DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment and Management of Pacific Herring in the Salish Sea: Conserving and Recovering a Culturally Significant and Ecologic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment and Management of Pacific Herring in the Salish Sea: Conserving and Recovering a Culturally Significant and Ecologic Assessment and Management of Pacific Herring in the Salish Sea: Conserving and Recovering a Culturally Significant and Ecologically Critical Component of the Food Web Prepared for: The SeaDoc Society Submitted by: The Salish Sea Pacific Herring Assessment and Management Strategy Team FINAL REPORT For award number 201701956-01 issued to Co-PIs Tessa Francis and Dayv Lowry August 2018 Members of the Salish Sea Pacific Herring Assessment and Management Strategy Team: Principle Investigator Tessa Francis, Puget Sound Institute, University of Washington, Tacoma Principle Investigator Dayv Lowry, Marine Fish Science Unit, WDFW, Olympia Todd Sandell, Marine Fish Science Unit, Forage Fish, WDFW, Mill Creek Kelly Biedenweg, Oregon State University, Corvallis Evelyn Brown, Lummi Indian Tribe Jaclyn Cleary, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Phill Dionne, Marine Fish Science Unit, Forage Fish, WDFW, Olympia Timothy Essington, University of Washington, Seattle Correigh Greene, Northwest Fishery Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Lorenz Hauser, University of Washington, Seattle Doug Hay, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, retired Paul Hershberger, United States Geological Survey, Marrowstone Marine Field Station Anna Kagley, Northwest Fishery Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tim Kulchyski, Cowichan Tribes Paul McCollum, Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe Chad Ormond, Q’ul-lhanumutsun AQuatic Resources Society Manuscript may be cited as: The Salish Sea Pacific Herring Assessment and Management Strategy Team. 2018. Assessment and Management of Pacific Herring in the Salish Sea: Conserving and Recovering a Culturally Significant and Ecologically Critical Component of the Food Web. The SeaDoc Society, Orcas Island, WA. 74 pp. Table of Contents I. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 6 II. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 9 III. Cultural and socioeconomic significance of Pacific herring in the Salish Sea ........................................ 11 IV. Stock Structure ...................................................................................................................................... 13 V. Fisheries Management ........................................................................................................................... 17 A. British Columbia/Strait of Georgia ................................................................................................. 17 B. Washington State ........................................................................................................................... 19 VI. Status and Trends .................................................................................................................................. 20 A. Southern Salish Sea distribution and abundance summary ........................................................... 20 B. Northern Salish Sea distribution and abundance summary ........................................................... 22 VII. Factors affecting herring distribution and abundance ......................................................................... 23 A. Anthropogenic stressors ................................................................................................................ 23 1. Exploitation ................................................................................................................................ 23 2. Water Quality .............................................................................................................................. 23 3. Toxics .......................................................................................................................................... 25 4. Vessel Noise ............................................................................................................................... 27 5. Nearshore light pollution ........................................................................................................... 28 6. Habitat degradation and destruction ......................................................................................... 29 B. Population Factors ............................................................................................................................ 30 C. Food web interactions .................................................................................................................... 32 1. Predation .................................................................................................................................... 32 2. Competition ................................................................................................................................ 35 3. Disease ....................................................................................................................................... 39 D. Physical and broad-scale environmental factors ............................................................................ 40 1. Climate Change .......................................................................................................................... 40 2. Ocean acidification ..................................................................................................................... 41 VIII. Summary of key data gaps and uncertainties ..................................................................................... 44 IX. Analytical decision support tools .......................................................................................................... 46 A. EcoPath ........................................................................................................................................... 46 B. Atlantis ........................................................................................................................................... 47 C. Management strategy evaluation .................................................................................................. 47 D. Qualitative network models ........................................................................................................... 47 X. Potential management and conservation actions .................................................................................. 