical capacity (EA) and unavail- categorised as unplanned maintenance. able technical capacity (E ). U • Unplanned maintenance outages (EUM) occurs when the link is manually disconnected for emergency or The available technical capacity (EA) is divided into technical urgent repair. In general, unplanned maintenance capacity that has been transmitted (ET) and into technical capacity that could have been transmitted/utilised, that is, are outages that cannot wait until the next scheduled maintenance. technical capacity not used (ETCNU). • Planned maintenance outages (E ) are total outages Transmitted energy (E ) is the sum of transmitted energy in PM T due to all technically motivated actions on the HVDC both directions of the HVDC link. Energy transferred to the link or in the AC grid intended to retain an entity in, or north or east side of the HVDC link is called transmission restore it to, a state where it can perform its required north and east (E ) (previously export), and energy trans- NE function. ferred to the south or west side of the HVDC link is called transmission south and west (ESW) (previously import). It does • Other outages (EOO) are outages due to any other rea- not include losses (L), that is, the energy losses in any of son except those mentioned above. This could be, for the HVDC link components during transmission. It should example, black start or other tests or when the mar- be noted that these values are measurements and therefore kets do not need the transmission capacity of the link considered factual. and the link is disconnected.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 3 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter 4. Technical details of the HVDC links

4 Technical details of the HVDC links

Table 4.1 presents the main properties of the HVDC links Schematic presentations of the HVDC links and their con- while Table 4.2 presents the technical properties of the verter stations, both for line-commutated converters (LCC) HVDC lines. and voltage-source converters (VSC) are presented in Ap- pendix A.

Table 4.1: Main properties of the HVDC links.

HVDC Rated power, Parallel mono- Commissioning Market converter monopolar polar capacity Bipolar Link year connection type (MW) (MW) capacity Baltic Cable 1994 Yes LCC 600 COBRAcable 2019 Yes VSC 700 EstLink 1 2006 Yes VSC 350 1000 EstLink 2 2014 Yes LCC 650 Fenno-Skan 1 1989 Yes LCC 400 1200 1200 Fenno-Skan 2 2011 Yes LCC 800 Kontek 1995 Yes LCC 600 Konti-Skan 11 2008 Yes LCC 357.5 715 Konti-Skan 21 1988 Yes LCC 357.5 LitPol Link 2015 Yes LCC 500 NordBalt 2016 Yes VSC 700 NorNed 2008 Yes LCC 700 Skagerrak 1 1977 Yes LCC 236 Skagerrak 2 1977 Yes LCC 236 1000 1000 Skagerrak 3 1993 Yes LCC 478 Skagerrak 4 2014 Yes VSC 682 Storebaelt 2010 Yes LCC 600 SwePol 2000 Yes LCC 600 Vyborg Link2 1981, Partly LCC 1400 1982, 1984, 2000 Total 10972 3940 2200 1 The rated capacity of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 was updated to 715 MW in both directions on 1 February 2020 (357.5 MW per link). The rated capacity was previously asymmetric depending on the flow direction: 740 MW towards east (370+370) and 680 MW towards west (340+340). The reason of the asymmetric rated capacity was due to historical limitations and reserve requirements, along with transmission measurements only being done in DK1. 2 Each commissioning increased capacity by 350 MW. However, the total commercial capacity of Vyborg Link is 1300 MW. Fingrid Oyj, the Finnish transmission system operator, allocates 100 MW for reserves.

4 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter 4. Technical details of the HVDC links for Electricity

Table 4.2: Technical details of the HVDC links

Physical Length of Length of Length of DC Length of DC length mass cable PEX cable overhead line back-to-back Link (km) (km) (km) (km) connection (km) Baltic Cable 262 250 12 COBRAcable 325 325 650 (2×325) 0 EstLink 1 105 210 (2×105) EstLink 2 171 157 14 Fenno-Skan 1 233 200 33 Fenno-Skan 2 299 196 103 Kontek 160 160 Konti-Skan 1 150 89 61 Konti-Skan 2 150 89 61 LitPol Link < 1 < 1 NordBalt 450 2×450 NorNed 580 580 Skagerrak 1 212.5 133.6 78.5 Skagerrak 2 211.4 132.9 78.5 Skagerrak 3 212.9 134.4 78.5 Skagerrak 4 226 226 Storebaelt 57 57 SwePol 254 254 Vyborg Link < 1 < 1

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 5 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter 5. Results

5 Results

This chapter presents the utilisation and unavailability of all Review of notable unavailable technical capacity 2020 the HVDC links as well as individual presentations of each • Baltic Cable had 4 disturbance outages of which one HVDC link connected to the Nordic and Baltic power sys- had more severe impact. The severe disturbance out- tem. age was caused by a fault on the DC submarine cable, probably cut by an anchor of a boat, and lasted 29 Section 5.1 provides an overview of the HVDC links for the days. The limitations on Baltic Cable were mainly due year 2020 and Section 5.2 provides an overview of the years to maintenance in the AC grid. 2012–2020. Section 5.3 presents the availability and utilisation of each HVDC link for the year 2020 as well as an annual • COBRAcable had no maintenance outages but two overview of the utilisation and a trend of the utilisation and disturbance outages in 2020. The first was a minor out- the number of outages for the years 2012–2020. age due to a glycol pump trip in August. The second disturbance outage was due to a submarine cable fault in September and lasted until 8 January 2021. 5.1 Overview of 2020 • The annual maintenance of Kontek lasted 18 days starting from 31 August. Unfortunately, a fault on the In 2020, 58.8 TWh of electric energy was transmitted through land cable on the German side resulted in 94 days the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links. The total number of dis- of further unplanned maintenance shortly after the turbance outages registered was 51, preventing 4.1 TWh of planned maintenance. potential energy transmission, or 4.3 % of the total technical • Konti-Skan 1 and 2 limitations where mainly due to capacity (Emax). maintenances on the AC-grid on both the Danish and Swedish side. Additionally, Konti-Skan 2 had a 20-day Maintenance outages amounted to 4.8 TWh, or 5.0 % of the disturbance outage due to a fault in the smoothing re- total technical capacity (Emax), and limitations reduced the actor. transmission capacity by 4.0 TWh (4.2 % of the total technical HVDC transmission capacity). • LitPol planned maintenance was annual maintenance that lasted 23 days starting from late September. Figure 5.1 presents the overview of the availability and utili- • NorNed limitations where due to AC filter problems in sation of HVDC statistics at an aggregated level, thus allow- Holland. ing to compare links with each other. It should be noted that the usages of the links show big variations. Most links • Skagerrak 1 had 1 major disturbance outage in 2020, are market dependent, some are mostly used only in one di- which was caused by a cable fault due to a ship and rection, and some are used for technical reasons to control lasted 88 days. power flow for system stability according to agreements. Ap- • Skagerrak 2 had 1 major disturbance outage in 2020, pendix D shows the overviews of the HVDC links using the which was caused by a cable fault due to a ship and same values as Figure 5.1 but ranked according to the high- lasted 123 days. est unavailable technical capacity, according to the highest transmission, and according to the highest technical capac- • Skagerrak 4 had an additional planned maintenance ity not used. outage from May to July to cut cable samples for tests and investigations. Figure 5.2 compares the availability and utilisation of the HVDC links between bidding zones. That is, it measures • Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been limited due to “care- the utilisation of the energy transfer capacity between the ful operation” since the Skagerrak 4 cable faults in De- bidding zones ignoring the performance of individual links. cember 2019. In 2020, the north direction (DK1→NO2) However, the number of HVDC links connecting different was prioritised until March, after which the south di- bidding zones varies. A map portraying the bidding zones rection (NO2→DK1) was prioritised. and each HVDC link is presented in Figure 5.10. • SwePol had 1 more severe disturbance outage in 2020, which was caused by a fire in the AC-filter on the Pol- Figure 5.3 presents the percentage unavailable technical ca- ish side in January. It took 19 days to bring the HVDC pacity (E ) of the annual technical capacity (E ) due to the U max link back online after it. disturbance outages. Figure 5.4 presents the number of all disturbance, maintenance and other outages. The explana- • Vyborg Link planned maintenances where mainly an- tions for the most notable unavailability in 2020 are listed be- nual maintenances, which lasted 31 days in July and low. Further details are presented in Section 5.3. 44 days during August–September.

6 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.1. Overview of 2020 for Electricity

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2020 Eₘₐₓ Baltic Cable 55% 19% 26% 5.3 TWh COBRAcable 51% 29% 20% 6.1 TWh HVDC link EstLink 1 57% 3% 40% 3.1 TWh Baltic Cable EstLink 2 85% 13% 5.7 TWh COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 1 97% 3.5 TWh EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 2 78% 22% 7.0 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 Kontek 47% 30% 23% 5.3 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 59% 14% 27% 3.1 TWh Konti-Skan 1 Kontek Konti-Skan 2 55% 19% 26% 3.1 TWh Konti-Skan 1 LitPol Link 58% 9% 33% 4.4 TWh Konti-Skan 2 NordBalt 76% 5% 19% 6.1 TWh LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed 77% 17% 6% 6.1 TWh NorNed Skagerrak 1 41% 34% 25% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 1 34% 44% 22% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 74% 17% 9% 4.2 TWh Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 71% 17% 12% 6.0 TWh Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt 71% 29% 5.3 TWh Storebaelt SwePol SwePol 72% 13% 15% 5.3 TWh Vyborg Link Vyborg Link 23% 12% 65% 11.4 TWh Vyborg Link FI→RU 62% 14% 24% 95.3 TWh Grand Total Vyborg Link RU→FI 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Eₘₐₓ

% Transmission % Unavailable technical capacity % Tecnhical capacity not used

Year of Datetime Figure 5.1: Overview of the availability and utilisation of each HVDC link in 2020. The unavailable technical2020 capacity (EU) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) not available due to limitations or outages. Transmission (ET) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) transmitted through the HVDC link. Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the amount of energy that has not been transmitted or been unavailable due to limitations or outages. More detailed explanations can be read in Chapter 3. Appendix D shows the overviews of the HVDC links using the same values as Figure 5.1 but ranked according to the highest unavailable technical capacity, according to the highest transmission, and according to the highest technical capacity not used.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 7 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.1. Overview of 2020

S&W Overview of utilisation between bidding zones in 2020 Direction Eₘₐₓ DK1→DK2 0% 67% 4% 29% 5.3 TWh HVDC link DK1→NL 27% 17% 34% 20% 6.1 TWh Baltic Cable DK2→DE 5% 25% 18% 30% 23% 5.3 TWh COBRAcable EstLink 1 75% 22% 8.8 TWh FI→EE EstLink 2 FI→SE3 83% 15% 10.5 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 LT→PL 7% 9% 50% 33% 4.4 TWh Kontek NO2→DK1 6% 8% 9% 6% 57% 14% 14.3 TWh Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 NO2→NL 16% 75% 6% 6.1 TWh LitPol Link RU→FI 10% 23% 65% 11.4 TWh NordBalt SE3→DK1 3% 11% 24% 34% 26% 6.3 TWh NorNed Skagerrak 1 SE4→DE 8% 8% 7% 48% 26% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 2 SE4→LT 3% 75% 18% 6.1 TWh Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 SE4→PL 5% 5% 72% 15% 5.3 TWh Storebaelt Grand Total 4% 4% 4% 18% 43% 25% 95.3 TWh SwePol Vyborg Link 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Vyborg Link FI→RU % of Eₘₐₓ Vyborg Link RU→FI

% Other outages % Disturbance outages % Transmission S&W % Planned maintenance % Limitations % Technical capacity not used % Unplanned maintenance % Transmission N&E

Figure 5.2: Availability and utilisation overview per bidding zone in 2020. The categories are explained in Chapter 3.

8 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.1. Overview of 2020 for Electricity

Unavailability percentage of the rated capacity in 2020 for each HVDC link

Baltic Cable 2% 8% 8% HVDC link COBRAcable 27% 2% Baltic Cable % Limitations EstLink 1 3% COBRAcable % Disturbance outages EstLink 2 1% EstLink 1 Fenno-Skan 1 1% % Unplanned maintenance EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 % Planned maintenance Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek 5% 25% % Other outages Kontek Konti-Skan 1 2% 11% Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 2% 6% 11% Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link 7% LitPol Link NordBalt 3% NordBalt NorNed 16% NorNed Skagerrak 1 24% 8% Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 34% 9% Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 16% Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 13% 4% Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt Storebaelt SwePol 2% 5% 5% SwePol Vyborg Link 10% Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Grand Total 4% 2% 4% 4% Vyborg Link RU→FI 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% % of Emax

Figure 5.3: Percentage distribution of unavailable technical capacity (EU) due to limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other outages for each link in 2020.

Number of outages in 2020

Baltic Cable 1 6 1 4 COBRAcable 2 Disturbances EstLink 1 5 1 Unplanned maintenances EstLink 2 1 1 3 Fenno-Skan 1 4 3 Planned maintenances Fenno-Skan 2 4 Other outages Kontek 1 1 1 Konti-Skan 1 1 7 4 Konti-Skan 2 6 4 LitPol Link 2 10 6 2 NordBalt 1 2 2 NorNed 3 Skagerrak 1 1 1 5 Skagerrak 2 1 1 5 Skagerrak 3 1 2 Skagerrak 4 3 1 Storebaelt 1 1 3 SwePol 1 4 4 Vyborg Link 7 1 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of events

Figure 5.4: The number of disturbance outages, unplanned maintenance and plannedY maintenanceear of Date and tim outagese of event ( anddd.mm other.yy.. outages for each link in 2020. 2020

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 9 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2020

5.2 Overview of years 2012–2020

Because the HVDC links are an important component in the bution of unavailable technical capacity (EU) in percentages Nordic and Baltic power systems, it is also very interesting of the maximum technical capacity (Emax) for each unavail- to see how the links have been utilised during the past years. ability category. Figure 5.9 presents the percentage of hours Figure 5.5 presents the annual utilisation (%) of all HVDC a link has been affected by either a limitation, unplanned or links and Figure 5.6 presents the annual utilisation with all planned maintenance or disturbance or other outages. A utilisation categories. higher value in the percentage of hours may indicate that the corresponding type of event has not fully disconnected the As can be seen, the percentage distribution of transmission affected HVDC link from the system, thereby reducing the (ET) and unavailable technical capacity (EU) is showing a transmission capacity to zero. A lower value may, instead, slight increasing trend after a significant drop in 2012 and indicate that the corresponding event type has affected an 2013. However, the total technical capacity (Emax) of all HVDC link with a high rated capacity. HVDC links has increased, as can be seen in Figure 5.6. Annual utilisation (ET), unavailability (EU) and technical ca- Figure 5.7 presents the combined annual hourly utilisation pacity not used (ETCNU) percentages are presented in Ta- rate for all HVDC links. Figure 5.8 presents the annual distri- ble 5.1, Table 5.2 and Table 5.3, respectively.

Annual utilisation of all HVDC links 69 TWh 69 TWh 75 TWh 80 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 90 TWh 95 TWh Eₘₐₓ 100%

) HVDC link ₓ ₐ

ₘ 24% Baltic Cable

E 31% ( 33% 35% 35% 35% 33% 80% 40% 37% COBRAcable y t i

c EstLink 1

a % Tecnhical capacity not used p

a EstLink 2 c

% Transmission l 60% Fenno-Skan 1 a c i % Unavailable technical capacity

n Fenno-Skan 2 h

c 62%

e Kontek

t 40% 58%

57% 57% l 58% 57% 56%

a 50% 56% Konti-Skan 1 t o t

Konti-Skan 2 f o 20% LitPol Link % NordBalt 14% 0% 10% 10% 7% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% NorNed 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Figure 5.5: The annual utilisation percentage of all HVDC links since 2012. The unavailable technical capacity (EU) is the amount Skagerrak 3 of technical capacity (E ) not available due to limitations or outages. Transmission (E ) is the amount of technical capacity (E ) max T max Skagerrak 4 transmitted through the HVDC links. Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the residual energy that has neither been transmitted nor been unavailable due to limitations or outages. More detailed explanations can be read in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

10 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2020 for Electricity

Annual utilisation of all HVDC links 100

24 TWh 80 Technical capacity not used 28 TWh HVDC link 31 TWh 32 TWh 30 TWh Transmission

] Baltic Cable

h 28 TWh Limitations

W 27 TWh COBRAcable

T 60 [ 23 TWh Disturbance outages 28 TWh EstLink 1 n o i

t Unplanned maintenances EstLink 2 a

s 59 TWh i Fenno-Skan 1 l Planned maintenances

i 40 t 53 TWh U 51 TWh 50 TWh 51 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 47 TWh Other outages 39 TWh 34 TWh 42 TWh Kontek 20 Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 0 LitPol Link NordBalt 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 NorNed

Figure 5.6: Annual utilisation of all HVDC links presented in terawatt hours (MWh). Transmission (ET) is the amount of technical capacity Skagerrak 1 (Emax) transmitted through the HVDC links. Limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance outages and other Skagerrak 2 outages form together the unavailable technical capacity (E ). Technical capacity not used (E ) is the residual energy that has neither U TCNU Skagerrak 3 been transmitted nor been unavailable due to limitations or outages. The categories are explained in more detail in Chapter 3. From 2012, there are 14 HVDC links included. As of 2014, EstLink 2 and Skagerrak 4 were added. In 2016, LitPol Link and NordBalt were Skagerrak 4 added. In late 2019, COBRAcable was added. The maximum technical capacity (Emax) is marginally on leap years due to one extra day Storebaelt of operation. SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Percentage distribution of hours per utilisation rate, all HVDC links Vyborg Link RU→FI

