DOCSLIB.ORG

Cuban Communism Under Raúl Castro (2006-2014)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cuban Communism Under Raúl Castro (2006-2014) Cuban Communism under Raúl Castro (2006-2014) Ramón I. Centeno Miranda Department of Politics University of Sheffield This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2016 ii To Our America Acknowledgements The completion of this PhD would not have been possible without the support of many people. First of all, I would like to thank Steve Ludlam for all his advice and constant support. It has been a pleasure and a privilege working with him. I also would like to thank the feedback I received on my research from colleagues in the Annual Conference of the Society of Latin American Studies (2012 and 2014), in the Annual Conference of the Cuba Research Forum (in 2013 and 2014), in the Annual Postgraduate Colloquium of the Department of Politics of the University of Sheffield (2014), in the Annual Congress of CLACSO’s working group Latin America: governments, movements, and continuities (2014), and in the Annual Conference of the Latin American Studies Association (2015). This thesis owes a lot to the criticism and recommendations of insightful academics from many different countries. I also learned a lot about Cuba’s economic reform in conversations I had with economists of the Centre of Studies of the Cuban Economy (CEEC, in Spanish) of the University of Havana. Thanks to Omar E. Pérez Villanueva for welcoming me. Thanks to Liam Stanley for his savvy feedback on the first draft of this thesis. Of course, while the input of many academics accounts for the strengths of this thesis, all the remaining weaknesses are my sole responsibility. Thanks to the superb assistance of the Library staff of the University of Sheffield. Thanks to Juanita! :-) Thanks to my parents, Laura and Ramón, my brother, Paco, and to my sister-in-law, Elizabeth Guerrero, for all their support during these years. Thanks to all the people that made of my time in Sheffield a wonderful experience. Thanks to CONACYT for funding my studies. iv Abstract Drawing on a theory of non-transition from communist rule, in this thesis I argue that in the period 2006-2014 Cuba experienced a change from a charismatic post- totalitarian regime to a maturing post-totalitarian one. The basic argument behind these concepts is that the loss of the charisma of Fidel Castro as a source of legitimacy – he stepped down in 2006 – has pushed forward economic performance as a compensatory source, which explains the market reforms of Raúl Castro. Thus, I demonstrate in this thesis that the Cuban regime during the presidency of Raúl Castro has experienced a ‘double political shift’ at the levels of leadership and ideology. On the one hand, I claim that the charismatic character of the leadership has been replaced by a collegial arrangement. On the other, I hold that the model of centrally planned economy (CPE) has been replaced by market-socialist ideology. After substantiating the existence of the leadership’s and ideological change, I discuss the relationship between them as part of a re-equilibration of legitimacy. The peculiarity of the Cuban case is that socialist ideology is still central to Raúl Castro’s claims to legitimacy. Therefore, the new role of the market has been inscribed within an non-capitalist framework, as expressed in the official advocacy for a “prosperous and sustainable socialism” – i.e. a form of market socialism that, in contrast to cases such as China and Vietnam, have not yet restored capitalism. Keywords: Cuba, regime, leadership, ideology, legitimacy, post-totalitarianism. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... iv Abstract ........................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ......................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Political intentionality ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Analytical approach .................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Summary of the argument .................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Methods and data collection ................................................................................................ 16 Make-up of this thesis .................................................................................................................... 21 2. The Marxist critique of real socialism ...................................................... 23 2.1 Totalitarian rule: a communist concept .......................................................................... 24 2.1.1 From the critique of Stalinism… ..................................................................................................... 24 2.1.2 …To the critique of Fidelismo .......................................................................................................... 29 2.2 A Marxist dead-end path ....................................................................................................... 38 2.2.1 The invention of ‘state capitalism’ ................................................................................................ 38 2.2.2 The so-called capitalist Cuba ........................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Trotsky reconsidered .............................................................................................................. 47 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 53 3. The theory of post-totalitarian Cuba ....................................................... 