50 3 A. Reduce fishing effort ...................................................................................................................... 50 B. Reduce predation ........................................................................................................................... 51 1. Pinnipeds .................................................................................................................................... 51 2. Seabirds ...................................................................................................................................... 52 3. Jellyfish ....................................................................................................................................... 52 C. Habitat Restoration ........................................................................................................................ 52 D. Reduce nearshore stressors ........................................................................................................... 52 1. Light pollution ............................................................................................................................ 52 2. Small vessel activity .................................................................................................................... 53 E. Improve water quality .................................................................................................................... 53 1. Toxics .......................................................................................................................................... 53 2. Nutrients .................................................................................................................................... 54 F. Manage shipping traffic .................................................................................................................. 54 1. Noise ........................................................................................................................................... 54 2. Oil spill risk ................................................................................................................................. 54 G. Population Interventions ................................................................................................................ 54 1. Transplant herring eggs to increase survival .............................................................................. 54 2. Artificial Production of Forage Fish ............................................................................................ 55 3. Modify hatchery salmon release timing ..................................................................................... 56 XI. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 56 XII. References ...........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pacific Herring
    THE MULTITUDINOUS PACIFIC HERRING by D. N. OUTRAM FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA BIOLOGICAL STATION, NANAIMO, B. C. CIRCULAR NO. 6 3^*u DECEMBER, 1961 COVER PHOTOGRAPH: A mountain of herring covers the storage bin area of the reduction plant at Imperial Cannery, Steveston, B„ C„, awaiting processing into fish meal and oil. Photographs by Mr. C. Morley. THE MULTITUDINOUS PACIFIC HERRING . Vast Shoals of Protein-Rich Herring Rove the Temperate Coastal Waters Along Canada's Western Seabord N V By Donald N, Outram y ^v- _•• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND annually. While this fishery is. Fabulous numbers of herring first in landed weight and second (Fig. l) are found along the sea- to salmon in landed value, it is washed shores of Canada's most wes only worth about one-quarter as much terly province, Their migrations, as the salmon catch. their sudden abundance and their Fluctuations in the world price straggle to survive is an exciting of fish meal and oil cause the market study. Undoubtedly, herring were one value at about ten million dollars to of the first coastal fishes to be vary from year to year, utilized by man. In northern Europe, FISHING FOR HERRING particularly, they have been a source The British Columbia herring of food since before written history. fishery is a highly organized opera Herring and herring roe have been an tion utilizing modern shore plants and article of food or barter of the efficient fishing vessels . The seventy- coastal Indian tribes of British Col to eighty-foot long seine boats are umbia for ma.ny centuries, They were equipped with the very latest electronic not fished, however, on a commercial fish-detecting equipment, enabling the basis until 1877 when 75 tons were fishermen to "see" the shoals before caught.
    [Show full text]
  • Bay Shore Power Plant Cooling Water Intake Structure Information and I&E Sampling Data
    BAY SHORE POWER PLANT COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE INFORMATION AND I&E SAMPLING DATA Kinectrics Report: 112026-005-RA-0002-R00 January, 2008 Darlene Ager, Ph.D., David Marttila, Eng, Paul Patrick, Ph.D. Environmental and Aquatic Management Services PRIVATE INFORMATION Contents of this report shall not be disclosed without the consent of the Customer. Kinectrics has prepared this report in accordance with and subject to the contract Terms and Conditions between Kinectrics and FirstEnergy, dated October 7, 2004 © Kinectrics North America Inc., 2008 Kinectrics North America Inc., 800 Kipling Avenue Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8Z 6C4 BAY SHORE POWER PLANT COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE Kinectrics Report: 112026-005-RA-0002-R00 January, 2008 Darlene Ager, Ph.D., David Marttila, Eng. Paul Patrick, Ph.D. Environmental and Aquatic Management Services EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact to aquatic organisms that are impinged (being pinned against screens or outer part of a cooling water intake structure) or entrained (being drawn into and through cooling water systems). Phase II of the 316(b) rule for existing electric generating plants was designed to reduce impingement mortality by 80-95% and, if applicable, entrainment by 60-90%. In January 2007, the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals remanded several provisions of the Phase II rule on various grounds. The provisions remanded included: • EPA’s determination of the Best Technology Available under Section 316(b); • The rule’s performance standard ranges; • The cost-cost and cost-benefit compliance alternatives; • The Technology Installation and Operation Plan provision; • The restoration provisions; and • The “independent supplier” provision.