100%

HVDC link Baltic Cable 31.6% 38.5% 38.5% COBRAcable 80% 42.2% 39.8% 40.1% 45.7% 46.1% 48.8% EstLink 1 Utilisation rate EstLink 2 80–100% s Fenno-Skan 1 r u

o 13.5% 60–80% Fenno-Skan 2 h

60% f

o 9.8%

9.6% 8.4% 40–60% Kontek

e 15.3%

g 10.9%

a Konti-Skan 1 t 9.6% 13.4% 9.9% 20–40% n

e 8.8% 10.9% 9.9% 10.2% Konti-Skan 2 c r 9.2% 0–20% e 9.3%

P 40% 10.3% 8.1% LitPol Link 9.1% 10.1% 9.6% 0% 11.2% 10.1% NordBalt 8.9% 7.1% 8.7% 8.8% 6.8% NorNed 15.6% Skagerrak 1 17.4% 14.7% 16.6% 23.4% 19.1% 20% 12.7% 17.9% 11.5% Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 12.9% 12.8% 13.3% 16.0% 13.1% Skagerrak 4 10.9% 12.4% 9.3% 11.7% 0% Storebaelt 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 SwePol Vyborg Link Figure 5.7: Percentage distribution of hours per utilisation rate for all HVDC links. The HVDC links were utilised by more than 80 % of Vyborg Link FI→RU their respective maximum technical capacity 48.8 % of the time during 2020. Vyborg Link RU→FI

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 11 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2020

Percentage of unavailable utilisation, all HVDC links )

ₓ HVDC link ₐ

ₘ Baltic Cable E

( 4%

t COBRAcable i % Limitations c

a 10%

p EstLink 1

a % Disturbance outages

c 4%

l 2% 3% EstLink 2 a

c % Unplanned maintenance i Fenno-Skan 1 n

h 3% 4% c % Planned maintenance

e Fenno-Skan 2 t

6% 2%

l 2% 3% a t 4% % Other outages Kontek

o 3% 3% t 5% 2%

e Konti-Skan 1

g 2% 2% 2% a t 2% Konti-Skan 2 n

e 2% c

r LitPol Link e

P 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 2% 3% 3% 3% NordBalt 0% NorNed 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Figure 5.8: Annual distribution of unavailable technical capacity (E ) in percentages of the maximum technical capacity (E ) for each U max Skagerrak 3 unavailability category. The unavailability categories are limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other Skagerrak 4 outages. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Percentage of hours unavailable, all HVDC links Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI 25% r a

e HVDC link y

a 20% % hours limited Baltic Cable g n

i 13% r COBRAcable

u % hours disturbance outage d EstLink 1 s r 15% % hours unplanned maintenance u 10%

o EstLink 2

h 15%

l % hours planned maintenance l 7% 8% 7% Fenno-Skan 1 a

9% f

o % hours other outage

10% Fenno-Skan 2 e 2% 8% g

a 6% Kontek t 3% n 3% 2% e 4% Konti-Skan 1 c r 5% 2% e 5% 2%

P 3% Konti-Skan 2 6% 5% 4% 5% LitPol Link 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 0% NordBalt 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 NorNed Skagerrak 1 Figure 5.9: The percentage of hours all HVDC links have been affected by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance orSka gerrak 2 disturbance or other outage. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing itS bykagerrak 3 the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation. A higherSkagerrak 4 value in the percentage of hours may indicate that the corresponding type of event has not fully disconnected the affected HVDC linkStorebaelt from the system, thereby reducing the transmission capacity to zero. A lower value may, instead, indicate that the corresponding eventSwePol type has affected an HVDC link with a high rated capacity. Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

12 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2020 for Electricity

Table 5.1: Annual utilisation percentage of HVDC links per bidding zone. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 DK1–DK2 44.9% 54.4% 58.3% 70.1% 78.0% 63.7% 63.4% 58.3% 70.7% DK1–NL 79.7% 50.6% DK2–DE 70.0% 70.1% 73.2% 74.8% 66.8% 66.3% 53.3% 68.6% 47.4% FI–EE 58.6% 54.9% 40.7% 56.8% 42.3% 29.2% 37.0% 46.6% 75.3% FI–SE3 53.8% 52.5% 76.2% 75.8% 77.7% 70.2% 71.8% 81.2% 84.6% LT–PL 33.5% 46.7% 53.5% 61.5% 58.4% NO2–DK1 67.5% 60.7% 54.5% 54.0% 60.6% 54.1% 52.7% 46.2% 62.3% NO2–NL 89.4% 71.6% 90.5% 93.9% 72.5% 82.8% 68.3% 61.3% 76.7% RU–FI 33.8% 35.6% 25.4% 29.1% 45.8% 49.8% 66.7% 61.5% 23.1% SE3–DK1 55.9% 40.5% 49.3% 48.7% 58.8% 51.8% 52.7% 50.1% 57.3% SE4–DE 59.5% 32.1% 47.5% 30.5% 43.3% 45.6% 33.2% 36.0% 54.9% SE4–LT 43.6% 51.5% 50.5% 62.9% 76.2% SE4–PL 52.3% 33.9% 60.9% 67.2% 55.8% 62.3% 66.1% 62.1% 72.1% Grand Total 56.8% 49.9% 56.1% 58.2% 57.2% 55.5% 56.5% 58.3% 61.6%

Table 5.2: Annual unavailability percentage of HVDC links per bidding zone. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 DK1–DK2 2.9% 9.9% 4.6% 2.4% 2.8% 1.6% 2.2% 2.5% 0.3% DK1–NL 5.1% 29.3% DK2–DE 5.8% 3.9% 3.5% 5.2% 10.4% 14.3% 25.9% 3.8% 30.0% FI–EE 2.6% 5.0% 14.7% 5.8% 3.6% 0.6% 3.6% 2.2% 2.7% FI–SE3 27.3% 17.2% 5.4% 9.5% 1.5% 1.2% 1.1% 4.7% 0.9% LT–PL 14.0% 10.1% 6.1% 3.6% 8.6% NO2–DK1 2.4% 7.9% 10.5% 6.5% 4.8% 18.0% 12.7% 27.0% 23.6% NO2–NL 3.4% 19.3% 4.5% 4.2% 8.1% 8.4% 13.8% 13.0% 16.9% RU–FI 9.8% 1.3% 0.4% 0.0% 1.5% 2.3% 5.2% 5.4% 11.5% SE3–DK1 4.7% 10.7% 16.1% 16.7% 5.5% 6.7% 4.3% 15.8% 16.6% SE4–DE 22.1% 18.1% 6.6% 12.5% 20.4% 27.1% 35.0% 26.2% 18.7% SE4–LT 25.7% 16.5% 22.0% 7.6% 5.5% SE4–PL 0.2% 3.3% 7.1% 7.3% 15.3% 5.9% 4.2% 14.0% 12.8% Grand Total 9.8% 9.9% 7.2% 6.7% 7.8% 8.9% 10.2% 11.2% 13.5%

Table 5.3: Annual technical capacity not used percentage of HVDC links per bidding zone. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 DK1–DK2 52.1% 35.6% 37.1% 27.5% 19.3% 34.7% 34.5% 39.2% 29.1% DK1–NL 15.2% 20.1% DK2–DE 24.3% 26.1% 23.3% 20.1% 22.8% 19.4% 20.7% 27.7% 22.6% FI–EE 38.8% 40.0% 44.7% 37.3% 54.1% 70.2% 59.3% 51.2% 22.0% FI–SE3 18.9% 30.3% 18.4% 14.8% 20.7% 28.6% 27.1% 14.1% 14.6% LT–PL 52.5% 43.2% 40.3% 34.9% 33.0% NO2–DK1 30.1% 31.4% 34.9% 39.5% 34.6% 27.9% 34.6% 26.8% 14.2% NO2–NL 7.2% 9.1% 5.0% 1.9% 19.4% 8.8% 17.9% 25.6% 6.4% RU–FI 56.5% 63.1% 74.2% 70.9% 52.7% 47.9% 28.2% 33.1% 65.3% SE3–DK1 39.3% 48.8% 34.6% 34.6% 35.8% 41.4% 43.0% 34.1% 26.1% SE4–DE 18.4% 49.8% 45.9% 57.0% 36.3% 27.4% 31.8% 37.8% 26.4% SE4–LT 30.7% 32.1% 27.6% 29.4% 18.3% SE4–PL 47.5% 62.8% 32.0% 25.5% 28.9% 31.8% 29.7% 23.9% 15.1% Grand Total 33.4% 40.2% 36.8% 35.1% 35.0% 35.5% 33.3% 30.5% 24.9%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 13 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

5.3 Individual presentations of each HVDC link

This section presents the performance of each HVDC link. technical capacity Emax higher than the Emax stated in the Figure 5.10 presents the geographical location of each HVDC diagram. This is due to power flows that may momentarily link. The categories used in the following presentations of be higher than rated technical capacity of the links. Other each separate HVDC link are presented and defined in Chap- times, when power flow is below the rated technical capacity ter 3. (and there is no limitation reported), the difference is registered in the category “technical capacity not used”. Note that the sums in the tables for each link may show a

FI Vyborg link Fenno-Skan 1–2 NO5 Estlink 2 NO1 Estlink 1 RU

NO2 SE3 Skagerak 1–4 EE

RU Konti-Skan 1–2

LV SE4

e DK1 NordBalt

N r Storebaelt o DK2 N SwePol LT e l b a c Kontek Baltic Cable LitPol Link A R B O C BY PL DE NL

Figure 5.10: A map of the bidding zones and the 19 HVDC links included in this report.

14 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.1 Baltic Cable

Figure 5.11 presents the availability and utilisation of technical capacity) was transmitted north to Sweden. Baltic Cable for 2020 and Table 5.4 presents the numerical values behind it. Baltic Cable is connected between south- The annual maintenance of Baltic Cable lasted 4 days in late ern Sweden (bidding zone SE4) and Germany (bidding zone September. Additionally, there were 4 short planned main- DE-TenneT). The operations started in 1994 and the trans- tenance outages, 2 unplanned maintenance outages and 1 mission capacity is 600 MW. other outage during 2020. Baltic Cable had 4 disturbance In 2020, Baltic Cable had an available technical capacity of outages of which one had more severe impact. The severe 81 %. The technical capacity not used was 19 %. Totally, disturbance outage was caused by a fault on the DC subma- 2.5 TWh (48 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted rine cable, probably cut by an anchor of a boat, and lasted 29 south from Sweden to Germany and 0.4 TWh (7 % of the days.

Monthly utilisation of Baltic Cable Rated capacity 600 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh HVDC link 100% 11% Baltic Cable 20% 23% 27% 24% 24% 26% 26% % Technical capacity not used 34% 30% COBRAcable 80% 42% % Transmission N&E [DE→SE4] EstLink 1 54% 8% 7% % Transmission S&W [SE4→DE] EstLink 2 18% 19% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f 52% o 85% 91% 51% Kontek % 48% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 64% 65% Konti-Skan 1 51% 33% 42% 61% % Planned maintenance 46% 23% Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 14% NordBalt 8% 8% 23% 13% 15% 8% NorNed 10% 9% 9% 9% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.11: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Baltic Cable in 2020. The 2020 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.4: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for The Baltic Cable in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of Baltic Cable (South & West direction SE4→DE) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 50.8 82.4 105.1 145.7 11.7 116.1 133.7 242.3 181.8 105.9 103.7 114.9 1393.9 26.4% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 1.9 18.0 10.6 20.2 0.5 78.2 0.1 102.1 25.1 12.9 80.2 36.9 386.7 7.3% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 379.6 219.3 287.9 221.7 28.6 199.1 225.9 62.5 141.0 292.5 180.1 272.7 2510.8 47.5% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 15.9 98.1 44.3 30.0 0.5 38.9 12.3 39.7 20.6 31.3 55.2 23.0 409.7 7.8% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - 0.8 - 15.5 405.3 0.4 - - 0.2 - - - 422.2 8.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------34.8 - - - - - 34.8 0.7% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------40.4 - 63.6 4.9 13.5 - 122.4 2.3% 2020 Other outages, GWh - - - - - 0.2 ------0.2 0.0% Total, GWh 448.1 418.6 447.9 433.1 446.5 432.9 447.2 446.6 432.3 447.5 432.6 447.4 5280.8 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 9.5 5.8 7.6 6.3 0.9 5.6 7.9 3.8 4.5 7.4 4.6 7.2 71.0 1.3% Losses NE, GWh - 0.4 0.2 0.4 - 1.9 - 2.3 0.6 0.2 1.7 0.8 8.7 0.2% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 15 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.12 presents the annual utilisation of Baltic Cable per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.14 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.13 presents the percentage of hours of a year ages during the years 2012–2020. Baltic Cable has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Baltic Cable Rated capacity 600 MW Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh 100% 18% 26% 27% 32% % Technical capacity not used 36% 38% 37% y

t 80% i 46% c 50% % Transmission N&E [DE→SE4] a

p 57% a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [SE4 DE]

a 9% c i

n 60% 10% h 15% 11% % Limitations c e t

l 55%

a 14% 41% 25% % Disturbance outages t o t

48% e 40% 19% 25% % Unplanned maintenance h 33% t

f 28% o 13% % Planned maintenance % 28% 13% 33% 20% % Other outages 8% 11% 16% 26% 24% 22% 18% 7% 22% 8% 8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.12: Annual utilisation of Baltic Cable according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic C forable the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Baltic Cable

HVDC link Number of outaFgens naonn-Suaklalyn f o1r Baltic Cable Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 12 Baltic Cable EstLink 1

r 40%

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g 23% 10 4 EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek

d 4

30% Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 8 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o

a 44% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f 6 2 n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link

s 20% NorNed e r 33% 16% 6 b

u 27% NordBalt NordBalt o 23% Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

N3orNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o 4 4 4 6 23% Skagerrak 2 22% Skagerrak 4 % 10% 7 7 18% 13% Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt 6 Skagerra6k 1 8% Skagerrak 4 SwePol 3 2 Storebaelt Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 5% 3 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 2 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I 1 Skagerrak 3 1 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.13: Percentage of hours Baltic Cable has been affected Figure 5.14: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Baltic Cable turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. BalticVybor cableg Link hasFI→ notRU had any other out- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a ages during the years 2012–2020.Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

16 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.2 COBRAcable

Figure 5.15 presents the availability and utilisation of 2.1 TWh (34 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted COBRAcable for 2020 and Table 5.5 presents the numerical south from Denmark to the Netherlands and 1.0 TWh (17 % values behind it. COBRAcable has been in operation since of the technical capacity) was transmitted north to Den- 2019. In Denmark (bidding zone DK1) it is connected to En- mark. drup substation and in Netherlands to Eemshaven (bidding COBRAcable had no maintenance outages but two distur- zone APX NL). COBRAcable was commissioned 5 November bance outages in 2020. The first was a minor outage due toa and has a transmission capacity of 700 MW. glycol pump trip in August. The second disturbance outage In 2020, COBRAcable had an available technical capacity of was due to a submarine cable fault in September and lasted 71 %. The technical capacity not used was 20 %. Totally, until 8 January 2021.

Monthly utilisation of COBRAcable Rated capacity 700 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 6.1 TWh HVDC link 100% 11% 14% Baltic Cable 20% 23% 25% % Technical capacity not used 32% 31% 29% COBRAcable 9% 38% 38% 80% % Transmission N&E [NL→DK1] EstLink 1 9% 17% % Transmission S&W [DK1→NL] EstLink 2 15% 20% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ 30% 29% Fenno-Skan 2 E % Disturbance outages

f 100% 100% 100% o

Kontek 89% 34%

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 76% 44% 44% Konti-Skan 1 68% 31% % Planned maintenance 60% Konti-Skan 2 27% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 37% NordBalt 9% 12% 27% 20% NorNed 9% 13% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.15: Percentage distribution of the availability2020 and utilisation per category according to month for COBRAcable in 2020.Ska Thegerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.5: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for COBRAcable in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technicalVyborg Link FI→RU capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of COBRAcable (South & West direction DK1→NL) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 56.2 70.4 120.4 126.9 164.2 193.7 162.6 196.7 147.1 - - - 1238.1 20.1% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 1.4 45.0 47.7 76.2 155.0 223.6 149.1 231.4 99.0 0.3 0.5 - 1029.3 16.7% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 462.5 371.8 352.7 300.9 194.8 42.9 140.0 61.2 155.1 - - - 2081.9 33.9% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 0.7 - - - 6.8 43.8 69.2 18.0 4.0 - - - 142.4 2.3% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh ------13.5 98.9 520.5 503.5 520.8 1657.1 27.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 520.8 487.2 520.8 504.0 520.8 504.0 520.8 520.8 504.0 520.8 504.0 520.8 6148.8 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 13.5 10.7 10.0 8.6 5.5 1.0 3.7 1.6 4.4 - - - 58.9 1.0% Losses NE, GWh 0.1 1.0 1.1 1.7 3.6 5.3 3.5 5.6 2.3 -0.3 -0.1 - 23.8 0.4% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityN StatisticsordBalt 2020 | 17 NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

This page is intentionally left blank because COBRAcable has no historical data past late 2019.

18 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.3 EstLink 1

Figure 5.16 presents the availability and utilisation of Est- and because EstLink 1 is often used in Automatic Frequency Link 1 for 2020 and Table 5.6 presents the numerical val- Control Mode. Totally, 1.7 TWh (56 % of the technical ca- ues behind it. EstLink 1 has been in operation since 2006 pacity) was transmitted south from Finland to Estonia and and is the first HVDC connection between Finland and Esto- >0.1 TWh (0.4 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted nia. In Finland, it is connected to Espoo substation (bidding north to Finland. zone FI) and in Estonia, it is connected to Harku substation The annual maintenance of EstLink 1 lasted 4 days in June. (bidding zone EE). The transmission capacity of EstLink 1 is Additionally, there were one 4-day planned maintenance 350 MW. outage to repair the roof in August and 3 other minimal ones In 2020, EstLink 1 had an available technical capacity of during 2020 for minor C&P modifications and testing. Last, 97 %. The technical capacity not used was 40 % because EstLink 1 had 1 minor disturbance outage due to a trip from EstLink 2 is prioritised due to its lower transmission losses an oil flow relay of the converter transformer.