55 3.1 Marxist handling of transitology ........................................................................................ 56 3.2 The post-totalitarian regime-type ..................................................................................... 62 3.3 The (charismatic) Cuban hybrid ........................................................................................ 68 3.4 Normalisation after charisma? ........................................................................................... 74 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 82 4. Vicissitudes of Fidel Castro’s Cuba ........................................................... 85 4.1 The oscillation of Cuban politics ........................................................................................ 85 4.2 Leadership: the FAR-PCC ruling coalition ...................................................................... 91 4.3 Ideology: the case of the managers ................................................................................... 99 vi Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 106 5. The revolt of Raúl Castro ....................................................................... 108 5.1 Cuba when Fidel stepped down ....................................................................................... 108 5.2 The provisional leader (2006-2008) ............................................................................. 114 5.2.1 Leadership: two models of succession ...................................................................................... 114 5.2.2 Ideology: a change of tacK ............................................................................................................. 119 5.3 Paving the way to the Sixth Party Congress (2008-2010) .................................... 124 5.3.1 Leadership: dismantling charisma ............................................................................................ 124 5.3.2 Ideology: relaxing CPE orthodoxy .............................................................................................. 129 Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 134 6. The victory of Raúl Castro ..................................................................... 136 6.1 The battle of the Sixth Party Congress (2010-2011) .............................................. 136 6.2 The new contours of Cuba (2011-2014) ...................................................................... 143 6.2.1 Leadership: the rise of collegiality ............................................................................................. 143 6.2.2 Ideology: the rise of marKet socialism ...................................................................................... 153 Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 164 7. Political characterisation ....................................................................... 166 7.1 Regime-type development ................................................................................................. 166 7.2 Liberalisation as a collateral symptom ......................................................................... 174 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Castro Same Cuba
    New Castro, Same Cuba Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-562-8 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org November 2009 1-56432-562-8 New Castro, Same Cuba Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era I. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 7 II. Illustrative Cases ......................................................................................................................... 11 Ramón Velásquez
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Leadership Overview, Apr 2009
    16 April 2009 OpenȱSourceȱCenter Report Cuban Leadership Overview, Apr 2009 Raul Castro has overhauled the leadership of top government bodies, especially those dealing with the economy, since he formally succeeded his brother Fidel as president of the Councils of State and Ministers on 24 February 2008. Since then, almost all of the Council of Ministers vice presidents have been replaced, and more than half of all current ministers have been appointed. The changes have been relatively low-key, but the recent ousting of two prominent figures generated a rare public acknowledgement of official misconduct. Fidel Castro retains the position of Communist Party first secretary, and the party leadership has undergone less turnover. This may change, however, as the Sixth Party Congress is scheduled to be held at the end of this year. Cuba's top military leadership also has experienced significant turnover since Raul -- the former defense minister -- became president. Names and photos of key officials are provided in the graphic below; the accompanying text gives details of the changes since February 2008 and current listings of government and party officeholders. To view an enlarged, printable version of the chart, double-click on the following icon (.pdf): This OSC product is based exclusively on the content and behavior of selected media and has not been coordinated with other US Government components. This report is based on OSC's review of official Cuban websites, including those of the Cuban Government (www.cubagob.cu), the Communist Party (www.pcc.cu), the National Assembly (www.asanac.gov.cu), and the Constitution (www.cuba.cu/gobierno/cuba.htm).
