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THE CORN CROPS Eije Eural Wtxubook Series EXT-BOOK HIES m #• Hthe^^^^^^R HIT Itopsm R N 1 1 Class g^/9/- CopightN? i^T^.Q CBPXRIGKr DEPOSm Ube IRural ZcxUBoo\{ Series Edited by L. H. BAILEY THE CORN CROPS Eije Eural WtxUBook Series Lyon and Pippin, Pkinciples of Soil Man- agement. G. F. Warren, Elements of Agriculture. A. R. Mann, Beginnings in Agriculture, J. F. Duggau, Southern Field Crops. B. M. Duggar, Plant Physiology, with Special Reference to Plant Production. G. F. Warrkn, Farm Management. M. W. Harper, Animal Husbandry for Schools, E. G. Montgomery, The Corn Crops. H. J. Wheeler, Manures and Fertilizers. (Frontispiece) TYPICAL PLANTS OF DENT CORN. THE CORN CROPS A DISCUSSION OF MAIZE, KAFIKS, AND SOEGHUMS AS GROWN IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA BY E. G. MONTGOMERY PROFESSOR OF FARM CROPS IN THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY REVISED EDITION THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1920 All rights reserved \ ^^^c^'^^ Copyright, 1913, 1920, Bt the macmillan company. Set up and electrotyped. Published August, 1913. Reprinted July, 1915; February, August, 1916. Revised edition, February, 1920. FEB ^5 t920 Ncrhjooli PwBS J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 'C1.A559807 PREFACE In planning a course of study, the author must needs lay- out a working plan. He should know the philosophy of his subject and its relation to other sciences. Field crops like other applied sciences has little pure science of its own, but is rather based on other sciences. The subject is not erected so much as a superstructure on other sciences, but rather moves in a progressive way, between them, abstracting such elements from each as contribute to the art of producing the crop under consideration. The outline on page vi is an attempt to illustrate the log- ical order of study and relation of other sciences to the study of Crop Production. The outline below indicates that a knowledge of all the "earth sciences" is fundamental to a study of crop produc- tion, hence a student should have a general course in all these sciences with special emphasis on botany (physiology and ecology) and chemistry. In regard to a particular crop like maize, this knowledge needs special interpretation and application, which is the function of field crops instruction. The ability to yield with our ordinary crops is far above the average yield. With maize 200 bushels per acre have been produced under optimum conditions, while the average yield is about 26 bushels. Therefore the study of maize production is principally a study of those factors which serve to hinder full development, and thus limit production, ; VI PREFACE Outline Plan showing the Relation of the Sciences to THE Various Phases of Crop Production Department Character of Work Basic Science GIVING Work involved The Plant 1. Botany Study of normal Botany Field crops treats plants, their histol- application to ogy, physiology. special crop etc., and normal environmental re- quirements Survey 2. Field crops will Survey of natural con- Ecology (Botany) consider the ditions as related to Meteorology application of the normal, under Geology the sciences to which it is proposed (Geography) the particular to cultivate the crop under plant . consideration Adaptation 3, (a) Field crops (a) Adaptation of (a) Plant breeding (Plant breed- plant to climate (natural and ing) and soil artificial se- lection) Ecology (6) Soils (6) Adaptation of soil (6) Chemistry to plant Physics Bacteriology Protection 4. (a) Field crops (a) Farm practice in also farm preparing and practice planting fields for (6) and in order to pro- (c) tect against weeds, drought, rain, etc. (6) Botany (the (6) Against fungous Botany diseases) diseases (c) Entomology (c) Against insects Entomology (the in- sects) PBEFACE VU and the art of maize production is removing or modifying these limiting factors. Practically the whole problem is involved in securing a perfect harmony between the plant and its environ- ment. Environment may be classed as climatic factors and soil factors. Over climate we exercise little or no control. Either the plant must be adapted to suit the climate or its production is limited only to those regions where a natural climate is found to which the plant is suited. The natural precipitation is about the only factor assigned to climate, the effect of which can be modified. Where precipitation is excessive, land can be drained, or where deficient, methods of storing the moisture in soil may be adopted. However, within certain limits there is usually an optimum rainfall which favors the largest production. Soil environment, however, is subject to modification in a very large degree. If proper elements are present in the soil but in an insoluble state, solvents may be added as decaying organic matter, or air be admitted by tillage and the bacterial flora increased. If the proper mineral ele- ments are not present or present in an