    [Show full text]
  • Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Ephippia belonging to Ceriodaphnia Dana, 1853 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia Thomas A. Hegna and Alexey A. Kotov ABSTRACT The first fossil ephippia (cladoceran exuvia containing resting eggs) belonging to the extant genus Ceriodaphnia (Anomopoda: Daphniidae) are reported from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) freshwater Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Strzelecki Group), South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. They represent only the second record of (pre-Quater- nary) fossil cladoceran ephippia from Australia (Ceriodaphnia and Simocephalus, both being from Koonwarra). The occurrence of both of these genera is roughly coincident with the first occurrence of these genera elsewhere (i.e., Mongolia). This suggests that the early radiation of daphniid anomopods predates the breakup of Pangaea. In addi- tion, some putative cladoceran body fossils from the same locality are reviewed; though they are consistent with the size and shape of cladocerans, they possess no cladoceran-specific synapomorphies. They are thus regarded as indeterminate diplostracans. Thomas A. Hegna. Department of Geology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA. ta- [email protected] Alexey A. Kotov. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia and Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str.18, Kazan 420000, Russia. alexey-a- [email protected] Keywords: Crustacea; Branchiopoda; Cladocera; Anomopoda; Daphniidae; Cretaceous. Submission: 28 March 2016 Acceptance: 22 September 2016 INTRODUCTION tions that the sparse known fossil record does not correlate with a meager past diversity. The rarity of Water fleas (Crustacea: Cladocera) are small, the cladoceran fossils is probably an artifact, a soft-bodied branchiopod crustaceans and are a result of insufficient efforts to find them in known diverse and ubiquitous component of inland and new palaeontological collections (Kotov, aquatic communities (Dumont and Negrea, 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion Into West Africa
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Marine Archive Marine Incursion: The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion into West Africa Anthony B. Wilson1,2¤*, Guy G. Teugels3, Axel Meyer1 1 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 2 Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3 Ichthyology Laboratory, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium Abstract The spectacular marine-like diversity of the endemic fauna of Lake Tanganyika, the oldest of the African Great Lakes, led early researchers to suggest that the lake must have once been connected to the ocean. Recent geophysical reconstructions clearly indicate that Lake Tanganyika formed by rifting in the African subcontinent and was never directly linked to the sea. Although the Lake has a high proportion of specialized endemics, the absence of close relatives outside Tanganyika has complicated phylogeographic reconstructions of the timing of lake colonization and intralacustrine diversification. The freshwater herring of Lake Tanganyika are members of a large group of pellonuline herring found in western and southern Africa, offering one of the best opportunities to trace the evolutionary history of members of Tanganyika’s biota. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that herring colonized West Africa 25–50MYA, at the end of a major marine incursion in the region. Pellonuline herring subsequently experienced an evolutionary radiation in West Africa, spreading across the continent and reaching East Africa’s Lake Tanganyika during its early formation. While Lake Tanganyika has never been directly connected with the sea, the endemic freshwater herring of the lake are the descendents of an ancient marine incursion, a scenario which may also explain the origin of other Tanganyikan endemics.
