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The Puye Galaxias Globiceps Eigenmann 1927 a Species In / Gayana 66(2): 191-197, 2002 .l ISSN 07 l 7-652X EL PUYE GALAXIAS GLOBICEPS EIGENMANN 1927 (OSTEICHTHYES: GALAXIIDAE): ¿UNA ESPECIE EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCION? THE PUYE GALAXIAS GLOBICEPS EIGENMANN 1927 (OSTEICHTHYES: GALAXllDAE): A SPECIES IN DANGER OF EXTINCTION? Vladirnir Murillo H.1 & Víctor H. Ruiz2 RESUMEN ABSTRACT La familia Galaxiidae est<'í representada, en Chile, por Thc family Galaxiidae is represented in Chile by five cinco especies. El estado del conocimiento de ellas es en species. The state of knowledgc of them is in general general escaso, excepto en el caso de G.111ac11/at11s debido scarce except in the case of G. mac11/a111.1· due to i1s eco­ a que ha adquirido un gran interés económico. Por otro nomical value. On thc other hand, G. globiceps is thc lado, C. globiceps es la menos estudiada debido a que less known of them because it has been recordcd in two sólo ha sido registrada en dos localidades, en Los Alerces, localities, in Los Alerces, near Puerto Montt, thc type cerca de Puerto Montt, la localidad tipo, y en la Isla de locality and the Chiloe island. The last record of only Chiloé. El último registro, de sólo un espécimen, en el one spccimen from Chiloe National Park rcinforccs the Parque Nacional Chiloé refuerza la idea anterior de su prcvious idea of its scarcity and rarity in lhe southcrn escasez y rareza en el sur de Chile. part of Chile. El objetivo de este estudio es reevaluar el esiado de Thc aim of this work is to reevaluatc thc currcnt conscr­ conservación de C. globiceps, a través de la revisión, de vation status of G. globiceps through the rcvision of works los trabajos sobre peces de aguas continentales en Chile. on freshwater fishes of southern Chile. La conclusión general de este trabajo establece que C. The general conclusion of this work states that G. globice¡>s debería ser considerada como una especie En globiceps deserves the state of being in dangcr of Peligro de Extinción. extintion. PALABRAS CLAVES: C. globiceps, Galaxiidac, Estado de KEYWORKS: G. globiceps, Galaxiidae, Conservation sta­ Conservación, Chile. tus, Chile. lNTRODUCCION La ictiofauna de aguas continentales de Chile se caracteriza por su reducido número de especies (<45 spp.) (Glade 1988; Campos et al. 1998;), un marcado endemismo (Campos 1970), 'Programa de Magister en Ciencias-Zoología, distribución restringida a algunas hoyas Universidad de Concepción. Casilla 160-C, Concepción. hidrogrcíficas, tendencia generalizada a poseer E-mail: [email protected]. 2Depto. de Zoología, Universidad de Concepción. Casilla tamaños corporales (<20 cm) y poblacionales 160-C. Concepción. E-mail: [email protected]. pequeños ( Vila et al. 1999), gran similitud 191 \ Gayana 66(2), 2002 morfológica (fenotípica) entre algunos taxa ambiente) y los criterios propuestos en Campos et (Campos 1973) y una distribución altitudinal al. (1998) para los peces de aguas continentales de máxima no superior a 2000 msnm para especies Chile. andino-patagónicas (Vila et al. 1999). Las Para validar la calificación anterior se aplicó principales razones postuladas como responsables el método objetivo de Bello & Ubeda ( 1998), cuyo de la particularidad ele esta fauna tienen que ver índice es el SUMIN. La metodología consiste con el aislamiento geográfico, el origen básicamente en asignar valores (ele un rango gcomorfológico (e.g. actividad tectónica, previamente definido para cada variable), glaciaciones, cambios en el nivel del mar) y las correspondiendo el valor más alto a la situación más características hidrológicas ele sus cuencas (e.g. ríos adversa, a 12 variables relevantes para la supervi­ de tramo corto y gran pendiente) (Campos 1970, vencia y conservación de la especie. La suma de Ruiz & Berra 1994, Vila et al. 1999). estas ponderaciones (SUMIN= 0-30) indica o Un grupo representativo de esta ictiofauna califica el grado de amenaza al que está expuesto es la familia circumantártica Galaxiiclae, que en la especie. Chile estaría constituida por ci neo especies Las variables consideradas son: distribución nominales: Galaxias globiceps Eige!nann 1927; C. continental (DICON), distribución nacional 111ac11lat11s (Jenyns 1842); C. platei Steindachner (DJNAC), amplitud en el uso del hábitat (AUHA), 1898; Brachygalaxias b11llocki (Regan, 1908); B. amplitud en el uso del espacio vertical (AUEVE), gothei Busse, 1982 (Gladc 1988, Armesto et al. tamaño corporal (TAM), potencial reproductivo 1997, Campos et al. 1998). (POTRE), amplitud trófica (AMTRO), abundancia El estado del conocimiento sobre aspectos (ABUND), singularidad taxonómica (SINTA), bioccológicos y otros de interés general para estas singularidad (SI G), acciones extractivas (ACEXT) especies es en general muy parcial, destacando C. y grado de protección (PROT) (Bello & Ubeda 111ac11lat11s y C. globiceps como las más y menos 1998). estudiadas, respectivamente (Tabla I). Esta última La información necesaria para la ponderación situación se produce por la lrasccndenc"ia económica de las variables fue obtenida, principalmente, por que ha adquirido la primera (Vega 1999) y que ha consulta ele los trabajos de