DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial-Temporal Patterns in Distribution and Feeding of Juvenile Salmon and Herring in Puget Sound, WA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatial-Temporal Patterns in Distribution and Feeding of Juvenile Salmon and Herring in Puget Sound, WA Spatial-temporal patterns in distribution and feeding of juvenile salmon and herring in Puget Sound, WA Iris M. Kemp A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Washington 2014 Committee: David A. Beauchamp Timothy E. Essington Julie E. Keister Sandra L. Parker-Stetter Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences © Copyright 2014 Iris M. Kemp University of Washington Abstract Spatial-temporal patterns in distribution and feeding of juvenile salmon and herring in Puget Sound, WA Iris M. Kemp Chair of the Supervisory Committee: David A. Beauchamp, Professor School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences This study described the distribution and feeding of juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Puget Sound to explore the potential for resource competition among these species. We used surface townets, midwater trawls, and acoustics surveys to assess distributions of fish in surface waters, among bathymetric zones, and depth strata in the water column. Seasonal and spatial variability was evident in epipelagic biomass. Occurrence of biomass generally increased progressively during the summer and shifted to deeper depths. Despite considerable variability, spatial, temporal, and dietary overlap was observed among herring and juvenile salmon, especially for Chinook and coho salmon. Crab larvae and amphipods were important prey for most salmon species and herring. Herring were present in higher abundances than salmon and had high population-level consumption demand. If food resources are limiting, there is potential for competitive interactions among salmon and herring. Table of Contents Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I: Spatial-temporal distribution of juvenile salmon and forage fish in Puget Sound: seasonal habitat use ......................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7 Study Area ............................................................................................................................... 8 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Survey design ........................................................................................................................ 10 Data collection & processing ................................................................................................. 11 Data analysis .......................................................................................................................... 13 Epipelagic fish biomass distribution from acoustics surveys ............................................ 13 Vertical and horizontal distribution of species caught in trawls ........................................ 14 Seasonal patterns in relative biomass observed by gear type ............................................ 15 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Epipelagic fish biomass distribution from acoustics surveys ............................................ 15 Vertical and horizontal distribution of species caught in trawls ........................................ 18 Seasonal patterns in relative biomass observed by gear type ............................................ 18 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 19 References ................................................................................................................................. 41 i Chapter II: Evaluating potential for resource competition between juvenile salmon and Pacific herring ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 53 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 55 Data collection ....................................................................................................................... 55 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 56 Diet composition ................................................................................................................ 56 Proportional diet contribution of prey taxa ........................................................................ 57 Diet overlap values between species pairs ......................................................................... 57 Bioenergetics model individual consumption demand ...................................................... 58 Calculations of population-level consumption .................................................................. 60 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Salmon and herring in trawls ............................................................................................. 61 Proportional diet contribution of prey taxa ........................................................................ 62 Diet overlap values between species pairs ......................................................................... 64 Per-capita and population-level consumption .................................................................... 64 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 65 References ................................................................................................................................. 88 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................. 100 ii List of Tables Table 1.1. Shelf zone: seasonality of biomass presence by depth in the upper 60 m of the water column........................