Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42904-7 — Armenian Christians in Iran James Barry Index More Information Index Note: Page numbers in bold refer to figures and ‘n’ attached to a page number denotes a footnote. Abbas I, Shah (the Great), 78–81, 85, confiscation attempts rebuffed, 103, 118, 247 143–145, 254 Abbas II, Shah, 228–229 cultural events, 210 Abdollahian, Hamid, 17 currency exhibition, 217–218 Abrahamian, Ervand, 34 events for non-Armenians, 141, Abrams, Lynn, 207, 214 217–218 Achaemenid Era (550–330 BCE), 9, government financial support, 43–44 138–139 adult education, 64 Holy Cross Chapel, 80, 208–210, al-Afghani, Jamal ad-Din, 42 208 Aghaie, Kamran Scot, 42 homeland in exile, 137 Ahmadi, Fereshteh and Nader, 46 Imam Reza Shrine land ownership, Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 45, 129, 167 144–145 Aidani, Mammad, 16, 18 militia training accusations, 71, air travel, Caspian Airlines crash, 121 195–196 Al-e Ahmad, Jamal, 166–167 old Ararat compound, 130 alcohol, 134, 227–230 social events, 252 Alik (Wave) (newspaper), 90, 106–107, sporting facilities, 138, 140, 256–257 142 symbolic decorations, 212, 214 Amanat, Abbas, 34 women’s freedom, 140, 143 American Armenians, 14, 50, 173, 246, Ararat Organisation, 137–138 264, 267 Ararat Stadium, 77, 138, 139 Amit-Talai, Vered, 253 Armenia Ansari, Ali, 35–37, 41 see Republic of Armenia Arab Spring, 274–275 Armenian alphabet, 48, 69, 74 Arabic language, 38 Armenian church Arak, 5 Antelias-Etchmiadzin split, 108–109 Arakel of Tabriz, 228–229 Armenian Evangelical Protestants, Arakelyan, Grigor, 213 111–112, 257–258 Aram I, Patriarch of Antelias, 110, 122 art, 174 Ararat, 137–145 Catholic community, 257 70th anniversary celebrations, Catholicoi background, 97n 138 declining congregations, 257–258 Armenian focal space, 139–141, 278 distanced from Western Christianity, Armenian language, 140–141 165–166 ban on non-Armenians, 141–142 Karabakh conflict, 194 children’s facilities, 143 synonymous with Armenian identity, cleaning staff, 141–142 163–164 300 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42904-7 — Armenian Christians in Iran James Barry Index More Information Index 301 tensions with Armenian community, memorials, 87, 112 109–110 refugees, 91 Western Armenian clergy, 110 Saint Sarkis memorial gathering, 112 Armenian churches terminology, 85 attendance, 239 and Turkey, 86, 88 bell ringing, 81 Armenian language church building as public in Ararat, 140–141 performance site, 207–210 attempted relaxation of restrictions, female attendance, 239, 258 3, 38, 69 Holy Cross Chapel, 80, 208–210 differences in accent and vocabulary, Holy Mother of God Church, 83–84, 171–172 136, 255 emigration and teacher shortage, 254 Islamic law on new buildings, first language for Armenians, 207–209 218–219, 223–224 Mashhad, 139 government restrictions, 68–69, 224 non-Armenians forbidden, 136, part of Armenian identity, 66 187–188 Persian language influences, ornate interior designs, 81, 165 180–181, 225 Saint Sarkis Cathedral, 73–74, 76, preferred for sensitive community 112, 134–136, 258 issues, 107, 223–224 Saint Thaddeus and Bartholomew, regional dialects, 222–223 130–131, 164, 258 reinforces Armenian insularity, Surb Gevorg (Saint George), 276–277 262–263 restrictions in schools, 37, 68–69, Surb Grigor Lusavorich (Saint 168, 224 Gregory the Illuminator), 209, 257 senior clergy’sWesternArmenian, Surb Hovhannes (Saint John), 111 110 Armenian Diaspora, 19–22 use in public, 66–67 changing views on Armenia, 275–276 Western vs Eastern dialects, 140–141, Genocide descendants, 87–88 225–227 terminology, 19–20 written language, 65–66, 69–70, 224 view of Iranian Armenians, 171 Armenian schools Armenian Genocide, 85–93 Armenian language and cultural annual commemoration, 91–92, instruction, 69 210–217 Armenian language restrictions, 37, campaign for Genocide recognition, 68–69, 168, 224 90–92, 129, 190–191, 215 closures and government acquisition, centennial anniversary, 22, 63–64, 254–255 92–93 enrolments, 249 central to all historical discussions, for girls, 230 276 history, 53, 67 Diaspora descendants, 87–88 Mashtots as patron, 74 executions and deportations, 49, restrictions under Reza Shah, 68 89–90 subjects taught in Persian, 69, few Iranian Armenians with direct 219 family experience, 87, 89, 91 textbooks, 65, 73 importance for all Armenians, 49, 53 veiling, 237 importance for Iranian Armenians, Armenian Secret Army for the 88–91 Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), Iranian Azeris, 195 216–217 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42904-7 — Armenian Christians in Iran James Barry Index More Information 302 Index Armenian social clubs, 134–137, 178 Azeri accent in Persian, 219 ban on non-Armenians, 