Monthly utilisation of EstLink 1 Rated capacity 350 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 3.1 TWh HVDC link 100% 17% Baltic Cable 22% % Technical capacity not used 32% COBRAcable 38% 80% 44% 40% 45% 42% 40% % Transmission N&E [EE→FI] EstLink 1 48% 52% 48% 58% % Transmission S&W [FI→EE] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f o

Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 83% 76% Konti-Skan 1 68% 42% % Planned maintenance 62% 56% Konti-Skan 2 56% 47% 59% 54% 27% 47% 52% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% NordBalt 15% 14% NorNed 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.16: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for EstLink 1 in 2020. The availability 2020 Skagerrak 4 and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Table 5.6: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for EstLink 1 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technicalVyborg Link capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI Monthly utilisation of EstLink 1 (South & West direction FI→EE) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 83.3 106.6 125.8 102.0 116.3 106.8 44.2 151.5 132.5 124.5 57.0 99.6 1250.1 40.5% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 0.4 1.1 2.2 0.8 1.5 1.6 0.1 1.8 1.6 1.2 0.5 0.7 13.4 0.4% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 177.9 137.3 122.4 150.3 142.2 105.5 217.5 70.4 118.6 135.5 192.7 161.9 1732.1 56.1% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh - - 11.1 ------11.1 0.4% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - 1.3 ------1.3 0.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh - - - - - 38.7 - 36.8 - - 4.2 - 79.6 2.6% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 261.6 244.9 261.6 253.1 261.4 252.5 261.8 260.5 252.6 261.2 254.4 262.1 3087.7 100.0% Losses SW, GWh ------Losses NE, GWh ------HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 19 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.17 presents the annual utilisation of EstLink 1 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.19 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.18 presents the percentage of hours of a year Est- ages during the years 2012–2020. Link 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of EstLink 1 Rated capacity 350 MW Eₘₐₓ 3.1 TWh 100%

% Technical capacity not used

y 39% 40%

t 80% 40% i

c % Transmission N&E [EE→FI] a p a c

65% → l 69% 70% % Transmission S&W [FI EE] a

c 76%

i 77%

n 60% 82% h 11% % Limitations c 90%

e 15% t

a % Disturbance outages t o t

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h t

f o 56% % Planned maintenance % 47% 40% 20% 17% % Other outages 28% 27% 19% 20% 0% 8% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.17: Annual utilisation of EstLink 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic C forable the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for EstLink 1

HVDC link Number of outFaegnesn oan-Snukaalnly 1for EstLink 1 Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 16 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y

15% 14 EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n 10% Fenno-Skan 2 i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1 u Kontek 12 8 d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t 10 12 Konti-Skan 1 a

10% u

v LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e 8 r b u 5 NordBalt7 NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed

l 5 9 N l Skagerrak 2

a 6

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f 5% 2% Skagerrak 3 5 o 8% Skagerrak 2 6% Skagerrak 4 % 3 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt 4 Skagerrak 1 2 Skagerrak 4 SwePol 3% Storebaelt 3% Vyborg Link 5 Skagerrak 2 5 2 4 4 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 3 3 3 3 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.18: Percentage of hours EstLink 1 has been affected by Figure 5.19: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for EstLink 1 for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

20 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.4 EstLink 2

Figure 5.20 presents the availability and utilisation of Est- (85 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from Link 2 for 2020 and Table 5.7 presents the numerical values Finland to Estonia and >0.1 TWh (0.4 % of the technical ca- behind it. EstLink 2 was commissioned in Feb 2014 and is pacity) was transmitted north to Finland. the second HVDC connection between Finland and Esto- nia. In Finland, it is connected to Anttila substation (bidding The annual maintenance of EstLink 2 lasted 5 days in zone FI) and in Estonia, it is connected to Püssi substation September–October. There were 3 very short disturbance (bidding zone EE). The transmission capacity of EstLink 2 is outages in 2020 due to secondary systems. The unplanned 650 MW. maintenance outage in January (4 days) was continued re- In 2020, EstLink 2 had an available technical capacity of 98 %. placement work due to a DC voltage divider equipment fail- The technical capacity not used was 12 %. Totally, 4.9 TWh ure in late December 2019.

Monthly utilisation of EstLink 2 Rated capacity 650 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 5.7 TWh HVDC link 100% 8% 8% 9% 12% 14% 15% 17% 13% Baltic Cable 19% % Technical capacity not used 33% COBRAcable 80% % Transmission N&E [EE→FI] EstLink 1 % Transmission S&W [FI→EE] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ 85% Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f 100% 83% o 92% 91% 73% 94% 85% Kontek % 86% 85% 85% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 81% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance 65% Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 20% NordBalt NorNed 12% 9% 8% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.20: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for EstLink 2 in 2020. The availability 2020 Skagerrak 4 and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Table 5.7: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (E ) for EstLink 2 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical max Vyborg Link capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU

Monthly utilisation of EstLink 2 (South & West direction FI→EE) Year Voyf bDoatregt imLienk RU→FI Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 15.2 62.4 72.2 38.3 41.0 88.9 1.5 158.4 81.3 41.8 27.6 65.8 694.3 12.1% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh - 1.4 0.6 - - 1.1 - 9.5 1.4 0.2 - 7.6 21.8 0.4% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 414.8 391.9 413.7 433.6 445.3 379.6 487.5 317.8 345.1 404.1 444.6 414.0 4892.1 85.1% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh ------2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - 0.9 - - 0.2 0.4 - - - 1.6 0.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh 57.3 ------57.3 1.0% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------42.6 40.7 - - 83.3 1.4% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 487.4 455.7 486.6 471.9 487.3 469.6 489.0 485.9 470.8 486.8 472.2 487.3 5750.5 100.0% Losses SW, GWh ------Losses NE, GWh ------HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 21 Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.21 presents the annual utilisation of EstLink 2 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2014– age or other outage annually during the years 2014–2020. 2020. Figure 5.23 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.22 presents the percentage of hours of a year Est- ages during the years 2014–2020. Link 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of EstLink 2 Rated capacity 650 MW Eₘₐₓ 5.7 TWh 100% 12% 20% 32% % Technical capacity not used 38% 36% y

t 80% 42% i

c 47% % Transmission N&E [EE→FI] a p

a 59% c

→ l % Transmission S&W [FI EE] a c i

n 60%

h % Limitations c

e 11% t

a % Disturbance outages t 13% 85% o 72% t

53% e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h t

f 13% o 55% 53% % Planned maintenance

% 43% 20% 38% % Other outages 27% 11% 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total

HVDC link Figure 5.21: Annual utilisation of EstLink 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic C forable the years 2014–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for EstLink 2

HVDC link Number of outFaegnesn oan-Snukaalnly 1for EstLink 2 Baltic Cable 14 HVDC link 25% COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 12 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g 20% EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek 10 6 d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

21% e Konti-Skan 2 b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i 15% t Konti-Skan 1 a u 8

v LitPol Link o a 4% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b u 6 NordBalt NordBalt o 10% Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 4 4 2 % 11% 5% 7 3 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt Skagerrak 1 2 Skagerrak 4 5% SwePol 5 Storebaelt 4% Vyborg Link 2 Skagerrak 2 3% 3 3 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 2 2 Vyborg Link 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 1 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2014 2015 201S6kagerra20k1 74 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances SwePol Figure 5.22: Percentage of hours EstLink 2 has been affected by Figure 5.23: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for EstLink 2 for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2014–2020. The the years 2014–2020. EstLinkVybo 2rg hadLink neitherFI→RU unplanned mainte- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a nance nor other outages duringVybor thisg Lin period.k RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

22 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.5 Fenno-Skan 1

Figure 5.24 presents the availability and utilisation of Fenno- west from Finland to Sweden and 3.4 TWh (97 % of the tech- Skan 1 for 2020 and Table 5.8 presents the numerical values nical capacity) was transmitted east to Finland. behind it. Fenno-Skan 1 has been in operation since 1989 and The annual maintenance of Fenno-Skan 1 lasted 4 days in is the first HVDC connection between Finland and Sweden. late September. Additionally, there were 3 planned mainte- In Finland (bidding zone FI), Fenno-Skan 1 is connected to nance outages for correcting purposes. Fenno-Skan 1 had 3 Rauma and in Sweden to Dannebo (bidding zone SE3). The disturbance outages with minimal impact during 2020 due transmission capacity used to be 500 MW during summer to faults in cooling and auxiliary systems and DC measure- and 550 MW during winter but was permanently decreased ment. to 400 MW on 1 July 2014 after detailed DC-cable investigations were completed. The investigations were started after It should be noted, that Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 is sometimes a cable fault 12 February 2013. operated at equivalent transmission levels but with reversed directions to keep the temperature of Fenno-Skan 1 at ade- In 2020, Fenno-Skan 1 had an available technical capacity quate levels. The utilisation is still regarded as transmission of 98 %. The technical capacity not used was 1 %. Totally, even though the resulting net exchange between Finland and >0.1 TWh (0.4 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted Sweden is zero.

Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 Rated capacity 400 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 3.5 TWh HVDC link 100% Baltic Cable % Technical capacity not used COBRAcable 80% % Transmission N&E [SE3→FI] EstLink 1 % Transmission S&W [FI→SE3] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ 81%

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f 100% 100% 100% 100% 97% 98% 100% 100% 98% 94% 94% 97% o

Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 20% NordBalt 16% NorNed 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Figure 5.24: Percentage distribution of the availabilityYear of Date andtime utilisation per category according to month for Fenno-Skan 1 in 2020.S Thekagerrak 3 availability and utilisation categories are defined202 0in detail in Chapter 3. Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Table 5.8: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Fenno-Skan 1 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 (South & West direction FI→SE3) VyborgY Leainrk o Rf UD→ateFtiIme Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 0.2 1.3 0.4 - 1.8 5.3 - 0.1 7.3 1.8 11.3 8.3 37.7 1.1% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 298.4 278.1 298.1 288.6 290.6 283.7 298.8 298.5 234.5 293.1 271.0 279.1 3412.6 96.9% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh ------6.1 9.5 15.6 0.4% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh ------2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - 2.1 - - - - 0.9 - 1.3 4.3 0.1% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh - - - - 3.8 - - - 46.6 2.4 - - 52.8 1.5% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 298.6 279.3 298.6 288.6 298.3 289.0 298.8 298.6 288.4 298.1 288.4 298.2 3522.9 100.0% Losses SW, GWh ------0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0% Losses NE, GWh 8.1 7.0 7.5 7.2 7.2 7.6 7.5 7.8 6.3 7.5 7.1 7.4 88.1 2.5% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 23 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.25 presents the annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.27 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.26 presents the percentage of hours of a year Fenno- ages during the years 2012–2020. Skan 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 Rated capacity 400 MW Eₘₐₓ 3.5 TWh 100% 10% 15% 22% 18% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [SE3→FI] a p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [FI SE3] a

c 46% i

n 60% 76%

h 41% % Limitations c

e 75% t

92% 97% l 95%

a 92% 92% % Disturbance outages t 71% o t

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h t

f o 9% % Planned maintenance % 25% 20% 16% % Other outages 19% 13% 11% 8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.25: Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Fenno-Skan 1 Number of outages annually for Fenno-Skan 1 100% HVDC link Fenno-Skan 1 Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 16 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e 80% EstLink 2 Kontek y

14 EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek 12 d 9 Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l 60% e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t 10 Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o a 94% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 42% f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e 8 r

40% b

u NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m 10 4 h u

NorNed

l 9 9 N l Skagerrak 2

a 6

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 3 o 25% 46% Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 % 20% 16% 3 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt 4 Skagerrak 1 7 Skagerrak 4 SwePol 5 5 Storebaelt 13% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 11% 2 4 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 3 2 2 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances SwePol Figure 5.26: Percentage of hours Fenno-Skan 1 has been affected Figure 5.27: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Fenno-Skan 1 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The during 2012–2020. Fenno-SkanVybor 1g hadLink noFI→ otherRU outages during the percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

24 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.6 Fenno-Skan 2

Figure 5.28 presents the availability and utilisation of Fenno- Fenno-Skan 2 had no annual maintenance during 2020 but Skan 2 for 2020 and Table 5.9 presents the numerical values 4 short planned maintenance outages mainly for corrective behind it. Fenno-Skan 2 has been in operation since 2011 and purposes. Normally, there is annual maintenance of HVDC is the second HVDC connection between Finland and Swe- links but for Fenno-Skan 2 the maintenance happens every den. In Finland (bidding zone FI) Fenno-Skan 2 is connected second year. Fenno-Skan 2 had no disturbance outages dur- to Rauma and in Sweden to Finnböle (bidding zone SE3). The ing 2020 – only a disturbance limitation due to trees falling transmission capacity of Fenno-Skan 2 is 800 MW. on electrode overhead line during a storm. It should be noted, that Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 is sometimes In 2020, Fenno-Skan 2 had an available technical capacity of operated at equivalent transmission levels but with reversed 99.5 %. The technical capacity not used was 21 %. Totally, directions to keep the temperature of Fenno-Skan 1 at ade- 0.2 TWh (3 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted west quate levels. The utilisation is still regarded as transmission from Finland to Sweden and 5.3 TWh (75 % of the technical even though the resulting net exchange between Finland and capacity) was transmitted east to Finland. Sweden is zero.

Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 Rated capacity 800 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 7.0 TWh HVDC link 100% 10% 10% 13% 13% 16% Baltic Cable 20% 21% % Technical capacity not used 31% COBRAcable 33% 37% 32% 36% 80% % Transmission N&E [SE3→FI] EstLink 1 % Transmission S&W [FI→SE3] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f o

95% Kontek 85% 89% 90% 86% % % Unplanned maintenance 79% 83% 75% 40% 61% 52% 62% Konti-Skan 1 65% 56% % Planned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 20% NordBalt NorNed 11% 0% 7% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.28: Percentage distribution of the availability2020 and utilisation per category according to month for Fenno-Skan 2 in 2020.S Thekagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol

Table 5.9: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Fenno-Skan 2 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technicalVyborg Link capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 (South & West direction FI→SE3) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 194.9 70.1 59.1 56.2 77.6 211.9 31.9 121.0 185.0 98.1 208.4 184.5 1498.6 21.3% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 388.4 475.9 532.6 520.3 514.2 321.2 563.6 467.7 350.7 491.2 302.2 371.6 5299.6 75.4% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 12.1 7.7 0.4 - 3.7 43.1 0.1 2.7 18.7 6.0 65.5 38.4 198.5 2.8% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh - 3.4 - - - - 0.1 4.2 2.9 - - 0.8 11.3 0.2% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh ------2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh - - 3.5 - - - - - 18.9 - - - 22.4 0.3% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 595.4 557.1 595.6 576.4 595.6 576.2 595.7 595.5 576.2 595.4 576.1 595.3 7030.4 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 0.2 0.1 - - 0.1 0.9 - 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.3 0.7 3.7 0.1% Losses NE, GWh 7.9 10.4 11.7 11.4 11.3 6.5 13.0 10.0 7.5 10.8 6.2 7.8 114.5 1.6% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 25 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.29 presents the annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.31 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.30 presents the percentage of hours of a year Fenno- ages during the years 2012–2020. Skan 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 Rated capacity 800 MW Eₘₐₓ 7.0 TWh 100%

21% 18% 22% 20% 21% 28% 27% 36% % Technical capacity not used

y 40% 39%

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [SE3→FI] a p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [FI SE3] a c i

n 60%

h % Limitations c e t

l 57%

a % Disturbance outages t 72% o t

80% 75% e 40% 75% 66% % Unplanned maintenance h

t 55% 70%

f 53%

o 56% % Planned maintenance % 20% % Other outages 19% 0% 7% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.29: Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Fenno-Skan 2

HVDC link Number of outagFees nannonu-Salklya nfo r1 Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 4% Baltic Cable EstLink 1 10 r 20%

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r 8 Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

15% 3 5 Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t 5 Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o a 6 LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u

7 3 r LitPol Link s 10% 19% NorNed e r

b 8 u NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 4 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f 10% Skagerrak 3 1 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 % 5% 6 4 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt Skagerrak 1 1 7% Skagerrak 4 SwePol 2 4 4 Storebaelt Vyborg Link 3 Skagerrak 2 3 2% SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 2 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I 1 Skagerra1k 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.30: Percentage of hours Fenno-Skan 2 has been affected Figure 5.31: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Fenno-Skan 2 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

26 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.7 Kontek

Figure 5.32 presents the availability and utilisation of Kontek Denmark to Germany and 0.9 TWh (18 % of the technical ca- for 2020 and Table 5.10 presents the numerical values behind pacity) was transmitted north to Denmark. it. Kontek has been in operation since 1995. In Denmark it is connected to Bjaeverskov (bidding zone DK2) and in Ger- The annual maintenance of Kontek lasted 18 days starting many to Bentwisch (bidding zone DE-50Hertz). The trans- from 31 August. Unfortunately, a fault on the land cable on mission capacity of Kontek is 600 MW. the German side resulted in 94 days of further unplanned In 2020, Kontek had an available technical capacity of 70 %. maintenance shortly after the planned maintenance. Kontek The technical capacity not used was 23 %. Totally, 1.6 TWh had one minor disturbance outage due to an operational er- (30 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from ror during switching of AC-filters in February.