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 1.2. Transition zone: seasonality of biomass presence by depth in the upper 60 m of the water column. ................................................................................................................................ 28 Table 1.3. Offshore zone: seasonality of biomass presence by depth in the upper 60 m of the water column. ................................................................................................................................ 30 Table 1.4. Seasonality of shelf/transition/offshore biomass presence in the upper 60 m of the water column. ................................................................................................................................ 32 Table 2.1. Literature values for prey energy densities and indigestible fractions. ....................... 73 Table 2.2. Differences in diet composition by species, month, and year. .................................... 74 Table 2.3. Comparisons of prey dispersions for each species. ..................................................... 74 Table 2.4. Effects on diet composition of salmon and herring by month and year. ..................... 75 Table 2.5. Estimations of salmon and herring abundance ............................................................ 77 Table A1. Numbers of tows and counts of species caught in surface townets ........................... 100 Table A2. Length-weight regressions for salmon species and herring. ...................................... 102 Table A3. Number of samples and average diet composition of salmon and herring. ............... 103 Table A4. Bioenergetics model inputs and results for Main Basin. ........................................... 106 iii List of Figures Figure 1. 1. Monthly sampling effort for acoustics, midwater trawls, and surface townets. ........ 37 Figure 1.2. Proportional distribution of integrated backscatter in the water column for shelf, transition, and offshore zones in Central Puget Sound. ................................................................ 38 Figure 1.3. Catch per unit effort by 15 m depth increment in midwater trawls............................ 39 Figure 1.4. Normalized abundance of fish/backscatter in Central Basin
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lateral Muscle Development of the Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus Thynnus Orientalis, from Juvenile to Young Adult Stage Under Culture Condition
    SUISANZOSHOKU 49(1), 23-28 (2001) Lateral Muscle Development of the Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus thynnus orientalis, from Juvenile to Young Adult Stage under Culture Condition Nobuhiro HATTom*1, Shigeru MIYASHITA*1, Yoshifumi SAWADA*2, Keitaro KATO*1, Toshiro NASU*1, Tokihiko OicADA*2, Osamu MURATA*1, and Hidemi KUMAI*1 (Accepted December 5, 2000) Abstract: The volume of lateral muscle, cross-sectional area of red and white fibers, and the number of fibers were examined for artificially hatched Bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus orientalis, from juvenile to young adult stage within the size range of 19.5-163.0 mm body length (BL). The red and white muscle volumes increased exponentially with BL. At a size larger than 80.0 mm BL, both the volume increases were significantly accelerated. The proportion of red muscle volume in the total lateral muscle volume slightly increased with BL. The cross-sectional area and the total num - ber of red and white fibers at the point of maximum body height increased in the BL range exam -ined. The small red fibers(<a100μm2 in size)of a cross-sectional area gradually disappeared with the growth of BL. In contrast, there existed the white small fibers(200-300μm2 in size)at all body sizes. Increases of both fiber numbers were approximately accelerated at sizes larger than 85 mm BL. The size of 80-85 mm BL, at which the phase change of muscle development occurred, corre -sponded to the transitional stage from juvenile to young adult. Key words: Thunnus thynnus orientalis; ontogenetic development; lateral muscle The seedstock production of the Pacific bluefin fish reach the body length (BL) of 80 to 160 tuna has developed remarkably in recent years mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean &Unclean Meats
    Clean & Unclean Meats God expects all who desire to have a relationship with Him to live holy lives (Exodus 19:6; 1 Peter 1:15). The Bible says following God’s instructions regarding the meat we eat is one aspect of living a holy life (Leviticus 11:44-47). Modern research indicates that there are health benets to eating only the meat of animals approved by God and avoiding those He labels as unclean. Here is a summation of the clean (acceptable to eat) and unclean (not acceptable to eat) animals found in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14. For further explanation, see the LifeHopeandTruth.com article “Clean and Unclean Animals.” BIRDS CLEAN (Eggs of these birds are also clean) Chicken Prairie chicken Dove Ptarmigan Duck Quail Goose Sage grouse (sagehen) Grouse Sparrow (and all other Guinea fowl songbirds; but not those of Partridge the corvid family) Peafowl (peacock) Swan (the KJV translation of “swan” is a mistranslation) Pheasant Teal Pigeon Turkey BIRDS UNCLEAN Leviticus 11:13-19 (Eggs of these birds are also unclean) All birds of prey Cormorant (raptors) including: Crane Buzzard Crow (and all Condor other corvids) Eagle Cuckoo Ostrich Falcon Egret Parrot Kite Flamingo Pelican Hawk Glede Penguin Osprey Grosbeak Plover Owl Gull Raven Vulture Heron Roadrunner Lapwing Stork Other birds including: Loon Swallow Albatross Magpie Swi Bat Martin Water hen Bittern Ossifrage Woodpecker ANIMALS CLEAN Leviticus 11:3; Deuteronomy 14:4-6 (Milk from these animals is also clean) Addax Hart Antelope Hartebeest Beef (meat of domestic cattle) Hirola chews
    [Show full text]
