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Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Programa De Doctorado En Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología

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Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Programa De Doctorado En Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL: MACROECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION IN FISHES Por DOMINIQUE ALÒ Agosto 2019 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL: MACROECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION IN FISHES Tesis presentada a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas mención Ecología Por DOMINIQUE ALÒ Director de Tesis: Dr. Pablo Marquet I. Comisión de Tesis: Dra. Evelyn Habit C. Dr. Mauricio Lima A. Dr. Eduardo Palma V. Agosto 2019 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS I would like to thank Pablo Marquet (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile), my thesis advisor, for the flexibility he allowed me to have in juggling life and studying for a PhD at the same time and for the sharp and helpful suggestions he has given me to improve my work. The same recognition applies to the encouragement and suggestions received from the members of my thesis committee: Evelyn Habit (Universidad de Concepción), Mauricio Lima (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) and Eduardo Palma (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile). Additionally, I would like to thank Horacio Samaniego (Universidad Austral de Chile) for his continuous support, technical suggestions and laboratory space. The Government of Chile supported this PhD work through a Conicyt Doctoral Fellowship and the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile provided travel funds to fulfill the student exchange requirement. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS MACROECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION IN FISHES ......................................... 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................................................ 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... 5 RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 12 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 13 1. CHAPTER ONE: Otolith microchemistry and diadromy in Patagonian river fishes .. 21 1.1. ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 22 1.2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 23 1.3. METHODS ........................................................................................................................................ 27 1.3.1. Fish Collections ........................................................................................................................................ 27 1.3.2. Otolith preparation ................................................................................................................................ 27 1.3.3. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 29 1.4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 33 1.4.1. Native galaxiids. ...................................................................................................................................... 33 1.4.2. Introduced salmonids ........................................................................................................................... 35 6 1.5. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 36 1.5.1. Limitations and further studies ........................................................................................................ 40 1.5.2. Conservation issues ............................................................................................................................... 41 1.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 44 2. CHAPTER TWO: Influence of environment and phylogeny on the global distribution of migratory fishes ........................................................................................................................... 45 2.1. ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 46 2.2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 47 2.3. METHODS ........................................................................................................................................ 51 2.3.1. Species taxonomic diversity and migratory life-history ....................................................... 51 2.3.2. Species occurrence data ...................................................................................................................... 51 2.3.3. Data cleaning ............................................................................................................................................ 52 2.3.4. Environmental data ............................................................................................................................... 53 2.3.5. Phylogenetic Structure ......................................................................................................................... 55 2.3.6. Testing the productivity hypothesis .............................................................................................. 56 2.3.7. Testing the kinetic energy hypothesis ........................................................................................... 57 2.3.8. Path analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 58 2.4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 61 2.4.1. Frequency of migratory life-histories in fishes ......................................................................... 61 2.4.2. Migratory fish diversity ....................................................................................................................... 61 2.4.3. Productivity hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 62 2.4.4. Kinetic-energy hypothesis .................................................................................................................. 62 2.4.5. Path analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 63 7 2.5. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 66 2.5.1. Overall geographic patterns in migration strategies .............................................................. 67 2.5.2. Fish migratory strategies are influenced by phylogeny and spatial legacies ............... 70 2.5.3. Productivity hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 70 2.5.4. Kinetic energy hypothesis/Metabolic theory ............................................................................. 71 2.5.5. Limitations and future studies .......................................................................................................... 73 2.5.6. Concluding remarks .............................................................................................................................. 74 2.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 77 3. CHAPTER 3: Speciation rates, latitude and migratory life-history in fishes ............... 78 3.1. ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 79 3.2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 80 3.3. METHODS ........................................................................................................................................ 83 3.3.1. Species taxonomic diversity and migratory life-history ....................................................... 83 3.3.2. Phylogenetic tree .................................................................................................................................... 84 3.3.3. Species occurrence data ...................................................................................................................... 85 3.3.4. The relationship between speciation rates and migratory life-history traits .............. 85 3.4. RESULTS
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