Monthly utilisation of Kontek Rated capacity 600 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh HVDC link 100% 12% 11% 18% Baltic Cable 23% % Technical capacity not used 32% 33% COBRAcable 39% 36% 34% 80% 40% % Transmission N&E [DE→DK2] EstLink 1 49% 20% 26% 18% % Transmission S&W [DK2→DE] EstLink 2 16% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1 ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

19% f

o 98% 98% 30% Kontek % 86% 47% % Unplanned maintenance 40% Konti-Skan 1 34% 57% % Planned maintenance 65% Konti-Skan 2 56% 60% 58% 52% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 42% 25% NordBalt 16% 18% NorNed 0% 8% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.32: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Kontek in 2020. The availability 2020 Skagerrak 4 and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.10: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Kontek in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of Kontek (South & West direction DK2→DE) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 53.0 76.6 140.9 168.3 216.8 153.4 149.1 151.3 10.8 11.2 10.8 46.9 1189.0 22.6% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 10.2 108.5 73.6 80.8 149.8 245.5 27.3 208.3 - - - 22.1 926.2 17.6% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 383.2 232.1 231.9 182.9 79.7 33.0 270.0 73.6 - - - 87.1 1573.7 29.9% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh ------2.7 - - - - 2.7 0.1% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - 0.4 ------0.4 0.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------172.0 435.2 421.2 290.3 1318.7 25.0% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------10.5 249.2 - - - 259.7 4.9% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 446.4 417.6 446.4 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 446.4 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 5270.4 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 8.5 5.1 4.9 3.8 1.6 0.7 5.8 1.5 - - - 1.7 33.5 0.6% Losses NE, GWh 0.2 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 4.9 0.5 4.2 - - - 0.5 18.3 0.3% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 2 2020 | 27 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.33 presents the annual utilisation of Kontek per util- age, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or other isation and unavailability category for the years 2012–2020. outage annually during the years 2012–2020. Figure 5.35 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, un- Figure 5.34 presents the percentage of hours of a year Kontek planned and planned maintenance and other outages during has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance out- the years 2012–2020.

Annual utilisation of Kontek Rated capacity 600 MW Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh 100%

20% 19% 21% 24% 26% 23% 23% 23% 23% 28% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [DE→DK2] a

p 14% 18%

a 11%

c 18%

→ l 27% % Transmission S&W [DK2 DE] a 27% c i 34% 31%

n 60%

h % Limitations c e t

47% 44% l

a % Disturbance outages t 30% o t

e 40% 26% % Unplanned maintenance

h 49% t

59% 60% f o

38% 36% % Planned maintenance % 39% % Other outages 20% 25% 23% 23% 25% 12% 0% 10% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.33: Annual utilisation of Kontek according to the utilisation and unavailability categories forBa theltic yearsCable 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Kontek

HVDC link Number of ouFteangenso a-nSnkuaanll y1 for Kontek Baltic Cable 30% 10 HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek 1 y

25% EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1

r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

20% Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1s l

e Konti-Sk1an 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2

l 26% a

i 6 t Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o a LitPol Lin1k 1 Konti-Skan 2 f

n 15%

NordBalt o u 23% 2

6 r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b

u 1 NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h u 4

NorNed l N l 10% Skagerrak 2 a

N1orNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o

2 4 2 Skagerrak 2 12% Skagerrak 4 % 3 Skagerra5k 1 1 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt 5% 3% 10% 2 Skagerrak 4 SwePol 3 1 Storebaelt 4% 5% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2 2 2 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→0FI 1 1 Skagerrak 3 1 1 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 2S01k5agerr2a0k16 4 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.34: Percentage of hours Kontek has been affected by Figure 5.35: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Kontek for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

28 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.8 Konti-Skan 1

Figure 5.36 presents the availability and utilisation of Konti- and reserve requirements, along with transmission measure- Skan 1 for 2020 and Table 5.11 presents the numerical values ments only being done in DK1. behind it. Konti-Skan 1 has been in operation since 1965 and In 2020, Konti-Skan 1 had an available technical capacity of it is connected in south-western Sweden to Lindome (bid- 86 % and the technical capacity not used was 27 %. Totally, ding zone SE3) and in Denmark to Vester Hassing (bidding 1.1 TWh (35 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted zone DK1). west from Sweden to Denmark and 0.8 TWh (25 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted east to Sweden. The rated capacity of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 was updated to 715 MW in both directions on 1 February 2020 (357.5 MW per The annual maintenance of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 lasted 6 days link). The rated capacity was previously asymmetric depend- in August. Additionally, there were 6 other short planned ing on the flow direction: 740 MW towards east (370+370) maintenances primarily for finishing the control system up- and 680 MW towards west (340+340). The reason of the grades. Konti-Skan 1 had 4 disturbance outages with mini- asymmetric rated capacity was due to historical limitations mal impact during 2020.

Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 Rated capacity 357.5 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 3.1 TWh HVDC link 100% 12% 11% 14% Baltic Cable 23% % Technical capacity not used 29% 26% 25% 27% COBRAcable 39% 34% 36% 14% 37% 35% 80% % Transmission N&E [DK1→SE3] EstLink 1 28% 22% % Transmission S&W [SE3→DK1] EstLink 2 18% 20% 25% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% 28% ₐ

ₘ 23% 19% 20% Fenno-Skan 2 E 18% 21% % Disturbance outages

f 50% o 50% 37% Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 38% Konti-Skan 1 45% 38% % Planned maintenance 29% 23% 35% Konti-Skan 2 38% % Other outages 40% 36% LitPol Link 20% 42% 17% NordBalt 18% 20% 25% 21% 16% 18% 11% NorNed 12% 11% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.36: Percentage distribution of the availability2020 and utilisation per category according to month for Konti-Skan 1 in 2020.Ska Thegerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.11: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Konti-Skan 1 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the Vyborg Link FI→RU technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 (South & West direction SE3→DK1) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 106.7 72.8 90.6 92.5 68.7 30.8 28.5 37.6 64.0 98.7 89.1 62.0 842.1 26.7% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 49.9 123.6 61.1 47.7 75.5 72.1 36.7 57.4 46.1 56.7 96.3 53.9 777.0 24.7% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 110.6 45.8 111.1 97.9 78.3 98.4 133.5 54.4 116.5 96.9 44.0 102.2 1089.6 34.6% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh - - 3.2 12.0 43.5 52.1 67.3 60.6 30.8 13.7 28.1 48.0 359.3 11.4% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh 0.8 - - 4.1 - - - 0.3 - - - - 5.2 0.2% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh 7.2 6.7 - 3.2 - 3.0 - 55.8 - - - - 75.9 2.4% 2020 Other outages, GWh - - - - - 1.1 ------1.1 0.0% Total, GWh 275.3 248.9 266.0 257.5 266.0 257.6 266.0 266.1 257.4 266.0 257.4 266.1 3150.2 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 2.3 1.0 2.4 2.1 1.6 2.5 2.8 1.0 2.4 2.0 0.8 2.1 22.9 0.7% Losses NE, GWh 1.1 3.0 1.4 1.1 1.8 2.2 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.4 2.2 1.2 19.2 0.6% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 29 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.37 presents the annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.39 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.38 presents the percentage of hours of a year Konti- ages during the years 2012–2020. Skan 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 Rated capacity 357.5 MW Eₘₐₓ 3.1 TWh 100%

27% 33% 31% % Technical capacity not used 38% 36% 34% 37% y

t 80% 41%

i 45% c % Transmission N&E [DK1→SE3] a 53% p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [SE3 DK1] a c

i 25%

n 60% 19%

h 10% % Limitations

c 22%

e 29% t

l 26%

a % Disturbance outages

t 26% o t 25%

e 40% 19% % Unplanned maintenance h

t 20% 54%

f o 46% 17% 28% 35% % Planned maintenance % 24% 12% 26% % Other outages 20% 27% 14% 29% 8% 14% 11% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.37: Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Konti-Skan 1

HVDC link Number of outagFeesn annon-uSakllay nfo 1r Konti-Skan 1 35% Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 16 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e 30% EstLink 2 Kontek y

14 EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r 25% Fenno-Skan 1 u Kontek 12 d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 11 l a i 20% t 10 4 Konti-Skan 1 a 33% u v LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f

n 2

NordBalt o u

32% r LitPol Link s NorNed e 8 r 15% 4 b u 14% 3 NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m 8 6 h u

NorNed

l 3 5

9% N l Skagerrak 2

a 6 6 NorNed Skagerrak 1 f 10% Skagerrak 3 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 % 3% 15% 7 Skagerrak 3 4% Storebaelt 4 4 Skagerrak 1 5% Skagerrak 4 3% 5% SwePol 6% 7% Storebaelt 5% Vyborg Link 5 Skagerra5k 2 5 3% 4% 2 4 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 3 3 3 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.38: Percentage of hours Konti-Skan 1 has been affected Figure 5.39: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Konti-Skan 1 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

30 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.9 Konti-Skan 2

Figure 5.40 presents the availability and utilisation of Konti- ments only being done in DK1. Skan 2 for 2020 and Table 5.12 presents the numerical values In 2020, Konti-Skan 2 had an available technical capacity of behind it. Konti-Skan 2 is connected between Sweden and 81 % and the technical capacity not used was 25 %. Totally, Denmark in parallel to Konti-Skan 1 and has been in opera- 1.0 TWh (33 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted tion since 1988. west from Sweden to Denmark and 0.7 TWh (23 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted east to Sweden. The rated capacity of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 was updated to 715 MW in both directions on 1 February 2020 (357.5 MW per The annual maintenance of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 lasted 6 days link). The rated capacity was previously asymmetric depend- in August. Additionally, there were 6 other short planned ing on the flow direction: 740 MW towards east (370+370) maintenances primarily for finishing the control system up- and 680 MW towards west (340+340). The reason of the grades. Konti-Skan 2 had 4 disturbance outages during 2020, asymmetric rated capacity was due to historical limitations of which one was substantial and lasted 20 days due to a fault and reserve requirements, along with transmission measure- in the smoothing reactor.

Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 Rated capacity 357.5 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 3.1 TWh HVDC link 100% 8% 13% Baltic Cable 10% 21% % Technical capacity not used 29% 25% 8% 24% 25% 34% 33% COBRAcable 39% 35% 36% 80% 18% % Transmission N&E [DK1→SE3] EstLink 1 17% % Transmission S&W [SE3→DK1] EstLink 2 18% 21% 40% 23% 29% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1 ₓ 60% ₐ 19% 16% 23% ₘ 23% Fenno-Skan 2

E 22% % Disturbance outages 19% f

o 38% 50% Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 39% Konti-Skan 1 46% 33% % Planned maintenance 30% 24% 26% Konti-Skan 2 39% 48% 37% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 41% 42% 18% NordBalt 19% 11% 17% 19% 21% 19% NorNed 12% 11% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.40: Percentage distribution of the availability2020 and utilisation per category according to month for Konti-Skan 2 in 2020.Ska Thegerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol

Table 5.12: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Konti-Skan 2 in 2020. Note that losses are not includedV inybo therg Link technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 (South & West direction SE3→DK1) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 108.2 71.3 90.2 89.9 66.1 17.2 21.4 35.3 61.7 95.9 85.7 57.0 799.7 25.4% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 52.7 123.8 62.1 48.3 76.4 26.3 22.5 47.9 47.0 58.2 97.2 55.1 717.5 22.8% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 112.8 46.6 112.3 101.3 79.3 44.3 107.3 60.0 117.5 98.7 45.2 103.3 1028.7 32.7% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh - - 1.6 11.6 44.3 42.1 64.8 67.9 30.6 13.2 29.4 50.7 356.4 11.3% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh 1.6 - - - - 124.6 49.9 - 0.6 - - - 176.7 5.6% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh - 7.1 - 6.4 - 3.0 - 54.8 - - - - 71.3 2.3% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 275.3 248.9 266.2 257.5 266.1 257.4 266.0 266.0 257.4 266.0 257.4 266.1 3150.2 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 2.6 1.1 2.6 2.3 1.6 0.8 2.1 1.2 2.5 2.1 0.9 2.3 22.3 0.7% Losses NE, GWh 1.3 3.2 1.5 1.2 1.9 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.5 1.3 18.1 0.6% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 2 2020 | 31 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.41 presents the annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.43 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.42 presents the percentage of hours of a year Konti- ages during the years 2012–2020. Skan 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 Rated capacity 357.5 MW Eₘₐₓ 3.1 TWh 100%

25% % Technical capacity not used 37% 38% 35% 34% 38% y

t 80% 41% 42% 41% i 45% c % Transmission N&E [DK1→SE3] a p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [SE3 DK1]

a 23% c i

n 60%

h % Limitations

c 18% 21%

e 12% t

l 26%

a % Disturbance outages t 17% 26% 27% o 36% t

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h

t 55%

33% f o 28% % Planned maintenance

% 34% 44% 32% 28% % Other outages 20% 26% 27% 23% 11% 14% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.41: Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Konti-Skan 2 Number of outages annually for Konti-Skan 2 40% HVDC link Fenno-Skan 1 Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable 20 Fenno-Skan 2 35% Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a 30% Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek 15 d

25% Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2 b 30% Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 14 l a i t 9 Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link

20% o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u 9

r LitPol Link

s 10 NorNed e r b u 15% NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h 10% u NorNed l

N 4 4 l Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3

o 10% Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 6 % 15% 5 3 Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 3 4% 4% Storebaelt 2 Skagerrak 4 5% 5% 6% SwePol 8 5 Storebaelt 6% Vyborg Link 6 S6kagerrak 2 2 6 4% 4% 5% 4% 3 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 4 3 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 2 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.42: Percentage of hours Konti-Skan 2 has been affected Figure 5.43: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Konti-Skan 2 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

32 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.10 LitPol Link

Figure 5.44 presents the availability and utilisation of 2.2 TWh (50 % of the technical capacity) as transmitted west LitPol Link for 2020 and Table 4.1 presents the numerical val- from Lithuania to Poland and 0.4 TWh (9 % of the technical ues behind it. LitPol Link has been in operation since the end capacity) was transmitted east to Lithuania. of 2015. In Lithuania, it is connected to Alytus (bidding zone The annual maintenance of LitPol Link lasted 23 days start- LT) and in Poland to Ełk (bidding zone PL). The transmission ing from late September. LitPol Link had in addition 9 other capacity of LitPol Link is 500 MW. planned maintenance outages, 6 unplanned maintenance In 2020, LitPol Link had an available technical capacity of outages, and 2 disturbance outages with minimal impact in 91 %. The technical capacity not used was 33 %. Totally, 2020.

Monthly utilisation of LitPol Link Rated capacity 500 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 4.4 TWh HVDC link 100% 14% Baltic Cable 20% 26% % Technical capacity not used 32% 30% 31% 33% COBRAcable 39% 38% 40% 80% 42% 41% 45% % Transmission N&E [PL→LT] EstLink 1 13% % Transmission S&W [LT→PL] EstLink 2 15% 9% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60%

ₐ 10%

ₘ 14% 11% Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

o 21% 13% Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 75% 58% Konti-Skan 1 67% % Planned maintenance 57% 67% 50% Konti-Skan 2 52% 54% 45% 51% 48% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 42% 36% NordBalt NorNed 9% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.44: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for LitPol Link in 2020. The 2020 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.13: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for LitPol Link in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of LitPol Link (South & West direction LT→PL) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 73.7 110.7 111.1 150.7 145.2 135.6 96.5 151.1 111.6 53.1 143.3 168.4 1451.0 33.0% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 6.4 21.0 54.8 75.2 50.4 37.2 15.4 15.2 1.3 19.3 37.8 46.6 380.7 8.7% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 277.9 199.1 192.2 128.9 166.5 182.6 248.6 201.0 209.4 49.7 173.9 154.7 2184.7 49.7% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 4.7 4.6 3.2 5.2 2.4 4.1 3.9 2.8 4.2 0.8 2.7 2.3 41.1 0.9% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh 1.3 ------1.3 0.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh 5.1 - 6.5 - - - 4.0 - - - 2.2 - 17.8 0.4% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh 3.0 12.5 4.1 - 7.5 - 3.5 - 33.5 249.0 - - 313.1 7.1% 2020 Other outages, GWh - - - - - 0.4 - 1.8 - - - - 2.3 0.1% Total, GWh 372.0 348.0 372.0 360.0 372.0 360.0 372.0 372.0 360.0 372.0 360.0 372.0 4392.0 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 4.0 3.0 2.9 2.0 2.6 2.9 3.6 3.1 3.3 0.8 2.7 2.4 33.4 0.8% Losses NE, GWh 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.3 - 0.3 0.6 0.9 6.8 0.2% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityL StatisticsitPol Link 2020 | 33 NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.45 presents the annual utilisation of LitPol Link per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2016– age or other outage annually during the years 2016–2020. 2020. Figure 5.47 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.46 presents the percentage of hours of a year ages during the years 2016–2020. LitPol Link has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of LitPol Link Rated capacity 500 MW Eₘₐₓ 4.4 TWh 100%

35% 33% % Technical capacity not used

y 40%

t 80% 41%

i 43% c % Transmission N&E [PL→LT] a 52% p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [LT PL] a 9% c i 9%

n 60%

h % Limitations c 11% e

t 11% 16%

a % Disturbance outages t o t

10%

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h t

f 50% o 53% 40% % Planned maintenance

% 35% 24% 37% 20% % Other outages 9% 8% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total

HVDC link Figure 5.45: Annual utilisation of LitPol Link according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic C forable the years 2016–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for LitPol Link

HVDC link Number of outaFgeensn aon-nSukaallyn f1or LitPol Link Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable 20 Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 2 r

a 40% COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek 15 6 d 30% Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a 39% Konti-Skan 2 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 42% f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link

s 10 20% NorNed e r b

u NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h

u 5

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f 16% Skagerrak 3 10 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 2 % 10% 15% 14% Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt 5 Skagerrak 1 3 3 Skagerrak 4 SwePol 3 Storebaelt 7% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 4% SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 1 3 Vyborg Link 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerra2k 3 2 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2016 2017 Skagerra20k1 84 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.46: Percentage of hours LitPol Link has been affected by Figure 5.47: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for LitPol Link turbance or other outage annually for the years 2016–2020. The for the years 2016–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

34 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.11 NordBalt

Figure 5.48 presents the availability and utilisation of Nord- (75 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from Balt for 2020 and Table 5.14 presents the numerical values Sweden to Lithuania and 0.1 TWh (2 % of the technical ca- behind it. NordBalt has been in operation since 2016. In pacity) was transmitted north to Sweden. Sweden, it is connected to Nybro (bidding zone SE4) and in The annual maintenance of NordBalt lasted 5 days in Oc- Lithuania to Klaipeda (bidding zone LT). The transmission tober. Additionally, NordBalt had 1 short planned mainte- capacity of NordBalt is 700 MW at the receiving end. nance, 2 disturbance outages (one lasting 9 days in June and In 2020, NordBalt had an available technical capacity of 98 %. the other 2 days in December) and 1 other outage with min- The technical capacity not used was 22 %. Totally, 4.6 TWh imal impact during 2020.

