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Caster Camber Tire-Wear Angles
BASIC WHEEL ALIGNMENT odern steering and ples. Therefore, let’s review these basic the effort needed to turn the wheel. suspension systems alignment angles with an eye toward Power steering allows the use of more are great examples of typical complaints and troubleshooting. positive caster than would be accept- solid geometry at able with manual steering. work. Wheel align- Caster Too little caster can make steering ment integrates all the factors of steer- Caster is the tilt of the steering axis of unstable and cause wheel shimmy. Ex- Ming and suspension geometry to pro- each front wheel as viewed from the tremely negative caster and the related vide safe handling, good ride quality side of the vehicle. Caster is measured shimmy can contribute to cupped wear and maximum tire life. in degrees of an angle. If the steering of the front tires. If caster is unequal Front wheel alignment is described axis tilts backward—that is, the upper from side to side, the vehicle will pull in terms of angles formed by steering ball joint or strut mounting point is be- toward the side with less positive (or and suspension components. Tradi- hind the lower ball joint—the caster more negative) caster. Remember this tionally, five alignment angles are angle is positive. If the steering axis tilts when troubleshooting a complaint of checked at the front wheels—caster, forward, the caster angle is negative. vehicle pull or wander. camber, toe, steering axis inclination Caster is not measured for rear wheels. (SAI) and toe-out on turns. When we Caster affects straightline stability Camber move from two-wheel to four-wheel and steering wheel return. -
Wheel Alignment Simplified
The WHAT and WHY of Toe Caster - Camber Kingpin Inclination - Thrust Angle Steering Angle – Wheel setback WHEEL ALIGNMENT SIMPLIFIED Wheel alignment is often considered complicated and hard to understand In the days of the rigid chassis construction with solid axles, when tyres were poor and road speeds were low, wheel alignment was simply a matter of ensuring that the wheels rolled along the road in parallel paths. This was easily accomplished by means of using a toe gauge or simple tape measure. The steering wheel could then also simply be repositioned on the splines of the steering shaft. Camber and Caster was easily adjustable by means of shims. Today wheel alignment is of course more sophisticated as there are several angles to consider when doing wheel alignment on the modern vehicle with Independent suspension systems, good performing tyres and high road speeds. Below are the most common angles and their terminology and for the correction of wheel alignment and the diagnoses thereof, the understanding of the principals of these angles will become necessary. Doing the actual corrections of wheel alignment is a fairly simple task and in many instances it is easily accomplished by some mechanical adjustments. However Wheel Alignment diagnosis is not so straightforward and one will need to understand the interaction between the wheel alignment angles as well as the influence the various angles have on each other. In addition there are also external factors one will need to consider. Wheel Alignment Specifications are normally given in angular values of degrees and minutes A circle consists of 360 segments called DEGREES, symbolized by the indicator ° Each DEGREE again has 60 segments called MINUTES symbolized by the indicator ‘. -
Development and Analysis of a Multi-Link Suspension for Racing Applications
Development and analysis of a multi-link suspension for racing applications W. Lamers DCT 2008.077 Master’s thesis Coach: dr. ir. I.J.M. Besselink (Tu/e) Supervisor: Prof. dr. H. Nijmeijer (Tu/e) Committee members: dr. ir. R.M. van Druten (Tu/e) ir. H. Vun (PDE Automotive) Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Department Mechanical Engineering Dynamics and Control Group Eindhoven, May, 2008 Abstract University teams from around the world compete in the Formula SAE competition with prototype formula vehicles. The vehicles have to be developed, build and tested by the teams. The University Racing Eindhoven team from the Eindhoven University of Technology in The Netherlands competes with the URE04 vehicle in the 2007-2008 season. A new multi-link suspension has to be developed to improve handling, driver feedback and performance. Tyres play a crucial role in vehicle dynamics and therefore are tyre models fitted onto tyre measure- ment data such that they can be used to chose the tyre with the best characteristics, and to develop the suspension kinematics of the vehicle. These tyre models are also used for an analytic vehicle model to analyse the influence of vehicle pa- rameters such as its mass and centre of gravity height to develop a design strategy. Lowering the centre of gravity height is necessary to improve performance during cornering and braking. The development of the suspension kinematics is done by using numerical optimization techniques. The suspension kinematic objectives have to be approached as close as possible by relocating the sus- pension coordinates. The most important improvements of the suspension kinematics are firstly the harmonization of camber dependant kinematics which result in the optimal camber angles of the tyres during driving. -
Design and Development of Multi-Link Suspension Suspension System