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Communism: from Orthodoxy to Heresy to Orthodoxy
    CUBAN COMMUNISM: FROM ORTHODOXY TO HERESY TO ORTHODOXY Terrance William Witt BOA. Simon Fraser University, 1972. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science, Sociology and Anthropology. Terrance William Witt 1974 @ Simon Fraser University January 1975 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Name: Terrance Mi11 iam Witt Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesls: Cuban Comnunlsm: From Orthodoxy to Heresy to Orthodox);. t Examining Conmi ttee : Chairman: Professor da1 e Bratton - - ~- -- - Dr. M. ~al~er!n: Senfor Supervisor -1 -- .. - ~- - 1 Professor R. I. External Ex Department of History Simon Fraser Unlversl ty Date Approved: PARTIAL COPYRICHT LICEN~E I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to.lend my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for 'such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its 'own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying ' or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of ~hesis/~issertation: Cuban Communism: From Orthodoxy to Heresy to Orthodoxy Author: CI1 - (signature) (name ) I (date) ABSTRACT The first chapter of this thesis explains why the Cuban C.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Lietuvos Muzikologija 21.Indd
    Lietuvos muzikologija, t. 21, 2020 Iván César MORALES FLORES A “Special Period in Times of Peace”: Emergence, Exodus, and Evasion on the Cuban Music Map of the 1990s „Ypatingasis taikos meto laikotarpis“. Iškilimas, emigracija ir laviravimas XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio Kubos muzikiniame žemėlapyje University of Oviedo, Luis Muñiz 4, Basement B, 33009, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain [email protected] Abstract The political changes that shook Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991 brought about one of the biggest fractures in Cuba’s political and so- ciocultural life after the triumph of the revolution. Consequently, the Cuban musical map of the 90s was marked by two main events: the boom of timba in popular dance music and the exodus of most of the island’s classical composers. As we will see, evasion was a feature shared by both music scenes. In the case of timba, it was manifested in the development of musical and performatic resources of radical complexity and social background; while in contemporary classical music, it was manifested in the increasing expansion of the work of its composers in the new spaces of the Cuban diaspora. The effect of this historic moment in Cuban society is evident both in the multifaceted physiognomy that music acquires on the island and abroad as well as in the social and cultural uses music entails as a process of constructing new identities. Deepening these complex dynamics is the main objective of our proposal, which is approached from a sociological, cultural, and musicological perspective by authors such as Frith (1987), Clifford (1988), Bhabha (1994), Hall (1996), Brah (1996), Braziel and Mannur (2003), and García Canclini (2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Not for Distribution
    6 The decline of the legitimate monopoly of violence and the return of non-state warriors Cihan Tuğal Introduction For the last few decades, political sociology has focused on state-making. We are therefore quite ill equipped to understand the recent rise of non-state violence throughout the world. Even if states still seem to perform more violence than non- state actors, the latter’s actions have come to significantly transform relationships between citizens and states. Existing frameworks predispose scholars to treat non-state violence too as an instrument of state-building. However, we need to consider whether non-state violence serves other purposes as well. This chapter will first point out how the post-9/11 world problematises one of sociology’s major assumptions (the state’s monopolisation of legitimate violence). It will then trace the social prehistory of non-state political violence to highlight continui- ties with today’s intensifying religious violence. It will finally emphasise that the seemingly inevitable rise of non-state violence is inextricably tangled with the emergence of the subcontracting state. Neo-liberalisation aggravates the practico- ethical difficulties secular revolutionaries and religious radicals face (which I call ‘the Fanonite dilemma’ and ‘the Qutbi dilemma’). The monopolisation of violence: social implications War-making, military apparatuses and international military rivalry figure prominently in today’s political sociology. This came about as a reaction to the sociology and political science of the postwar era: for quite different rea- sons, both tended to ignore the influence of militaries and violence on domestic social structure. Political science unduly focused on the former and sociology on the latter, whereas (according to the new political sociology) international violence and domestic social structure are tightly linked (Mann 1986; Skocpol 1979; Tilly 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights.Indb