unavailable form, these elements may be added to the soil, until a normal state of fertility is produced. After the conditions of adaptation of both plant and soil have been fulfilled so far as practicable, and seed has been planted in suitable soil, it is then necessary to protect. Protection is the principal reason for cultivation. To facil- itate cultivation, systems of planting have been devised, as the distribution of the plants in rows, drills, or checks, in furrows or on the level surface. Protection against insect enemies and fungous diseases is also an important part of production, and is one of the reasons for the practice of rotations. Vlii PREFACE A large share of farm practice has to do with modifying the soil environment and protection of the crop. THE PHILOSOPHY OF CKOP PRODUCTION The art of crop production is based on an application of the sciences, (a) to producing a natural condition as per- fectly adapted as possible to the needs of some particular crop, or (5) the adaptation of the crop to certain natural con- ditions. The study of crop production for any large region in- volves a study of four general phases of the subject, as: 1. The plant, its structure, j)hysiology, and normal require- ments. 2. A general survey of the region where it is pro- posed to cultivate the plant, to note how the natural conditions found correspond to the needs of the plant. 3. The adapta- tion of the plant on the one hand to natural conditions and adaptation of soil on the other to the needs of the plant. Maximum production is obtained when perfect adaptation is secured. 4. Protection is necessary against other indige- nous plants, fungous diseases, and insects. The treatment of subjects in the text follows practically the above plan. The plan also allows a wider use of the text for different classes of students. The first two divisions are technical and should only be studied by students who have training in the sciences involved. With less advanced students the work may begin with Part III, Adaptation. The third and fourth divisions deal with the more practical phases of production and are written in a more popular style, this double use of the book being in mind. Acknowledgments. — For furnishing photographs used in illustrating the text, the author is indebted to Mr. Carle- ton R. Ball, Mr. C. W. Warburton, and Mr. C. P. Hartley, all of the Bureau of Plant Industry. A large number of PBEFACE ix photographs secured from the Nebraska Experiment Station have also been used, Professor T. A. Kisselbach furnishing several of these. Also the Portland Cement Co., Deere and Co., Janesville Machine Co., Planet Jr. Co., and Sandwich Manufacturing Co. have furnished illustrative material. E. G. MONTGOMERY. Ithaca, N.Y., January 1, 1913, TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I CORN CHAPTER I Production and Distribution of Indian Corn . 1-11 Relative importance of corn and other crops in the world, 1 — Corn crop of the world, 3 — International trade in corn, 4 — Relative value of different crops in the United States, 6 — Development of corn production in United States, 7 — Production by states, 7 — Production by sec- tions and market movement, 11. SECTION I THE CORN PLANT CHAPTER II Origin and Classification ....... 15-25 Geographical origin, 15 —Biological origin, 16 — Classi- fication of maize in groups, 20. CHAPTER III Description of the Corn Plant ...... 26-37 The root, 26 — The stem, 31 — Tillers, 33 — Leaves, 33 — The flower, 36 — The ear, 37. CHAPTER IV Physiology of Corn 38-56 Turgidity, 39 — Tension, 40 — Mechanical tissue, 40 — The composition of a corn plant, 42 — The absorption of water, 45 — The giving off of water, 45 — Assimilation, 47 — Growth, 48 — Reproduction, 49 — Pollen, 50 — Style, 51 — Fertilization, 52. xi Xii TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION II PRODUCTION AS RELATED TO CLIMATE AND SOILS CHAPTER V PAGES Relation of Climatic Factors to Growth . 57-67 Relation of climatic factors to growth, 58 — Length of growing season, 59 — Relation of sunshine to growth, 61 — Relation of rainfall to growth, 64. CHAPTER VI Relation of Soils to Growth 69-73 Causes of low production, 70 — Classification of corn soils in the United States according to productiveness, 70. SECTION III IMPROVEMENT AND ADAPTATION OF THE CORN PLANT, AND ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER Vn Early Culture 77-84 Development of varieties, 78 — Early methods of modi- fying varieties, 80 — Natural selection and acclimatization in producing varieties, 83. CHAPTER Vni Improvement of Varieties 85-93 Type of ear, 85 — Type of plant, 86 — Systems of selec- tion, 88 — Results with mass and pedigree selection, 89 — Selection for composition, 91. TABLtit OF CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER IX PAGES Methods of Laying out a Breeding Plat . 94-100 How to conduct a breeding plat, 95 — The second year's work, 98 — Continuation of breeding, several plans, 99.
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