Monthly utilisation of NordBalt Rated capacity 700 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 6.1 TWh HVDC link 100% 8% 8% 7% 12% 15% 17% 18% Baltic Cable 21% 21% % Technical capacity not used 26% COBRAcable 37% 80% 42% % Transmission N&E [LT→SE4] EstLink 1 % Transmission S&W [SE4→LT] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60%

ₐ 54%

ₘ 7% Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages 85% 73% f o

Kontek 91% 92% 93% 75% % 75% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 79% 78% Konti-Skan 1 72% % Planned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 47% 57% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 29% NordBalt 15% NorNed 9% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.48: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for NordBalt in 2020. The availability 2020 Skagerrak 4 and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.14: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for NordBalt in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of NordBalt (South & West direction SE4→LT) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 107.4 36.9 39.9 36.9 30.1 75.0 110.0 220.2 187.7 60.3 129.8 90.4 1124.4 18.3% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 4.3 5.0 2.9 0.1 0.3 3.6 5.6 35.7 22.8 2.0 10.9 3.6 96.8 1.6% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 409.1 445.3 478.0 467.1 444.4 271.0 404.2 246.2 289.6 380.5 363.3 391.2 4589.8 74.6% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh - - - - 46.1 6.1 1.1 18.8 - 1.7 - - 73.7 1.2% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - - 148.3 - - - - - 33.6 181.9 3.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------76.3 - 2.0 78.3 1.3% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------3.9 - - - 3.9 0.1% Total, GWh 520.8 487.2 520.8 504.0 520.8 504.0 520.8 520.8 504.0 520.8 504.0 520.8 6148.8 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 18.3 21.0 22.5 21.8 20.0 12.2 18.2 10.3 12.4 17.6 16.2 18.0 208.4 3.4% Losses NE, GWh 0.1 0.2 0.1 - - 0.1 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.1 3.4 0.1% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityL StatisticsitPol Link 2020 | 35 NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.49 presents the annual utilisation of NordBalt per outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2016– other outage annually during the years 2016–2020. Fig- 2020. ure 5.51 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.50 presents the percentage of hours of a year Nord- ages during the years 2016–2020. Balt has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance

Annual utilisation of NordBalt Rated capacity 700 MW Eₘₐₓ 6.1 TWh 100% 18% 31% 32% 28% 29% 28% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [LT→SE4] a p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [SE4 LT] a c i

n 60%

h % Limitations c e t

a % Disturbance outages t 42% 47% o t 75% 54% 50% e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h

t 58%

f o % Planned maintenance % 20% % Other outages 18% 12% 15% 0% 7% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total

HVDC link Figure 5.49: Annual utilisation of NordBalt according to the utilisation and unavailability categories forBa theltic C yearsable 2016–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for NordBalt

HVDC link Number of ouFtaegnens oa-nSnukalnly 1for NordBalt Baltic Cable 25 HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 25% Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e 9% EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n 20% Fenno-Skan 2 i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2 b 18% 2% Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a

i 15 15% t 16 Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b

u NordBalt NordBalt o 10% 12% Skagerrak 1 m h u 10

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 12 a

11% NorNed Skagerrak 1 f 15% Skagerrak 3 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4

% 3% Skagerrak 3 5% Storebaelt 2 Skagerrak 1 5 Skagerrak 4 7% SwePol 3 3% 2 Storebaelt 4% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 2% 5 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 2 2 2 Vyborg Link 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2016 2017 Skagerra20k1 84 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.50: Percentage of hours NordBalt has been affected by Figure 5.51: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for NordBalt for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2016–2020. The the years 2016–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

36 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.12 NorNed

Figure 5.52 presents the availability and utilisation of NorNed In 2020, NorNed had an available technical capacity of 83 %. for 2020 and Table 5.15 presents the numerical values behind The technical capacity not used was 6 %. Totally, 4.6 TWh it. NorNed has been in operation since 2008, and is, with a (75 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from length of 580 km, the longest HVDC link connected to the Norway to Netherlands and 0.1 TWh (2 % of the technical Nordic power system. In Norway on the south-western coast capacity) was transmitted north to Norway. (bidding zone NO2) it is connected to Feda substation and NorNed had no annual maintenance during 2020, but 3 in Netherlands to Eemshaven (bidding zone APX NL). The planned maintenance outages due to AC filters problems in transmission capacity of NorNed is 700 MW. Holland. The limitations were also due to the AC filters.

Monthly utilisation of NorNed Rated capacity 700 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 6.1 TWh HVDC link 100% 14% 13% Baltic Cable 21% % Technical capacity not used COBRAcable 80% % Transmission N&E [NL→NO2] EstLink 1 40% % Transmission S&W [NO2→NL] EstLink 2 58% 69% 50% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1 ₓ 60% ₐ 85%

ₘ 75% Fenno-Skan 2

E 88% % Disturbance outages

91% f 97% o 59% 92% 90% Kontek

% 78% % Unplanned maintenance 40% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 52% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 33% 35% 29% NordBalt 18% 14% 16% NorNed 9% 0% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.52: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for NorNed in 2020. The availability 2020 Skagerrak 4 and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.15: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for NorNed in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of NorNed (South & West direction NO2→NL) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 71.3 25.2 23.4 27.7 66.5 31.7 107.5 2.9 11.6 5.8 4.1 15.6 393.3 6.4% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 5.4 7.5 19.0 20.7 24.7 7.6 9.8 0.7 2.6 4.9 2.4 0.1 105.4 1.7% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 259.6 281.8 479.8 456.9 406.8 200.5 309.4 445.7 462.0 507.7 349.8 460.1 4620.2 75.0% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 171.5 171.1 - - 6.7 264.2 94.7 72.6 29.0 3.5 147.7 47.1 1008.1 16.4% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh ------2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh 12.9 1.7 - - 17.2 ------31.8 0.5% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 520.8 487.3 522.3 505.4 522.0 504.0 521.4 521.9 505.1 521.9 504.0 522.8 6158.8 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 7.2 8.0 19.0 18.0 16.0 4.7 11.2 16.9 18.1 20.3 10.5 17.3 167.3 2.7% Losses NE, GWh 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.4 - 0.1 0.2 0.1 - 4.0 0.1% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityL StatisticsitPol Link 2020 | 37 NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.53 presents the annual utilisation of NorNed per util- age, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or other isation and unavailability category for the years 2012–2020. outage annually during the years 2012–2020. Figure 5.55 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, un- Figure 5.54 presents the percentage of hours of a year NorNed planned and planned maintenance and other outages during has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance out- the years 2012–2020.

Annual utilisation of NorNed Rated capacity 700 MW Eₘₐₓ 6.1 TWh 100% 7% 9% 9% 11% 19% 18% 26% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [NL→NO2] a p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [NO2 NL] a 23% c i

n 60%

h % Limitations

c 75%

e 68% t

94% l 89% 81% a 88% % Disturbance outages t 63% 74% o t

68%

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h t

o 38% % Planned maintenance % 20% % Other outages

14% 8% 16% 9% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.53: Annual utilisation of NorNed according to the utilisation and unavailability categories forBa theltic yearsCable 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for NorNed Number of ouFtaegnenso a-nSnkuaanlly 1 for NorNed 40% HVDC link Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y 15

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1 30% g 6 EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1

r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s 2 l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o 10 2 a 20% 39% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f

n 4%

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e 3 r 27% 9% b

u 19% NordBalt 8 NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

18% NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o 14% 10% 11 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 5 % Skagerrak 1 9 Skagerrak 3 10% 9% Storebaelt 6% Skagerrak 4 SwePol 3 3 5% 6 Storebaelt Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 3% 2 4 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 3 2 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.54: Percentage of hours NorNed has been affected by Figure 5.55: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for NorNed for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

38 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.13 Skagerrak 1

Figure 5.56 presents the availability and utilisation of Skager- other planned maintenance outage of Skagerrak 1–3 due to rak 1 for 2020 and Table 5.16 presents the numerical values reconstruction work in Kristiansand in October. Skagerrak 1 behind it. Skagerrak 1 and Skagerrak 2 have been in opera- had 1 major and 4 minor disturbance outages and 1 minor tion since 1976 and are the oldest HVDC links in operation unplanned maintenance outage during 2020. The severe dis- in the Nordic countries. In Norway, the links are connected turbance outage lasted 88 days and was caused by a subma- to Kristiansand on the southern coast (bidding zone NO2) rine cable fault due to a ship. and in Denmark to Tjele (bidding zone DK1), 15 km east of the town of Viborg in the northern part of Jutland. The trans- Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been limited due to “careful op- mission capacity is 236 MW at the receiving end. eration” since the Skagerrak 4 cable faults in December 2019. In 2020, the capacity was prioritised followingly: In 2020, Skagerrak 1 had an available technical capacity of 66 %. The technical capacity not used was 25 %. Totally, • 1.1–16.3 North direction prioritised 0.7 TWh (38 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from Norway to the Denmark and 0.1 TWh (3 % of the • 16.3–18.3 Discharge of Skagerrak 4 before switching technical capacity) was transmitted north to Norway. polarity There was no annual maintenance of Skagerrak 1, but one • 18.3–31.12 South direction prioritised

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 1 Rated capacity 236 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 2.1 TWh HVDC link 100% Baltic Cable 25% 23% 25% % Technical capacity not used 28% 27% 29% COBRAcable 80% 44% 41% % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] EstLink 1 54% 52% % Transmission S&W [NO2→DK1] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% 76% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E 7% 38% % Disturbance outages

f 37% 100% 100%

o 45% 51%

Kontek

% 7% % Unplanned maintenance 40% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance 69% 66% Konti-Skan 2 40% 27% 55% 8% % Other outages 32% LitPol Link 20% 12% NordBalt 31% 25% 24% 17% 19% NorNed 8% 12% 0% 7% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.56: Percentage distribution of the availability2020 and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 1 in 2020.S Thekagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Table 5.16: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (E ) for Skagerrak 1 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical max Vyborg Link capacity (E ), as is shown in Figure 3.1. max Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 1 (South & West direction NO2→DK1) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 95.7 72.2 90.9 48.4 44.6 4.0 - - 5.4 40.6 69.9 50.3 521.9 25.2% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 11.8 12.3 7.1 6.6 7.4 0.9 - - - 5.0 3.9 8.9 63.8 3.1% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 56.2 65.5 48.1 62.3 78.3 128.8 - - 45.6 89.4 94.3 116.4 784.9 37.9% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 11.9 12.5 29.5 52.7 43.6 3.3 - - 2.3 20.3 - - 176.0 8.5% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - 1.8 - - 1.7 33.0 175.6 175.6 116.9 - 0.8 - 505.3 24.4% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------1.2 - 1.2 0.1% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------20.2 - - 20.2 1.0% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 175.6 164.3 175.6 169.9 175.6 169.9 175.6 175.6 170.1 175.6 169.9 175.6 2073.3 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 2.9 3.5 2.2 2.5 3.5 6.2 - - 2.4 4.3 4.7 5.8 38.2 1.8% Losses NE, GWh 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 - - - - 0.2 0.2 0.4 2.8 0.1% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityF Statisticsenno-Skan 2 2020 | 39 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.57 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.59 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.58 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2012–2020. gerrak 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 Rated capacity 236 MW Eₘₐₓ 2.1 TWh 100%

25% 35% 35% 36% 32% % Technical capacity not used

y 39%

t 80% 41% 41% i

c % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] a 53% 53% p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [NO2 DK1] a c i

n 60% 11% 18%

h % Limitations

c 11% 12% e 11% 38%

t 26%

a % Disturbance outages t o t

12% e 40% 22% % Unplanned maintenance h 31% t

o 34% 55% 38% 8% % Planned maintenance % 28% 41% 31% 19% 20% 7% % Other outages 24% 21% 16% 11% 11% 0% 8% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.57: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 1

HVDC link Number of outaFgens nanon-uSaklalyn f o1r Skagerrak 1 Baltic Cable 50% HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a 20 COBRAcable e EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1 40% g 27% EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l 15 e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l 30% a i 10% 11% t Konti-Skan 1 a u

v LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b u 10 NordBalt 20 NordBalt

o 20% 8% Skagerrak 1 m h u

2 18 NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2

a 27% 8% NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o 16% 24% Skagerrak 2 24% Skagerrak 4 % 10% Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 3 7% Storebaelt 5 16% 3 5 Skagerrak 4 SwePol 4 8 11% 11% 3 Storebaelt 7% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 6% 6% SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 3 3 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I 2 Skagerrak 3 2 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances SwePol Figure 5.58: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 1 has been affected Figure 5.59: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 1 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. SkagerrakVyborg Link 1 F hadI→R noU other outages dur- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a ing the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

40 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.14 Skagerrak 2

Figure 5.60 presents the availability and utilisation of Skager- There was no annual maintenance of Skagerrak 2, but one rak 2 for 2020 and Table 5.17 presents the numerical values other planned maintenance outage of Skagerrak 1–3 due to behind it. Skagerrak 1 and Skagerrak 2 have been in opera- reconstruction work in Kristiansand in October. Skagerrak 2 tion since 1976 and are the oldest HVDC links in operation in had 1 major and 4 minor disturbance outages and 1 minor the Nordic countries. In Norway, the links are connected to unplanned maintenance outage during 2020. The severe dis- Kristiansand on the southern coast (bidding zone NO2) and turbance outage lasted 123 days and was caused by a subma- in Denmark to Tjele (bidding zone DK1), 15 km east of the rine cable fault due to a ship. town of Viborg in the northern part of Jutland. The trans- Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been limited due to “careful op- mission capacity of Skagerrak 2 is 236 MW at the receiving eration” since the Skagerrak 4 cable faults in December 2019. end. In 2020, the capacity was prioritised followingly: In 2020, Skagerrak 2 had an available technical capacity of • 1.1–16.3 North direction prioritised 56 %. The technical capacity not used was 22 %. Totally, • 16.3–18.3 Discharge of Skagerrak 4 before switching 0.6 TWh (31 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted polarity south from Norway to the Denmark and 0.1 TWh (3 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted north to Norway. • 18.3–31.12 South direction prioritised

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 2 Rated capacity 236 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 2.1 TWh HVDC link 100% Baltic Cable 20% 25% 27% 22% % Technical capacity not used 33% 31% COBRAcable 35% 40% 80% % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] EstLink 1 55% % Transmission S&W [NO2→DK1] EstLink 2 11% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1 ₓ 60% 31% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E 48% % Disturbance outages

f 44% 100% 100% 100% 100% o 31% Kontek % 7% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 47% 66% 9% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance 46% 55% Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 32% 15% 20% 34% 30% 25% NordBalt 17% NorNed 8% 12% 0% 7% 7% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.60: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 2 in 2020. The 2020 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt

Table 5.17: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 2 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technicalSwePol capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 2 (South & West direction NO2→DK1) Year of Datetime Vyborg Link RU→FI Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 95.8 54.6 55.1 59.9 44.3 - - - - 34.6 67.4 46.7 458.4 22.1% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 11.8 18.8 8.2 6.6 6.2 - - - - 5.0 2.8 0.5 59.8 2.9% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 56.1 75.1 82.7 51.9 76.6 - - - - 84.9 94.0 116.5 637.7 30.8% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 11.9 12.8 29.6 51.6 43.4 - - - - 25.9 3.1 11.8 190.2 9.2% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - 2.9 - - 5.1 169.9 175.6 175.6 169.9 5.0 1.5 - 705.5 34.0% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------1.2 - 1.2 0.1% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------20.3 - - 20.3 1.0% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 175.6 164.3 175.6 169.9 175.6 169.9 175.6 175.6 169.9 175.6 169.9 175.6 2073.2 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 2.8 3.8 3.7 1.9 3.3 - - - - 3.9 4.7 5.8 29.9 1.4% Losses NE, GWh 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 - - - - 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.9 0.1% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsontek 2020 | 41 Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.61 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.63 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.62 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2012–2020. gerrak 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 Rated capacity 236 MW Eₘₐₓ 2.1 TWh 100%

22% 27% 34% 34% 33% % Technical capacity not used

y 39%

t 80% 42% i

c 47% % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] a 54% p 57% a

c 10% → l % Transmission S&W [NO2 DK1] a

c 7% i

n 60% 31%

h 23% % Limitations

c 12%

e 26% 10% 19% t

a 10% % Disturbance outages t o t 8%

e 40% 9% % Unplanned maintenance h t

f 18% 22% 31% o 55% 38% % Planned maintenance

% 28% 31% 30% 32% % Other outages 20% 34% 9% 17% 8% 14% 11% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.61: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 2

HVDC link Number of outaFgens nanon-uSaklalyn f o1r Skagerrak 2 Baltic Cable 20 HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 50% Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e 8% EstLink 2 Kontek

y 19%

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n 40% Fenno-Skan 2 i 15 Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a 30% u

v LitPol Link o a 28% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u 10

8% r LitPol Link s 14% NorNed e r

b 18 u NordBalt NordBalt o 20% Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l 34% Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f 9% Skagerrak 3 o