141–142 ethnic status, 279 see also Ararat Iranian Turks (tork), 40, 92, 191 Armenian weddings, 1, 130, 228 limited anti-Armenian sentiment, 194 Armenian-ness mixed views of Iranian Armenians, Christian identity, 13–14, 50, 128–129, 190–191, 193–197 163–164 nationalist groups, 40, 190–191, concept, 48 194–195 definition, 14 negative media portrayals, 192 institutions of, 63–64 population numbers, 128, 190–191 and Iranism, 64, 180 Twelver Shi’ism, 191 performativity, 206–207, 239–240 Armenians Babi community, 34 adoption of Christianity, 48 Babi Revolt, 41 identity, 47–49, 66 Baha’is, 2–4, 34, 46, 114–115, 187, nationalism, 49 249 see also Iranian Armenians; Republic Bahar, Mehri, 17 of Armenia Bakalian, Anny, 173 army service, 68, 116, 118 Baluch people, 14, 46, 186 Arsacid Era, 180 Barth, Fredrik, 14, 50 ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the basketball, 138, 140, 237 Liberation of Armenia), 216–217 Beglarian, Robert, 175 Ashura rituals, 42, 58n, 183–184 Berberian, Houri, 33, 50, 230 Assyrian Christians, 2–3, 91, 104–105, Bibles, Persian writing, 174 142, 255–256 blood money (dīyeh), 118–120, 277 Avanessian, Melanie, 231 Butler, Judith, 235 Avarayr, battle of, 76 Azadarmaki, Taghi, 17 Casey, Edward, 21 Azerbaijan Caspian Airlines crash, 121 continuing Karabakh conflict, 190, Chaldean Christians, 2–3, 104–105 193–194 Chaqueri, Cosroe, 81–82, 251 independence, 128, 192 Cheknavorian, Loris, 122 Karabakh region, 49 children, Ararat facilities, 143 Karabakh War (1988–1994), 21, Christianity 128–129 and Armenian identity, 13–14, 50, pan-Turkish elements, 92 163–164 tensions with Iran, 86 compared with Islam, 182, 184 territorial claims against Armenia Iranian curiosity towards, 187 and Iran, 93 symbols, 184 Azerbaijan (Iranian) and veiling, 233–234 Armenian emigrants in Tehran, 13, 157 Christians Azerbaijani territorial claims, 93, 192 census numbers, 248 Azeri populated regions, 93 converts from Islam, 2–3 Genocide refugees, 91 Christmas, 122, 127, 184 Saint Thaddeus Monastery, 139 churches see Armenian church; Shahsevan pastoralists, 174, 253 Armenian churches see also Azeri speakers in Iran cinema, 160, 190 Azeri accent, 219 Communist Party of Iran, 105 Azeri language, 37, 191–192 community spaces, 130–136 Azeri speakers in Iran ban on non-Armenians, 136, 141–142, on Armenian Genocide, 92, 193–194 187–188, 223 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42904-7 — Armenian Christians in Iran James Barry Index More Information Index 303 see also Ararat; Armenian churches; links with Armenian church, Armenian social clubs 108–109 conscription, 117–118 Ottoman Empire, 49 Constitution (1906), 37 outside Iran, 108 Constitution (1979) prominence in public life, 106 limits to equality (Art 20), 117 David of Sassoon, 73, 77–78, 94 minority languages, 38, 69 Democratic Party of Iran, 104 non-Muslims barred from political Demoyan, Hayk, 86 positions, 52, 117 Diaspora see Armenian Diaspora political exclusions, 52 Dink, Hrant, 214–215 recognised religious minorities, 2, 69, discrimination, 111–123 117 Iran’s claim to religious tolerance, state religion, 19 112–114 Constitutional Revolution Islamic law, 116, 119–120 Armenian involvement, 47, 50, passive acceptance, 121 81–85, 104 religious, 111–112 causes, 33, 42 see also persecution Moderates and non-Muslim dīyeh (blood money), 118–120, 277 minorities, 104 dress code see veiling conversion enticements, 118 Ebadi, Shirin, 112 illegal to religions other than Islam, economic decline, 129–130, 168–169, 111–112 249 Council of Chalcedon, 48 education Cowe, Peter, 166 Armenian focus, 64 Cowlishaw, Gillian, 207 discrimination, 121, 125 Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Persian language and national unity, 37 Tourism Organisation, 139 see also Armenian schools; universities culture elections art, 174 Armenian voter turn-out, 250 national library of Armenia Armenian voting options, 105 manuscripts, 74 Majles (2012), 250 pre- and post-Islamic tensions, unrest following 2009 election, 6, 31–32, 34–35 42–43, 58n–59n, 211 symbolic dates, 211 Elling, Rasmus Christian, 8–9, 35, 39 emigration Da’esh, 182, 265–266 Archbishop speaking against, Dari, 9 261–262 Darieva, Tsypylma, 21 to Armenia, 245–246, 261–262, Darrus, 5 265–267 Dashnak Party Armenia assimilation difficulties, banned in Armenia, 107 171–172 and Constitutional Revolution, declining church membership, 82 257–258 and the Genocide, 90 destinations, 248, 261–262 government recognition, 108 disengagement from Iranian society, independent ticket for Iranian 240 elections, 108 effect on the elderly, 262–264 and Iranian Revolution, 124 effect on football team, 256–257 Justice Commandoes against the family connections, 259–260 Armenian Genocide (JCAG), 216 history, 246–250