ISSN: 2455-2631 © June 2019 IJSDR | Volume 4, Issue 6 Design and Development of Multi-Link Suspension Suspension System 1Piyush Parida, 2Vaibhav Itkikar, 3Harshal Patil, 4Sandip Patil 1,2,3,4UG Students Mechanical Engineering Department G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering and Management, Chas, Ahmednagar, India Abstract: In order to provide a comfortable ride to the passengers and avoid additional stresses in motor car frame, the car should neither bounce or roll or sway the passengers when cornering nor pitch when accelerating. For this purpose the virtual prototype of suspension systems were built in software MSC ADAMS/CAR and suspensions for military truck were analyzed keeping in mind the optimization of suspension parameters. As there is tremendous development in Suspension Technology, Multi-Link suspension system are considered better independent suspension system among all other independent suspension system. Its simple design and construction makes it way more convenient to install and serve its purpose. As there is vast growth in Agriculture, farming becoming more and more advanced in terms of technology and in that transport vehicles play important role in making agriculture more productive. We saw different scenario where agriculture transport vehicles collapsing because of their conventional suspension system fails to stabalize the loaded vehicle on different road conditions. We tried to see the improvement in performance of vehicle in stabalizing itself by using Multi- Link suspension system. Keywords: Suspension, links, vibrations, Multi body dynamic analysis (MBD) 1. INTRODUCTION In heavy transport vehicle field existing dependent suspension system unit is used. If some have that is leaf spring suspension. In all cases Leaf spring design for full load condition. -
Camber Effect Study on Combined Tire Forces
Camber effect study on combined tire forces Shiruo Li Master Thesis in Vehicle Engineering Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology TRITA-AVE 2013:33 ISSN 1651-7660 Postal address Visiting Address Telephone Telefax Internet KTH Teknikringen 8 +46 8 790 6000 +46 8 790 6500 www.kth.se Vehicle Dynamics Stockholm SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Considering the more and more concerned climate change issues to which the greenhouse gas emission may contribute the most, as well as the diminishing fossil fuel resource, the automotive industry is paying more and more attention to vehicle concepts with full electric or partly electric propulsion systems. Limited by the current battery technology, most electrified vehicles on the roads today are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Though fully electrified systems are not common at the moment, the introduction of electric power sources enables more advanced motion control systems, such as active suspension systems and individual wheel steering, due to electrification of vehicle actuators. Various chassis and suspension control strategies can thus be developed so that the vehicles can be fully utilized. Consequently, future vehicles can be more optimized with respect to active safety and performance. Active camber control is a method that assigns the camber angle of each wheel to generate desired longitudinal and lateral forces and consequently the desired vehicle dynamic behavior. The aim of this study is to explore how the camber angle will affect the tire force generation and how the camber control strategy can be designed so that the safety and performance of a vehicle can be improved. -
ICSV18 Template
A Novel Approach to Rollover Prevention Control of SUVs by Active Camber Control Behrooz Mashadi a, Saleh Kasiri Bidhendia* and Mohammad Ismaeel Assadib 1Prof, School of Automotive Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology , Tehran, Iran. 2 Saleh Kasiri Bidhendi, School of Automotive Engineering Iran University of Science and Technol- ogy , Tehran, Iran. 3 Mohammad Ismaeel Assadi, School of Automotive Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology , Tehran, Iran. * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Roll instability of sport utility vehicles is threatening to the vehicle and traffic safety. A new ap- proach to roll stability control of Sport Utility Vehicles is proposed in this paper. The idea of active camber control to improve roll dynamics is introduced. The study of dynamics of sport utility vehicle is performed using CarSim software package. A rule-based control strategy has been developed which effectively controls camber angle on front axle. Co-simulation is carried out by integrating Matlab/Simulink software with the vehicle simulation environment. It has been shown that active camber can improve roll stability of SUVs and reduce the risk of hazardous traffic accidents. Keywords: rollover; active camber; SUV 1. Introduction The automotive industry has been experiencing a greedy competence in the variety of products as well as an ever-increasing demand for safety standards. Sport Utility Vehicles have in the recent decade attracted noticeable attention. Among the frequently-occurring accidents, roll-over contrib- utes to a vast majority in SUVs due to their high center of gravity and ground height clearance. Sta- tistics reveal a significant fatality of 59% in roll-over accidents of this category of vehicles[1]. -
Multi-Criteria Optimization of an Innovative Suspension System for Race Cars