12 Skagerrak 2 15% Skagerrak 4 % 19% 5 Skagerrak 3 10% 7% Storebaelt Skagerrak 1 5 17% 4 8 Skagerrak 4 14% SwePol 5% 11% Storebaelt 8% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 6% 6% 3 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 1 3 3 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I 2 Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances SwePol Figure 5.62: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 2 has been affected Figure 5.63: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 2 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. SkagerrakVyborg Link 2 F hadI→R noU other outages dur- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a ing the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

42 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.15 Skagerrak 3

Figure 5.64 presents the availability and utilisation of Skager- other planned maintenance outage of Skagerrak 1–3 due to rak 3 for 2020 and Table 5.18 presents the numerical values reconstruction work in Kristiansand in October. Skagerrak 3 behind it. Skagerrak 3 has been in operation since 1993. In had 2 minor disturbance outages during 2020. Norway, it is connected to Kristiansand (bidding zone NO2) and in Denmark to Tjele (bidding zone DK1). The transmis- Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been limited due to “careful op- sion capacity of Skagerrak 3 is 478 MW at the receiving end. eration” since the Skagerrak 4 cable faults in December 2019. In 2020, the capacity was prioritised followingly: In 2020, Skagerrak 3 had an available technical capacity of 83 %. The technical capacity not used was 9 %. Totally, • 1.1–16.3 North direction prioritised 2.9 TWh (68 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from Norway to Denmark and 0.3 TWh (6 % of the • 16.3–18.3 Discharge of Skagerrak 4 before switching technical capacity) was transmitted north to Norway. polarity There was no annual maintenance of Skagerrak 3, but one • 18.3–31.12 South direction prioritised

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 3 Rated capacity 478 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 4.2 TWh HVDC link 100% 9% 8% 9% 15% 10% 10% 15% 10% Baltic Cable 9% % Technical capacity not used COBRAcable 26% 80% % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] EstLink 1 27% % Transmission S&W [NO2→DK1] EstLink 2 44% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E 83% % Disturbance outages 75% 68% f 95%

o 95% 83% 89% 85% 78% 84% Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 40% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance 66% Konti-Skan 2 55% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 42% NordBalt 16% NorNed 11% 0% 8% 7% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.64: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 3 in 2020. The 2020 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol

Table 5.18: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 3 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technicalVyborg Link capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 3 (South & West direction NO2→DK1) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 52.4 19.8 22.4 22.2 34.3 31.2 29.7 14.5 11.7 35.6 51.0 34.5 359.4 8.5% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 97.7 85.9 30.6 1.4 11.8 2.9 11.7 - 0.2 4.3 2.8 9.0 258.2 6.1% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 9.2 8.8 154.9 284.3 294.6 307.3 304.3 339.1 328.4 267.4 267.4 302.5 2868.2 68.2% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 196.6 218.4 147.7 36.2 11.9 3.0 10.9 3.0 4.9 21.3 23.8 12.4 690.1 16.4% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - 3.3 ------3.3 0.1% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------27.5 - - 27.5 0.7% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 355.9 332.9 355.7 344.2 355.8 344.5 356.5 356.7 345.1 356.1 345.0 358.5 4206.8 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 0.6 0.7 3.6 6.1 6.6 8.5 7.9 9.0 8.5 6.5 6.7 7.8 72.5 1.7% Losses NE, GWh 2.5 2.1 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 - - 0.1 0.1 0.2 6.8 0.2% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsontek 2020 | 43 Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.65 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.67 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.66 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2012–2020. gerrak 3 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 Rated capacity 478 MW Eₘₐₓ 4.2 TWh 100% 9% 25% 23% 25% 26% 25% 29% 28% 29% 30% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] a p

a 8% c

19% → l 17% % Transmission S&W [NO2 DK1] a 16% 12% 14% 20% c i 26%

n 60%

h 30% % Limitations c e

t 68%

a % Disturbance outages t o t

e 40% 38% % Unplanned maintenance h t

39% 46% f 65% 44% 49% 26% o 55% % Planned maintenance % 34% 20% % Other outages 12% 20% 16% 13% 0% 8% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.65: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 3

HVDC link Number of outaFgens nanon-uSaklalyn f o1r Skagerrak 3 30% Baltic Cable 35 HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e 25% EstLink 2 30 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek 25

d 20% 21% Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b 11% Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a u 20

v LitPol Link o a 14% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 15% f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e r 7% b u 10% 15 NordBalt 31 NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l 10% 20% 18% Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 10 20 % 13% Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 3 5% Storebaelt 9% 9% 9% Skagerrak 4 8% SwePol 7% Storebaelt 3% Vyborg Link 5 S9kagerrak 2 5 6 4 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 4 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.66: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 3 has been affected Figure 5.67: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 3 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

44 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.16 Skagerrak 4

Figure 5.68 presents the availability and utilisation of Ska- maintenance outage from May to July to cut cable samples gerrak 4 for 2020 and Table 5.19 presents the numerical val- for tests and investigations and one minimal planned main- ues behind it. Skagerrak 4 has been in commercial operation tenance outage in October. Skagerrak 4 had no disturbance since 29 December 2014. In Norway, it is connected to Kris- outages and 1 minor unplanned maintenance outage during tiansand (bidding zone NO2) and in Denmark to Tjele (bid- 2020. ding zone DK1). The transmission capacity is 682 MW at the receiving end. Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been limited due to “careful operation” since the Skagerrak 4 cable faults in December 2019. In 2020, Skagerrak 4 had an available technical capacity of In 2020, the capacity was prioritised followingly: 83 %. The technical capacity not used was 12 %. Totally, 3.8 TWh (64 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted • 1.1–16.3 North direction prioritised south from Norway to the Denmark and 0.4 TWh (7 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted north to Norway. • 16.3–18.3 Discharge of Skagerrak 4 before switching polarity The annual maintenance of Skagerrak 4 lasted 4 days in September. Furthermore, there was an additional planned • 18.3–31.12 South direction prioritised

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 4 Rated capacity 682 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 6.0 TWh HVDC link 100% 12% 10% 11% 12% 12% 16% 19% Baltic Cable 19% % Technical capacity not used 29% COBRAcable [DK1→NO2] 80% 9% % Transmission N&E EstLink 1 25% % Transmission S&W [NO2→DK1] EstLink 2 73% % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60%

ₐ 27%

ₘ 63% Fenno-Skan 2 E 86% % Disturbance outages

f 100% 64% o 95% 74% Kontek

% 61% 83% 83% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 41% 77% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 32% % Other outages LitPol Link 20% NordBalt 22% 24% 17% NorNed 13% 11% 9% 13% 0% 6% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.68: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 4 in 2020. The 2020 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Table 5.19: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 4 in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 4 (South & West direction NO2→DK1) VYyebaorr ogf LDinatke tRimUe→FI Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 145.0 78.2 94.0 57.2 53.0 - 12.4 24.6 21.7 58.0 92.3 58.9 695.4 11.6% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 136.5 120.0 47.2 21.2 24.2 - 1.6 1.0 2.9 19.5 18.2 27.9 420.4 7.0% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 162.4 196.5 310.1 405.9 319.9 - 369.5 480.4 421.0 375.4 376.2 420.6 3838.0 64.1% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 63.4 79.9 56.1 7.1 - - 0.6 2.1 0.6 15.3 4.2 - 229.4 3.8% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh ------2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------6.8 - - 6.8 0.1% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh - - - - 110.3 491.0 123.3 - 45.0 32.5 - - 802.2 13.4% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 507.4 474.7 507.4 491.5 507.4 491.0 507.4 508.1 491.3 507.4 491.0 507.4 5992.2 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 2.5 3.0 6.3 9.2 7.3 - 7.5 9.7 8.9 8.0 7.6 8.5 78.5 1.3% Losses NE, GWh 3.6 3.3 1.2 0.5 0.6 - - - 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.8 11.1 0.2% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityF Statisticsenno-Skan 2 2020 | 45 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.69 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2015– age or other outage annually during the years 2015–2020. 2020. Figure 5.71 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.70 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2015–2020. gerrak 4 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 Rated capacity 682 MW Eₘₐₓ 6.0 TWh 100% 12% 23% 29% 29% 31% 27% 36% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [DK1→NO2] a p a c

→ l 23% 16% % Transmission S&W [NO2 DK1] a 14% c

i 20%

n 60% 12% 22%

h % Limitations c e t

l 64%

a % Disturbance outages t o

t 21%

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h t

f 46% o

52% 45% % Planned maintenance % 49% 42% 20% % Other outages 30% 13% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total

HVDC link Figure 5.69: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2015–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 4

HVDC link Number of outaFgens nanon-uSaklalyn f o1r Skagerrak 4 Baltic Cable 14 HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 35% Baltic Cable 8% EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 12 Kontek y 3 EstLink 1

a 30% Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek 10

d 25% Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a u 8 6 v 20% LitPol Link

13% o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u

r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b u 15% 30% 6 Nor4dBalt NordBalt

o 2 Skagerrak 1 m h u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 9 o 10% Skagerrak 2 12% 14% Skagerrak 4 4 % Skagerrak 3 13% Storebaelt Skagerrak 1 3% 2 2 6 Skagerrak 4 5% SwePol Storebaelt Vyborg Link 2 4 Skagerrak 2 4% 3 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 2 2 Vyborg Link 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2015 2016 Sk2a0g17errak 4 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.70: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 4 has been affected Figure 5.71: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 4 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2015–2020. The for the years 2015–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

46 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.17 Storebaelt

Figure 5.72 presents the availability and utilisation of Store- In 2020, Storebaelt had an available technical capacity of baelt for 2020 and Table 5.20 presents the numerical values 99.7 %. The technical capacity not used was 29 %. Totally, behind it. Storebaelt has been in operation since 2010. It con- 3.5 TWh (67 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted nects the western part of the Danish system, which belongs east from Jutland to Zealand (DK1→DK2) and 0.2 TWh (4 % to the Continental European synchronous system (Jutland of the technical capacity) was transmitted west to Jutland and the island of Fynen), with the eastern part, belonging to (DK2→DK1). the Nordic synchronous system (Zealand). The link is con- Storebaelt had no annual maintenance in 2020. Instead, nected to Fraugde on Fynen (bidding zone DK1) and to Her- there were 2 other minor maintenance outages for oil filling slev on Zealand (bidding zone DK2). The transmission ca- and valve hall work. Storebaelt had 3 minor disturbance out- pacity is 600 MW. ages in 2020.

Monthly utilisation of Storebaelt Rated capacity 600 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh HVDC link 100% 18% 15% Baltic Cable % Technical capacity not used 24% 24% 29% 26% 29% 30% 32% 34% 32% COBRAcable 80% 41% 42% % Transmission N&E [DK2→DK1] EstLink 1 % Transmission S&W [DK1→DK2] EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ

ₘ Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f o

Kontek

% % Unplanned maintenance 68% 81% 85% 68% 40% 74% 42% 61% 67% Konti-Skan 1 65% 71% 67% 62% % Planned maintenance 58% Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 20% NordBalt 16% NorNed 0% 7% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.72: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Storebaelt in 2020. The 2020 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.20: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Storebaelt in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of Storebaelt (South & West direction DK1→DK2) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 108.8 100.8 135.3 78.9 68.5 125.5 182.9 144.3 180.1 153.6 110.4 142.3 1531.4 29.1% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 304.9 310.0 291.9 352.0 377.2 305.9 258.9 297.7 182.0 276.4 293.4 274.0 3524.4 66.9% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 22.6 6.8 19.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 4.7 2.1 69.4 16.3 27.6 30.0 201.0 3.8% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh ------2.1 - - 0.5 - 2.7 0.1% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh 10.1 ------0.2 - - - - 10.3 0.2% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------0.5 - - - 0.5 0.0% 2019 Planned maintenance, GWh ------0.1 - - 0.1 0.0% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------Total, GWh 446.4 417.6 446.4 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 446.4 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 5270.4 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 0.3 0.1 0.3 - - - 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 3.2 0.1% Losses NE, GWh 5.3 5.4 5.0 6.0 6.6 5.1 4.4 5.1 3.2 4.7 5.1 4.7 60.5 1.1% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 47 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.73 presents the annual utilisation of Storebaelt per outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. Fig- 2020. ure 5.75 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.74 presents the percentage of hours of a year Store- ages during the years 2012–2020. baelt has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance

Annual utilisation of Storebaelt Rated capacity 600 MW Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh 100% 19% 28% 29% % Technical capacity not used 36% 37% 35% 34% 34%

y 39%

t 80% i

c % Transmission N&E [DK2→DK1] a 52% p a c

→ l % Transmission S&W [DK1 DK2] a c i

n 60%

h % Limitations c e t

a % Disturbance outages t o t

77% e 40% % Unplanned maintenance h 52% 69% 67% t

54% 60% 61% 59% f 54% o % Planned maintenance

% 40% 20% % Other outages

8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.73: Annual utilisation of Storebaelt according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic C forable the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Storebaelt Number of outages annually for Storebaelt 16% HVDC link Fenno-Skan 1 Baltic Cable 6 HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 Baltic Cable 14% EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y 5

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1 12%

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1 r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d 10% Fenno-Skan 2

e 4 Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2 l a i t Konti-Skan 1

a 14%

u 3

v LitPol Link o a 8% LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f n

NordBalt o u 3

2 r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b u 6% NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m 1 h 9% u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 2 2 o 4% Skagerrak 2 5% Skagerrak 4 % 4% 1 1 3 1 1 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt Skagerrak 1 2% 2% Skagerrak 4 2% SwePol 1 2 2 2 Storebaelt 2% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 1 1 1 1 1 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→0FI Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 2S01k5agerr2a0k16 4 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances SwePol Figure 5.74: Percentage of hours Storebaelt has been affected by Figure 5.75: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Storebaelt turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. StorebaeltVyborg Lin hadk FI→ noRU other outages during percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

48 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.18 SwePol

Figure 5.76 presents the availability and utilisation of SwePol Sweden to Poland and >0.1 TWh (0.2 % of the technical ca- for 2020 and Table 5.21 presents the numerical values behind pacity) was transmitted north to Sweden. it. SwePol Link has been in operation since 2000 and it con- nects the Swedish and Polish transmission grids. In south- The annual maintenance of SwePol lasted 6 days in Septem- eastern Sweden (bidding zone SE4) it is connected to Stärnö ber. Additionally, SwePol had 3 other planned maintenance and in Poland (bidding zone PL) to Slupsk. The transmission outages and 1 other outage during 2020. SwePol had 3 minor capacity is 600 MW. disturbance outages and 1 more severe disturbance outage In 2020, SwePol had an available technical capacity of 87 %. in 2020. The severe disturbance outage was caused by a fire The technical capacity not used was 13 %. Totally, 3.8 TWh in the AC filter on the Polish side in January, and it took 19 (72 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted south from days to bring the HVDC link back online after it.

Monthly utilisation of SwePol Rated capacity 600 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh HVDC link 100% 12% 10% 8% 11% 17% 16% 17% 13% 16% 16% 17% 15% Baltic Cable % Technical capacity not used 27% COBRAcable 80% % Transmission N&E [PL→SE4] EstLink 1 % Transmission S&W [SE4→PL] 41% EstLink 2 % Limitations Fenno-Skan 1

ₓ 60% ₐ 56% ₘ 58% Fenno-Skan 2

E % Disturbance outages

f 85% 72% o 69% 80%

Kontek 88% 79% 84% 76% 77% % % Unplanned maintenance 40% 69% Konti-Skan 1 % Planned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 % Other outages LitPol Link 20% 42% NordBalt 23% 21% 14% NorNed 8% 0% 7% Skagerrak 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Skagerrak 2 Year of Datetime Skagerrak 3 Figure 5.76: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for SwePol in 2020. The availability 2020 Skagerrak 4 and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Table 5.21: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for SwePol in 2020. Note that losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

Monthly utilisation of SwePol (South & West direction SE4→PL) Year of Datetime Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total 2012 Technical capacity not used, GWh 74.3 48.6 46.4 70.7 77.7 32.5 59.5 119.2 68.7 50.2 69.6 77.7 795.1 15.1% 2013 Transmission N&E, GWh 1.8 0.7 - 0.9 0.7 0.6 - 3.3 0.5 1.2 2.7 0.2 12.6 0.2% 2014 Transmission S&W, GWh 258.8 171.8 392.1 340.4 306.9 367.1 373.8 308.7 242.8 357.4 327.1 341.9 3788.9 71.9% 2015 2016 Limitations, GWh 2.4 21.9 7.9 16.9 61.1 31.8 13.1 14.8 27.6 37.7 27.8 26.2 289.1 5.5% 2017 Disturbance outages, GWh 101.3 174.6 - 3.0 ------0.5 279.4 5.3% 2018 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------2019 Planned maintenance, GWh 7.8 ------92.4 - 4.7 - 104.9 2.0% 2020 Other outages, GWh ------0.4 - - - - 0.4 0.0% Total, GWh 446.4 417.6 446.4 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 446.4 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 5270.4 100.0% Losses SW, GWh 7.5 4.8 11.2 9.5 8.2 10.5 10.7 8.6 6.5 10.3 9.3 9.7 106.8 2.0% Losses NE, GWh ------0.1 - - 0.1 - 0.3 0.0% HVDC link Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and UnavailabilityK Statisticsonti-Skan 1 2020 | 49 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.77 presents the annual utilisation of SwePol per util- age, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or other isation and unavailability category for the years 2012–2020. outage annually during the years 2012–2020. Figure 5.79 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, un- Figure 5.78 presents the percentage of hours of a year SwePol planned and planned maintenance and other outages during has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance out- the years 2012–2020.