    Landman, Todd. "Evidence and explanations." Human Rights and Democracy: The Precarious Triumph of Ideals. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. 61–82. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 3 Oct. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472544643.ch-005>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 3 October 2021, 05:36 UTC. Copyright © Todd Landman, 2013. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. CHAPTER FIVE Evidence and explanations Introduction We saw in the previous chapter that the experience of democracy, democratization and the advancement of human rights are both vast and highly variegated. Many countries and regions have made great progress in establishing democracy and protecting human rights during the course of the twentieth century and early years of the twenty-first century, while other countries have seen setbacks or continued forms of authoritarian rule where democracy continues to be elusive and human rights continue be violated. For analysts of global politics, these trends across time and space are referred to as ‘ variation ’ , and as we shall see in this chapter, such variation is in need of explanation . The social sciences have developed and continue to develop theories and methods that help us understand how, why and under what conditions are the advance of democracy and human rights possible. This combination of theories and methods seeks to reduce the complexity of what we observe in the world and look for common sets of factors that account for the kinds of changes that were discussed in the previous chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba: Issues for the 109Th Congress
    Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress Updated December 19, 2006 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32730 Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress Summary Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba under Fidel Castro has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through comprehensive economic sanctions, which have been significantly tightened by the Bush Administration. Another component of U.S. policy has consisted of support measures for the Cuban people, including private humanitarian donations and U.S.-sponsored radio and television broadcasting to Cuba. While there appears to be broad agreement on the overall objective of U.S. policy toward Cuba—to help bring democracy and respect for human rights to the island—there are several schools of thought on how to achieve that objective: some advocate maximum pressure on Cuba until reforms are enacted; others argue for lifting some U.S. sanctions judged to be hurting the Cuban people; and still others call for a swift normalization of U.S.-Cuban relations. Fidel Castro’s announcement in late July 2006 that he was temporarily ceding political power to his brother Raúl in order to recover from surgery has prompted some Members to call for re-examination of U.S. policy. In the 109th Congress, legislative initiatives included the approval of five human rights resolutions: H.Con.Res. 81, H.Res. 193, H.Res. 388, S.Res. 140, and S.Res. 469. P.L. 109-102 funded Cuba democracy projects in FY2006. Action on several FY2007 appropriations measures were not completed, so action will need to be completed in 2007: House-passed H.R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban Military and Transition Dynamics
    THE CUBAN MILITARY AND TRANSITION DYNAMICS By Brian Latell INSTITUTE FOR CUBAN AND CUBAN-AMERICAN STUDIES U NIVERSITY OF M IAMI ISBN: 0-9704916-9-7. Published in 2003. THE CUBAN MILITARY AND TRANSITION DYNAMICS Cuba Transition Project – CTP The Cuba Transition Project, at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS), University of Miami, is an important and timely project to study and make recommendations for the reconstruction of Cuba once the post-Castro transition begins in earnest. The transitions in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain are being analyzed and lessons drawn for the future of Cuba. The project began in January 2002 and is funded by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development. Programs and Activities • The CTP is publishing original research, with practical alternative recommendations on various specific aspects of the transition process, commissioned and written for the CTP by ICCAS Staff and U.S. and foreign scholars with expertise on Cuba. • The CTP is developing four key databases: 1. A full-text database of published and unpublished articles written on topics of transition in Cuba, as well as articles on transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain. It also includes an extensive bibliography of published and unpublished books, theses, and dissertations on the topic. 2. A full-text database of Cuba’s principal laws, in Spanish, its legal system, including the current Cuban Constitution (in English and Spanish), and other legislation relating to the structure of the existing government. Also included are the full-text of law review articles on a variety of topics 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Restructuring the Socialist Economy
    CAPITAL AND CLASS IN CUBAN DEVELOPMENT: Restructuring the Socialist Economy Brian Green B.A. Simon Fraser University, 1994 THESISSUBMllTED IN PARTIAL FULFULLMENT OF THE REQUIREMEW FOR THE DEGREE OF MASER OF ARTS Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies O Brian Green 1996 All rights resewed. This work my not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Siblioth&ye nationale du Canada Azcjuis;lrons and Direction des acquisitions et Bitjibgraphic Sewices Branch des services biblicxpphiques Youi hie Vofrergfereoce Our hie Ncfre rb1Prence The author has granted an L'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable non-exclusive ficence irrevocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant & la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationafe du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, preter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque maniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes int6ress6es. The author retains ownership of L'auteur consenre la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial th&se. Ni la thbe ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiefs de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent 6tre imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisatiow. PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Sion Fraser Universi the sight to Iend my thesis, prosect or ex?ended essay (the title o7 which is shown below) to users o2 the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the Zibrary of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLITICAL THOUGHT of the THIRD WORLD LEFT in POST-WAR AMERICA a Dissertation Submitted