    [Show full text]
  • Forage Fishes of the Southeastern Bering Sea Conference Proceedings
    a OCS Study MMS 87-0017 Forage Fishes of the Southeastern Bering Sea Conference Proceedings 1-1 July 1987 Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region OCS Study MMS 87-0017 FORAGE FISHES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA Proceedings of a Conference 4-5 November 1986 Anchorage Hilton Hotel Anchorage, Alaska Prepared f br: U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region 949 East 36th Avenue, Room 110 Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4302 Under Contract No. 14-12-0001-30297 Logistical Support and Report Preparation By: MBC Applied Environmental Sciences 947 Newhall Street Costa Mesa, California 92627 July 1987 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................. iv INTRODUCTION PAPERS Dynamics of the Southeastern Bering Sea Oceanographic Environment - H. Joseph Niebauer .................................. The Bering Sea Ecosystem as a Predation Controlled System - Taivo Laevastu .... Marine Mammals and Forage Fishes in the Southeastern Bering Sea - Kathryn J. Frost and Lloyd Lowry. ............................. Trophic Interactions Between Forage Fish and Seabirds in the Southeastern Bering Sea - Gerald A. Sanger ............................ Demersal Fish Predators of Pelagic Forage Fishes in the Southeastern Bering Sea - M. James Allen ................................ Dynamics of Coastal Salmon in the Southeastern Bering Sea - Donald E. Rogers . Forage Fish Use of Inshore Habitats North of the Alaska Peninsula - Jonathan P. Houghton ................................. Forage Fishes in the Shallow Waters of the North- leut ti an Shelf - Peter Craig ... Population Dynamics of Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii), Capelin (Mallotus villosus), and Other Coastal Pelagic Fishes in the Eastern Bering Sea - Vidar G. Wespestad The History of Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) Fisheries in Alaska - Fritz Funk . Environmental-Dependent Stock-Recruitment Models for Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) - Max Stocker.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Potential Juvenile Steelhead Predators in the Marine Waters of the Salish Sea
    Early Marine Survival Project Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife Identifying Potential Juvenile Steelhead Predators In the Marine Waters of the Salish Sea Scott F. Pearson, Steven J. Jeffries, and Monique M. Lance Wildlife Science Division Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia Austen Thomas Zoology Department University of British Columbia Robin Brown Early Marine Survival Project Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife Cover photo: Robin Brown, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Seals, sea lions, gulls and cormorants on the tip of the South Jetty at the mouth of the Columbia River. We selected this photograph to emphasize that bird and mammal fish predators can be found together in space and time and often forage on the same resources. Suggested citation: Pearson, S.F., S.J. Jeffries, M.M. Lance and A.C. Thomas. 2015. Identifying potential juvenile steelhead predators in the marine waters of the Salish Sea. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Science Division, Olympia. Identifying potential steelhead predators 1 INTRODUCTION Puget Sound wild steelhead were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2007 and their populations are now less than 10% of their historic size (Federal Register Notice: 72 FR 26722). A significant decline in abundance has occurred since the mid-1980s (Federal Register Notice: 72 FR 26722), and data suggest that juvenile steelhead mortality occurring in the Salish Sea (waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the San Juan Islands as well as the water surrounding British Columbia’s Gulf Islands and the Strait of Georgia) marine environment constitutes a major, if not the predominant, factor in that decline (Melnychuk et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Lateral Muscle Development of the Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus Thynnus Orientalis, from Juvenile to Young Adult Stage Under Culture Condition
    SUISANZOSHOKU 49(1), 23-28 (2001) Lateral Muscle Development of the Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus thynnus orientalis, from Juvenile to Young Adult Stage under Culture Condition Nobuhiro HATTom*1, Shigeru MIYASHITA*1, Yoshifumi SAWADA*2, Keitaro KATO*1, Toshiro NASU*1, Tokihiko OicADA*2, Osamu MURATA*1, and Hidemi KUMAI*1 (Accepted December 5, 2000) Abstract: The volume of lateral muscle, cross-sectional area of red and white fibers, and the number of fibers were examined for artificially hatched Bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus orientalis, from juvenile to young adult stage within the size range of 19.5-163.0 mm body length (BL). The red and white muscle volumes increased exponentially with BL. At a size larger than 80.0 mm BL, both the