Annual utilisation of SwePol Rated capacity 600 MW Eₘₐₓ 5.3 TWh 100% 15% 25% 24% 32% 29% 32% 30% 33% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c 47% % Transmission N&E [PL→SE4] a p a

c 63%

→ l % Transmission S&W [SE4 PL] a c i

n 60%

h % Limitations c e t

l 72%

a % Disturbance outages t o

t 59% 52% e 40% 67% % Unplanned maintenance h

t 59% 59% 55% f 59% o 15% % Planned maintenance % 50% 20% % Other outages 19% 11% 8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.77: Annual utilisation of SwePol according to the utilisation and unavailability categories forBa theltic yearsCable 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for SwePol Number of outages annually for SwePol 70% HVDC link Fenno-Skan 1 Baltic Cable HVDC link COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 12 Baltic Cable 60% EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g 50% 10 EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i Konti-Skan 1

r Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek

d 6

Fenno-Skan 2 e Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek

40% g

a Konti-Skan 2 8 8 l a i t Konti-Skan 1 a u 5 5

v 63% LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f 2 4 n

NordBalt o u

30% r LitPol Link s NorNed e r 6 b

u NordBalt NordBalt o Skagerrak 1 m 3 h u

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 a

20% 9 NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o 4 8 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4

% 21% 13% Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 3 Storebaelt 6 6 4 10% Skagerrak 4 8% SwePol 5 5 2 4 Storebaelt 5% Vyborg Link Skagerrak 2 6% 3 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 1 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 2014 S20k1a5 gerra20k1 64 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.78: Percentage of hours SwePol has been affected by Figure 5.79: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for SwePol for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The the years 2012–2020. SwePolVybor hadg Lin nok FI other→RU outages during the percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

50 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.19 Vyborg Link

Figure 5.80 and Figure 5.81 present the monthly availability In 2020, the Vyborg Link had an available technical capacity and utilisation of the Vyborg Link separately for each direc- of 90 % in the direction RU→FI. The technical capacity not tion for 2020. Table 5.22 and Table 5.23 present the numerical used was 67 %. Totally, 2.6 TWh (23 % of the technical ca- values behind the monthly figures. pacity) was transmitted west from Russia to Finland. The Vyborg Link is a back-to-back HVDC connection be- The available technical capacity was 83 % in the direction tween Russia and Finland. The HVDC substation is situated FI→RU. The technical capacity not used was 82 %. Less than in Vyborg, Russia, and the 400 kV lines from Vyborg are con- 0.1 TWh (0.7 % of the technical capacity) was transmitted nected to substations Yllikkälä and Kymi in southern Fin- east from Finland to Russia. land. Vyborg link has been commissioned four times – first in year There were 3 annual maintenances of Vyborg Link, totally 1981, and further in 1982, 1984, and 2000 – with each com- lasting 31 days in July and 44 days during August–September. missioning increasing the rated capacity by 350 MW. Today, Additionally, there were 4 other planned maintenance out- the total technical capacity is 4×350 MW and the commercial ages and 1 unplanned maintenance during 2020 mainly transmission capacity is 1.3 GW (with 100 MW allocated for for corrective purposes. Normally, maintenance work on reserves). The transmission direction before 2014 was only Vyborg Link causes only limitations because the 350 MW towards Finland, but in September 2014 one 350 MW unit units are not worked on simultaneously. Furthermore, Vy- was successfully tested to also transmit in the other direc- borg Link had 6 disturbance outages during 2020. All but 2 tion. Therefore, the commercial trade from Finland to Russia disturbances where shorter than one day. The first longer was started on 1 December 2014 with the rated capacity of disturbance lasted 6 days in June and the second lasted 3 320 MW (with 30 MW allocated for reserves). days in August.

Monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link RU→FI Rated capacity 1 300 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 11.4 TWh 100%

30% 38% 40% % Technical capacity not used 80% 45% % Transmission [RU→FI] 65% 67% % Limitations 79% 74% ₓ 60% 81% 84% ₐ 89% ₘ 90% % Disturbance outages

E 94%

f o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 41% % Planned maintenance 68% 62% 43% % Other outages 20% 29% 23% 8% 26% 21% 19% 16% 11% 8% 11% 0% 10% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Figure 5.80: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Vyborg Link in direction RU→FI HVDC link in 2020. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable Table 5.22: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) in direction RU→FI for Vyborg Link in 2020. Transmission losses have been omitted from the table because they can not be calculated due to missing measurementsE fromstLink the1 Russian side. EstLink 2 Monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link RU→FI Fenno-Skan 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug SepFenno-SOkacnt 2 Nov Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 364.8 710.9 856.2 846.7 913.5 754.2 292.4 629.5 378.5Konte7k17.9 782.5 439.5 7686.6 67.3% Transmission, GWh 602.4 193.9 111.0 89.3 53.7 76.2 13.6 277.8 381.6Konti-2S4k9an.3 1 153.3 418.0 2620.1 22.9% Limitations, GWh ------K-onti-Skan- 2 - - - - LitPol Link Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - - 74.0 - 42.8 - - - - 116.8 1.0% NordBalt Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------0.2 - 0.2 0.0% NorNed Planned maintenance, GWh - - - - - 31.6 661.3 17.1 175.9 - - 109.7 995.6 8.7% Skagerrak 1 Other outages, GWh ------S-kagerrak 2- - - - - Total, GWh 967.2 904.8 967.2 936.0 967.2 936.0 967.2 967.2 936.0Skage9rr6a7k. 23 936.0 967.2 11419.2 100.0% Skagerrak H4VDC link Storebaelt Baltic Cable SwePol COBRAcable Vyborg Link EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Vyborg Link FI→RU Fenno-Skan 1 Vyborg Link RU→FI Fenno-Skan 2 ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability StatisticsKontek 2020 | 51 Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link FI→RU Rated capacity 320 MW

2020 Total Eₘₐₓ 2.8 TWh 100% 23% 80% % Technical capacity not used % Transmission [FI→RU] % Limitations

ₓ 60% 82% ₐ

ₘ 91% % Disturbance outages

E 96% 94% 94% 97% f 100% 98% 98% 99% 100% 99% o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 77% % Planned maintenance % Other outages 20%

17% 0% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Figure 5.81: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Vyborg Link in direction FI→RU HVDC link in 2020. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 Table 5.23: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) in direction FI→RU for VyborgE LinkstLinkin 2 2020. Transmission losses have been omitted from the table because they can not be calculated due to missing measurementsF fromenno-S thekan 1 Russian side. Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link FI→RU Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug SepKonti-SkOanc t1 Nov Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 238.1 218.9 231.0 226.2 236.3 220.4 0.3 53.8 217.3Konti-2S2k4an.3 2 227.4 217.8 2311.8 82.2% Transmission, GWh - 1.3 2.3 4.2 1.8 7.8 - - L-itPol Link- 2.1 - 19.5 0.7% Limitations, GWh ------N- ordBalt - - - - - NorNed Disturbance outages, GWh - 2.5 4.7 - - 1.9 ------9.1 0.3% Skagerrak 1 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------1.0 - 1.0 0.0% Skagerrak 2 Planned maintenance, GWh - - - - - 0.3 237.8 184.3 13.1 13.7 - 20.3 469.5 16.7% Skagerrak 3 Other outages, GWh ------S-kagerrak 4- - - - - Total, GWh 238.1 222.7 238.1 230.4 238.1 230.4 238.1 238.1 230.4Storeb2a3e8lt.1 230.4 238.1 2810.9 100.0% SwePol HVDC link Vyborg Link Baltic Cable Vyborg Link FI→CORBURAcable Vyborg Link RUE→stLFinI k 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link NordBalt NorNed Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 3 Skagerrak 4 Storebaelt SwePol Vyborg Link Vyborg Link FI→RU Vyborg Link RU→FI

52 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

Figure 5.82 presents the annual utilisation of Vyborg Link bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2020. 2020. Figure 5.84 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.83 presents the percentage of hours of a year Vy- ages during the years 2012–2020. borg Link has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Vyborg Link Rated capacity 1 300 MW Eₘₐₓ 11.4 TWh 100%

28% 33% % Technical capacity not used y

t 80% i

c 48% % Transmission N&E [FI→RU] a 53% 55% p 56% a

c 63% 65% → l 71% % Transmission S&W [RU FI] a 74% c i

n 60%

h % Limitations c e t

a % Disturbance outages t o t

e 40% % Unplanned maintenance

h 67% t

61% f o % Planned maintenance

% 34% 50% 46% 23% 41% 20% 36% % Other outages 25% 29% 10% 0% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Grand total HVDC link Figure 5.82: Annual utilisation of Vyborg Link according to the utilisation and unavailability categoriesBaltic Ca forble the years 2012–2020. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Vyborg Link

HVDC link Number of outaFgesn nanon-uSakllayn f o1r Vyborg Link Baltic Cable HVDC link 3% COBRAcable Fenno-Skan 2 14 Baltic Cable 25% EstLink 1 r

a COBRAcable

e EstLink 2 Kontek y

EstLink 1

a Fenno-Skan 1

g EstLink 2

n Fenno-Skan 2

i 20% Konti-Skan 1 r 6 Fenno-Skan 1

u Kontek d

Fenno-Skan 2

e 10 Konti-Skan 1 s l

e Konti-Skan 2

b Kontek g

a Konti-Skan 2

l 7% a i t Konti-Skan 1 a 15% u

v LitPol Link o a LitPol Link Konti-Skan 2 f 8 n

NordBalt o u

25% r LitPol Link s NorNed e r b

u NordBalt NordBalt o 2% Skagerrak 1 m

h 10% u 6

NorNed l N l Skagerrak 2 3 a

NorNed Skagerrak 1 f Skagerrak 3 o

Skagerrak 2 Skagerrak 4 % 12% 4 12% Skagerrak 1 Skagerrak 3 5% 9% Storebaelt 7 Skagerrak 4 SwePol 6% Storebaelt Vyborg Link 2 Skagerrak 2 4 3% 2% 1 1 SwePol 0% Vyborg Link FI→RU 2 2 Vyborg Link 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→F0I Skagerrak 3 Vyborg Link FI→RU % limitations % planned maintenances 2012 2013 Sk2a0g14errak 4 2017 2019 2020 Vyborg Link RU→FI % disturbance outages % other outages Disturbances Planned maintenances Storebaelt % unplanned maintenances Unplanned maintenances Other outages SwePol Figure 5.83: Percentage of hours Vyborg Link has been affected Figure 5.84: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and Vyborg Link by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Vyborg Link turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2020. The for the years 2012–2020. Vyborg Link FI→RU percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a Vyborg Link RU→FI limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 53 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity REFERENCES

References

[1] DISTAC, “Nordic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2010.” https://www.fingrid.fi/contentassets/ 03690e21eae3449f8fe5d8d96b746e12/pohjoismainen-vika-ja-hairiotilasto-2010-2.pdf, August 2010.

54 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 Appendices

55 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter A. Schematic presentation of HVDC links

A Schematic presentation of HVDC links

Figure A.1 and Figure A.2 show the schematic presentations also show the locations of the circuit breakers and measure- of a HVDC converter station having line-commutated con- ment points for transferred energy on a link. verters (LCC) and voltage-source converters (VSC), respectively. All the figures also show definitions for the origin of an It should be noted that these figures are only show an exam- event. The origin of each event is used for categorizing a dis- ple of a possible LCC or VSC converter station as there are turbance or a limitation for statistical purposes. The figures multiple different ways to construct one.

Schematic of a line-commutated converter HVDC station

smoothing AC filter reactor

thyristor bridge DC filter converter AC line transformer

AC transformer

electrode

AC grid AC substation DC substation DC line (OHL/cable)

Origin of event: AC External grid AC busbar, feeder, - DC converter and yard - DC Overhead line filters and transformer - DC electrodes - DC Cable

Origin of event on station level: Circuit breaker - Control center operation - Converter station operation Measurement point - Control, protection and communication

Figure A.1: An example of a line-commutated converter (LCC) station schematic with the connection to the AC grid. The other (remote) side of the HVDC link has a similar albeit mirrored version of the converter station.

Schematic of a voltage-source converter HVDC station

AC filter +U DC converter transformer DC capacitor

AC line

UD C IGB-transistors or AC transformer other semiconductors

AC grid AC substation DC substation DC line (OHL/cable)

Origin of event: AC External grid AC busbar, feeder, - DC converter and yard - DC Overhead line filters and transformer - DC electrodes - DC Cable

Origin of event on station level: Circuit breaker - Control center operation - Converter station operation Measurement point - Control, protection and communication

Figure A.2: An example of a voltage-source converter (VSC) station schematic with the connection to the AC grid. The other (remote) side of the HVDC link has a similar albeit mirrored version of the converter station.

56 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter B. DISTAC origin of event classification for Electricity

B DISTAC origin of event classification

For most outages it is relevant to know the origin of events. achieved in control and protection areas). The schematics Table B.1 show both DISTAC origins and their subcategories, in Appendix A can be helpful in visualizing the different cat- which are now compatible with CIGRE outage codes, as egories. far as possible (it should be noted that compatibility is not

Table B.1: The origin of event categories and subcategories used in this report.

DISTAC DISTAC / CIGRE Origin of event Subcategory / Outage Code Comment Multiple places - Used primarily for annual maintenance in DISTAC. Control centre C-P.L – Local HVDC Control & Protection1 Control, protection or monitoring equipment of the local HVDC operation1 station, for example, converter firing control, current and voltage regulators, converter and dc yard protections, valve control and protection, and local control sequences. C-P.M – Master HVDC Control & Protection1 Equipment used for inter-station coordination of current and voltage orders, inter-station sequences, auxiliary controls such as damping controls or higher level controls such as run-back/run- up power control or frequency control. C-P.T – Control & Protection and Equipment for coding of control and indication information to be Telecommunication1 sent over a telecommunication circuit including the telecommunication circuit itself (microwave, PLC or optical). Converter station Same as for “Control centre operation” operation1 above Control, protection Same as for “Control centre operation” and above communication1 AC External grid EXT – External AC System AC and auxiliary AC-E.F – AC Filter and Shunt Bank Including AC filter CTs, arresters as well as PLC/RI, SVC, STAT- equipment COM, series capacitor at HVDC station. AC-E.SW – Other AC Switchyard Equipment For example, switches, surge arresters, busbars, insulators. AC-E.CP – AC Control and Protection AC C&P including CTs, VTs, also for auxiliary power and valve cooling. AC-E.TX – Converter Transformer Including interface transformers. AC-E.SC – Synchronous Compensator Including SC cooling system and exciter. AC-E.AX – Auxiliary Equipment and For example, auxiliary transformers, pumps, battery charg- Auxiliary Power ers, heat exchangers, cooling system instrumentation, LV switchgear, motor control centres, fire protection, civil works. DC converter and V.E – Valve Electrical yard V.VC – Valve Cooling Valve Cooling pipes and parts in valve hall. V.C – Valve Capacitor DC-E.F – DC Filters DC-E.SR – DC Smoothing Reactor DC-E.SW – DC Switching Equipment DC-E.ME – DC Measuring Equipment DC-E.O – Other DC Yard and Valve Hall Equipment DC Electrodes DC-E.GE – DC Ground Electrode DC-E.EL – DC Ground Electrode Line DC Overhead line TL-OH – DC Overhead Transmission Line DC Cable TL-C – DC Underground / submarine Cable Other or unknown O – Other 1 There is no direct one-to-one compatibility between DISTAC and CIGRE for these definitions.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 57 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter C. Contact persons

C Contact persons

Denmark Energinet Norway Statnett SF Tonne Kjærsvej 65 Nydalen allé 33, PB 4904 Nydalen DK-7000 Fredericia, Denmark NO-0423 Oslo Anders Bratløv Jørn Schaug-Pettersen Tel. +45 51 38 01 31 Tel. +47 23 90 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Morten Vadstrup Sweden Svenska kraftnät Tel. +45 25 32 27 74 Sturegatan 1, P.O. Box 1200 E-mail: [email protected] SE-172 24 Sundbyberg Estonia Elering AS Jeremy Iehl Kadaka tee 42 Tel: +46 10 475 87 78 Tallinn, Estonia Mobile: +46 70 512 28 18 E-mail: [email protected] Irene Puusaar Tel. +372 508 4372 Production and Hillner Consulting E-mail: [email protected] layout Henrik Hillner Kaur Krusell Tel. +358 41 505 7004 Tel. +372 564 86011 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Publisher ENTSO-E AISBL Finland Fingrid Oyj Rue de Spa 8 Läkkisepäntie 21, P.O. Box 530 1000 Brussels, Belgium FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland Tel. +32 2 741 09 50 [email protected] Markku Piironen www.entsoe.eu Tel. +358 30 395 4172 Mobile +358 40 351 1718 E-mail: [email protected]

Lithuania Litgrid AB Viršuliškių skg. 99B LT-05131, Vilnius Valdas Tarvydas Tel. +370 7070 2207 E-mail: [email protected]

58 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter D. Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links for Electricity

D Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links

This chapter contains sorted versions of Figure 5.1 Availability and utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2020.