    LIBERATION FROM THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY: THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE THIRD WORLD LEFT IN POST-WAR AMERICA A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Benjamin Feldman, M.A. Washington, DC August 6, 2020 Copyright 2020 by Benjamin Feldman All Rights Reserved ii LIBERATION FROM THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY: THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE THIRD WORLD LEFT IN POST-WAR AMERICA Benjamin Feldman, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Michael Kazin, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the full intellectual history of the Third World Turn: when theorists and activists in the United States began to look to liberation movements within the colonized and formerly colonized nations of the ‘Third World’ in search of models for political, social, and cultural transformation. I argue that, understood as a critique of the limits of New Deal liberalism rather than just as an offshoot of New Left radicalism, Third Worldism must be placed at the center of the history of the post-war American Left. Rooting the Third World Turn in the work of theorists active in the 1940s, including the economists Paul Sweezy and Paul Baran, the writer Harold Cruse, and the Detroit organizers James and Grace Lee Boggs, my work moves beyond simple binaries of violence vs. non-violence, revolution vs. reform, and utopianism vs. realism, while throwing the political development of groups like the Black Panthers, the Young Lords, the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, and the Third World Women’s Alliance into sharper relief.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and Cuba After D17
    Hemisphere Volume 25 Article 1 Issue 1 The United States and Cuba after D17 2016 The nitU ed States and Cuba after D17 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/lacc_hemisphere Part of the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation (2016) "The nitU ed States and Cuba after D17," Hemisphere: Vol. 25 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/lacc_hemisphere/vol25/iss1/1 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Kimberly Green Latin American and Carribbean Center (LACC) Publications Network at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hemisphere by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The nitU ed States and Cuba after D17 Abstract With the D17 announcement, US-Cuba policies were suddenly and dramatically transformed after decades of stale and repetitive relations. Guest editor Jorge Duany, director of FIU’s famed Cuban Research Institute, invited a group of leading experts to examine the repercussions of the restoration of diplomatic ties and discuss the intractable obstacles to the full restoration of relations between the two countries. Although normalization of diplomatic relations and the prospect of change have produced an exciting time for scholarship and policy analysis, the conclusion fifteen months later is that rapproachement has been slower and more modest than expected. This issue is available in Hemisphere: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/lacc_hemisphere/vol25/iss1/1 A MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAS VOLUME 25 • SUMMER 2016 • HTTP://LACC.FIU.EDU The United States and Cuba after D17 DIALOGUE ACADEMIA DISSEMINATE LINKAGES BUSINESS MEDIA TOPICS Hemisphere LEARN INDUSTRYDEBATEETHICS VOLUME 25 • SUMMER 2016 • HTTP://LACC.FIU.EDU INFORMATION CONTENT DEPTH CULTURE INVESTIGATION STATISTICS UNRAVEL LOCATION IN THIS ISSUE CULTIVATE TRAINING EXCHANGE POLICY REVEAL SPARK NEWS ANALYSIS LETTER FROM THE EDITOR INSIGHT INTERPRET INTERNATIONAL Frank O.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Dimensions of Authoritarian Legitimation: the Impact of Regime Evolution
    Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should limit in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers serve to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior publication encourage exchange ideas and academic debate. Working GIGA GIGA Research Programme: Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems ___________________________ The International Dimensions of Authoritarian Legitimation: The Impact of Regime Evolution Bert Hoffmann No 182 December 2011 www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers GIGA WP 182/2011 GIGA Working Papers Edited by the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Leibniz‐Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien The GIGA Working Papers series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. Inclusion of a paper in the GIGA Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. When working papers are eventually accepted by or published in a journal or book, the correct citation reference and, if possible, the corresponding link will then be included on the GIGA Working Papers website at <www.giga‐hamburg.de/workingpapers>. GIGA research unit responsible for this issue: GIGA Research Programme 1: “Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems” Editor of the GIGA Working Papers series: Bert Hoffmann <workingpapers@giga‐hamburg.de> Copyright for this issue: © Bert Hoffmann English copy editor: James Powell Editorial assistant and production: Silvia Bücke All GIGA Working Papers are available online and free of charge on the website <www.giga‐hamburg.de/workingpapers>.
    [Show full text]