BMJ Open Is Committed to Open Peer Review. As Part of This Commitment We Make the Peer Review History of Every Article We Publish Publicly Available
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BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019312 on 27 March 2018. Downloaded from BMJ Open is committed to open peer review. As part of this commitment we make the peer review history of every article we publish publicly available. When an article is published we post the peer reviewers’ comments and the authors’ responses online. We also post the versions of the paper that were used during peer review. These are the versions that the peer review comments apply to. The versions of the paper that follow are the versions that were submitted during the peer review process. They are not the versions of record or the final published versions. They should not be cited or distributed as the published version of this manuscript. BMJ Open is an open access journal and the full, final, typeset and author-corrected version of record of the manuscript is available on our site with no access controls, subscription charges or pay-per-view fees (http://bmjopen.bmj.com). If you have any questions on BMJ Open’s open peer review process please email [email protected] http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019312 on 27 March 2018. Downloaded from Inter-agency collaboration models for people with mental health problems in contact with the police: a systematic scoping review ForJournal: peerBMJ Open review only Manuscript ID bmjopen-2017-019312 Article Type: Research Date Submitted by the Author: 24-Aug-2017 Complete List of Authors: Parker, Adwoa; University of York, York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences Scantlebury, Arabella; University of York, Centre for Reviews & Dissemination Booth, Alison; York University, CRD Macbryde, Jillian; University of York, York Management School Scott, William; North Yorkshire Police Wright, Kath; University of York, Centre for Reviews & Dissemination McDaid, Catriona; University of York, York Trials Unit <b>Primary Subject Mental health Heading</b>: Health services research, Legal and forensic medicine, Mental health, Public http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ Secondary Subject Heading: health police, MENTAL HEALTH, systematic scoping review, inter-agency Keywords: collaboration on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml Page 1 of 75 BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019312 on 27 March 2018. Downloaded from 1 2 3 4 5 INTER-AGENCY COLLABORATION MODELS FOR PEOPLE WITH MENTAL 6 7 HEALTH PROBLEMS IN CONTACT WITH THE POLICE: A SYSTEMATIC 8 9 SCOPING REVIEW 10 11 12 1* 1 1 2 3 13 Adwoa Parker , Arabella Scantlebury , Alison Booth , Jillian Catherine MacBryde , William J Scott , 14 4 1 Kath Wright , Catriona McDaid 15 16 For peer review only 17 18 AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS 19 1 20 York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, 21 22 2The York Management School, University of York, YO10 5DD 23 24 3North Yorkshire Police, Newby Wiske Hall, Northallerton, North Yorkshire, DL7 9HA 25 26 27 4Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, YO10 5DD 28 29 30 31 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR 32 *Adwoa Parker, Email: [email protected] http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 33 34 35 36 37 38 WORD COUNT: 3794 39 40 on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 41 42 43 Key Words: Police, mental health, systematic scoping review, inter-agency-collaboration 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Interagency scoping review manuscript v6 24/08/2017 Page 1 of 30 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml BMJ Open Page 2 of 75 BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019312 on 27 March 2018. Downloaded from 1 2 3 ABSTRACT 4 5 6 Objective: To identify existing evidence on inter-agency collaboration between law enforcement, 7 emergency services, statutory services and third sector agencies regarding people with mental health 8 9 problems. 10 11 Design: Systematic scoping review. 12 13 Data sources and eligibility: ASSIA, CENTRAL, the Cochrane Library databases, Criminal Justice 14 15 Abstracts, ERIC, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PROSPERO and Social Care Online and Social Sciences 16 Citation Index, wereFor searched peer up to 2017, reviewas were grey literature only and hand searches. Eligible articles 17 18 were empirical evaluations or descriptions of models of inter-agency collaboration between the police 19 20 and other agencies. 21 22 Study appraisal and synthesis: Screening and data extraction were undertaken 23 24 independently by two researchers. Arksey’s framework was used to collate and map included studies. 