Berra & Ruiz ( 1994), llevado a destinar graneles esfuerzos para establecer Campos ( 1995), Eigenmann ( 1927), McDowall las bases científico-técnicas para su cultivo (1971). Ruiz (1993), Torres et al. (1990), Vega comercial (Vega 1999). En cambio, para C. ( 1999), Zama ( 1986), y datos propios. globiceps sólo se l ienen escasos antecedentes La escasez ele información sobre algunos provenientes de su localidad tipo (Eigenmann 1927, aspectos ele la biología ele esta especie nos ha hecho McDowall 1971, Berra & Ruiz 1994, Berra & presumir que algunas variables son compartidas con Barbour 1998), a lo que habría que agregar su otras especies congenéricas de características reciente registro en la Isla ele Chiloé (por los comparables (e.g. tamaño y forma ele reproducción). autores). Esta información precaria ha llevado a categorizar a C. globiceps como una especie "En peligro ele extinción" (Glacle 1988; Armesto et al. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION 1997), «Rara» (Campos et al. 1998) o con "elatos insuficientes" (IUCN, 2000) (Tabla 11). Las caractcríst icas anatómico-funcionales . Este trabajo pretende determinar el verdadero (e.g. ojos y poros de la línea lateral ccfál ica bien estado de conservación de la especie endémica C. desarrollados) ele C. globiceps le permitirían globiceps. detectar y consumir, clepenclienclo ele su estado de desarrollo, un amplio espectro trófico de invertebrados de tamaño relativamente pequeño en METODOLOGIA forma similar a lo registrado para otros galáxidos nativos (e.g. Zama 1986, Ruiz 1993, Ferriz & Salas La evaluación del estado de conservación de 1996). Sin embargo, Campos ( 1979) postula que C. globiceps se efectúa siguiendo las categorías esta especie presenta ciertas especializaciones en definidas por la Ley 19.300 (De bases del medio su mecanismo alimentario, lo que sugiere que C. 192 \ Galaxias glohiceps: MURILLO, Y. & Y. 1-1. Ru1z globiceps tiene un espectro trófico más (Arrati� 1983), el embancamiento de sitios de restringido que las otras especies de Galaxiidae. reproducción y crianza (lbarra 1989), el aumento En cuanto a su conducta general esta del flujo de agua por lluvias torrenciales (Arratia especie es poco gregaria (para el rango de tamaño 1983), la pérdida de refugios (Cadwallacler et al. recolectado), ya que en las capturas con variados 1980) y la reducción de la oferta alimentaria para implementos de pesca (e.g. pesca eléctrica, red las especies ícticas (Cadwallacler et al. 1980; puyera, redes de mano) no se obtienen más de 3 Ferriz & Salas 1996). A lo que habría que agregar ejemplares simultáneamente. que la presencia de algunas especies ele galáxidos El hábitat elegido por esta especie se está estrechamente relacionada con la caracteriza por presentar aguas húmicas, de disponibilidad de vegetación nativa (McDowall corriente moderada con un sustrato de grava y 1997). Otra variable que en menor medida puede algunas macrófitas y un ancho del cauce que no estar influyendo es la extracción ele agua para supera los 20 m (Berra & Ruiz 1994; Datos no uso múltiple, ya que ele quedar expuestos los publicados). sitios ele desove, estos serían vulnerables al La especie �n estudio tiene una de las más pisoteo del ganado (Moore et al. 1999) y a una restringidas distribuciones geográficas conocidas mayor exposición a los rayos UV, con la para peces de aguas continentales de Chile consiguiente disminución de la viabilidad ele la (Campos et al. 1998), hasta ahora, un estero y progenie tal como ha sido estudiado en C. un río de bajo orden. Evidencia adicional que 111arnlat11s (Battini et al. 2000). sustenta lo anterior una baja abundancia También es importante destacar el efecto poblacional, sería que a pesar de las adverso que puede tener la contaminación prospecciones ictiofaunísticas realizadas por química del agua del área estudiada (López varios grupos de investigadores (e.g. Eigenmann 2000). 1927, McDowall 1971, Campos 1985, Campos Sobre la base de la información et al 1996, Torres et al. 1990, Berra & Ruiz 1994, actualmente disponible (Tablas l y 11; véase Pequeño & Lamilla 1995, 1997, Vega 1999, metodología) se propone la categorización de esta Murillo Obs. Pers.) en cuencas hidrográficas y especie como «En Peligro ele Extinción» (Art. la zona costera contigüa de la X Región, usando 37, Ley Nº 19.300). Calificación que es ratificada múltiples artes de pesca (e.g. pesca eléctrica, red al aplicar el método propuesto por Bello & Ubecla barredera, red puyera, redes de mano), no se haya ( 1998) si se considera una media ele 9,78 (el.e.= capturado C. globiceps y sí abundantemente C. 3,46) como nivel ele corte que establece prioridad 111ac11lat11s y menos frecuentemente B. lmllocki, de conservación para la ictiofauna anclino­ e. platei y entre otras especies recolectadas. patagónica compartida con Argentina (8 Los factores responsables de la declinación especies), incluida la especie en estudio. de esta especie no han sido suficientemente Siguiendo este criterio, un SUMIN 18 para C. establecidos. Sin embargo, en las cuencas globiceps (Tabla IJI) indicaría que esta especie estudiadas, potencialmente podría ser depredada requiere una máxima prioridad de conservación.
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