RICE IMPROVEMENT IN CHINA AND OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES International Rice Research Institute and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences The International Rice Research Institute receives support from a number of donors including the Ford Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation, the European Economic Community, the United Nations Development Programme, the OPEC Special Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the International Development Research Centre, the World Bank, and the international aid agencies of the following governments: United States, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia, Federal Republic of Germany, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. RICE IMPROVEMENT IN CHINA AND OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES International Rice Research Institute and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 1980 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES P.O. BOX 933, MANILA, PHILIPPINES Contents Foreword vi Welcome address 1 HE GUANG-WEN Opening remarks 5 N. C. BRADY Rice breeding in China 9 SHEN JIN-HUA IRRI's research, training, and international activities 31 N. C. BRADY and M. R. VEGA Rice research and testing program in India 37 H. K. PANDE and R. SEETHARAMAN The GEU concept in Indonesia 51 B. H. SIWI and H. M. BEACHELL The International Rice Testing Program 65 H. E. KAUFFMAN and D. V. SESHU Wild rice in Boluo county 75 CHEN WEI-QIN, LIANG NENG, and YU JIAN RUI The rice genetic resources program of IRRI and its impact on rice improvement 85 T. T. CHANG Fungus diseases of rice in China 107 SUN SHUYUAN Rice bacterial diseases in the People’s Republic of China 115 WU SHANG-ZHONG A review of rice virus disease studies in China 125 CHEN SHENG-XIANG Studies on rice diseases 135 K. C. LING The brown planthopper and its control in China 149 TU CHENG-WEN Studies on the control of the yellow rice stem borer 157 LIN Y U The rice gall midge – varietal resistance and chemical control 173 M. B. KALODE Varietal resistance to the brown planthopper and yeIlow stem borer 195 E. A. HEINRICHS Breeding rice for multiple disease and insect resistance 219 G. S. KHUSH Integrated control of rice insect pests in China 239 CHIU SHIN-FOON (ZHAO SHAN-HUAN) The importance of the IRTP in BRRI’s varietal improvement work 251 S. M. H. ZAMAN Rice research and IRTP involvement in Sri Lanka 261 I. GUNAWARDENA Rice research and IRTP involvement in Thailand 281 SERMSAK AWAKUL Brown planthopper survey technique 287 IDA NYOMAN OKA Workshop recommendations 293 Participants 298 Glossary 300 FOREWORD The People's Republic of China is the world's largest producer and consumer of rice. Many scholars feel that rice originated in China. Therefore, the holding of the first International Rice Research Workshop and monitoring tour in the People's Republic of China on 22-30 October 1979 had special signifi- cance. Thirty rice researchers from eight countries participated in this workshop and monitoring tour jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Financial support for the workshop/tour was provided by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). IRRI has sponsored 28 previous monitoring tours and workshops in 31 rice-growing countries. From 22 to 26 October, the group met at the Guangzhou branch of CGAS. Papers were presented on current rice research progress in China and other Asian nations; future collaborative research and testing programs were discussed. Emphasis was on the breeding of varieties with genetic resistance to insects and diseases, and on cultural practices to enable farmers to control pests without costly chemicals. During the monitoring tour, the participants visited rice- growing communes and rice research centers in the southern province of Guangdong, then traveled by train to Ch'angsha, central China, to observe research sites, communes, and progress made at the Hunan Province branch of CAAS. The participants also observed part of the more than 5 million hectares of hybrid rice being grown in China. The workshop program was developed jointly by a group of leaders from the two sponsoring institutions, headed by Mr. Ren Zhi, secretary general of CAAS, and Dr. Marcos R. Vega, deputy director general of IRRI. Dr. Harold E. Kauffman, joint coordinator of the International Rice Testing Program, was monitoring tour coordinator. The FOREWORD vii workshop papers were edited by Dr. Thomas R. Hargrove, a workshop/tour participant; Ms. Gloria S. Argosino; and Ms. Corazon V. Mendoza of IRRI's Office of Information Services. The historic meeting in China is further evidence that scientists from many nations can pool their efforts to help farmers everywhere produce more and better food from the land. He Guang-wen N. C. Brady Vice President Director General Chinese Academy of Agricultural International Rice Research Sciences Institute WELCOME ADDRESS He Guang-wen Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen. The International Rice Research Workshop is now open. Cosponsors of the