  • Atlantic Herring Atlantic
    Atlantic herring Clupea harengus Image ©Scandinavian Fishing Yearbook / www.scandfish.com Atlantic Midwater trawl, Purse Seine November 17, 2014 Lindsey Feldman, Consulting researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 2 About Seafood Watch® Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild- caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Herring River Brochure
    How can I get involved an d l earn more? As the Herring River Restoration Project Int r o duction progresses, opportunities will arise for a broad Everyone dreams of turning back time. spectrum of educational, stewardship, and Re sto ring t he Opportunities to rectify past mistakes are rare and volunteer activities. For a wealth of background fleeting. Who wouldn’t relish the chance to undo an materials and other documentation on the project, error made long ago? One hundred years ago in visit Wellfleet’s Herring River Restoration web page Wellfleet, Massachusetts, Town officials decided to at http://www.wellfleetma.org/Home/S007129EE. build a dike at the mouth of the Herring River. At To speak to a staff person working on the project, the time, the river was the lifeblood of one the largest contact John Portnoy, Senior Ecologist at the Herring and most productive coastal wetland systems in New Cape Cod National Seashore at 508-487-3262 England. But during that era the immense benefits ext. 107 or the Wellfleet Conservation and values of wetlands were ignored and the desire to Commission at 508-349-0308. River “…exterminate the mosquito pest…” and “…drain the marshes so they may be brought into valuable land…” For the most up-to-date information on the led to the construction of a dike at Chequessett Neck project, subscribe to the Herring River News, a Road in order to “…exclude the sea” (report of Whitman periodic, e-newsletter. To subscribe, send and Howard on Proposed Dike at Herring River, 1906). an email with the subject “Herring River News” to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradox of the Pelagics: Why Bluefin Tuna Can Go Hungry in a Sea of Plenty
    Vol. 527: 181–192, 2015 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published May 7 doi: 10.3354/meps11260 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS The paradox of the pelagics: why bluefin tuna can go hungry in a sea of plenty Walter J. Golet1,2,*,**, Nicholas R. Record3,**, Sigrid Lehuta2, Molly Lutcavage4, Benjamin Galuardi4, Andrew B. Cooper5, Andrew J. Pershing1,2,** 1School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, College Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA 2Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA 3Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA 4Department of Environmental Conservation, Marine Fisheries Institute, University of Massachusetts Amherst, PO Box 3188, Gloucester, MA 01931, USA 5School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada ABSTRACT: Large marine predators such as tunas and sharks play an important role in structuring marine food webs. Their future populations depend on the environmental conditions they en- counter across life history stages and the level of human exploitation. Standard predator−prey rela- tionships suggest favorable conditions (high prey abundance) should result in successful foraging and reproductive output. Here, we demonstrate that these assumptions are not invariably valid across species, and that somatic condition of Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus in the Gulf of Maine declined in the presence of high prey abundance. We show that the paradox of declining bluefin tuna condition during a period of high prey abundance is explained by a change in the size structure of their prey. Specifically, we identified strong correlations between bluefin tuna body condition, the relative abundance of large Atlantic herring Clupea harengus, and the energetic payoff resulting from consuming different sizes of herring.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Fish
    Appendix A: Fish Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus Federal Listing State Listing SC Global Rank G5 State Rank S5 High Regional Status Photo by NHFG Justification (Reason for Concern in NH) Alewife numbers have declined significantly throughout their range. Commercial landings of river herring, a collective term for alewives and blueback herring, have declined by 93% since 1985 (ASMFC 2009). Dams severely limit accessible anadromous fish spawning habitat, and alewives must use fish ladders for access to most spawning habitat in New Hampshire during spring spawning runs. River herring are a key component of freshwater, estuarine, and marine food webs (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). They are an important source of prey for many predators, and they contribute nutrients to freshwater ecosystems (Macavoy et al. 2000). Distribution The alewife is found in Atlantic coastal rivers from Newfoundland to North Carolina. It has been introduced into a number of inland waterbodies (Scott and Crossman 1973). In New Hampshire, alewives migrate into the Merrimack River and the seacoast drainages (Scarola 1987). Habitat Adult alewives migrate from the ocean into freshwater spawning habitats with slow moving water, including riverine oxbows, lakes, ponds, and mid‐river sites (Scott and Crossman 1973). Juveniles remain in freshwater until late summer and early fall when they migrate downstream into estuaries and eventually to the ocean. There is little information available on alewife movement and habitat use in the ocean. New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan Appendix A Fish-21 Appendix A: Fish NH Wildlife Action Plan Habitats ● Large Warmwater Rivers ● Warmwater Lakes and Ponds ● Warmwater Rivers and Streams Distribution Map Current Species and Habitat Condition in New Hampshire Coastal Watersheds: Alewife populations in the coastal watersheds are generally stable or increasing in recent years at fish ladders where river herring and other diadromous species have been monitored since 1979.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Secretary of Commerce Petition to List the Pacific Bluefin Tuna
