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Alif and Hamza Alif) Is One of the Simplest Letters of the Alphabet
’alif and hamza alif) is one of the simplest letters of the alphabet. Its isolated form is simply a vertical’) ﺍ stroke, written from top to bottom. In its final position it is written as the same vertical stroke, but joined at the base to the preceding letter. Because of this connecting line – and this is very important – it is written from bottom to top instead of top to bottom. Practise these to get the feel of the direction of the stroke. The letter 'alif is one of a number of non-connecting letters. This means that it is never connected to the letter that comes after it. Non-connecting letters therefore have no initial or medial forms. They can appear in only two ways: isolated or final, meaning connected to the preceding letter. Reminder about pronunciation The letter 'alif represents the long vowel aa. Usually this vowel sounds like a lengthened version of the a in pat. In some positions, however (we will explain this later), it sounds more like the a in father. One of the most important functions of 'alif is not as an independent sound but as the You can look back at what we said about .(ﺀ) carrier, or a ‘bearer’, of another letter: hamza hamza. Later we will discuss hamza in more detail. Here we will go through one of the most common uses of hamza: its combination with 'alif at the beginning or a word. One of the rules of the Arabic language is that no word can begin with a vowel. Many Arabic words may sound to the beginner as though they start with a vowel, but in fact they begin with a glottal stop: that little catch in the voice that is represented by hamza. -
Daily Morning Prayer
DAILY MORNING PRAYER July 18, 2021 Prelude Processional Hymn #645 “The King of Love My Shepherd Is” The Officiant begins the service with this Scripture Grace to you and peace from God our Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ. Philippians 1:2 The following Confession of Sin may then be said Let us confess our sins against God and our neighbor. Silence may be kept. Confession of Sin Officiant and People together, all kneeling Most merciful God, we confess that we have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done, and by what we have left undone. We have not loved you with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We are truly sorry and we humbly repent. For the sake of your Son Jesus Christ, have mercy on us and forgive us; that we may delight in your will, and walk in your ways, to the glory of your Name. Amen. The Officiant alone stands and says Almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us all your sins through our Lord Jesus Christ, strengthen us in all goodness, and by the power of the Holy Spirit keep us in eternal life. Amen. The Invitatory and Psalter all stand Officiant Lord, open our lips. People And our mouth shall proclaim your praise. All Glory to the Father, and to the son, and to the Holy Spirit: as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever. Amen Then follows the Invitatory Worship the Lord in the beauty of holiness: Come let us adore him. -
Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Marijn Van Putten University of Leiden
Chapter 3 Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Marijn van Putten University of Leiden The highly archaic Classical Arabic language and its modern iteration Modern Standard Arabic must to a large extent be seen as highly artificial archaizing reg- isters that are the High variety of a diglossic situation. The contact phenomena found in Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic are therefore often the re- sult of imposition. Cases of borrowing are significantly rarer, and mainly found in the lexical sphere of the language. 1 Current state and historical development Classical Arabic (CA) is the highly archaic variety of Arabic that, after its cod- ification by the Arab Grammarians around the beginning of the ninth century, becomes the most dominant written register of Arabic. While forms of Middle Arabic, a style somewhat intermediate between CA and spoken dialects, gain some traction in the Middle Ages, CA remains the most important written regis- ter for official, religious and scientific purposes. From the moment of CA’s rise to dominance as a written language, the whole of the Arabic-speaking world can be thought of as having transitioned into a state of diglossia (Ferguson 1959; 1996), where CA takes up the High register and the spoken dialects the Low register.1 Representation in writing of these spoken dia- lects is (almost) completely absent in the written record for much of the Middle Ages. Eventually, CA came to be largely replaced for administrative purposes by Ottoman Turkish, and at the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was function- ally limited to religious domains (Glaß 2011: 836). -