volume increases were significantly accelerated. The proportion of red muscle volume in the total lateral muscle volume slightly increased with BL. The cross-sectional area and the total num - ber of red and white fibers at the point of maximum body height increased in the BL range exam -ined. The small red fibers(<a100μm2 in size)of a cross-sectional area gradually disappeared with the growth of BL. In contrast, there existed the white small fibers(200-300μm2 in size)at all body sizes. Increases of both fiber numbers were approximately accelerated at sizes larger than 85 mm BL. The size of 80-85 mm BL, at which the phase change of muscle development occurred, corre -sponded to the transitional stage from juvenile to young adult. Key words: Thunnus thynnus orientalis; ontogenetic development; lateral muscle The seedstock production of the Pacific bluefin fish reach the body length (BL) of 80 to 160 tuna has developed remarkably in recent years mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Northeast Fish Provides Bait & Forage Needs
    Species Profile: Atlantic Herring Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus Important Northeast Fish Provides Bait & Forage Needs Introduction Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) is a member of the clupeid family, which are typically small, schooling marine fishes, such as menhaden, shad, and sardines. This species is also known as sea herring because it spends its entire life cycle in the ASMFC Management Area: ME - NJ ocean (unlike the anadromous river herring). Atlantic herring inhabits the coastal Common Names: Sea herring, sar- waters of the United States from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina through Labra- dine, herring dor, Canada, and also off the coasts of Europe. Herring form the base of the food web as a forage fish for marine mammals, seabirds, and many fish throughout the Interesting Facts: * Atlantic sea herring are often Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. They are an effective and affordable bait source for confused with river herring. Sea lobster, blue crab, and tuna fishermen, and were historically sold by fish canneries herring spend their entire life at as sardines. Whale watching/ecotourism and salt retailers are indirectly dependent sea, while river herring migrate on a steady supply of herring because whales migrate inshore in pursuit of schooling annually to freshwater to spawn. * Atlantic and Pacific herring have herring and fishermen buy salt to preserve their fish. Overseas, frozen and salted been found to produce a burst herring are a valued commodity. of sound, called a Fast Repetitive Tick, at night. Its believed that The Commission’s Atlantic Herring Section manages herring in state waters (0 - 3 this high-pitched click-like sound miles from shore), while the New England Fishery Management Council (Council) is used by herring to signal their location, thereby making it easier regulates the stock in federal waters (3 - 200 miles from shore).
    [Show full text]
  • Alewives and Blueback Herring Juila Beaty University of Maine
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Maine Sea Grant Publications Maine Sea Grant 2014 Fisheries Then: Alewives and Blueback Herring Juila Beaty University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/seagrant_pub Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Repository Citation Beaty, Juila, "Fisheries Then: Alewives and Blueback Herring" (2014). Maine Sea Grant Publications. 71. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/seagrant_pub/71 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine Sea Grant Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. (http://www.downeastfisheriestrail.org) Alewives and Blueback Herring Fisheries Then: Alewives and Blueback Herring (i.e. River Herring) By Julia Beaty and Natalie Springuel Reviewed by Chris Bartlett, Dan Kircheis The term “river herring” collectively refers to two species: Alosa pseudoharengus, commonly known as alewife, and the closely related Alosa aestivalis, commonly known as blueback herring, or simply bluebacks. Records dating back to the early nineteenth century indicate that fishermen could tell the difference between alewives and bluebacks, which look very similar; however, historically they have been harvested together with little regard to the differences between the two (Collette and Klein­MacPhee 2002). Alewives are the more common of the two species in most rivers in Maine (Collette and Klien­ MacPhee 2002). Fishermen in Maine often use the word “alewife” to refer to both alewives and bluebacks. Both alewives and bluebacks are anadromous fish, meaning that they are born in fresh water, but spend the majority of their adult lives at sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlantic Herring