workshop are the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). This workshop signifies the further develop– ment of friendly cooperation among CAAS, IRRI, and scientists in national rice improvement programs across Asia. The workshop provides Chinese agricultural scientists an opportunity to establish and develop friendly collaboration with rice scientists from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. We are pleased to gather here to talk to one another, to exchange research experiences, and to discuss future cooperative programs. We expect the workshop to be a great success. On behalf of the CAAS and Chinese rice researchers, I extend a warm welcome to peer scientists from South and Southeast Asia and from IRRI, and to all Chinese representatives. Rice is perhaps the world's most important food crop. The main problem facing both the governments and the people of rice- growing countries is to continuously increase rice production and improve rice quality. That is a glorious and arduous challenge for rice scientists. To increase rice production, not only must we synthesize and exchange advances in rice improvement and popularize those findings within our own countries; we must also make a common effort to strengthen international cooperation and information exchange. We believe that this workshop will enable us to know each other better, to further strengthen our friendly cooperation, to advance rice research, and to make immediate contributions to rice production. Vice president, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, People's Republic of China. 2 RICE IMPROVEMENT IN CHINA AND OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES China is an old agricultural country. Agriculture is the foundation of our national economy. After the founding of the new China, we carried out agrarian reforms in the countryside and abolished feudal landownership to develop our agriculture. Through mutual aid and cooperation, we have transformed a private farm economy into a socialistic system of collective ownership that we now call the People's Communes. Because of changes in the production relationships, great productive forces were unleashed, opening a wide road for the development of agricultural production. Relying on the collective forces of the People's Communes, we have carried out -- and we continue to carry out -- full-scale capital construction on China's farms. Following the principle of having agriculture as the foundation, and industry as the developing force of the national economy, under extremely difficult conditions we built an integrated industrial system and a citizens' economic system through our own efforts. Lin Piao and the Gang of Four sabotaged those efforts. But the Gang of Four was smashed; our economy was restored and is once again rapidly developing. Our industry now produces an increasing flow of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and farm machinery to support agriculture. We now have a foundation for the reconstruction of agricultural techno- logy. We are now starting a new long march -- a march to modernize agriculture, industry, national defense, and scientific technology. China also has a long history of rice growing. Rice production occupies an important position in Chinese agriculture, and we are emphasizing its development. We have launched a mass movement for scientific experiments and have combined that professional research with mass movements in technical reform. Agricultural science has been implemented widely. We have made much progress in the use of heterosis in rice breeding. Today, hybrid rice is grown in about 5 million ha in China. Double-cropping has been adopted in the main rice- growing areas of the southern Yangtze River. Two crops of rice, interplanted with a green manure crop, are now grown there. Through such efforts, rice production is continuously increasing. But even such progress in rice research and production does not yet meet the needs of our national economic development. We are relatively behind in scientific technology. TO realize agricultural modernization, we must not only work hard, we must also seriously study and learn from the advances and WELCOME ADDRESS 3 experiences of other countries. The International Rice Research Workshop, held in Guangzhou, China, provides such an opportunity. The foreign friends attending the workshop have brought their friendship to us. I sincerely thank you for attending and for bringing with you reports of your scientific achievements and experiences. OPENING REMARKS N. C. Brady I am pleased to join my friend Mr. He Guang–wen in welcoming you to the First International Rice Testing Program (IRTP) Workshop held in China. The workshop is jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) with financial support provided by the Rockefeller Foundation and the United Nations Development Programme. This is a historic occasion. For the first time, rice scientists from South and Southeast Asia are meeting with distinguished scientists from the People's Republic of China (PROC) in this great country.