applied sciences Article Multi-Criteria Optimization of an Innovative Suspension System for Race Cars Vlad T, ot, u and Cătălin Alexandru * Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Bra¸sov, Bulevardul Eroilor 29, 500036 Bra¸sov, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-724-575-436 Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to design, optimize, and test an innovative suspension system for race cars. The study was based on a comprehensive approach that involved conceptual design, modeling, simulation and optimization, and development and testing of the experimental model of the proposed suspension system. The optimization process was approached through multi-objective optimal design techniques, based on design of experiments (DOE) investigation strategies and regression models. At the same time, a synthesis method based on the least squares approach was developed and integrated in the optimal design algorithm. The design in the virtual environment was achieved by using the multi-body systems (MBS) software package ADAMS, more precisely ADAMS/View—for modeling and simulation, and ADAMS/Insight—for multi-objective optimization. The physical prototype of proposed suspension system was implemented and tested with the help of BlueStreamline, the Formula Student race car of the Transilvania University of Bras, ov. The dynamic behavior of the prototype was evaluated by specific experimental tests, similar to those the single seater would have to pass through in the competitions. Both the virtual and experimental results proved the performance of the proposed suspension system, as well as the usefulness of the design algorithm by which the novel suspension was developed. -
Northern Arizona University Baja SAE 2014
Northern Arizona University Baja SAE 2014 Owner’s Manual Contents Vehicle Overview Vehicle Overview ............................................................................... 2 The 2014 Baja SAE is a single-seat vehicle intended for off- road use only. It is rear wheel drive with a single cylinder 305 Safety Equipment ............................................................................... 3 cc engine mounted in the rear. The drivetrain is comprised of Seat ................................................................................................ 3 a continuously variable transmission connected to a limited Safety Harness ............................................................................... 3 slip differential. The driver is seated in the center of the Emergency Stop ............................................................................. 3 vehicle just in front of the engine. Fully independent suspension is used for all four wheels, with double-wishbone Fire Extinguisher ............................................................................ 3 in the front and three-link in the rear. This vehicle is at home Vehicle Operation ............................................................................... 4 on the roughest terrain and was designed with simplicity and Steering .......................................................................................... 4 ease of use in mind. Throttle ........................................................................................... 4 Brakes ........................................................................................... -
INSTRUCTIONS FOR: CAMBER/CASTOR MAGNETIC GAUGE CAMBER/CASTOR MAGNETIC GAUGE Model No: GA45 Model No: GA45
INSTRUCTIONS FOR: INSTRUCTIONS FOR: CAMBER/CASTOR MAGNETIC GAUGE CAMBER/CASTOR MAGNETIC GAUGE Model No: GA45 Model No: GA45 Thank you for purchasing a Sealey product. Manufactured to a high standard this product will, if used according to these instructions Thank you for purchasing a Sealey product. Manufactured to a high standard this product will, if used according to these instructions and properly maintained, give you years of trouble free performance. and properly maintained, give you years of trouble free performance. IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. NOTE THE SAFE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS, WARNINGS & CAUTIONS. IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. NOTE THE SAFE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS, WARNINGS & CAUTIONS. USE THE PRODUCT CORRECTLY AND WITH CARE FOR THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY CAUSE USE THE PRODUCT CORRECTLY AND WITH CARE FOR THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY CAUSE DAMAGE OR PERSONAL INJURY, AND WILL INVALIDATE THE WARRANTY. PLEASE KEEP INSTRUCTIONS SAFE FOR FUTURE USE. DAMAGE OR PERSONAL INJURY, AND WILL INVALIDATE THE WARRANTY. PLEASE KEEP INSTRUCTIONS SAFE FOR FUTURE USE. 1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS 1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS p WARNING! Ensure Health & Safety, local authority, and general workshop practice regulations are adhered to when using this p WARNING! Ensure Health & Safety, local authority, and general workshop practice regulations are adhered to when using this equipment. equipment. 3 Maintain the gauge in good condition (use an authorised service agent). 3 Maintain the gauge in good condition (use an authorised service agent). 3 Replace or repair damaged parts. 3 Replace or repair damaged parts. -
Design of Independent Suspension Mechanism for a Terrain Vehicle with Four Wheels Drive and Four Wheels Steering