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2020 Eₘₐₓ Skagerrak 2 44% 22% 34% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 1 34% 25% 41% 2.1 TWh Kontek 30% 23% 47% 5.3 TWh COBRAcable 29% 20% 51% 6.1 TWh Konti-Skan 2 19% 26% 55% 3.1 TWh Baltic Cable 19% 26% 55% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 4 17% 12% 71% 6.0 TWh Skagerrak 3 17% 9% 74% 4.2 TWh NorNed 17% 6% 77% 6.1 TWh Konti-Skan 1 14% 27% 59% 3.1 TWh SwePol 13% 15% 72% 5.3 TWh Vyborg Link 12% 65% 23% 11.4 TWh LitPol Link 9% 33% 58% 4.4 TWh NordBalt 5% 19% 76% 6.1 TWh EstLink 1 3% 40% 57% 3.1 TWh EstLink 2 2% 13% 85% 5.7 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 2% 97% 3.5 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 22% 78% 7.0 TWh Storebaelt 29% 71% 5.3 TWh Total 14% 24% 62% 95.3 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Eₘₐₓ

% Unavailable technical capacity % Tecnhical capacity not used % Transmission

Figure D.1: Overview of each HVDC link sorted by descending unavailable technical capacity (EU) in 2020.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 59 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter D. Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2020 Eₘₐₓ Fenno-Skan 1 97% 3.5 TWh EstLink 2 85% 13% 5.7 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 78% 22% 7.0 TWh NorNed 77% 6% 17% 6.1 TWh NordBalt 76% 19% 5% 6.1 TWh Skagerrak 3 74% 9% 17% 4.2 TWh SwePol 72% 15% 13% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 4 71% 12% 17% 6.0 TWh Storebaelt 71% 29% 5.3 TWh Konti-Skan 1 59% 27% 14% 3.1 TWh LitPol Link 58% 33% 9% 4.4 TWh EstLink 1 57% 40% 3% 3.1 TWh Konti-Skan 2 55% 26% 19% 3.1 TWh Baltic Cable 55% 26% 19% 5.3 TWh COBRAcable 51% 20% 29% 6.1 TWh Kontek 47% 23% 30% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 1 41% 25% 34% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 2 34% 22% 44% 2.1 TWh Vyborg Link 23% 65% 12% 11.4 TWh Total 62% 24% 14% 95.3 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Eₘₐₓ

% Transmission % Tecnhical capacity not used % Unavailable technical capacity

Figure D.2: Overview of each HVDC link sorted by descending transmission (ET) in 2020.

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2020 Eₘₐₓ Vyborg Link 65% 12% 23% 11.4 TWh EstLink 1 40% 3% 57% 3.1 TWh LitPol Link 33% 9% 58% 4.4 TWh Storebaelt 29% 71% 5.3 TWh Konti-Skan 1 27% 14% 59% 3.1 TWh Baltic Cable 26% 19% 55% 5.3 TWh Konti-Skan 2 26% 19% 55% 3.1 TWh Skagerrak 1 25% 34% 41% 2.1 TWh Kontek 23% 30% 47% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 2 22% 44% 34% 2.1 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 22% 78% 7.0 TWh COBRAcable 20% 29% 51% 6.1 TWh NordBalt 19% 5% 76% 6.1 TWh SwePol 15% 13% 72% 5.3 TWh EstLink 2 13% 2% 85% 5.7 TWh Skagerrak 4 12% 17% 71% 6.0 TWh Skagerrak 3 9% 17% 74% 4.2 TWh NorNed 6% 17% 77% 6.1 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 2% 97% 3.5 TWh Total 24% 14% 62% 95.3 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Eₘₐₓ

% Tecnhical capacity not used % Unavailable technical capacity % Transmission

Figure D.3: Overview of each HVDC link sorted by descending technical capacity not used (ETCNU) in 2020.

60 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter E. Additional figures for Electricity

E Additional figures

This appendix was introduced to allow experimenting with Furthermore, it shows what kind of statistical data can be new kinds of figures without affecting the rest of the report. derived from the data collected by the DISTAC group.

E.1 Annual utilisation per type of HVDC converter

Figure E.1 presents the annual utilisation of all HVDC links HVDC links using voltage-source converters (VSC). using line-commutated converters (LCC) and Figure E.2 all

Annual utilisation of all LCC HVDC links Type LCC

22 TWh 19 TWh 25 TWh 25 TWh 24 TWh Technical capacity not used 60 TWh 25 TWh 24 TWh 22 TWh Transmission 26 TWh Limitations Disturbance outages 40 TWh Unplanned maintenances Planned maintenances 45 TWh 44 TWh Other outages 42 TWh 43 TWh 38 TWh 41 TWh 42 TWh 44 TWh 33 TWh 20 TWh

0 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure E.1: Annual utilisation of all HVDC links using line-commutated converters (LCC) together presented in megawatt hours (MWh).

Annual utilisation of all VSC HVDC links Type VSC 20 TWh 4 TWh Technical capacity not used Transmission 15 TWh Limitations 6 TWh Disturbance outages 6 TWh 6 TWh 6 TWh Unplanned maintenances 10 TWh 14 TWh Planned maintenances Other outages 4 TWh 8 TWh 7 TWh 7 TWh 5 TWh 7 TWh

1 TWh 5 TWh 2 TWh 2 TWh 2 TWh 2 TWh 2 TWh 0 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure E.2: Annual utilisation of all HVDC links using voltage-source converters (VSC) together presented in megawatt hours (MWh).

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 61 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section E.2. Additional figures with percentages of hours unavailable

E.2 Additional figures with percentages of hours unavailable

This section presents additional figures with a more detailed and the types are AC limiting and DC limiting. Figure E.5 categorisation of unavailability. The figures presenting the presents the percentage of hours each HVDC link has been percentage of hours unavailable may be interesting when limited during 2020, grouped by limitation origin and type. one considers how often any size of unavailability is affect- Figure E.6 presents the percentage of hours the HVDC con- ing an HVDC link. nection between each bidding zone has been limited during 2020, grouped by limitation origin and type. Figure E.3 presents the percentage of hours all the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links have been affected by a limitation due to seasonal causes during a year. Figure E.4 presents the per- Figure E.7 presents the percentage of hours each HVDC link centage of hours all the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links have has been available due to planned maintenance, distributed been limited, distributed per origin and type of limitation. per cause, during 2020 and the annual percentage values for The limitation origins are AC and DC limiting conditions, all HVDC links combined.

Percentage of hours limited due to seasonal causes, all HVDC links

1.24% Year of Datetime r

a 2012 e y

2013 g n i r 2014 u 1.0% d

l 2015 b a l i

a 2016 v a

n 2017 u

s r

u 2018 o h

l 2019

a 0.5%

f o

2020 e g a t n e c r

e 0.16%

P 0.12% 0.13% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Figure E.3: Percentage of hours all HVDC links have been affected by a limitation due to seasonal causes. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation due to a seasonal cause and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

Percentage of hours limited per limitation origin and type, all HVDC links AC limiting condition, N/A AC limiting condition, Planned 14% AC limiting condition, Unplanned DC limiting condition, N/A r

a 12% e DC limiting condition, Planned y

a 7.9%

g DC limiting condition, Unplanned n i r

u 10% d

e 6.3% t i m i l

8% s r 5.9% u

o 4.9% h

f o 6% e 0.4% g 3.5% a t 5.0% n 4.9% e

c 8.0% r

e 4% P 6.9% 5.5% 4.5% 2% 4.5% 1.8% 3.7% 2.5% 2.4% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Figure E.4: Annual percentage of hours all HVDC links have been affected by a limitation, grouped by limitation origin and type. The limitation origins are AC limiting and DC limiting and the types are planned and unplanned. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with the specific limitation origin and type and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. Note, thatwhethera limitation was planned or unplanned was not recorded prior to 2020.

62 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section E.2. Additional figures with percentages of hours unavailable for Electricity

Percentage of hours limited per limitation origin and type for each HVDC link in 2020

Baltic Cable 15.4% AC limiting condition, Planned 4.0% COBRAcable AC limiting condition, Unplanned EstLink 1 0.5% DC limiting condition, Planned EstLink 2 DC limiting condition, Unplanned Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek 0.1% Konti-Skan 1 3.1% 29.9% Konti-Skan 2 3.3% 26.9% LitPol Link 37.9% 0.9% NordBalt 2.2% NorNed 38.7% Skagerrak 1 26.5% Skagerrak 2 19.0% Skagerrak 3 18.1% Skagerrak 4 12.7% Storebaelt SwePol 12.9% Vyborg Link

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% Percentage of hours limited during a year

Figure E.5: Percentage of hours each HVDC link has been limited in 2020, grouped by limitation origin and type. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with the specific limitation origin and type and dividing it by the total number ofhoursina year.

Percentage of hours limited between bidding zones per limitation origin in 2020

DK1–DK2 AC limiting condition, Planned DK1–NL 4.0% AC limiting condition, Unplanned

DK2–DE 0.1% DC limiting condition, Planned DC limiting condition, Unplanned FI–EE 0.2%

FI–RU

FI–SE3

LT–PL 37.9%

NO2–DK1 19.1% 0.2%

NO2–NL 38.7%

SE3–DK1 3.2% 28.4%

SE4–DE 15.4%

SE4–LT 2.2%

SE4–PL 12.9%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Percentage of hours limited during a year

Figure E.6: Percentage of hours the connection between each bidding zone has been limited in 2020, grouped by limitation origin and type. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with the specific limitation origin and type and dividing it by thetotal number of hours in a year.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 63 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section E.2. Additional figures with percentages of hours unavailable

Annual % hours of planned Percentage of hours planned maintenance per primary cause in 2020 maintenance, all HVDC links

6% HVDC link Baltic Cable 1.2% 1.2% 1.3% EstLink 1 Primary cause 1.3% EstLink 2 1.5% Annual maintenance 5% Fenno-Skan 1 1.3% Commissioning Fenno-Skan 2 Corrective maintenance 0.3% e c

Kontek 5.1% n 4%

Modication or refurbishment work a n e Konti-Skan 1 1.8% t n Testing i a

1.8% m

Konti-Skan 2

Warranty work d e

LitPol Link 0.7% 6.4% n n 3%

a Year of Datetime l p NordBalt 1.2% s 2012 r u

NorNed o h 2013

f 2.1% o Skagerrak 1 1.2% 4.0% 2014 % 2% Skagerrak 2 1.2% 2015 Skagerrak 3 2016 Skagerrak 4 12.1% 1.2% 2017 1% Storebaelt 0.0% 0.3% 2018 SwePol 1.8% 2019 0.6% 2020 Vyborg Link 3.1% 1.4% 20.4% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 2019 2020 Percentage of hours planned maintenance during a year

Figure E.7: On the left: percentage of hours each HVDC link has been unavailable due to planned maintenance, distributed per cause, in 2020. On the right: annual percentage of hours all HVDC has been unavailable due to planned maintenance, distributed per cause. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a planned maintenance and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

64 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section E.3. Additional figures with origin of event for Electricity

E.3 Additional figures with origin of event

This section presents additional figures about disturbance bance outages for all HVDC links, grouped by origin. Last, Ta- and maintenance outages, with a focus on their origin of the ble E.1 presents the numerical values behind Figure E.9 along event. with the subcategory of the origin. Origin of event means from which part of the HVDC link, Figure E.10 presents the annual total unavailable capacity for example, a fault causing a disturbance outage originated due to maintenance outages, grouped per primary cause. from. A detailed list of the origin categories and subcate- Figure E.11 presents the annual total unavailable capacity gories is presented in Appendix B. The schematics in Ap- due to corrective maintenances for all HVDC links, grouped pendix A can be helpful in visualising the different categories. by origin, as well as the annual average number of corrective Figure E.8 presents the annual average number of distur- maintenances per each HVDC link, also grouped by origin. bances per each HVDC link, grouped by origin. Figure E.9 The primary cause “corrective maintenance” has not been presents the annual total unavailable capacity due to distur- recorder prior to the year 2019.

Average annual number of disturbance outages for all HVDC links, grouped by origin of event

Origin of event AC and auxiliary equipment

k 1.3

n 4 i l

0.6 0.5

C AC external grid D V

H Control center operation

e 0.4 1.2 0.9 p

s 0.4 Control, protection and communication

e 0.6 g

a 0.6 t 3 Converter station operation u o

c 0.4 0.5 DC cable n

a 1.4

b 0.8 0.5 r

u 0.7 DC converter

t 0.7 s i d

f 2 1.9 0.8 DC electrodes o 0.6 0.8 r e

b 0.4 0.4 DC overhead line m

u 0.3 0.8 n

Multiple places

e 0.5 0.4 g 0.5 a r

e 1.1 Other or unknown v

A 1 1.0 0.4 1.1 N/A 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure E.8: Average annual number of disturbance outages for all HVDC links, grouped by origin of event.

Annual unavailable capacity due to disturbance outages per origin of event ] h 4 TWh

W 0.3 TWh T [

Origin of event s e

g AC and auxiliary equipment a t

u AC external grid o

c Control center operation n 3 TWh a b r Control, protection and communication u 0.2 TWh t s i

d Converter station operation

2.5 TWh o t DC cable e u d 3.4 TWh DC converter

y 2 TWh t i c

a 1.7 TWh 1.7 TWh DC electrodes p a

c 0.3 TWh DC overhead line l a c i

n 0.2 TWh Multiple places h c e

t 1 TWh Other or unknown 1.0 TWh

e 0.6 TWh 1.0 TWh l

b 1.4 TWh N/A a l

i 1.2 TWh 0.9 TWh a

v 0.9 TWh 0.2 TWh 0.9 TWh a

n 0.2 TWh U 0.3 TWh 0.3 TWh 0.2 TWh 0 TWh 0.1 TWh 0.2 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure E.9: Annual unavailable capacity due to disturbances outages for all HVDC links, distributed by origin of event.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 65 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section E.3. Additional figures with origin of event

Table E.1: Annual unavailable capacity due to disturbances outages for all HVDC links, distributed by origin of event. N/A means not available. Note, that the level of detail in the data collection has increased since 2019. GWh Origin Subcategory 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 AC and auxiliary AC-E.AX - Auxiliary Equipment and Auxiliary Power ------1.5 280.1 equipment AC-E.CP - AC Control and Protection ------15.0 3.6 AC-E.F - AC Filter and Shunt Bank ------0.1 0.6 AC-E.SW - Other AC Switchyard Equipment ------0.2 1.1 AC-E.TX - Convertor Transformer ------168.7 0.2 N/A 93.9 13.5 556.5 1005.9 228.9 65.2 260.5 0.8 1.3 AC external grid EXT - External AC System ------8.0 9.2 N/A 11.4 10.4 1.9 6.2 13.6 0.5 2.2 - - Control center operation N/A - - 5.1 - 9.6 - 0.2 0.0 - Control, protection and C-P.L - Local HVDC Control & Protection ------6.8 10.3 communication C-P.M - Master HVDC Control & Protection ------6.6 C-P.T - Control & Protection and Telecommunication ------0.7 N/A 79.8 38.3 23.1 12.6 26.3 63.5 0.6 2.7 - Converter station C-P.L - Local HVDC Control & Protection ------21.1 0.8 operation C-P.M - Master HVDC Control & Protection ------8.2 0.6 N/A 0.4 5.9 2.3 290.4 20.1 - 1.5 - - DC cable TL-C - DC Underground / submarine Cable ------1729.1 3410.9 N/A 2505.5 1704.1 226.9 32.2 876.0 1361.8 996.5 - - DC converter DC-E.ME - DC Measuring Equipment ------65.2 3.6 DC-E.O - Other DC Yard and Valve Hall Equipment ------2.8 - DC-E.SR - DC Smoothing Reactor ------245.3 174.5 V.C - valve capacitor ------36.5 - V.E - Valve Electrical ------36.9 33.6 V.VC - Valve Cooling ------52.8 13.5 N/A 1192.2 888.1 283.0 3.3 37.2 33.8 210.6 424.4 - DC electrodes N/A 3.2 18.4 6.8 9.0 136.3 - 4.6 - - DC overhead line TL-OH - DC Overhead Transmission Line ------3.1 - N/A - - 0.6 3.0 2.3 - - - - Multiple places N/A 24.3 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 - - - - N/A N/A ------186.5 0.7 42.8 Other or unknown O - Other ------0.0 4.5 N/A 13.2 0.9 34.5 1.4 0.7 8.4 0.7 3.1 83.1

66 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section E.3. Additional figures with origin of event for Electricity

Annual unavailable capacity due to maintenance outages per primary cause

5.0 TWh 4.8 TWh s e g a t u o

c 4.0 TWh n

a Primary cause n 2.1 TWh e 3.6 TWh t n

i Annual maintenance a m

o Commissioning t

e u

d 3.0 TWh 1.0 TWh Corrective maintenance

y 2.7 TWh t

i 2.7 TWh c

a Modication or refurbishment work p 2.4 TWh 2.5 TWh a c

l Testing a c

i 0.3 TWh n

h 1.9 TWh Other c 2.0 TWh e t

e 1.6 TWh

l Warranty work b a l i

a N/A v a n u

o 2.0 TWh

t 1.0 TWh

n 0.2 TWh u o m A 0.7 TWh

0.0 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure E.10: Annual unavailable capacity due to maintenance outages for all HVDC links, distributed by primary cause. Note, that primary cause has not been recorded prior to 2019.

Annual unavailable capacity due to corrective Average annual number of corrective maintenance per origin of event maintenances for all HVDC links, grouped by

1600 origin of event 68 GWh 2.0 ]

h 1400 W G [

k e

n 0.5 c i l n Origin of event a C n D

e 1200

t AC and auxiliary equipment V n i H a

r 1.5 AC external grid m e

p e

v s i Control, protection and communication t e c 1000 c e n r a r Converter station operation n o e c t

n o

i DC cable t 0.6

a e m u 800 1322 GWh DC converter d e

v y i t t 1.0 i c

c DC overhead line e a r r p 0.3 a o Multiple places c c

l 600 f a o

c i r Other or unknown e n b h 0.1 0.1 c m e t u

n e

l e b 400 0.2 g a

l 0.5 a i r a e v v a

A 0.4 n 69 GWh 0.2 U 200 89 GWh 0.1

0.2 0 97 GWh 0.0 0.1 2019 2020 2019 2020

Figure E.11: On the left: annual unavailable capacity due to corrective maintenance outages for all HVDC links, distributed by origin of event. On the right: average annual number of corrective maintenance outages for all HVDC links, grouped by origin of event. The primary cause “corrective maintenance” has not been recorder prior to the year 2019.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 | 67 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section E.3. Additional figures with origin of event

This page is intentionally left blank.

68 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity