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“Replacing” Tobacco on Kentucky Farms: Discourses of Tradition, Heritage, and Agricultural Diversification

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“Replacing” Tobacco on Kentucky Farms: Discourses of Tradition, Heritage, and Agricultural Diversification “Replacing” Tobacco on Kentucky Farms: Discourses of Tradition, Heritage, and Agricultural Diversification Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ann Katherine Ferrell, MA Graduate Program in English The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Amy Shuman, Advisor Dorothy Noyes Patrick B. Mullen Nan Johnson Copyright by Ann Katherine Ferrell 2009 ABSTRACT Tobacco farms, once an icon of American history, are disappearing from the landscape. For the Kentucky tobacco growers who are the focus of this study, tobacco farming is a livelihood that involves a mastery of traditional skills passed through generations and adapted to changing circumstances—technological, economic, social, and political. In this project, I examine the consequences of the changing status of tobacco and the category “tobacco farmer,” both of which have become stigmatized because of the health effects of tobacco use. This dissertation examines the current period of transition for Kentucky burley production and the implications for tobacco farmers of the changing contexts of this traditional occupation, often described as “a way of life.” The project is based on ethnographic fieldwork in Central Kentucky, supplemented by the collection of public discourses from multiple sites about tobacco production past and present. It brings folklore research and theory together with historical and archival research, economic data, and rhetorical analysis. In addition to a metahistory of tobacco production in the U.S. and Kentucky, and a fieldwork- based description of the 2007 crop-year, this dissertation examines the movement of the social and occupational category “tobacco farmer” from respect to stigma, and considers the repercussions of this movement on central folkloristic concepts, heritage and tradition. ii I argue that institutional heritage discourses ushered tobacco into the past and contributed to the spread of the stigma from the industry to farmers, while expressions of vernacular heritage resist these results and argue “we’re still here.” A major focus of this dissertation is the gendered meanings of tobacco production. Men have had the primary multi-generational relationship with tobacco as a crop, a craft, and a source of occupational identity, through the traditionalized performance of the masculine identity of the tobacco man, which involves the mastery of particular knowledge and skills. It is men who are most (although not exclusively) involved in continuing the tradition. While women have always played important roles in the production of tobacco, as tobacco farming wanes, it is women who are often leading the way in efforts to move to alternative crops, expanding upon their traditional practices of selling farm products in order to supplement family income. “Diversification” discourses currently being deployed in Kentucky ignore both the confluence of economic and symbolic challenges that tobacco growers face when asked to “replace” tobacco, and the roles that women are playing in successful diversification efforts. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A doctoral dissertation cannot be completed without the input, support, and assistance of many individuals and institutions. This is especially true in the case of one based on ethnographic fieldwork with those who are the experts on the topic. I am grateful to the farmers and farm family members, tobacco warehousemen, University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service personnel, and many others who so generously and graciously gave me their time and knowledge. I also owe a great debt to the many individuals who introduced me to farmers in their communities, including Keenan Bishop (County Extension Agent for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Franklin County), Edwin Chavous (Small Farm Program Assistant, Franklin County), George Duncan (Professor Emeritus, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture), (Kara Keeton, Steve Moore (County Extension Agent for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Henry County), Carol Shutt, Charlene Smith (Kentucky Historical Society), and Diana Taylor. I wish to thank my dissertation committee for their support throughout the completion of this project. I feel privileged to have worked with this amazing group of scholars through the completion of both my candidacy exams and this project. iv Dorry Noyes listened to several early ideas as I searched for a dissertation topic; when I told her about the moment of inspiration during which I realized that tobacco production was the ideal topic, she enthusiastically agreed and has remained committed to the project ever since. I had not previously been a student of Pat Mullen when I asked him to be a member of my committee, and yet he immediately made time to support and encourage me as I embarked on my fieldwork; he has remained a great source of support throughout. Nan Johnson is a wonderful friend to the field of folklore, and from my first day in her graduate course in rhetoric, she has encouraged my interest in bringing folklore and rhetoric together. Her “outsider” perspective led to important, hard questions that were less obvious from within the field. My committee chair, Amy Shuman, has been a constant source of support and intellectual engagement throughout, taking time for emails and phone calls as I completed this dissertation from afar. She read countless drafts, asked questions that led me in new and satisfying directions, and she continually reminded me that this project is important beyond the scope of the topic itself. My ability to complete this project was made possible by the ongoing support of family and friends. All of my parents and my extended family have encouraged me throughout the process, and they have patiently believed that someday I will no longer be a graduate student. My fieldwork was made possible by two of the most generous people on earth, Diana Taylor and Bob Gray, who provided me with not only a place to live v and work during my time in Kentucky, but with friendship during my off time. I am thankful to have such dear friends, and grateful that our friendship managed to be strengthened during my extended stays in their home. Throughout this journey, I have been accompanied by my husband, best friend, and partner in folklore, Brent Björkman. Together in 2003, we sold our home, he left his job, and we picked up our lives in Frankfort, Kentucky, and moved to Columbus, Ohio, so that I could continue my graduate studies. Through my coursework, exams, fieldwork, and the writing process, he has remained both my greatest source of support and my biggest cheerleader. Thank you, Brent. I wish to thank the following organizations and institutions for financial support that made my research and writing possible: the Kentucky Oral History Commission and Kentucky Historical Society (Project Grant, Transcription Grant), the OSU Center for Folklore Studies (Research Travel Grant), the OSU College of the Humanities (Graduate Research Small Grant), the OSU Department of English (Corbett Fellowship), and the American Association of University Women (American Dissertation Fellowship). I am grateful for the resources of the Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives and the libraries of The Ohio State University and Middlebury College. The digital recordings of all interviews that I conducted over the course of my research are deposited in the archives of the Kentucky Oral History Commission, Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort, Kentucky. vi VITA 1994 ……………………………….. Bachelor of Arts in Women’s Studies, State University of New York at New Paltz 1999 ……………………………….. Master of Arts in Folk Studies, Western Kentucky University Autumn 2004 - Spring 2007…….…. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio State University Winter 2008 ……………………….. Corbett Fellow, Department of English, The Ohio State University July 2008-June 2009 ………………. American Dissertation Fellow, American Association of University Women Autumn 2008 ………….................... Instructor, Western Kentucky University, Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology Spring 2009 …..................……….... Visiting Lecturer, Middlebury College, Program in American Studies Publications “Tradition.” Locke, Liz and Theresa A. Vaughan. Encyclopedia of Women’s Folklore and Folklife. Westport, CT: Greenwood, Press, 2008. Media Review. Born and Raised in Tobacco Fields: Portrait of a Changing American Landscape, by Carrie Nobel Kline and Adam Nordell, Talking Across the Lines, LLC, 2004, The Oral History Review vol. 33, no. 2 (Summer/Fall 2006). Book review. Women Escaping Violence: Empowerment Through Narrative by Elaine J. Lawless, Journal of American Folklore vol. 166, no. 462 (2003). vii “I am not handy, I had mine made”: Christmas Curb Lights as Expression of Individual and Community Aesthetics, Tributaries: The Journal of the Alabama Folklife Association, Issue no. 4, 2001. Fields of Study Major Field: English Minor Field: Folklore viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. iv Vita........................................................................................................................ vii Introduction: “Would you rather have present day or olden days?”: Tradition and Transition on Kentucky Burley
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