    Credit: aes256 [CC BY 2.1 jp] via Wikimedia Commons Before the Secretary of Commerce Petition to List the Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis) as Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act June 20, 2016 6/20/2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Petitioners formally request that the Secretary of Commerce, through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), list the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) as endangered or in the alternative list the species as threatened, under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 – 1544. Pacific bluefin tuna are severely overfished, and overfishing continues, making extinction a very real risk. According to the 2016 stock assessment by the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC), decades of overfishing have left the population at just 2.6% of its unfished size. Recent fishing rates (2011-2013) were up to three times higher than commonly used reference points for overfishing. The population’s severe decline, in combination with inadequate regulatory mechanisms to end overfishing or reverse the decline, has pushed Pacific bluefin tuna to the edge of extinction. Pacific bluefin tuna are important apex predators in the marine ecosystem and must be conserved. They are one of three bluefin tuna species. These three species are renowned for their large size, unique physiology and biomechanics, and capacity to swim across ocean basins. They are slow-growing, long-lived, endothermic fish. The Pacific bluefin migrates tens of thousands of miles across the largest ocean to feed and spawn, ranging from waters north of Japan to New Zealand in the western Pacific and off California and Mexico in the eastern Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Diet of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
    16 8 Abstract–The stomachs of 819 Atlan­ Differences in diet of Atlantic bluefin tuna tic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) sampled from 1988 to 1992 were ana­ (Thunnus thynnus) at five seasonal feeding grounds lyzed to compare dietary differences among five feeding grounds on the on the New England continental shelf* New England continental shelf (Jef­ freys Ledge, Stellwagen Bank, Cape Bradford C. Chase Cod Bay, Great South Channel, and South of Martha’s Vineyard) where a Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries majority of the U.S. Atlantic commer­ 30 Emerson Avenue cial catch occurs. Spatial variation in Gloucester, Massachusetts 01930 prey was expected to be a primary E-mail address: [email protected] influence on bluefin tuna distribution during seasonal feeding migrations. Sand lance (Ammodytes spp.), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), squid (Cephalopoda), and bluefish (Pomato­ Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thyn- England continental shelf region, and mus saltatrix) were the top prey in terms of frequency of occurrence and nus) are widely distributed throughout as a baseline for bioenergetic analyses. percent prey weight for all areas com­ the Atlantic Ocean and have attracted Information on the feeding habits of bined. Prey composition was uncorre­ valuable commercial and recreational this economically valuable species and lated between study areas, with the fisheries in the western North Atlantic apex predator in the western North exception of a significant association during the latter half of the twentieth Atlantic Ocean is limited, and nearly between Stellwagen Bank and Great century. The western North Atlantic absent for the seasonal feeding grounds South Channel, where sand lance and population is considered overfished by where most U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bluefin Tuna - Past and Present
    www.coml.org Bluefin Tuna - Past and Present Marine Historians Detail Collapse of Once Abundant Bluefin Tuna Population off Northern Europe; Modern Tagging Reveals Migration Secrets of Declining Population and Breeding Area in Gulf of Mexico Ocean historians affiliated with the Census of Marine Life have painted the first detailed portrait of a burst of fishing from 1900 to 1950 that preceded the collapse of once abundant bluefin tuna populations off the coast of northern Europe. The chronicle of decimation of the bluefin tuna population in the North Atlantic is being published as other affiliated researchers release the latest results of modern electronic fish tagging efforts off Ireland and in the Gulf of Mexico, revealing remarkable migrations and life-cycle secrets of the declining species. Tuna Past Case of the Disappearing Bluefins Dusting off sales records, fishery yearbooks and other sources, researchers Brian R. MacKenzie of the Technical University of Denmark and the late Ransom Myers of Canada’s Dalhousie University show majestic bluefins teemed in northern European waters (North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Skaggerak, Kattegat, and Oresund ) for a few months each summer until an industrialized fishery geared up in the 1920s and literally filled the floors of European market halls with them. Tuna Past and Present News Release – Page 1 Right: Bluefin tuna fill a Danish auction hall, 1946 The research, to appear in a special edition of the peer-reviewed journal Fisheries Research, shows that generations ago Atlantic bluefins typically arrived in the northern waters by the thousands in late June and departed by October at the latest, their foraging travels likely related to seasonal warming.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Questions About the Protect Pacific Herring Campaign