    Species Profile: Atlantic Herring New Stock Assessment Could Lead to Species Snapshot Management Changes Introduction Atlantic Herring Until recently, the Atlantic herring stock had been considered healthy and fully rebuilt from a Clupea harengus collapsed stock in the 1980s. However, the results of the 2018 benchmark stock assessment have raised new concerns about the Atlantic herring resource. While the stock remains not Management Unit: Maine through New Jersey overfished and was not experiencing overfishing in the terminal year (2017) of the assess- ment, the assessment did show very low levels of recruitment over the past five years. These Common Names: Sea herring, sardine, sild, results will likely have management implications for the species as regulators work to prevent common herring, Labrador herring, sperling overfishing from occurring in the coming years. Diminished stock size and, in turn, lowered catch limits will also impact fisheries that rely on Atlantic herring as an important source of Interesting Facts: bait, such as American lobster, blue crab, tuna, and striped bass fisheries. • Atlantic herring and other clupeid fish have exceptional hearing. They can detect sound Life History frequencies up to 40 kilohertz, beyond the Atlantic sea herring is one of 200 species in the clupeid family, which includes menhaden, range of most fish. This allows schooling fish shad, and river herring. It inhabits coastal waters of the U.S. from Cape Hatteras, North Caro- to communicate while avoiding detection by lina through Labrador, Canada, and off the coast of Europe. Herring form the base of the food predatory fish. web as a forage species for many animals, from starfish and whelk to economically import- • While most members of the clupeid family are ant fish such as haddock, cod, and flounder.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean &Unclean Meats
    Clean & Unclean Meats God expects all who desire to have a relationship with Him to live holy lives (Exodus 19:6; 1 Peter 1:15). The Bible says following God’s instructions regarding the meat we eat is one aspect of living a holy life (Leviticus 11:44-47). Modern research indicates that there are health benets to eating only the meat of animals approved by God and avoiding those He labels as unclean. Here is a summation of the clean (acceptable to eat) and unclean (not acceptable to eat) animals found in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14. For further explanation, see the LifeHopeandTruth.com article “Clean and Unclean Animals.” BIRDS CLEAN (Eggs of these birds are also clean) Chicken Prairie chicken Dove Ptarmigan Duck Quail Goose Sage grouse (sagehen) Grouse Sparrow (and all other Guinea fowl songbirds; but not those of Partridge the corvid family) Peafowl (peacock) Swan (the KJV translation of “swan” is a mistranslation) Pheasant Teal Pigeon Turkey BIRDS UNCLEAN Leviticus 11:13-19 (Eggs of these birds are also unclean) All birds of prey Cormorant (raptors) including: Crane Buzzard Crow (and all Condor other corvids) Eagle Cuckoo Ostrich Falcon Egret Parrot Kite Flamingo Pelican Hawk Glede Penguin Osprey Grosbeak Plover Owl Gull Raven Vulture Heron Roadrunner Lapwing Stork Other birds including: Loon Swallow Albatross Magpie Swi Bat Martin Water hen Bittern Ossifrage Woodpecker ANIMALS CLEAN Leviticus 11:3; Deuteronomy 14:4-6 (Milk from these animals is also clean) Addax Hart Antelope Hartebeest Beef (meat of domestic cattle) Hirola chews
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Morphometric Comparison of Abu Mullet, Planiliza Abu (Heckel, 1843) Populations in Bushehr Basin, Iran
    Tanzania Journal of Science 47(1): 1-9, 2021 ISSN 0856-1761, e-ISSN 2507-7961 © College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 2021 Geometric Morphometric Comparison of Abu Mullet, Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) Populations in Bushehr Basin, Iran Fatemeh Shabaninejad1, Yazdan Keivany1* and Dara Bagheri2 1Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran 2Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, P. O. Box 75615-415 Bushehr, Iran Co-authors’ e-mails: [email protected] (Shabaninejad); [email protected]; [email protected] (Bagheri) *Corresponding author, e-mail addresses: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 24 Oct 2020, Revised 21 Dec 2020, Accepted 28 Dec 2020, Published Feb 2021 Abstract Many fish behavior and habitats could be defined based on the fish morphology, thus, using the fish body shape, in addition to its genetic characteristics, could be used to infer the type of fish habitat and its characteristics. This study aimed to compare the body shapes of five populations of abu mullet, Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843), in Bushehr basin using geometric morphometric method. Some 162 specimens from Hendijan, Genaveh, Helleh, Kaki and Mond rivers were used. Three morphometric characters, total length (TL), fork length (FL) and standard length (SL) were measured. Samples were photographed from the left side, then 18 landmarks were digitized using ImageJ software. Data obtained from Procrustes were analyzed by multivariate analysis using PCA and CVA. The results of PCA analysis showed significant differences between Kaki and other populations (P < 0.0001).
    [Show full text]