This Document Serves As a Summary of the UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative's Recent Activities. Proposals Recently Submit
L2/11‐049 TO: Unicode Technical Committee FROM: Deborah Anderson, Project Leader, Script Encoding Initiative, UC Berkeley DATE: 3 February 2011 RE: Liaison Report from UC Berkeley (Script Encoding Initiative) This document serves as a summary of the UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative’s recent activities. Proposals recently submitted to the UTC that have involved SEI assistance include: Afaka (Everson) [preliminary] Elbasan (Everson and Elsie) Khojki (Pandey) Khudawadi (Pandey) Linear A (Everson and Younger) [revised] Nabataean (Everson) Woleai (Everson) [preliminary] Webdings/Wingdings Ongoing work continues on the following: Anatolian Hieroglyphs (Everson) Balti (Pandey) Dhives Akuru (Pandey) Gangga Malayu (Pandey) Gondi (Pandey) Hungarian Kpelle (Everson and Riley) Landa (Pandey) Loma (Everson) Mahajani (Pandey) Maithili (Pandey) Manichaean (Everson and Durkin‐Meisterernst) Mende (Everson) Modi (Pandey) Nepali script (Pandey) Old Albanian alphabets Pahawh Hmong (Everson) Pau Cin Hau Alphabet and Pau Cin Hau Logographs (Pandey) Rañjana (Everson) Siyaq (and related symbols) (Pandey) Soyombo (Pandey) Tani Lipi (Pandey) Tolong Siki (Pandey) Warang Citi (Everson) Xawtaa Dorboljin (Mongolian Horizontal Square script) (Pandey) Zou (Pandey) Proposals for unencoded Greek papyrological signs, as well as for various Byzantine Greek and Sumero‐Akkadian characters are being discussed. A proposal for the Palaeohispanic script is also underway. Deborah Anderson is encouraging additional participation from Egyptologists for future work on Ptolemaic signs. She has received funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and support from Google to cover work through 2011. . -
Word Stress and Vowel Neutralization in Modern Standard Arabic
Word Stress and Vowel Neutralization in Modern Standard Arabic Jack Halpern (春遍雀來) The CJK Dictionary Institute (日中韓辭典研究所) 34-14, 2-chome, Tohoku, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-0001, Japan [email protected] rules differ somewhat from those used in liturgi- Abstract cal Arabic. Word stress in Modern Standard Arabic is of Arabic word stress and vowel neutralization great importance to language learners, while rules have been the object of various studies, precise stress rules can help enhance Arabic such as Janssens (1972), Mitchell (1990) and speech technology applications. Though Ara- Ryding (2005). Though some grammar books bic word stress and vowel neutralization rules offer stress rules that appear short and simple, have been the object of various studies, the lit- erature is sometimes inaccurate or contradic- upon careful examination they turn out to be in- tory. Most Arabic grammar books give stress complete, ambiguous or inaccurate. Moreover, rules that are inadequate or incomplete, while the linguistic literature often contains inaccura- vowel neutralization is hardly mentioned. The cies, partially because little or no distinction is aim of this paper is to present stress and neu- made between MSA and liturgical Arabic, or tralization rules that are both linguistically ac- because the rules are based on Egyptian-accented curate and pedagogically useful based on how MSA (Mitchell, 1990), which differs from stan- spoken MSA is actually pronounced. dard MSA in important ways. 1 Introduction Arabic stress and neutralization rules are wor- Word stress in both Modern Standard Arabic thy of serious investigation. Other than being of (MSA) and the dialects is non-phonemic. -
Arabic and Contact-Induced Change Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi
Arabic and Contact-Induced Change Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi To cite this version: Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. 2020. halshs-03094950 HAL Id: halshs-03094950 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03094950 Submitted on 15 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Arabic and contact-induced change Edited by Christopher Lucas Stefano Manfredi language Contact and Multilingualism 1 science press Contact and Multilingualism Editors: Isabelle Léglise (CNRS SeDyL), Stefano Manfredi (CNRS SeDyL) In this series: 1. Lucas, Christopher & Stefano Manfredi (eds.). Arabic and contact-induced change. Arabic and contact-induced change Edited by Christopher Lucas Stefano Manfredi language science press Lucas, Christopher & Stefano Manfredi (eds.). 2020. Arabic and contact-induced change (Contact and Multilingualism 1). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/235 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution -
FM 691 CORRIDOR PLAN for SHERMAN-DENISON
FM 691 CORRIDOR PLAN For SHERMAN-DENISON METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION December 2008 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................ iii 1.0 Introduction ............................................................. 1 Project Description ........................................................................................................ 1 Need and Purpose .......................................................................................................... 3 Study Goals ....................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 4 Trip Generation .............................................................................................................. 5 Trip Distribution ............................................................................................................ 9 Trip Assignment .......................................................................................................... 10 2.0 The US 75/FM 691 Interchange ............................ 16 Short-term (2010) Traffic Analysis ...................................................................... 17 Long-term (2015) Traffic Analysis ....................................................................... 19 US 75 Ramp Alternatives ......................................................................................... -
ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 40
ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 40 23 January 2018 DOI: 10.4400/akjh All ONIX standards and documentation – including this document – are copyright materials, made available free of charge for general use. A full license agreement (DOI: 10.4400/nwgj) that governs their use is available on the EDItEUR website. All ONIX users should note that this is the fourth issue of the ONIX codelists that does not include support for codelists used only with ONIX version 2.1. Of course, ONIX 2.1 remains fully usable, using Issue 36 of the codelists or earlier. Issue 36 continues to be available via the archive section of the EDItEUR website (http://www.editeur.org/15/Archived-Previous-Releases). These codelists are also available within a multilingual online browser at https://ns.editeur.org/onix. Codelists are revised quarterly. Go to latest Issue Layout of codelists This document contains ONIX for Books codelists Issue 40, intended primarily for use with ONIX 3.0. The codelists are arranged in a single table for reference and printing. They may also be used as controlled vocabularies, independent of ONIX. This document does not differentiate explicitly between codelists for ONIX 3.0 and those that are used with earlier releases, but lists used only with earlier releases have been removed. For details of which code list to use with which data element in each version of ONIX, please consult the main Specification for the appropriate release. Occasionally, a handful of codes within a particular list are defined as either deprecated, or not valid for use in a particular version of ONIX or with a particular data element. -
UTC L2/16‐037 FROM: Deborah Anderson, Ken Whistler
TO: UTC L2/16‐037 FROM: Deborah Anderson, Ken Whistler, Rick McGowan, Roozbeh Pournader, Andrew Glass, and Laurentiu Iancu SUBJECT: Recommendations to UTC #146 January 2016 on Script Proposals DATE: 22 January 2016 The recommendations below are based on documents available to the members of this group at the time they met, January 19, 2016. EUROPE 1. Latin Document: L2/15‐327 Proposal to add Medievalist punctuation characters – Everson Discussion: We reviewed this document, which requested 21 characters. Many of the proposed characters require more detailed analysis, specifically providing examples that show contrasts in manuscripts, in old transcriptions, and how the marks are represented in text today. Specific comments raised in the discussion: • §1 Introduction. In the list of the proposed characters on pages 1 and 2, include dotted guide‐ lines, which show the placement of the characters in relation to the baseline, mid‐line, and top line, and solid lines separating individual table cells. • §2.2.3. Punctus versus. The text suggests that two glyphs for the same character are being proposed: PUNCTUS VERSUS MARK and LOW PUNCTUS VERSUS MARK. • §2.4 Distinctiones. “Note too that ჻ is the Georgian paragraph separator; no ‘generic’ punctuation mark for that has been encoded.” Is this a request to unify the Latin ჻ with U+10FB Georgian Paragraph Separator? If so, it can be added to ScriptExtensions.txt. • §4 Linebreaking. The assignment of SY as the LB property for DOTTED SOLIDUS should be reviewed by the UTC, since the SY class currently has only one member and it would be prudent to be cautious about adding another member to SY. -