    Common questions about the Protect Pacific Herring campaign *We do not intend this to be a comprehensive analysis or response to the Pacific Herring issue and encourage everyone to do your own research, form your own opinions and voice them to the Federal Government encouraging sustainable fisheries management. ** More information about the campaign can be found at https://pacificwild.org/ Q: The herring have returned to the coast in great abundance. This year the Strait had one of the biggest spawns in recent history. How can you say the herring are declining? A: Reports from fishers affirm this perception. However, the data that has been presented in recent DFO reports does not support this statement. In 2019, the projected biomass for herring in the Strait of Georgia was 123,000 tons but only 64,000 tons actually returned. This year, the projected level was at 54,000 tons. The downward trend in population is concerning and it’s important that these fish stocks are given a chance to recover. The Federal Government has not entrenched an ecosystem approach to management nor established alternative harvest control rules so, taking a precautionary, long-term, approach to fishery management in order to ensure both the ecological sustainability and economic stability of the fishery, modest harvest rates are being recommended for the Strait of Georgia. Background Resource(s): • Integrated Fisheries Management Plan 2019/2020, Fisheries and Oceans Canada • Integrated Herring Harvest Planning Committee (IHHPC) Q: Pacific Wild’s campaign is based off of emotion and not facts. Where are the data? A: All of the data pertaining to population dynamics that Pacific Wild shares is taken directly from academic sources, reputable news publications, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s own reports/documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment and Management of Pacific Herring in the Salish Sea: Conserving and Recovering a Culturally Significant and Ecologic
    Assessment and Management of Pacific Herring in the Salish Sea: Conserving and Recovering a Culturally Significant and Ecologically Critical Component of the Food Web Prepared for: The SeaDoc Society Submitted by: The Salish Sea Pacific Herring Assessment and Management Strategy Team FINAL REPORT For award number 201701956-01 issued to Co-PIs Tessa Francis and Dayv Lowry August 2018 Members of the Salish Sea Pacific Herring Assessment and Management Strategy Team: Principle Investigator Tessa Francis, Puget Sound Institute, University of Washington, Tacoma Principle Investigator Dayv Lowry, Marine Fish Science Unit, WDFW, Olympia Todd Sandell, Marine Fish Science Unit, Forage Fish, WDFW, Mill Creek Kelly Biedenweg, Oregon State University, Corvallis Evelyn Brown, Lummi Indian Tribe Jaclyn Cleary, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Phill Dionne, Marine Fish Science Unit, Forage Fish, WDFW, Olympia Timothy Essington, University of Washington, Seattle Correigh Greene, Northwest Fishery Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Lorenz Hauser, University of Washington, Seattle Doug Hay, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, retired Paul Hershberger, United States Geological Survey, Marrowstone Marine Field Station Anna Kagley, Northwest Fishery Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tim Kulchyski, Cowichan Tribes Paul McCollum, Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe Chad Ormond, Q’ul-lhanumutsun AQuatic Resources Society Manuscript may be cited as: The Salish Sea Pacific Herring Assessment and Management Strategy Team.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Herring
    PUBLISHED MARCH 2015 FISHERIES AUSTRALIAN HERRING FACT SHEET Australian herring Arripis georgianus Australian herring A staple fish for recreational fishers in the south of the State, and historically for commercial fisheries, Australian herring is a popular species with a life cycle dependent on prevailing currents. Family likeness Identifying Australian herring and Although named after their superficial resemblance to the herring found in the juvenile Australian salmon Northern Hemisphere, Australian herring Juvenile Australian salmon are actually a member of the perch family (Arripis truttaceus) (family Arripidae) rather than a true herring are silvery white, (family Clupeidae). smooth scaled, Sometimes known as a ‘tommy ruff’ in South have a yellow pectoral Australia and Victoria, Australian herring fin and have several rows Adult Australian salmon is now the standard adopted name for the of golden or brown spots species throughout its entire distribution. on their backs and sides. There are four members of the Arripidae Australian herring (Arripis family, including the western Australian georgianus) are silvery in salmon (Arripis truttaceus), which in its colour with vertical rows of juvenile stage can be easily confused with golden spots on the upper adult herring. side of the body and black tips to the caudal (tail) fin. Juvenile Australian salmon Herring have been reported to grow to a The scales on the body are maximum length of 41 centimetres but slightly rough in texture. are generally caught at a length of around 20-25 centimetres. Larger adults are often Australian herring have referred to as ‘bull’ herring. a larger eye and more rounded head than Australian herring typically reach sexual maturity juvenile Australian salmon.
    [Show full text]