25 26 Results: One hundred and twenty-six studies were included. The majority of articles were of single 27 28 service evaluations (38%) descriptions of models (28%) and mixed methods evaluations of models 29 (18%). The most frequently reported outcomes (52%) were ‘organisational or service level outcomes’ 30 31 (e.g. arrest rates). Most articles (53%) focused on adults with mental health problems, whilst others 32 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 33 focused on adult offenders with mental health problems (17.4%). Fourteen models of inter-agency 34 collaboration were described, each involving between 2-13 agencies. Frequently reported models were 35 36 ‘pre-arrest diversion’ of people with mental health problems (34%), ‘co-response’ involving joint 37 response by police officers paired with mental health professionals (28.6%) and ‘jail diversion’ 38 39 following arrest (23.8%). 40 on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 41 We identified 14 different inter-agency collaboration models catering for a range of 42 Conclusions: 43 mental health related interactions. All but one of these models involved the police and mental health 44 45 services or professionals. Several models have sufficient literature to warrant full systematic reviews of 46 their effectiveness, while others need robust evaluation, by RCT where appropriate. Future evaluations 47 48 should focus on health related outcomes and the impact on key stakeholders. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Interagency scoping review manuscript v6 24/08/2017 Page 2 of 30 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml Page 3 of 75 BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019312 on 27 March 2018. Downloaded from 1 2 3 Strengths and limitations of this study 4 5 • This is the first, broad scoping review to map the evidence available for interagency 6 collaboration models between the police and other agencies, for people with apparent mental 7 8 health problems. 9 • We undertook rigorous searches for the available literature, including grey literature, led by an 10 11 information specialist with input from the team, including a police officer. 12 13 • Two reviewers independently undertook study selection and the data extraction and study 14 coding was checked by a second researcher to ensure robustness in these processes. 15 16 • The lack ofFor an assessment peer of study qualityreview and synthesis onlyof the findings means we were unable 17 to make conclusions about the effectiveness of individual models. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Interagency scoping review manuscript v6 24/08/2017 Page 3 of 30 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml BMJ Open Page 4 of 75 BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019312 on 27 March 2018. Downloaded from 1 2 3 BACKGROUND 4 5 Globally, there has been increasing policy and legislative focus on inter-agency collaboration for people 6 with mental health problems coming into contact with the police and other statutory agencies such as 7 8 healthcare providers.[1-7] In recent decades in the UK and elsewhere, mental health legislation has 9 required health departments to establish jointly agreed policies with other statutory agencies to 10 11 manage people with a range of mental health problems.[3,4,8,9] 12 13 Inter-agency collaboration, also known as ‘integrated’, ‘multi-agency’ or ‘inter-professional’ 14 15 collaboration,[10,11] takes many forms [12] ranging from a low level of joint decision-making with 16 For peer review only 17 limited shared resources to multifaceted, fully-integrated services.[13,14] Regardless of the form, 18 inter-agency collaboration generally involves three core principles of information sharing, joint 19 20 decision-making and coordinated intervention.[2,15] Inter-agency collaborations involving the police 21 aim to improve health and social care outcomes for individuals with mental health problems and the 22 23 cost and effectiveness of services.[16,17] 24 25 A disproportionate number of people with mental health problems come into contact with police, who 26 27 are often the first public service to interact with such individuals. Between 20-45% of police time is 28 spent engaging with people experiencing mental health problems, as victims, witnesses or 29 30 offenders.[18] However, mental health problems are often unrecognised and poorly handled by the 31 police, meaning that many people end up incarcerated rather than receiving appropriate 32 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 33 treatment.[19] 34 35 There have been few systematic reviews of inter-agency collaboration models involving the police, 36 37 with no current registered ongoing review; so the impacts, particularly health-related, of such models 38 39 remain unclear. One review focused on guidance and research in the UK related to information-sharing 40 practices within mental health services and the organisations they work in partnership with.[20] Other on September 26, 2021 by guest.