1. Shpetim LAJQI, 2. Stanislav PEHAN, 3. Naser LAJQI, 4. Afrim GJELAJ, 5. Jože PŠENIČNIK, 6. Sašo EMIN DESIGN OF INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION MECHANISM FOR A TERRAIN VEHICLE WITH FOUR WHEELS DRIVE AND FOUR WHEELS STEERING 1, 3, 4. UNIVERSITY OF PRISHTINA, FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SUNNY HILL N.N., 10 000 PRISHTINA, KOSOV0 2. UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR, FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SMETANOVA ULICA 17, 2 000 MARIBOR, SLOVENIA 5, 6. RTC - AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER, CESTA K TAMU 7, 2 000 MARIBOR, SLOVENIA ABSTRACT: In this paper a terrain vehicle with four wheels drive and four wheels steer intended to use for recreational purpose is presented. The main purpose is to design the suspension mechanism that fulfills requirements about stability, safety and maneuverability. Nowadays, as well as in the past, the development of the suspension systems of the vehicle has shown greater interest by designers and manufacturers of the vehicles. Research is focused to do a comprehensive study of different available independent suspension system (MacPherson, double wishbone, multi-link) and hence forth develop a methodology to design the suspension system for a terrain vehicle. Few chosen suspension systems are analyzed into the very details in order to find out the optimal design of it. During development process of the suspension system should be considered design constraints and requirements provided in the check list. Afterwards the simulation results for kinematics analyses of suspension mechanism are performed in Working Model 2D and MATLAB environments. Achieved results are discussed in detail in order to find the best solution that will fulfill pretentious requirement from developed suspension system. -
Experimental Investigation of Rolling Losses and Optimal Camber and Toe Angle
Experimental Investigation of Rolling Losses and Optimal Camber and Toe Angle BETHUEL KARANJA ELIN SKOOG Bachelor Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2015 Experimental Investigation of Rolling Losses and Optimal Camber and Toe Angle Bethuel Karanja Elin Skoog Bachelor Thesis MMKB 2015:68 MKNB 079 KTH Industrial Engineering and Management Machine Design SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Bachelor Thesis MMKB 2015:68 MKNB 079 Experimental investigation of rolling losses and optimal camber angle Bethuel Karanja Elin Skoog Approved Examiner Supervisor 2015-06-05 Ulf Sellgren Kjell Andersson Commissioner KTH Transport Labs/ Peter Georén Abstract This Bachelor thesis project is an experimental investigation of the effect of camber and toe angles on rolling resistance. The experiments are done on Sleipner, a Prototype car made by KTH students, which takes part in the Shell Eco Marathon competition in Rotterdam. In order to succeed in the competition it is crucial to reduce energy losses in order to get an as energy efficient vehicle as possible. The experiment involves tests where Sleipner is manually dragged across a flat floor and its position and the dragging force are logged with a pulse encoder and a load cell respectively. This is done ten times for each chosen wheel alignment (specific camber and toe angle), in order to be able to find the optimal setting with respect to minimization of rolling losses. The tests are performed in the Integrated Transport Research Lab at KTH. The obtained data is then used to calculate the magnitude of the rolling friction. It is found that the more negative the camber angle, the larger the rolling resistance. -
Double Wishbone Suspension System; a Research
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2, July 2019 Double Wishbone Suspension System; A Research Vignesh B S, Sufiyan Ahmed, Chandan V, Prashant Kumar Shrivastava Abstract: Advancements in science and technology, effective suspension is proportional to change in length of spring designs and newly advanced ways of manufacturing for the need where spring is either compressed or stretched based on to fulfill the customer expectations and to provide them better situation. Spring rate for a spring is defined as weight goods has let to these developments. With the invent and help of required for one inch deflection in spring, stiffer springs numerous mechatronic systems there is technological advancements in various automobile sectors and thus gave better require more weight and softer springs require less weight performance output A suspension system has responsibility of for unit inch of deflection. There are variable spring rates safety of both the vehicle and occupants by providing stability which can have both stiffer and softer spring rates in one and comfort ride during its maneuvers. Without the help of any spring called as progressive rate spring; suspension system, it would have made extremely hard for a driver to control a vehicle since all the shocks and vibrations would have been directly transmitted to steering without any damping. The main aim of this study to discuss about the designing and analysis of double wishbone suspension system for automobile. Keywords: Dependent Suspension, Independent Suspension, Double Wishbones, spring and Damper System I. INTRODUCTION Suspension is the system that connects vehicle body (chassis) to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two and hence isolating the vehicle from road shocks.