Strategies for DEBT REPAYMENT
Strategies for DEBT REPAYMENT Stuck in a mountain of DEBT? Debt is stressful, it’s expensive and it limits the amount of money you can put toward your life goals GET ORGANIZED Ready to design a debt repayment plan? Start by gathering the following information: LIST ALL OF YOUR DEBTS There are many types of consumer debt, although some are more common than others: CREDIT MEDICAL CARDS BILLS STUDENT MORTGAGE LOANS AUTO LOAN PERSONAL LOANS LOANS FOR EACH DEBT, WRITE DOWN: THE BALANCE THE INTEREST RATE THE MINIMUM PAYMENT FOR EXAMPLE: DEBT Gold Rewards Credit Card Debt BALANCE $1,400 INTEREST RATE 19.05% MINIMUM PAYMENT $30/month CHOOSE A STRATEGY The strategy you choose will a ect the order in which you pay o your debts: THE SNOWBALL METHOD HOW IT WORKS Debts are arranged and paid o from smallest balance to largest balance WHO IT’S FOR WHY IT’S GREAT This strategy is ideal for Small debts are quickly beginners or for those who crossed o your list, which rely on visible progress in can give you a confi dence order to feel motivated boost that helps you stick to your repayment plan THE AVALANCHE METHOD HOW IT WORKS Debts are arranged and paid o from highest interest rate to lowest interest rate WHO IT’S FOR WHY IT’S GREAT Ideal for those who truly This strategy eliminates believe that slow and your most expensive debt steady wins the race—this fi rst, making it the most strategy requires discipline mathematically powerful and determination debt repayment option CONSOLIDATION HOW IT WORKS A new loan is taken out and the borrowed money is used -
Mpub10110094.Pdf
An Introduction to Chaghatay: A Graded Textbook for Reading Central Asian Sources Eric Schluessel Copyright © 2018 by Eric Schluessel Some rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, California, 94042, USA. Published in the United States of America by Michigan Publishing Manufactured in the United States of America DOI: 10.3998/mpub.10110094 ISBN 978-1-60785-495-1 (paper) ISBN 978-1-60785-496-8 (e-book) An imprint of Michigan Publishing, Maize Books serves the publishing needs of the University of Michigan community by making high-quality scholarship widely available in print and online. It represents a new model for authors seeking to share their work within and beyond the academy, offering streamlined selection, production, and distribution processes. Maize Books is intended as a complement to more formal modes of publication in a wide range of disciplinary areas. http://www.maizebooks.org Cover Illustration: "Islamic Calligraphy in the Nasta`liq style." (Credit: Wellcome Collection, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/chengwfg/, licensed under CC BY 4.0) Contents Acknowledgments v Introduction vi How to Read the Alphabet xi 1 Basic Word Order and Copular Sentences 1 2 Existence 6 3 Plural, Palatal Harmony, and Case Endings 12 4 People and Questions 20 5 The Present-Future Tense 27 6 Possessive -
Accordance Fonts(November 2010)
Accordance Fonts (November 2010) Contents Installing the Fonts . 2. OS X Font Display in Accordance and above . 2. Font Display in Other OS X Applications . 3. Converting to Unicode . 4. Other Font Tips . 4. Helena Greek Font . 5. Additional Character Positions for Helena . 5. Helena Greek Font . 6. Yehudit Hebrew Font . 7. Table of Hebrew Vowels and Other Characters . 7. Yehudit Hebrew Font . 8. Notes on Yehudit Keyboard . 9. Table of Diacritical Characters(not used in the Hebrew Bible) . 9. Table of Accents (Cantillation Marks, Te‘amim) — see notes at end . 9. Notes on the Accent Table . 1. 2 Peshitta Syriac Font . 1. 3 Characters in non-standard positions . 1. 3 Peshitta Syriac Font . 1. 4 Syriac vowels, other diacriticals, and punctuation: . 1. 5 Rosetta Transliteration Font . 1. 6 Character Positions for Rosetta: . 1. 6 Sylvanus Uncial/Coptic Font . 1. 8 Sylvanus Uncial Font . 1. 9 MSS Font for Manuscript Citation . 2. 1 MSS Manuscript Font . 2. 2 Salaam Arabic Font . 2. 4 Characters in non-standard positions . 2. 4 Salaam Arabic Font . 2. 5 Arabic vowels and other diacriticals: . 2. 6 Page 1 Accordance Fonts OS X font Seven fonts are supplied for use with Accordance: Helena for Greek, Yehudit for Hebrew, Peshitta for Syriac, Rosetta for files transliteration characters, Sylvanus for uncial manuscripts, and Salaam for Arabic . An additional MSS font is used for manuscript citations . Once installed, the fonts are also available to any other program such as a word processor . These fonts each include special accents and other characters which occur in various overstrike positions for different characters .